WO1994001788A1 - Device and method for distance or velocity measurements - Google Patents
Device and method for distance or velocity measurements Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1994001788A1 WO1994001788A1 PCT/NL1993/000144 NL9300144W WO9401788A1 WO 1994001788 A1 WO1994001788 A1 WO 1994001788A1 NL 9300144 W NL9300144 W NL 9300144W WO 9401788 A1 WO9401788 A1 WO 9401788A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- radiation
- intensifier tube
- image
- image intensifier
- signal
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
- G01S17/02—Systems using the reflection of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
- G01S17/06—Systems determining position data of a target
- G01S17/08—Systems determining position data of a target for measuring distance only
- G01S17/32—Systems determining position data of a target for measuring distance only using transmission of continuous waves, whether amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated, or unmodulated
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
- G01S17/02—Systems using the reflection of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
- G01S17/50—Systems of measurement based on relative movement of target
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for distance or velocity measurements, comprising means for generating a periodically varying signal; means for radiating a beam of radiation; means for modulating the intensity of the beam of radiation with the periodically varying signal; means for receiving reflected radiation; means for detecting the received radiation and converting it into an electrical signal corresponding thereto; means for synchronously demodulating the electrical signal and means for determining the frequency spectrum of the signal obtained by demodulation.
- FM-CW periodically varying signal for measuring distances and velocities
- the frequency of the measuring signal is constant, the velocity of objects in a target area can be measured, and if the frequency of the measuring signal is periodically varied, for example periodically increasing linearly, the distance with respect to objects in the target area can be determined.
- This article describes the use of an FM-CW radar system.
- the measuring system is intended, for example, for use in a low-flying aircraft, such a mechanically scanning system is often too slow to be able to provide the desired information about any obstacles present in good time and if the system were already to have the desired high scanning speed, it would be extremely expensive because of the required high speed and accuracy.
- the object of the invention is to provide a system which functions with laser radiation on the basis of the FM-CW principle and with which it is possible to measure the velocities of, or the distances from, all the objects in a 3-dimensional target area simultaneously without the laser beam transmitted having to perform any scanning movement over the said region.
- the object of the invention is also to provide a measuring system for distances or velocities which can have an appreciably lower cost price and is less suscep ⁇ tible to wear than a mechanically scanning system which can provide the desired information from a target region with a comparable speed, assuming that such a mechanical system can be constructed.
- the invention provides a device of the type described above, which is characterized in that the radiation is laser radiation, in that the means for transmitting the laser radiation are designed to radiate a conical beam having substantial transverse dimensions, in that the means for detecting and demodu ⁇ lating the received reflected radiation comprise an image intensifier tube having a cathode and an anode, in that an imaging system is present for imaging the reflected radiation on the cathode, in that an image intensifier tube component which influences the gain thereof is connected to the means for generating a periodically varying signal, in that means are present for converting brightness information on the anode image point by image
- SUBSTITUTE SHEET point into separate electrical signals, and in that means are present for determining the frequency spectrum separately for each of the separate electrical signals.
- the invention is based on the insight that it is possible to simplify a known optical rangefinder con ⁇ siderably and at the same time to make it suitable for simultaneously determining the velocities of, or the distances from, objects in a target region, such as the field of view of an observer, by replacing the detector and demodulator by an image intensifier tube, more particularly, an image intensifier tube of the first, second or third generation.
- the periodically varying signal can be fed to the cathode or to a grid of an image intensifier tube of the first, second or third generation or to the MCP of an image intensifier tube of the second or third generation.
- the invention also provides a method for distance or velocity measurement, comprising radiating a beam of laser radiation whose intensity is periodically varied, receiving and detecting reflected laser radiation, demodulating the signal generated by the detected radi- ation synchronously with the periodic variation in the intensity of the beam of laser radiation and determining the frequency spectrum of the signal obtained by demodulation, characterized in that a conical beam having substantial transverse dimensions is radiated, in that the detection and demodulation takes place with the aid of an image intensifier tube on which the reflected radiation is imaged, and in that the frequency spectrum is determined for each point of the image on the anode of the image intensifier tube.
- Figure 1 shows a block diagram of a known FM-CW laser rangefinder for performing a point measurement.
- Figure 2 shows a block diagram of an FM-CW laser rangefinder according to the invention with which dis ⁇ tances from any objects in a 3-dimensional target region can be simultaneously determined; and
- Figure 3 shows a more detailed block diagram of the device shown in Figure 2.
- the output voltage of the generator 101 is fed to a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) 102.
- VCO voltage-controlled oscillator
- the modulated laser radiation is fed to an
- SUBSTITUTE SHEET EP optical system 104 in order to be able to direct the radiation at a desired target point 105.
- the radiation reflected by a target point is picked up by means of an optical system 106 and fed to a detector 107, which converts the optical signal into an electrical signal.
- the electrical signal obtained at the output of the detector 107 is amplified by an amplifier 108 and the signal amplified in this manner is fed to a first input of a synchronous demodulator 109, to the other input of which the output signal of the VCO is applied.
- SUBSTITUTE SHEET is determined by the distance from the target point. The phase component is not utilized further because it contains no relevant information.
- the demodulated signal is spectrally analysed in a Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) processor 111 and the distance from the target point(s) can be determined in a manner known per se from the spectral component(s) obtained.
- FFT Fast Fourier Transformation
- the various distances from said target points can be deter ⁇ mined because the demodulated signal then has the form a-cos( ⁇ 1 t + ⁇ - j + b-cos( ⁇ 2 t + ⁇ 2 ) + (8) wherein the diverse frequency components represent the various distances.
- Figures 2 and 3 show the device according to the invention, with which it is possible to determine dis ⁇ tances from all the target points in a region, such as the field of view of an observer, simultaneously.
- the components which may be completely identical to the components shown in the rangefinder according to Figure 1 and have corresponding reference numerals will not be discussed further.
- the laser source 203, 303 of an array of, for example, 64 x 64 laser diodes, the intensity of each of which is varied simultaneously by influencing the output signal of the VCO 202, 302.
- the laser diodes are preferably GaA ⁇ diodes, which emit radiation having a wavelength of approximately 800 nm, which wavelength has been found beneficial from the point of view of the sensitivity of the detector and also because these laser diodes are commercially available on an ample scale.
- a high-frequency amplifier 318 has been provided.
- the radiation reflected by target points 205 in the irradiated 3-dimensional region, the object space, is picked up by the receiving optics 206, 306, which is provided with an objective 306a capable of imaging the entire object space on the detector 213, 313 and with an optical band-pass filter 306b whose purpose is to allow through only the wavelength of the radiation transmitted by the laser source and to reject the other radiation (light) , which results in additional noise.
- an optical band-pass filter 306b having a pass-band width of approximately 10 nm is commercially available in the form of an inter- ference filter.
- the radiation allowed through by the filter 306b is fed to an image intensifier tube 213, 313, preferably an image intensifier tube of the second or third generation, which comprises a cathode 214, 314, and MCP 215, 315 capable of intensifying the electrons generated by the cathode under the influence of the incident optical radiation and feeding them to an anode 216, 316.
- the output signal of the VCO 202, 302 is also fed to the cathode 314 or to the MCP in order to modulate the current of the electrons generated, respectively, by the cathode or by the MCP to obtain a signal in the form of formula (4) .
- the output signal of the VCO 202, 302 can also be fed to an additional grid provided in such a tube in order to modulate the grid current thereof. If desired, however, such an additional grid can also be provided in an image intensifier tube of the second or third generation.
- the MCP which may be regarded as a collection of photomultiplier tubes, is supplied from, and the gain thereof can be controlled by, a high-voltage unit 319.
- the anode 216, 316 comprises a phosphor layer which converts the energy of the incident electrons into visible light. As a consequence of the inherent slowness of the phosphorescence process, only the low-frequency components in the electron current are converted into visible light and those are also precisely the desired signal components containing the required distance information.
- the functions of the detector 107, the demodulator 109, the amplifier 108 and the low-pass filter 110 in the known device according to Figure 1 are therefore fulfilled by a single image intensifier tube in which said functions are performed, respectively, by the cathode 214, 314, by the modulation of the cathode or MCP voltage, by the MCP 215, 315 and by the phosphor on the anode 216, 316.
- the visible light generated by the anode is fed via a bundle 320 of optical fibres to an array 317 of photosensitive elements, such as CCD elements or photodiodes, in such a way that the entire object space is imaged on said array.
- the bundle 320 is a straight bundle or a tapering bundle.
- the output signal of each of the photosensitive elements is therefore representative of the amount of light, formed during a short time, namely the time between two consecutive read-outs, on a corresponding position, image point, of the anode.
- the photosensitive elements are read out under the control of a timing circuit 326.
- the signal read-out from each photosensitive element is converted in an analog/digital converter 322 into a corresponding digital signal and fed to an FFT processor 211, 311, which is capable of performing a very fast FFT on all the digital signals which represent the output signals of the respective photosensitive elements.
- an FFT processor is obtainable commercially, for example the PDSP 16510 stand-alone processor supplied by Plessey which can perform a 256-point real FFT in 12.5 ⁇ sec.
- N-point FFT means that N/2 usable complex output values which can each be converted into N/2 moduli representing the amplitudes of N/2 frequency components can be obtained from 256 real input values.
- FFT frequency division multiple access
- the spectrally analysed output signals of the FFT processor are fed to a further signal processing circuit 212, 312 in order to derive the desired distance informa- tion therefrom.
- This can be done by selecting a number, for example six, of spectral components having the largest amplitude from each of the 4096 frequency spectra obtained.
- the frequency of a spectral component is a measure of the distance from a target point in the object space
- the amplitude of a spectral component is a measure of the intensity of the reflection by a target point.
- a certain minimum amplitude is adopted in said selection of spectral components in order to prevent only noise components being selected if a certain spectrum does not comprise any distance information at all because no target point is present in the object space in the corresponding image point.
- the distance information obtained after conver- ting the frequencies found for relevant spectral components can be reproduced on a display screen 323, for example in the form of a 3-dimensional image or an image containing "false" colours, a particular colour repre ⁇ senting a particular distance, or by means of symbols on a display screen.
- the method of reproduction of the information obtained does not, however, form part of the present invention, so that this will not be dealt with further here.
- the explanation of the operation as velo ⁇ city-measuring instrument can be kept simple. The only difference is that for use as velocity-measuring instru ⁇ ment, the intensity of the laser radiation is modulated with a signal whose frequency is constant. As a conse ⁇ quence of the movement of an object in the target region, the frequency of the modulation of the laser radiation reflected by said moving object will differ from the constant frequency at which the transmitted laser radia ⁇ tion is modulated as a consequence of the Doppler effect. In this case, the frequency of the received signal in the mixer 214, 314 also differs from the frequency of the
- SUBSTITUTE SHEET transmitted signal but only for those parts of the image formed by the optics 216 on the cathode 214 which are the imaging of a moving object.
- the method of reproduction on, for example, a display screen falls outside the scope of this invention.
- the Doppler effect will also have an influence on the distance measurement, in particular the distance measurement of moving objects, during a distance measure- ment. This effect is, however, in practice often so small that it can be ignored. If, however, an extremely accu ⁇ rate measurement is desired or it is nevertheless desired to make a correction for the Doppler effect for other reasons, this can be achieved as follows.
- the effect of different velocities of various objects in the target region can be allowed for in the result of the distance measurement by processing the result of said distance measurement with the result of a velocity measurement prior thereto. In this way, the processed result of the distance measurement reproduces only distances. The said processing takes place as follows.
- a velocity measurement takes place. It is then known for each point of the image of the target region whether it is moving (along the line of sight) and, if so, at what velocity. From this, it can readily be calculated for each point of the image of the target region what the effect (positive or negative frequency shift and magnitude thereof) will be in a distance measurement. The result of the calculation for each image point is stored in a memory.
- the distance measure ⁇ ment immediately follows the velocity measurement and, for each point of the image of the target region, the uncorrected "measured" distance, i.e. the distance which can be derived directly from the frequency difference
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Optical Radar Systems And Details Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP93916295A EP0671016A1 (en) | 1992-07-09 | 1993-07-08 | Device and method for distance or velocity measurements |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
NL9201233 | 1992-07-09 | ||
NL9201233A NL9201233A (en) | 1992-07-09 | 1992-07-09 | APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR DISTANCE OR SPEED MEASUREMENT. |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1994001788A1 true WO1994001788A1 (en) | 1994-01-20 |
Family
ID=19861042
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/NL1993/000144 WO1994001788A1 (en) | 1992-07-09 | 1993-07-08 | Device and method for distance or velocity measurements |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0671016A1 (en) |
NL (1) | NL9201233A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1994001788A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9245916B2 (en) | 2013-07-09 | 2016-01-26 | Rememdia LC | Optical positioning sensor |
US10677583B2 (en) | 2015-04-17 | 2020-06-09 | Rememdia LC | Strain sensor |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4935616A (en) * | 1989-08-14 | 1990-06-19 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Energy | Range imaging laser radar |
US4973154A (en) * | 1989-04-27 | 1990-11-27 | Rockwell International Corporation | Nonlinear optical ranging imager |
EP0449337A2 (en) * | 1990-10-24 | 1991-10-02 | Kaman Aerospace Corporation | Range finding array camera |
US5150170A (en) * | 1991-08-26 | 1992-09-22 | The Boeing Company | Optical phase conjugate velocimeter and tracker |
-
1992
- 1992-07-09 NL NL9201233A patent/NL9201233A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1993
- 1993-07-08 EP EP93916295A patent/EP0671016A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1993-07-08 WO PCT/NL1993/000144 patent/WO1994001788A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4973154A (en) * | 1989-04-27 | 1990-11-27 | Rockwell International Corporation | Nonlinear optical ranging imager |
US4935616A (en) * | 1989-08-14 | 1990-06-19 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Energy | Range imaging laser radar |
EP0449337A2 (en) * | 1990-10-24 | 1991-10-02 | Kaman Aerospace Corporation | Range finding array camera |
US5150170A (en) * | 1991-08-26 | 1992-09-22 | The Boeing Company | Optical phase conjugate velocimeter and tracker |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
Machine Design, vol. 61, no. 22, 9 November 1989, (Cleveland, US), "Laser radar captures both image and range", pages 14-15, see whole document * |
NTZ, vol. 30, no. 3, 1977, U. RAUDONAT et al.: "Mehrzielfähiges FM-CW-Radar zur eindeutigen Messung von Entfernung und Geschwindigkeit", pages 255-260, see paragraph 3; figure 3 (cited in the application) * |
Cited By (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9245916B2 (en) | 2013-07-09 | 2016-01-26 | Rememdia LC | Optical positioning sensor |
US9651365B2 (en) | 2013-07-09 | 2017-05-16 | Rememdia LC | Optical positioning sensor |
US9874433B2 (en) | 2013-07-09 | 2018-01-23 | Rememdia LC | Optical positioning sensor |
US10690479B2 (en) | 2013-07-09 | 2020-06-23 | Rememdia LLC | Optical positioning sensor |
US10677583B2 (en) | 2015-04-17 | 2020-06-09 | Rememdia LC | Strain sensor |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0671016A1 (en) | 1995-09-13 |
NL9201233A (en) | 1994-02-01 |
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