WO1994007376A1 - Traitement du mais avec un dispositif d'expansion - Google Patents

Traitement du mais avec un dispositif d'expansion Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1994007376A1
WO1994007376A1 PCT/NO1993/000142 NO9300142W WO9407376A1 WO 1994007376 A1 WO1994007376 A1 WO 1994007376A1 NO 9300142 W NO9300142 W NO 9300142W WO 9407376 A1 WO9407376 A1 WO 9407376A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
protein
grain
feed
expander
processed
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/NO1993/000142
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Egil PRESTLØKKEN
Jon JØRSTAD
Original Assignee
Felleskjøpet Fôrutvikling Ba
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Felleskjøpet Fôrutvikling Ba filed Critical Felleskjøpet Fôrutvikling Ba
Priority to AU51584/93A priority Critical patent/AU5158493A/en
Priority to EP93922670A priority patent/EP0743826A1/fr
Publication of WO1994007376A1 publication Critical patent/WO1994007376A1/fr
Priority to FI951494A priority patent/FI951494A/fi

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/10—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23P—SHAPING OR WORKING OF FOODSTUFFS, NOT FULLY COVERED BY A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS
    • A23P30/00—Shaping or working of foodstuffs characterised by the process or apparatus
    • A23P30/30—Puffing or expanding
    • A23P30/32—Puffing or expanding by pressure release, e.g. explosion puffing; by vacuum treatment

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for processing grain.
  • the invention is especially intended for processing grain so as to increase the proportion of undegraded protein in the grain without having any marked effect on the digestibility of the carbohydrates.
  • NO Patent Application No. 884302 relates to the conversion of unstriated meat and offal to textured animal protein.
  • This substance has a low hydrolysable collagen content.
  • the amount of gelatine and/or hydrolysable collagen in the meal, or the material from which the meal is produced, is reduced.
  • the protein in the product is, in its entirety, composed of extracted animal protein.
  • a heated wet mass of animal meal is formed which is subjected to pressure, and the pressure and temperature which surround the mass are reduced once the textured animal protein product has a content of measurable gelatine that is less that 10% of the dry substances in the product.
  • the fat content is less than 10% in the dried product.
  • the pressure is reduced by extruding the mass from an area of relatively high pressure to an area of relatively low pressure, through an extrusion nozzle.
  • An extrusion-facilitating agent and/or a softener are added during the process.
  • NO Patent Application No. 820396 describes a method for producing animal feed from agricultural products such as sugar beet or sugarcane mass, citrus pulp, or the substance obtained during the fermentation of agricultural products such as distillers' grains from distilleries. These products or substances are dehydrated by means of a pressing operation and/or an evaporation process. During the process the product or substance is heated in water vapour at a pressure of 0.1-0.8 mpa and at a temperature within the range of 100-210°C. The product or substance is then comminuted in a carrier vapour in that it is crushed mechanically and/or subjected to a sudden fall in pressure which leads to an expansion and bursting of solid particles. An even particle size of 0.5 and 5 mm is thereby achieved. The particles are dried in a heat exchanger where the carrier vapour serves chiefly as a contributory drying agent. The substance is then separated from the carrier vapour and is cooled in a known way per se.
  • agricultural products such as sugar beet or sugarcane mass, citrus pulp, or the substance
  • NO Patent Application No. 753,896 describes a method for producing an enhanced feed for fish and shellfish.
  • This fish and shellfish feed is produced on the basis of proteinaceous fish and meat substances mixed with starch-containing substances. The mixture is thereafter extruded, at a temperature within the range of 90-120°C for a
  • Patent Application No. 461769 describes a method for producing palatable and non- toxic i5 feedstuffs for ruminants.
  • Starch-containing substances from grain or similar are mixed with nitrogenous substances.
  • the mixture is then processed in an extruder where the substance is heated to a temperature of 120-175°C and in addition is subjected to a pressure of from approx. 28 kg per c ⁇ r to approx. 35 kg per cm .
  • Patent Application No. 802316 relates to a method for producing a dry ready-to-eat grain
  • 25 product of high fibre content It is produced by mixing grain dough ingredients with maize bran meal until the product has a fibre content of at least 1.5%. The ingredients are boiled in a boiler/extruder under conditions of temperature and pressure sufficient to cause the dough to expand on the disconnection of the boiler/extruder. The expanded
  • dough structurate is then cut into separate pieces, whereupon it is dried until it has a moisture level of approx. 2-3%.
  • the present invention thus relates to a method for processing grain, characterized in that
  • preprocessed grain is used to mean, for example, grain that has been rolled, coarsely ground, granulated or subjected to other methods that result in crushed grain. It can be processed separately or mixed in with the rest of the finished concentrate mixture.
  • the mass is fed thereafter into a conditioning zone where steam is added and is mixed into the mass.
  • the mass in then fed into an expander where it is processed at a temperature in the range of 80-190°C, preferably 110-160°C, and most preferably 130-135°C, and under a pressure in the range of 10-150 bar, preferably 30-40 bar.
  • processed grain, feed, feedstuff and mixed feed also constitute a part of the invention.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic illustration of the degradation of protein over time measured in sacco.
  • Fig. 2 shows the reduction in protein degradation as the rate of passage increases.
  • Fig. 3 shows how pressure and temperature gradually build up during expansion.
  • Figs. 4-6 show the effect of pressure and temperature on the degradability of protein and dry matter in preliminary studies.
  • Fig. 7 illustrates the consequences of expander processing for the raw material costs.
  • Fig. 8 shows the difference between the raw material costs involved in expansion and those involved in non-expansion.
  • the Norwegian Government has introduced AAT (content of amino acids absorbed in the intestine) and PBV (protein balance in rumen) as measure for protein value in feeds for ruminants. This results in a more goal-oriented utilization of feed protein for inter alia dairy cattle.
  • a balanced supply of AAT and PBV in relation to requirements is central in this context.
  • the AAT content and PBV content of barley of normal quality have been put at 102 grams and -48 grams, respectively, per kilo of dry matter, and for oats at 67 grams and 1 gram, respectively, per kilo of dry matter.
  • the degradability of feed protein in the rumen (NGP) and the intestinal digestibility of undegraded feed protein (FINP) for barley are set at 70% and 75 % respectively, and for oats at 88 % and 62% respectively.
  • a higher AAT value and a lower PBV value can be obtained either by increasing the proportion of digestible carbohydrates or by increasing the proportion of undegraded feed protein.
  • An increased proportion of digestible carbohydrates by the gelatinisation of starch is possible.
  • Gelatinised starch will, however, give rise to consequences detrimental to the state and function of the rumen in cattle in high lactation. Gelatinisation is, moreover, an expensive solution in terms of the techniques used and the work required. In sacco is the best method we have today for examining the degradability of food in the rumen. This method is based on a standard procedure (Vik-Mo 1988). The principle of the method is to determine how great a proportion of the feed disappears from nylon bags that remain in the rumen for different periods of time.
  • the degradability of protein in the rumen is central in the evaluation of protein for ruminants.
  • NPN non protein nitrogen
  • fraction B A proportion of the peptides/amino acids will be incorporated directly into the microbe body, or will pass out of the rumen unaffected and thereby be a source of bypass protein.
  • the rate of passage will vary according to a number of conditions, inter alia the feed and the feeding conditions. This in turn may be of consequence for how the protein reaches the intestine.
  • a high feed intake and a high proportion of concentrate will increase the rate of passage, whilst low digestibility will reduce it.
  • the degradation rate may be related to a number of significant sources of error. Firstly, the degradation rate in a feed mixture will be an average value for several feedstuffs. A second important point is that not all the protein which leaves the nylon bag need necessarily be degradable in the rumen.
  • An expander is used during the processing of the grain.
  • the expander is in principle constructed like a simple extruder, and the feed is pressed past a hydraulically adjustable resistor.
  • the hydraulically adjustable resistor allows for a relatively good control of the actual steps involved in the processing.
  • the pressure can be made to rise to 80-100 bar.
  • the temperature in the feed can rise to 150-190°C.
  • the expansion is a mechanical process in which the desired effect is achieved by means of pressure and friction.
  • Pressure and temperature are gradually increased as the feed is pressed forwards towards a slot in the adjustable resistor.
  • the close relation between pressure and temperature is outlined schematically in Figure 3.
  • the figure also shows that the intense processing lasts for a very short period of time. After passing the resistor the pressure falls instantly. At the same time there is a a certain degree of expansion in the feed. The fall in pressure also leads to the evaporation of moisture and a rapid fall in temperature in the feed.
  • the expander kills the germination capacity of the grain and has an effect on the degradability of the protein and dry matter in feed for ruminants. This is of great practical, competitive and financial consequence for the production and use of concentrates.
  • the expander can be used inter alia for the production of feed for ruminants, poultry, pigs and fish.
  • An expander placed in the production line prior to the pellet press will produce better pellets and increase the capacity of the pellet press considerably (approx. 20-40%). Energy consumption during pelleting will normally decrease somewhat.
  • the heat treatment will kill a number of bacteria such as, for example, Salmonella, and thus improve the hygienic quality of the feed. Reduction in the activity of the natural inhibitors in the feed, such as glucosinolates, will probably also take place.
  • the expander also makes it possible to increase the mixing in of liquid feedstuffs such as fat and molasses as they can be added directly in the expander.
  • Table 1 discloses data relating to the samples and the results for effective protein degradation (EPD) and effective degradation of dry matter (EDD) in the rumen.
  • EPD and EDD are an average for two cows. In general, there was little variation between cows.
  • Table 2 shows an overview of the temperature and pressure reached at the different levels of processing which have been compared.
  • Table 2 An overview of temperature and pressure at different levels of treatment for the different products
  • the temperature and pressure were measured during the passage of the feed through the adjustable resistor in the expander. During mild processing an attempt was made to keep the temperature at approx. 130°C. It can be seen that this temperature was reached at different pressures. A temperature of 155°C was desirable during the medium level of processing. With soybean meal, however, the pressure had to be increased.
  • NPP Degradability of protein
  • Table 3 shows a total overview of protein degradability (NGP) in the in sacco experiment.
  • Table 3 Degradability of protein (NGP), rate of passage 8% /hour
  • Feedstuffs Ground barley Rolled barley Ground oats Rolled oats Soybean meal Rapeseed meal Mixtures (1): Low prot. , rid. Low prot. , grd. High prot., rid. High prot., grd. Mixtures (2): High prot., grd. Low prot. , grd.
  • the protein degradability is reduced for all feedstuffs that have been processed in an expander. This applies especially to the grain products (barley and oats) and the mixtures with a low protein content (a lot of barley and oats). In these products the NGP is reduced by 15-20 % -units. The reduction for ground oats is a total of 33.5 %-units. There is also a substantial reduction (10-15 %-units) in the case of soybean meal and the protein-rich mixture containing rolled grain. The reduction in degradability is smaller for rapeseed meal and the protein-rich mixture containing ground grain.
  • Table 4 shows the in sacco degradability of protein in the rumen, and the digestibility of dry matter, protein and undegraded protein in the intestine measured by using mobile nylon bags in unprocessed and FK-processed barley (the term FK processing is used to mean the expansion of feed in a Kahl expander).
  • the content of AAT and PBV are calculated on the basis of 41 % digestibility of fibre and 92 % digestibility of nitrogen-free extracts (NFE). All studies and calculations have been carried out in accordance with Nordic guidelines in the AAT/PBV system in the Department of Animal Science (IHF) at the Norwegian Agricultural University. The conditions during processing are approx. 130°C and 30 bar for all processed samples in Table 4.
  • the protein values in unprocessed barley in Table 4 are very similar to the values in the new feedstuff table.
  • the FK processing of barley has reduced the NGP by 18 % -units from 68% in unprocessed barley to 50% in processed barley.
  • the total digestibility of dry matter and protein measured by using a mobile nylon bag is virtually unaffected by the processing.
  • the estimated digestibility of the undegraded protein (FINP) has been increased by 7 % -units, from 79% in unprocessed barley to 86% in processed barley.
  • the AAT value in barley is increased by 18 grams per kilo of dry matter from 104 in unprocessed barley to 122 in processed barley.
  • the PBV value has been reduced from -43 grams per kilo of dry matter in unprocessed barley to -66 grams per kilo of dry matter in processed barley.
  • Table 5 shows the effect of processing on the NGP and AAT values in barley and oats, and also the NGP in mixtures.
  • Table 5 The effect of expander processing on the degradability of protein in the rumen (NGP) and content of amino acids absorbed in the intestine (AAT). Arithmetic mean and range of variation.
  • the NGP is reduced by 20 % -units in barley that has been expanded.
  • the AAT is increased by 19 grams per kilo in barley.
  • the NGP is reduced by 21 % -units in oats that have been expanded.
  • the AAT is increased by 22 grams per kilo in oats.
  • the NGP is reduced on expansion by 10 %- units in mixtures. When there is 15 % protein in the mixture, this constitutes approx. 11 grams AAT per kilo.
  • Table 6 discloses the digestibility of dry matter, protein, nitrogen-free extracts (NFE), fibre and fat in unprocessed and expanded concentrates.
  • the digestibility tests show the following:
  • the digestibility of fibres and fat is reduced by approx. 15 % -units and approx. 3 %-units, respectively, by expansion.
  • Table 7 shows the digestibility of dry matter, protein, nitrogen-free extracts (NFE), fibre and fat in a mixture containing Soy-Pass and a mixture containing expanded barley and oats.
  • Table 7 The digestibility of dry matter, protein, nitrogen-free extracts (NFE), fibre and fat in a mixture containing Soy-Pass and a mixture containing expanded barley and oats.
  • Table 8 shows the intestinal digestibility of dry matter, protein and undegraded protein (UDP) measured by using a mobile nylon bag, and the in sacco degradability of protein (NGP) for barley, oats and mixtures.
  • UDP intestinal digestibility of dry matter
  • NTP in sacco degradability of protein
  • Intestinal digestibility of dry matter and undegraded protein measured by using a mobile nylon bag, and the in sacco degradability of protein in the rumen (NGP) in unprocessed and expanded barley, oats and mixtures.
  • N intestinal digestibility of dry matter and undegraded protein
  • N in sacco degradability of protein in the rumen
  • Measurements (N) mean and variation.
  • ⁇ Exp. is the change after expansion as compared with unprocessed grain and mixtures.
  • the intestinal digestibility tests show the following:
  • the degradability of protein in barley, oats and mixtures is on average reduced by 15, 22 and 11 % -units respectively by expansion.
  • the digestibility of dry matter measured by means of a mobile nylon bag shows, at the same time, a tendency towards an increase of 1, 3 and 3 % -units respectively on expansion.
  • the digestibility of total protein measured by means of a mobile nylon bag shows no or only a slight tendency to increase on expansion.
  • the increase in digestibility of INP in barley, oats and mixtures is 9, 27 and 6 %- units, respectively.
  • the values of the NGP and the total digestible protein in steam-boiled barley are the lowest that have been measured for barley hitherto.
  • NGP protein
  • AAT in milk production is approx. 90 grams AAT per FEm (85 grams AAT per kilo at 94 FEm per 100 kg) when the cow is fed with energy according to the norm. It is therefore natural that in the production of mixed feeds for dairy cattle one aims to meet this need "Covfeed”, low PBV and "Cowfeed”, high PBV). Varying PBV values in the concentrates will make it possible to utilize the protein in the total ration in the best way possible. In cases of high yield and low energy relative to the norm, the need for AAT per FEm increases. Ideally this must be topped up with a protein concentrate. In everyday feeding there are relatively strong desires to be able to use just one concentrate mixture. This mixture should cater as much as possible to the high yield cows in the herd. What AAT level this mixture should have is difficult to determine now, but from 95 to 105 grams AAT per FEm covers the range of variation.
  • Production mixture 90 grams AAT per FEm : approx. 406,000 tonnes Production mixture 95-105 grams AAT per FEm: " 116,000 tonnes
  • the additional costs involved in expansion processing are set at NOK 4 per 100 kilos for barley and oats. Otherwise the price of raw materials is as given in today's price list.
  • Table 11 shows examples of optimization of concentrate mixtures with and without expanded barley and oats. It is assumed that the expansion process increases the AAT content from 90 to 110 grams AAT per kilo of barley. For oats, it is assumed that AAT is raised from 63 to 82 grams per kilo by the processing. Apart from the expansion and subsequent increase in the AAT value in barley and oats, the conditions in the calculations are equal. The optimizations have been made in format.
  • the crude protein content in the concentrate mixtures can be reduced considerably, without any reduction of the AAT value (Table 11).
  • the PBV content is simultaneously reduced substantially through the reduction of the crude protein content.
  • Negative PBV values of -30 to -40 grams per kilo of concentrate are large. If one is to recommend expanded concentrate with such low PBV values, one must be certain that the crude protein content in the roughage ration is sufficiently high. If the roughage contains too little protein, it is clear at the same time that there are cheaper ways of increasing the PBV in the ration than using herring meal and soybean meal.
  • the use of urea may be one alternative.
  • the addition of fish silage to the concentrate may be another alternative.
  • Raw mat. costs NOK/ 100 kg 262,0 248.2 Difference, NOK/lOOkg 15,8
  • Figure 7 shows the significance of expansion in comparison with an alternative method for raising the AAT level in concentrate mixtures.
  • the alternative method is the use of special quality herring meal (compressed meal cake) and special quality soybean meal (Soy-Pass).
  • the price of compressed cake is set at a price equivalent to that of low temperature (LT) herring meal.
  • LT low temperature
  • Figure 8 shows the difference in raw material costs in Norwegian kroner per 100 kilos between expansion and non-expansion with an increasing AAT level.
  • the major mixed feed for dairy cattle is expected, as mentioned, to be around 90 grams AAT per FEm (8.5% AAT per kilo in Fig. 7).
  • the reduction in the raw material costs is then NOK 9 and NOK 16 per 100 kilos of concentrate respectively, with the lowest figure when special quality proteinaceous raw materials are supplied.
  • NOK 35 million and NOK 65 million respectively (3-6% of the raw material costs).

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de traitement du maïs qui consiste à envoyer du grain entier ou pré-traité dans un dispositif d'expansion en aval d'une résistance réglable hydrauliquement où il est comprimé à une température et une pression qui sont augmentées graduellement à des niveaux prédeterminés au fur et à mesure que la charge est acheminée sous pression dans une fente de la résistance réglable. L'invention porte également sur des grains traités, des aliments, des produits alimentaires et le procédé d'utilisation dudit dispositif d'expansion pour le traitement du grain.
PCT/NO1993/000142 1992-09-30 1993-09-29 Traitement du mais avec un dispositif d'expansion WO1994007376A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU51584/93A AU5158493A (en) 1992-09-30 1993-09-29 Treatment of corn with expander
EP93922670A EP0743826A1 (fr) 1992-09-30 1993-09-29 Traitement du mais avec un dispositif d'expansion
FI951494A FI951494A (fi) 1992-09-30 1995-03-29 Jyvien käsittely laajentimella

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NO923799 1992-09-30
NO923799A NO177032B (no) 1992-09-30 1992-09-30 Behandling av korn

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1994007376A1 true WO1994007376A1 (fr) 1994-04-14

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/NO1993/000142 WO1994007376A1 (fr) 1992-09-30 1993-09-29 Traitement du mais avec un dispositif d'expansion

Country Status (6)

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EP (1) EP0743826A1 (fr)
AU (1) AU5158493A (fr)
CA (1) CA2145632A1 (fr)
FI (1) FI951494A (fr)
NO (1) NO177032B (fr)
WO (1) WO1994007376A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0777974A3 (fr) * 1995-12-06 1997-08-06 Uvigal Spa Fourrage expansé
EP0809941A1 (fr) * 1996-05-30 1997-12-03 Suomen Rehu Oy Nourriture pour la volaille ainsi que procédé pour sa production
WO1999003360A1 (fr) * 1997-07-16 1999-01-28 Rumentek Industries Pty. Limited Complement alimentaire

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4209537A (en) * 1976-08-09 1980-06-24 J. P. Burroughs & Son, Inc. Method for expanding particulate material
FR2669194A1 (fr) * 1990-11-16 1992-05-22 Inotec International Procede de traitement d'un produit, notamment de graines oleagineuses par extrusion et cuisson sous pression, et dispositif pour la mise en óoeuvre de ce procede.

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4209537A (en) * 1976-08-09 1980-06-24 J. P. Burroughs & Son, Inc. Method for expanding particulate material
FR2669194A1 (fr) * 1990-11-16 1992-05-22 Inotec International Procede de traitement d'un produit, notamment de graines oleagineuses par extrusion et cuisson sous pression, et dispositif pour la mise en óoeuvre de ce procede.

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0777974A3 (fr) * 1995-12-06 1997-08-06 Uvigal Spa Fourrage expansé
EP0809941A1 (fr) * 1996-05-30 1997-12-03 Suomen Rehu Oy Nourriture pour la volaille ainsi que procédé pour sa production
WO1999003360A1 (fr) * 1997-07-16 1999-01-28 Rumentek Industries Pty. Limited Complement alimentaire
US6322827B1 (en) 1997-07-16 2001-11-27 Rumentek Industries Pty Ltd. Feed supplement

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
NO923799D0 (no) 1992-09-30
FI951494A0 (fi) 1995-03-29
AU5158493A (en) 1994-04-26
CA2145632A1 (fr) 1994-04-14
EP0743826A1 (fr) 1996-11-27
FI951494A (fi) 1995-03-29
NO923799L (no) 1994-04-05
NO177032B (no) 1995-04-03

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