WO1994006566A1 - Tuyere a orifice en forme de fente reglable - Google Patents

Tuyere a orifice en forme de fente reglable Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1994006566A1
WO1994006566A1 PCT/US1992/007991 US9207991W WO9406566A1 WO 1994006566 A1 WO1994006566 A1 WO 1994006566A1 US 9207991 W US9207991 W US 9207991W WO 9406566 A1 WO9406566 A1 WO 9406566A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
tube
slit
fluidic material
fluid
tubes
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1992/007991
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Donald Lynn Ekhoff
Robert Samuel Smith
Original Assignee
Donald Lynn Ekhoff
Robert Samuel Smith
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Donald Lynn Ekhoff, Robert Samuel Smith filed Critical Donald Lynn Ekhoff
Priority to PCT/US1992/007991 priority Critical patent/WO1994006566A1/fr
Publication of WO1994006566A1 publication Critical patent/WO1994006566A1/fr

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D43/00—Separating particles from liquids, or liquids from solids, otherwise than by sedimentation or filtration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B1/00—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means
    • B05B1/02—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to produce a jet, spray, or other discharge of particular shape or nature, e.g. in single drops, or having an outlet of particular shape
    • B05B1/04—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to produce a jet, spray, or other discharge of particular shape or nature, e.g. in single drops, or having an outlet of particular shape in flat form, e.g. fan-like, sheet-like
    • B05B1/046—Outlets formed, e.g. cut, in the circumference of tubular or spherical elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B1/00—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means
    • B05B1/30—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to control volume of flow, e.g. with adjustable passages
    • B05B1/32—Nozzles, spray heads or other outlets, with or without auxiliary devices such as valves, heating means designed to control volume of flow, e.g. with adjustable passages in which a valve member forms part of the outlet opening

Definitions

  • This invention relates to pumps and nozzles and particularly to a pumping system and nozzle that can be used to eject a fine controllable stream or spray.
  • a nozzle is basically a device attached to a source of pressurized fluid and having a narrow orifice through which the fluid passes as a stream.
  • the stream may be ejected in many forms such as a continuous confined stream (e.g., a fire hose) or as an unconfined mist (e.g.. as used for irrigation purposes in greenhouses).
  • the nozzle provides an orifice through which fluid flows from the pressurized area to the surrounding area at ambient pressure. Velocity of the flow depends on the pressure drop through the orifice divided by the resistance of the orifice to the flow of fluid.
  • Nozzle technology is generally concerned with shaping the orifice and controlling the dimensions of the orifice in order to produce a desired pattern and continuity of the stream: supporting a number of nozzles and/or moving a single nozzle in order to obtain a desired distribution of the stream. taking precautions to prevent the collection of residues in the orifices which would otherwise cause malfunction of the nozzle
  • the well-known nozzle for a garden house simply comprises a plug on one end of a tube whose other end leads to a ource of pressurized water.
  • the position of the plug relative to the opening may be adjusted by turning a screw to which the plug is attached
  • the resultant orifice is very small and the stream of water issues forth as a spray which fans out over a wide area from the nozzle
  • the plug is spaced at a distance from the opening, the water issues as a continuous confined stream
  • nozzles arranged in series is in drip irrigation where a plurality of nozzles are attached to a single pipeline
  • the nozzle assembly is constructed to periodically vary the direction of the stream in order that a few number of nozzles can irrigate a large area
  • a nozzle is inherently prone to problems of contamination since the orifice is a natural collection point for particulates that ultimately impede the flow of the stream
  • the problem is particularly acute in polishing operations where a slum of liquid lubricant containing a polishing abrasive is sprayed onto a surface as the surface is subject to being polished If the abrasive includes relatively large particles that jam into the orifice, the orifice eventually becomes clogged to the point where flow is substantially impeded
  • a problem that is often encountered in these polishing operations is that the abrasive panicles coagulate in quiescent regions of the slum stream, e g .
  • Sprays are also used extensively in rinsing operations A frequent requirement in these applications is that the spray be applied in a fan-shaped pattern
  • This shape of pattern requires emission through a slot and the ability to variably control the dimensions of the slot is not nearly as easy to accomplish as is the control of a cone-shaped Sprays pattern where the shape can be controlled by controlling the distance between a plug and a circular opening
  • U S Patent 4.904.505 discloses a header assembly of nozzles, sized to produce a mist in order to apply lubricant to the surface of a loll of sheet metal
  • U S Patent 4,895.413 discloses a nozzle holder that is constructed to control flow of liquid to the nozzle in a cutter roller operation
  • U S Patent 2,161,235 to H Sclaginweit is for a Spray nozzle in which atomizing of a fluid is accomplished by forcing the fluid through a compressed coil (spring ) Separation of the loops of the coil is accomplished by using a screw to on one end of the spring to adjust the comprssion of the coil
  • a system of watering lawns is well-know n wherein the hose has a line of small holes in the holes The size of the holes is fixed so that the size of the spray depends on the pressure of water in the hose With this system, the rate of flow through each orifice is less than from its neighboring orifice closer to the source
  • the spray system incorporates a nozzle in which the orifice is slit-shaped so that the spray fans out from the nozzle.
  • width of the slot orifice be variable so that the flow of fluid from the fan can be controlled.
  • the slit orifice can be completely closed so that the nozzle can also be used as a shutoff valve
  • the slit nozzle and means for controlling the width of the slit may be easily installed at a desired location along a tube with a plurality of slit orifices spaced along the same tube and that the slit orifices be controllable either independent of one another or altogether
  • the row of at least one slit orifices on a tube present no obstruction to continuous flow in the tube that would act as locations where particulate matter in the stream would accumulate It is another object that the velocity of the spray issuing from the slit orifice be independent of the flow rate of the spray from the nozzle.
  • This invention is directed toward a nozzle and pump system wherein the nozzle is a slit orifice formed in a tube by cutting a slit in the tube where the direction of the slit is transverse to the centerline of the tube.
  • the size of the opening of the slit is controllably variable by means for bending or stretching the tube along a length of the tube including the slit.
  • advatages include a wider selection of materials such as plastics having elastomeric properties which are more easily controllably stretched than controllably compressed.
  • Another advantage is utilizing the pressure in the tube as a means for controlling width of the openings which is an important advantage in using the slitted tube orifices to classify particles or filter as discussed below.
  • the velocity of the stream can be controlled independent of the rate of flow from the slit.
  • the means for bending the tube are two clamps, one clamp attached to the tube on one side of the slit opposite the other clamp on the other side which preferably slides on the tube.
  • the clamps are hingeably joined to one another.
  • a small piston between the clamps turns the hinged joint between clamps and thereby bends the tube causing the slit to open.
  • the piston operates against a spring bias so that the size of the opening can be controlled by pressure in the piston.
  • the piston is actuated by an air line.
  • the piston is actuated by a parallel line to the source of pressurized fluid w herein pressure in the parallel line is controlled by a regulator.
  • a plurality of slits are spaced apart from one another along a semi-rigid pipe.
  • One end of the pipe is fixed and the other end has means attached to exert a bending moment on the pipe.
  • all of the slits open simultaneously and uniformly.
  • the fluid circulates continuously through the tube.
  • a series of slitted tubes has an open end and a closed end.
  • the major feature of this invention is a nozzle means comprising a slitted orifice in a tube and means to controllably vary the width of the slit by bending or stretching the tube.
  • Fig. 1 A shows the tube with closed slit.
  • Fig. 1 B shows the bent tube with the open slit.
  • Fig. 2 shows a two-pan clamp that controls the size of the opening of the slit.
  • Fig. 3 shows how the clamp of fig. 2 is activated by a ram to open the slit to a controllable width.
  • Fig 4 show s how the clamp of fig 2 is activated by a screw to open the slit to a controllable width
  • Fig 5 A show s a tube with a plurality of slits with opening widths controlled with a cable
  • Fig 5B shows a tube with a plurality of slits with opening width controlled by attaching the tube to a substrate having a curvature
  • Fig. 6 show s the cross sectional shape of the slit w hen the tube is bent
  • Fig. 7 shows the tube with open slit and continuous flow of fluid through the tube and wherein the fluid is also subjected to a constant pressure to control velocity of the spray
  • Fig 8 shows an embodiment where flow is not continuous as would be usef ul in some applications.
  • Fig. 9 shows a spray pattern from a slit
  • Fig. 10 shows a spray pattern from the circular orifice of the prior an
  • Figs. 11 A and 11B show a double-barrelled tube in which one barrel contains a malleable wire and the other barrel contains the fluid to be sprayed
  • Fig. 12 show s the adjustable multi-slit nozzle formed from a wire coil and fig 13 show s the cross-section of the wire with a flattened inside to pi event entrapment of particulates passing through the slit Fig 14 show s the clamping members clamped on opposite sidesm of the slit and movable relative to one another on a pan of shafts
  • Fig 15 show s the inside surface of the tube formed as a coil in which the texture of the surface finish of the wire determines the panicle size that passes between the loops in the wire
  • Fig 16 shows an arrangement for classifying panicles
  • Fie 17 shows an arrangement for a self acting filtering system
  • fig 1A and in fig 1B a tube 10 with a slit 12 in its side perpendicular to the ce tural axis of the tube
  • fig 1 A the tube 10 is straight so that the slit 12 is closed
  • fig 1B the tube 10 is bent so that the slit 12 has opened perrutting spray 14 to issue forth from the pressunzed fluid in the tube
  • Fig 2 show s a hinged yoke that applies tension by controllably bending the tube 10 to open the slit 12
  • the yoke has clamp section 18 that clamps into the tube 10 on one side of the slit 12 and clamp section 20 which is slideably attached to the tube 10 on the other side of the slit 12
  • the clamps are joined by hinging pin 22 so that the two clamp sections may be oriented about center line 24
  • Clamp 18 may be tightened onto the tube by tightening screw 19
  • a piston 26 is fixed in clamp member 18 which forces um 28 against clamp member 20 and thereby spreads open the slit 12 as shown in fig 3
  • the piston 26 is biased by spring 31
  • Positioning screw 33 in wall 21 limits opening of slit 12
  • the conduit 29 supplies the compressed fluid through regulator 33 to actuate the piston 26
  • the regulator 33 is connected to a source of compressed an
  • the regulator 33 is connected to a source of fluid that is passing through tube 10
  • Fig 4 show s a screw 30 used in place of the piston 26 shown in fig 3
  • a solenoid-actuated um (not shown) may also be used in place of the piston or screw
  • Fig 14 shows another construction for controlling the size of the slit 12 in tube 10
  • Clamping members 76 and 74 are both clamped onto tube 10 on opposites of slit 12
  • Clamp member 74 is seemed to one end of shafts 77 and 81
  • Clamp member 76 is slideably mounted on shafts 77 and 81 and retained by ends 77A and 78
  • Spring 81 biases the clamp members 74 and 76 to close the slit 12
  • piston 82 is actuated, slit 12 is forced open to emit the spray
  • FIG. 1 1A Another construction that maintains an adjustable bend in the tube is shown in fig 1 1A whose cross section is shown in fig 1 1B to be double-barrelled. 64 and 66
  • One barrel 64 of the tube contains a malleable (bendable) wire 68 lron wire is preferred in this construction
  • the other barrel 66 carries the fluid and contains the slit 12
  • the wire may be readily bent so that the slit 12 adjacent to the bend readily opens to emit a spray of desired strength
  • slit or slits may be located at any desired position or positions along the length of tube section 66
  • Fig 5A and 5B show embodiments of the invention w herein there may be a plurality of slit orifices 12 all controlled by one bending mechanism
  • a semi-rigid tube 10 or pipe
  • a number of slits 12 spaced along the length of the tube 10
  • FIG. 5A One method of bending the tube is shown in fig 5A.
  • a cable 34 is connected between the ends of the tube.
  • a means 36 is provided for applying tension to the cable which causes the tube to bend thereby opening the slits
  • the tensioning means 36 is a ram
  • another method of bending the tube is simply to attach the tube to a substrate 39 having a curved surface.
  • a pump 38 circulates fluid 40 continuously through the pipe thereby preventing accumulation of any particulate matter that would interfere with flow through the tube
  • fig. 6 show s an enlarged cross-sectional view of tube 10 with an expanded slit 12 Fig. 6 shows that the sides 37 A and 37B of the slit 12 are not parallel and that the entrance B is narrower than the exit A
  • the result of this shape is that particles 41 having a size smaller than the entrance B can pass through the slit without becoming jammed in the slit whereas particles 42 larger than the entrance B may momentarily rest on the lip of the slot at B then be earned with the flow of the stream recirculating in the tube
  • This characteristic has a number of very useful applications as discussed in the following paragraphs
  • One application is to spray a polishing slurry over a surface such as a memory disk substrate.
  • a second application is as a panicle classifier.
  • the major problem with sieves and filters is that they become clogged so that the throughput and filtering characteristics change with time.
  • the anti-clogging characteristics of the slit orifice of the present invention overcomes these disadvantages.
  • a particle classifier is provided that can be used to separate particles according to size.
  • a third application is in the removal of gel particles form special coatings.
  • the coatings used as magnetic media in the recording industry comprise a mixture of solvents, resins and catalyzing agents whose degree of mixing determines the quality (degree of homogeneity) of the coat.
  • the coating mix contains gel particles which comprise small chunks of resin that are only partially dissolved.
  • the gel particle is normally spherical because of surface tension around the surface of the gel particle. Of course, the more the coating mixture is stirred, the smaller these gel particles become but a point is reached where continued stirring is impractical because of the length of time required.
  • the present invention resolves the problem of removing gel particles.
  • a gel particle sitting momentarily on the inner edge of the slit will be swept along by the component of flow tangential to the inner surface of the tube before it has a chance to deform and pass through the slit
  • Fig 7 show s an embodiment wherein the advantages of the variable slit with unimpeded continuous flow in the tube can be provided with a pressure bias so that the rate of flow of the spray issuing from the slot can be adjusted independently from the velocity of the spray. This feature is useful where it is required to send a fine spray a relatively long distance
  • the rate of flow can be reduced by reducing the size of the slit opening while the size of slit will have relatively little effect on the velocity of the spray stream Therefore.
  • the velocity of the spray can be increased and simultaneously maintain constant flow rate of the spray stream
  • the adjustable slit nozzle comprising a transverse slit in a flexible tube with means to bend the tube also has useful applications when a continuous flow through the tube is not required
  • This embodiment is show n in fig 8 w here there is show n a container 50 containing fluid 52 pressurized from a source (not show n) through a regulator 54
  • the container communicates with the slitted nozzle assembly through tube 10 which extends from inside the container 50 to the clamping members 18 and 20 which are hinged together.
  • the clamping members can be oriented about the hinging pin by manually pressing handle 56 on clamp 20 against biasing spring 31
  • Adjustment of screw 33 in handle 56 limits opening of slit 12.
  • the embodiment shown in fig. 8 is particularly useful for spraying paints for at least two important reasons.
  • the typical nozzle used in paint operations comprises a spring bias plunger that slides in and out of an orifice.
  • the nozzle has to be dismantled after every operation in order to rinse paint collected on the plunger, and that has collected in the orifice.
  • these nozzle parts are expensive.
  • the inexpensive nozzle of this invention is a "throw-away" and may simply be disconnected and replaced by a new clean slit nozzle.
  • Fig. 9 shows the spray pattern, line 58, emitted by spray 62 from the slot nozzle at location 60.
  • Fig. 10 shows the circular spray pattern 64 by spray 66 from the nozzle of the prior an located at position 63.
  • FIG. 12 Another construction of the adjustable multi-slit nozzle is shown in fig. 12. There is shown a tight coil of wire 70. When the coil is straight, there is no space between the loops of the coil When the coil is bent as shown in fig. 12, slits 12 open up whose size depends on the radius R of curvature of the bend. Alternatively, the coil may be stretched by a clamping mechanism of this invention such as shown in fig. 14
  • a flat may be ground or machined on the inside of the wire as show n in fig. 13.
  • Fig. 13 shows a cross-section of the wire forming the coil in fig. 12 with the flat 72 formed on the inside surface of the wire The smallest part of the opening between the wires is at the entrances 73.
  • the surface of the wire may be textured to provide a controlled surface roughness as shown in fig.15.
  • Fig. 15 is a view of the inside surface of the wire loops 84 showing that the opening between the wires is determined by the roughness of the wire surface
  • Fig. 16 is a construction of the coils for classifying panicles There is show n a bank of lengths of tubes 84, (four are shown ) connected end to end by U conduits 90 and having an entry end connected to an outlet of a pump 86 and a distal end connected to the input to the pump 86 so that the fluid material containing panicles circulates through the pump and series connected tubes while some of the fluid carrying particles smaller than a critical size determined by the size of the slits escapes into the interior of housing 91 Fluid escaping from the fluid circulating m the tubes isreplaced from reservoir 100 Continuous flow through the tubes reduces the tendency that the large panicles will not clog the slits as discussed above The size of the opening between the slits is determined by actuator 92
  • Fig 17 shows an arrangement of tubes (or coils) for filtering the fluid
  • a bank of tubes 84 (five are shown) connected end to end in series with an inlet 102 and dead end 104 contained in housing 106 which has an outlet 107
  • the bottom ends 108 of tubes 84 are stationary
  • the top ends of the tubes 84 are attached to a plate 1 10 which is slideably contained within housing 106
  • Fluid to be filtered enters the interior of the tubes through inlet 102 and passes out between the loops of the tubes 84 as discussed above then out through outlet 1 17
  • the difference m pressure between inside and outside the tubes determines position of switch 1 12 If the slit openings become clogged, switch 1 12 closes and three way solenoid valve 1 14 is activated so that the fluid passes through outlet 1 16 to waste disposal or recirculating means As the pressure difference increases (after solenid valve 1 14 is activated) the pressure in the tubes will cause the tubes 84 to lengthen thereby expanding the slits allowing the openings to become unc
  • variable nozzle which comprises a tunsverse slit in a tube wherein the size of the slit can be controllably adjusted by str etching or apply ing a bending moment to the tube
  • the tube may be either a continuous tube in w hich one or more transv erse slits are cut or the slits may be formed by fabricating a tight helical coil in which the slits between loops in the coil are opened to a controllable width by bending or stretching the coil.
  • the adjustable slit nozzle is particularly useful in applications where prevention of collection of inhomogeneities in the tube is required. This collection of inhomogeneities is prevented by continuous circulation of the fluid through the tube since the slitted tube offers no site where such inhomogeneities may accumulate. This property is operative independent of whether the inhomogeneity is a solid particle, such as the case of a polishing slurry carrying an abrasive powder or a gel particle such as would be found in a coating composition. The inherent ability to separate particles provides that the invention has an important application as a panicle classifier and filter.
  • the combination of continuous flow, slitted adjustable nozzle and a pressure bias can be used to provide a system featuring an ability to control velocity of the spray independent of the rate of flow of the spray.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)

Abstract

Système de tuyère destiné à faire passer des liquides ou à filtrer des particules présentes dans un matériau constitué de poudre et/ou de liquide, qui comprend un tube élastique (10) ayant au moins une fente transversale (12). Le tube (10) peut être formé à partir d'une spirale serrée de fil (70) ou à partir d'un matériau élastomère et les fentes (12) sont constituées par des ouvertures entre des boucles de la spirale ou par des coupures dans le tube élastomère. La taille d'ouverture des fentes (12) est déterminée par la tension appliquée sur le tube (10) ou par la flexion du tube (10). Un dispositif de réglage comporte deux éléments de serrage (18, 20), un de chaque côté du tube (10), lesdits éléments de serrage (18, 20) étant assemblés par charnière (22). Un bélier (28) situé entre les éléments de serrage (18, 20) permet de régler la courbure du tube (10) dans la région de la fente (12). Ledit bélier (28) peut être commandé par un dispositif pouvant être pneumatique ou à vis (30) ou autre.
PCT/US1992/007991 1992-09-21 1992-09-21 Tuyere a orifice en forme de fente reglable WO1994006566A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/US1992/007991 WO1994006566A1 (fr) 1992-09-21 1992-09-21 Tuyere a orifice en forme de fente reglable

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/US1992/007991 WO1994006566A1 (fr) 1992-09-21 1992-09-21 Tuyere a orifice en forme de fente reglable

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1994006566A1 true WO1994006566A1 (fr) 1994-03-31

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PCT/US1992/007991 WO1994006566A1 (fr) 1992-09-21 1992-09-21 Tuyere a orifice en forme de fente reglable

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1444016B1 (fr) * 2001-11-12 2006-02-15 Torgrim Log Ensemble pour tuyau d'extinction d'incendie

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1159549A (en) * 1914-08-08 1915-11-09 Carl C Thomas Fluid-distributing device.
US1289303A (en) * 1915-03-19 1918-12-31 Carl C Thomas Fluid-distributing device.
US1795898A (en) * 1926-12-06 1931-03-10 William H Schneider Spray nozzle
US2161235A (en) * 1937-03-05 1939-06-06 George Schlagintweit Atomizer or dispersing device
US2687329A (en) * 1952-11-22 1954-08-24 Edwin J Hunter Irrigation hose
US2814529A (en) * 1955-09-21 1957-11-26 Vernon R Arnt Water dispersing device
US3174694A (en) * 1961-02-13 1965-03-23 Kitabayashi Seiichi Aerosol dispenser push button having a side slit
GB2013821A (en) * 1978-01-11 1979-08-15 Dunlop Ltd Irrigation tube
US4245786A (en) * 1979-04-16 1981-01-20 Abrahamsen Johan E Oscillating lawn spray with variable width and length

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1159549A (en) * 1914-08-08 1915-11-09 Carl C Thomas Fluid-distributing device.
US1289303A (en) * 1915-03-19 1918-12-31 Carl C Thomas Fluid-distributing device.
US1795898A (en) * 1926-12-06 1931-03-10 William H Schneider Spray nozzle
US2161235A (en) * 1937-03-05 1939-06-06 George Schlagintweit Atomizer or dispersing device
US2687329A (en) * 1952-11-22 1954-08-24 Edwin J Hunter Irrigation hose
US2814529A (en) * 1955-09-21 1957-11-26 Vernon R Arnt Water dispersing device
US3174694A (en) * 1961-02-13 1965-03-23 Kitabayashi Seiichi Aerosol dispenser push button having a side slit
GB2013821A (en) * 1978-01-11 1979-08-15 Dunlop Ltd Irrigation tube
US4245786A (en) * 1979-04-16 1981-01-20 Abrahamsen Johan E Oscillating lawn spray with variable width and length

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1444016B1 (fr) * 2001-11-12 2006-02-15 Torgrim Log Ensemble pour tuyau d'extinction d'incendie

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