WO1993025232A1 - The use of hyperimmune milk to increase longevity - Google Patents
The use of hyperimmune milk to increase longevity Download PDFInfo
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- WO1993025232A1 WO1993025232A1 PCT/US1993/005199 US9305199W WO9325232A1 WO 1993025232 A1 WO1993025232 A1 WO 1993025232A1 US 9305199 W US9305199 W US 9305199W WO 9325232 A1 WO9325232 A1 WO 9325232A1
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- hyperimmune
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/04—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies from milk
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/12—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from bacteria
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the use of hyperimmune milk for retarding physiological aging, increasing longevity, delaying the onset of physiological aging in animals, and restoring physiological functional capacity in physiologically or chronologically aged animals.
- Aging is characterized by a decline of the organism's ability to adapt to, or otherwise overcome, environmental stresses. There is some evidence that aging in individuals is marked by a decline in normal immune cell functions (Makinodan et al. , Adv. Immunol. 29:287-330 (1980); Wade et al. ,
- GALT gut-associated lymphoid tissues
- IEL intraepithelial lymphocytes
- MN mesenteric lymph nodes
- Peyer's patches The involvement of these cells in the defense against translocation of intestinal microflora in aged individuals, and/or immunological senescence in aged individuals is not clear.
- the present invention relates to the use of hyperimmune milk derived from milk-producing animals hyperimmunized with bacterial antigens, including intestinal bacteria.
- the present invention is directed toward the administration of the present hyperimmune milk in an amount sufficient to effectively retard physiological aging, increase longevity, delay the onset of physiological aging in an animal, and to restore physiological functional capacity in physiologically or chronologically aged animals.
- the present invention is further directed toward the administration of the present hyperimmune milk in an amount sufficient to effectively prevent the decline of immunological functions observed in aging or immuno- compromised animals and ameliorate or prevent the translocation of indigenous enteric bacteria from the GI tract of immunocompromised or aged animals, thereby treating or preventing indigenous infection. More specifically, the present hyperimmune milk, when administered to an animal in an amount sufficient to effectively prevent translocation of indigenous enteric bacteria across the intestinal tract of compromised animals delays the onset of, lowers the rate of, or restores the declining immune functions of, aging or otherwise immunocompromised animals.
- hyperimmune milk derived from milk producing animals including for example, cows, hyperimmunized with bacterial antigens, including intestinal bacteria such as E. coli, S. typhimurium and S. dysenteriae, effectively retards physiologic aging, increases longevity, delays the onset of physiological aging in animals, and restores declining physiological functional capacity in physiologically or chronologically aged animals.
- bacterial antigens including intestinal bacteria such as E. coli, S. typhimurium and S. dysenteriae
- the present hyperimmune milk effectively decreases the level of anti-intestinal-bacterial antibodies in the serum of aged or immunocompromised animals, such as aged mice. That is, the present hyperimmune milk prevents the translocation of enteric bacteria from the GI tract to the serum of an aged or immunocompromised animal. Moreover, it has been discovered that administration of such hyperimmune milk protects against the age-associated decline of the proliferative response of GALT and spleen cells to stimulation by foreign antigens. That is, it has been established that the use of hyperimmune milk protects against the decline of immunological functions associated with physiological aging and immunological senescence. Further, it has now been established that the administration of hyperimmune milk prevents infections caused by the translocation of indigenous bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract of immunocompromised or aged animals.
- FIGURE 1 illustrates a body weight curve.
- Each point and vertical bar represent ⁇ and SD (n 20).
- FIGURE 2 illustrates the cell kinetics of various lymphoid tissues.
- M urine organs were sampled at 8 and 16 mo. of age. O, thymus; ⁇ , spleen;
- FIGURE 3 illustrates the number of Enterobacteriaceae in the intestinal tract. Five individual mice (age, 8 mo.) from each group; D, control milk;
- FIGURE 4 illustrates serum level of antibodies to enteric bacteria.
- FIGURE 5 illustrates FACS analysis of cell surface markers on GALT cells. IEL and MLN cells were stained with
- FITC Fluoresceinisothiocyanate
- Mob Fluoresceinisothiocyanate
- PE- anti-CD4 Mab PE- anti-CD4 Mab
- biotin-anti-CD8 Mab before addition of streptavidin- DuoCHROME.
- Triple-color analysis of CD4 and CD8 surface markers in CD3 + cells was performed with using FACScan equipped FACSCAN Research Software. Others were stained with FITC-anti-C ⁇ (a I ⁇ (TcR))
- FIGURE 6 illustrates FACS analysis of cell surface markers on GALT cells. IEL and MLN cells were stained with
- DuoCHROME Triple-color analysis of CD4 and CD8 surface markers in CD3 + cells was performed with using FACScan equipped FACSCAN Research Software. Others were stained with FITC-anti-C ⁇ (a I ⁇ (TcR)) (the Beta subunit constant region of / ⁇ T-cell receptor) Mab or FITC-anti-C ⁇ (7 / ⁇ TcR) Mab (the Delta subunit constant region of 7/ ⁇ T-cell receptor).
- FIGURE 7 illustrates a cytolytic assay of IEL.
- 51 Cr-sodium chromate-labeled P815 tumor cells were used at a concentration of 1.5 x 10 3 cells per well in the presence of 1 ⁇ g/Ml of anti-CD3 Mab.
- Each point and vertical bar represented x and SD.
- *Signif ⁇ cant difference in a t-test was at p ⁇ 0.1 from a group given control milk.
- FIGURE 8 illustrates proliferative responses of MLN cells to mitogen and alloantigen.
- the cells were cultured for 68 hr at 37°C at a concentration of 5.0 x 10 5 cells per well with 2 ⁇ g/Ml of PHA or equal volume of spleen cells from BALB/c mice. [Methyl- 3 H]-thymidine with 37 MBq was added into well for additional 4 hr incubation.
- FIGURE 9 illustrates proliferative responses of MLN cells to mitogen and alloantigen.
- the cells were cultured for 68 hr at 37°C at a concentration of 5.0 x 10 5 cells per well with 2 ⁇ g/Ml of PHA or equal volume of spleen cells from BALB/c mice. [Methyl- 3 H]-thymidine with 37 MBq was added into well for additional 4 hr incubation.
- Each point and vertical bar represent x and SD. *Statistical difference was at p ⁇ 0.05 from a group given control milk.
- FIGURE 10 illustrates numbers of plaque-formed cells
- mice (age, 8 mo.) were injected intraperitoneally with lxlO 5 SRBC. The mice were tested on day 4 and 7 after immunization.
- D control milk
- ⁇ hyperimmune milk.
- Each point and vertical bar represent x
- FIGURE 11 illustrates serum level of autoantibodies to ssDNA.
- Level of antibodies indicates as absorbance measured with EIA reader at 405 nm.
- Each point and vertical bar represent x and SD.
- Statistical difference was at p ⁇ 0.1 from a group given control milk.
- FIGURE 12 illustrates the longevity of rats fed either hyperimmune milk A , control milk ⁇ or water O , as a function of number of rats alive (Y axis) vs. time in days (X axis).
- FIGURE 13 illustrates the longevity of rats fed either hyperimmune milk A , control milk ⁇ or water O , as a function of number of rats alive (Y axis) vs. time in days (X axis).
- FIGURE 14 illustrates a bar graph of survival time in days of rats fed hyperimmune milk, control milk, or water.
- hyperimmune milk is intended, for the purpose of this invention, milk obtained from milk-producing animals maintained in a hyperimmune state, the details for hyperimmunization being described in greater detail below.
- Such milk may be in liquid or powder form and may include, for example, a skim milk form.
- normal milk or "control milk” is intended for the purpose of this invention, milk that is obtained from milk-producing animals by conventional means and dairy practices.
- milk may be in liquid or powder form and includes, for example, skim milk powder obtained from
- milk-producing animal is intended, for the purpose of this invention, mammals that produce milk in commercially feasible quantities,
- _* S»»' - _,_; s «___s> I ⁇ ⁇ jr ⁇ 1 ⁇ te.» 8 preferably cows, sheep and goats, more preferably dairy cows of the genus Bos (bovid), particularly those breeds giving the highest yields of milk, such as Holstein.
- administer is intended, for the purpose of this invention, any method of treating a subject with a substance, such as orally.
- treating is intended, for the purposes of this invention, that the symptoms of the condition disorder and/or origin of the condition/ disorder be prevented, ameliorated or completely eliminated.
- bacterial antigen is intended, for the purpose of this invention, a preparation of live or killed bacterial cells or any component derived from bacterial cells, or from genes of bacterial origin, that is capable of eliciting an immune response in a host.
- microencapsulated form is intended, for the purpose of this invention, polymeric microparticles encapsulating one or more bacterial antigens for administration to milk-producing animals.
- animal is intended, for the purpose of this invention, any living creature that is subject to any one or more of: chronological aging, physiological aging, or immunological aging, including for example, humans and other animals, especially farm animals, domestic animals, animals for use in research, and zoological garden animals.
- infected infection any blood or systemic bacterial infection resulting from the translocation of indigenous enteric bacteria (bacteria present in the animals gastrointestinal tract) from the animal's gastrointestinal tract to other organs, tissues, blood, etc.
- Animals susceptible to such infections include those that are immunocompromised, i.e., suffer from diseases such as leukemia; AIDS aged animals; etc.
- indigenous infections can be prevented in animals including geriatric patients and immunocompromised patients by prophylactic treatment with hyperimmune milk, according to the method of the invention.
- increased longevity or “increasing the longevity” is intended for the purposes of this invention, an increased duration or increasing the duration, respectively, of a particular life beyond the normal expected life-span for a given species.
- physiological aging or “physiologic age” is intended, for the purposes of this invention, age estimated in terms of “physiologic functional capacity, " as opposed to “chronological age” estimated in terms of years.
- retarding physiologic aging is intended slowing the decrease of physiological functional capacity.
- Such decrease of physiological functional capacity may or may not be associated with chronological aging.
- decreased physiologic functional capacity is intended for the purposes of this invention, the decline or deterioration of normal physiological (normal vital) processes of an animal i.e., any negative variation from the norm.
- Such decline or deterioration may or may not include decline or deterioration associated with or due to chronological aging; diseases including for example, autoimmune diseases, AIDS, infection, and cancer; immunological aging; or conditions which cause a decline in normal immune cell function.
- Clinical manifestations of decreased physiological functional capacity include, for example, increased incidence of infections, tumors, autoimmune and immune complex diseases.
- restore is intended for the purpose of this invention the increase of physiological functional capacity of an animal to within a normal range. The determination of whether physiological functional capacity is decreased or restored can be readily made by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the present invention pertains.
- immunological senescence a condition characterized by immunological senescence and especially in the decline of immune functions including, for example, any or all of decreased thymus T-cell counts; decreased mitogen response and mixed lymphocyte culture reaction of spleen and mesenteric lymph node cells; increased translocation of the number of bacteria or bacterial antigens from the gastrointestinal tract as shown by the presence of an increased number of antibodies to intestinal bacteria in the serum; decreased thymic lymphatic mass; decreased proliferative response of spleen cells to mitogenic or alloantigenic stimulation; decreased frequency of occurrence of anti-sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) antibody in the spleen after immunization with SRBC; and increased serum level of autoantibodies, for example, anti-ssDNA autoantibodies.
- SRBC anti-sheep erythrocyte
- immunocompromised animal or individual is intended for the purpose of this invention, an animal or human of any age suffering from a condition, for example, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which condition causes a decline in normal immune cell functions.
- AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
- the present invention is based in part on the discovery that when a milk-producing animal such as a bovid is brought to a state of hyper- immunization with a vaccine containing intestinal bacteria, the animal will produce milk, which contains supranormal levels of IgG against such intestinal bacteria. Oral administration of this hyperimmune milk to a subject retards such subject's physiological aging, and/or increases longevity, and/or restores decreased physiological functional capacity in physiologically or chronologically aged animals, and/or suppresses the decline of immunological functions associated with advanced physiological age and/or immune senescence and/or decline observed in an immunocompromised animal.
- salivary is intended levels in excess of that found in milk from non-hyperimmunized animals.
- the hyperimmune milk of the invention is obtained from cows hyperimmunized against a variety of intestinal bacterial antigens (for example see Table 2).
- the hyperimmune milk is processed under thermo-regulation to maintain antibody activity.
- thermo-regulation is meant that the hyperimmune milk is pasteurized using a low temperature pasteurization step at a range of 161 °F to 167°F with a dwell time of 15-19 seconds, preferably at a temperature range of 163°F to 165°F with a dwell time of 16-18 seconds, and more preferably, a pasteurization temperature of 164° F with a dwell time of 17 seconds.
- the pasteurization step is followed by a low temperature evaporation step at a temperature range of 100°F to 110°F, preferably 103°F to 107°F, and more preferably at 105 °F.
- the milk is spray dried utilizing a low temperature spray drying step with temperatures of 354°F to 394°F, preferably from 364°F to 384°F, and more preferably 374 °F.
- the outlet temperature during spray drying ranges from 170°F to 200°F, preferably from 180°F to 190°F, more preferably at 185°F.
- the nutritional composition of the hyperimmune milk of the invention is the same as that of control milk (Golay et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 52: 1014-
- the hyperimmunized state may be achieved by administering an initial immunization sufficient to provoke an immune response and antibody production, followed by periodic boosters with sufficiently high doses of specific antigens.
- the preferred dosage of booster should be equal to or greater than 50% of the dosage necessary to produce primary immunization of the bovid.
- one process of producing the hyperimmune milk comprises the following steps: (1) antigen selection (intestinal bacteria, intestinal bacterial antigens and especially human intestinal bacteria or antigenic extractions thereof); (2) primary immunization of the milk producing animal, and especially the bovid; (3) testing the serum to confirm sensitivity the primary induction; (4) hyperimmunization with boosters of appropriate dosage; and, optionally, (5) testing the milk for protective properties; (6) collecting the milk from the hyperimmune bovid; and optionally (7) processing the milk.
- Step 1 Any intestinal antigens or combination of intestinal antigens may be employed.
- the critical point in this step is that the intestinal antigen(s) must be capable, not only of inducing immune and hyperimmune states in the milk-producing animal, but also of producing supranormal levels of IgG against intestinal bacteria in the hyperimmune milk.
- One preferred vaccine is a mixture of polyvalent bacterial antigens, referred to as Series 100 vaccine, described in detail in Example 2.
- Step 2 The antigen(s) of Step 1 can be administered to the milk- producing animal in any method that causes sensitization.
- a vaccine composed of antigen derived from lxlO 6 to lxlO 20 , preferably 10 8 to 10 10 , most preferably 2xl0 8 , heat-killed bacteria is administered by intramuscular injection.
- other methods such as intravenous injection, intraperitoneal injection, rectal suppository, or oral administration may be used.
- Step 3 It is necessary to determine whether or not the milk-producing animal has become sensitive to the intestinal-bacteria antigen.
- the preferred method is to use a polyvalent vaccine comprising multiple intestinal-bacteria species as the antigen and to test for the presence of agglutinating antibodies in the serum of the animal before and after challenge with the vaccine.
- the appearance of milk antibodies after immunization with the vaccine indicates sensitivity; at this point it is possible to proceed to step 4.
- Step 4 This involves the induction and maintenance of the hyperimmune state in the sensitized animal. This is accomplished by repeated booster administration at fixed time intervals of the same polyvalent vaccine that was used to achieve the primary sensitization. A two-week booster interval is optimal for polyvalent bacterial antigens. However, it is necessary to ensure that the animal does not pass from a hyperimmune state to a state of immune tolerance to the antigen.
- hyperimmunization of the milk-producing animal may be achieved by a single administration of microencapsuiated vaccine, prepared as described in detail in Example 2.
- the advantage of the controlled release form of hyperimmunization is that the constant exposure to the antigen ensures that the animal remains in the hyperimmune state.
- Step 5 It is necessary to test the milk for protective effect. This can be accomplished by any known research technique that tests the effects of either the hyperimmune milk or products derived therefrom upon immune function.
- Step 6 This involves the collection and processing of the milk.
- the milk can be collected by conventional methods. Further, the milk can be processed. Such processing can be by conventional methods. For example, the milk can be defatted to produce skim milk.
- the hyperimmune milk of the present invention may be orally administered alone in a powder or liquid form or may be provided in a composition.
- These compositions can be administered in any amount or concentration that prevents the suppression of T-lymphocyte function or prevents immunological aging; or delay the onset of, lower the rate of, or restore declining immune functions.
- Solid dosage forms of the hyperimmune milk of the invention for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders and granules.
- the active compound can be admixed with at least one inert diluent such as sucrose, lactose or starch.
- Such dosage forms can also comprise, as is normal practice, additional substances other than inert diluent.
- the dosage forms may also comprise buffering agents. Tablets and pills can additionally be prepared with an enteric coating.
- Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, including the milk itself, and solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs containing inert diluents commonly used in the pharmaceutical art. Besides inert diluents, such compositions can also include adjuvants, such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, and sweetening.
- the dosage of active ingredients in the composition of this invention may be varied; however it is necessary that the amount of the active ingredient shall be such that a suitable dosage form is obtained.
- the selected dosage form depends upon the desired therapeutic effect, on the route of the administration and on the duration of the treatment. Further, the selected dosage form can be easily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art.
- hyperimmune milk is orally administered to an animal in the form of a skim milk powder in an amount sufficient to prevent the suppression of T-lymphocyte function or to prevent immunological aging.
- a suitable dosage range is from about 1 g/kg body weight per day to about 200 g/kg body weight per day, preferably from about 50 g/kg body weight per day to about 150 g/kg body weight per day, and more preferably about 98 g/kg body weight per day.
- the preferred frequency of daily dosing is from 1-4 doses per day, preferably 2 doses per day.
- the treatment should preferably continue throughout the animal's life. It is not necessary that the hyperimmune milk of the invention be administered from an early age. Beneficial effects are possible no matter what age the treatment begins.
- Hyperimmune milk may be administered in other dry forms such as whole milk powder, bulk protein concentrate powders or whey protein concentrate powders.
- a suitable dosage range for whole milk powder is similar to the dosage range specified for skim milk powder.
- a suitable dosage range for milk protein concentrate powder and whey protein concentrate powder is from about 0.1 grams powder per kilogram body weight per day to about 20 grams per kilogram body weight per day, preferably from about 5 grams per kilogram per body weight per day to about 15 grams per kilogram body weight per day and more preferably, about 9.8 grams per kilogram body weight per day.
- the hyperimmune milk may also be administered in a liquid form such as whole milk, skim milk, milk protein concentrate, whey protein concentrate or as a component of another liquid for administration.
- a suitable dosage range for liquid hyperimmune milk products is 0.1 milliliter per kilogram body weight per day to about 200 milliliters per kilogram body weight per day, preferably from about 1 milliliter per kilogram body weight per day to about 50 milliliters per kilogram body weight per day, and more preferably about 25 milliliters per kilogram body weight per day.
- the preferred frequency of daily dosing is from 1 to 4 doses per day, preferably 2 doses per day.
- a preferred length of treatment continues for the remaining life of the subject.
- Administration dosage and frequency, and length of treatment will depend on the age and general health condition of the animal or patient, and the species, taking into consideration the possibility of side effects. The optimization of dosage, frequency and length of treatment can be accomplished by one of ordinary skill in the art. Administration will also be dependent on concurrent treatment with other drugs and patients' tolerance of the administered drug.
- Bacteria or bacteria antigens thereof, suitable for use in the vaccine of the present invention include intestinal bacteria of humans or other animals.
- Such suitable bacteria include, for example, the following (the asterisks are explained at the end of the list): (1)* members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, including for example:
- Shigella including S. dysenteriae (American Type Culture Collection
- S. flexneri ATCC Nos.: 29903; human: 25929 and 25875); S. boydii (ATCC Nos.: 8700; human: 25930); S. sonnei (ATCC
- Escherichia including E. coli (ATCC Nos.: 26, 11775; human: 9339,
- Edwardsiella including E. hoshinae (ATCC No.: animal: puffin/33379); and E. tarda (ATCC Nos.: human: 15947, 15469, 23657-
- Salmonella including S. paratyphi-A (ATCC Nos.: 9150, 9281, 12176 and 11511); S. schottmuelleri (ATCC No. 8759); 5. typhimurim (ATCC Nos.:
- S.sp. including serotypes: montevideo (ATCC No.: 8387), newport (ATCC Nos.: 6962, 27869), anatum (ATCC No.: 9270), newington (ATCC No.: 29628), heidelberg (ATCC No.: 8326), saintpaul
- Arizona including A. hinshawii (Salmonella arizonae) (ATCC No.: el3314); Citrobacter including C. freundii (ATCC Nos.: 8090; human: 6750, 29219-29222, and 33128; animal: livestock 29935); and C. diversus (ATCC Nos.: 27156; human: 25409, 29224, and 29225);
- Klebsiella including K. pneumoniae (ATCC Nos.: 9590, 13883; human: 20916, 20917, 33495, 29642; animal: cow/4352, beaver/4727);
- Enterobacter (formally "Aerobacter") including E. cloacae (ATCC Nos.: human: el3047, 29005, 29006, 10699, and 29893); E. aerogenes (ATCC Nos.: 884; human: el3048, 15038, 29010, 29751 and 29940); E. agglo erans (ATCC Nos.: human: 27155, 27988, 27984, 27987, 29001, 29002, 27998, 27981, 27993, 27991 and 27989); E. hqfiniae alvei (same as
- Hafnia alvei (ATCC Nos.: 13337, 9760, 11604, 23280,25927, human: 29926 and 29927);
- Serratia including S. marcescens (ATCC Nos.: 13880; human: 9103,
- Proteus including P. mirabilis (ATCC Nos.: 29906; 4675, 9240, 9921, 12453, 14153, 14273, 15290, 15363, 21100, 21635, and 21718; human: 4630, 7002, 25933, 29852, 29854-29856); P. morganii; P. vulgaris (ATCC
- P. rettgeri (ATTC Nos.: 29944; 9918, 9919, 14505, 21118, 31052; human: 9250, 25932); P. alcalifaciens (ATCC Nos.: human: 9886, 13159, 25828, 27970, 27971 and 29945); P. stuartii (ATTC Nos.: 29914; human: 25825, 25826, 25827 and 29851);
- Yersinia including Y. enterocolitica (ATTC Nos.: human: 9610, 23715, 27729; animal: monkey/29913) and Y. pseudotuberculosis (ATCC Nos.: 29833; human: 29910, animal: 6905, 13979, 13980, 27802);
- Vibrionaceae including for example: Vibrio including V. parahaemolyticus (ATCC No.: 17802); and Vibrio succinogens;
- Enterococci including for example:
- Streptococci including Strep, faecalis (ATCC Nos.: el 9433; 27275, 27274, 27276, human: 6569, 33074, 27274, animal: cow/27959, 27332); Strep, faaecium (ATCC Nos.: 19434; human: 6056, 12755, 27270, 27273); Strep, bovis (ATCC Nos.: animal: cow/15315, 15352, 27960, 33317); Strep, agalactiae (ATCC Nos.: 13813; human: 624; animal: cow/27956, 27541, 12927, 12928, 7077, 4768); Strep, anginosus; Strep, avium; Strep, cremo ⁇ s (ATCC Nos.: 19257, 9596, 9625); Strep, equismilius (Atcc No.: 9542); Strep, lactis
- Strep pneumoniae (ATCC Nos.: 6301-6312, e6303, 9163, 10813, 11733, 12213, 27336, 6314-6332, 8333-8340, 10341-10359, 10361- 10373, 10015); Strep, constallatus (ATCC Nos.: human: 27513, 27823); Strep, hansenii (ATCC No.: human:27752); Strep, intermedius (ATCC No.:
- Staphylococci including Staph. aureus (ATCC Nos.: 11631; human: 12600, 13150, 9996, 14458, 19636, 21915, 27217, 4012, animal: cow/27543, 29740); Staph. albus; Staph. epidermidis (ATCC Nos.: human: el55, 14990, 10875);
- Lactobacilli including L. acidophilus (ATCC Nos. : e4356, 314, 332, 521, 832, 4355, 4357, 4796, 4962, 9224, 11975, human: 33197, 33200, animal: pig/33198, chicken/33199); L. brevis (ATCC Nos.: human: 14869, 11577); L. buchneri (ATCC Nos.: 4005; human: 11579, 12935, 12936); L. casei (ATCC Nos.: e393, 7469, human: 27216, 21052, 11578, 11582, 15008,
- L. catenaforme (ATCC No.: human: 25536); . crispatus; L.fermentum (ATCC Nos.: 14931; human: 23271, 23272, 11976, 14932); L. helveticus (ATCC Nos.: 15009, 8018, 10386); L. lactis (ATCC Nos.: dairy products: 12315, 21051); L. leichmannii (ATCC Nos.: 4797, 7830); L. minutus (ATCC No.: human: 33267); L. planareum (ATCC Nos.: 14917, 4008; human: 11974); L. rogosae (ATCC
- Campylobacter including C. fetus var intestinalis (ATCC Nos. : human: 33246-33249, 33293) and C. fetus varjejuni (ATCC Nos.: human: 29428, 33250-33253, 33291, 33292);
- Aeromonas including A. hydrophilia (ATCC Nos.: 7966; animal: frog/e9071, fish/19570); and A. shigelloides (ATCC Nos.: 14029, 14030);
- Bacteroidaceae including genera Bacteroides, Fusobacterium and Leptrot ⁇ chioe, including:
- Bacteroides including B. amytophilus; B. asaccharolyticus (ATCC Nos.: 25260; human: 27067); B. capillosus (ATCC No.: human: 29799); B. coagulans (ATCC No.: human: 29798); B. distasonis (ATCC No.: 8503); B. eggerthii (ATCC No.: human: 27754); B. fragilis (ATCC Nos.: human: 23745, 25285, 29768, 29771); B. hypermegas (ATCC No.: chicken/25560);
- B. melaninogenicus (ATCC Nos.: human: 15032, 15033, 25261 , 25611, 15930, 25845, 33184, 33185; animal: bovine/29147); B. multiacidus (ATCC Nos.: human: 27723, 27772, animal: pig/27724); B. oralis (ATCC Nos.: human: 33269, 33321, 33322); B. ovatus (ATCC No.: 8483); B. pneumonsintes; B. praeacutus (ATCC No.: human: 25539); B. putredinis
- Leptotrichia including L. buccalis (ATCC Nos.: human: 14201, 19616, 23471, 23472); (8)* Pseudomanads including P. aeruginosa (ATCC Nos.: el0145,
- E. alactolyticum (ATCC Nos.: human:23263, 23264, 19301);
- E. biforme (ATCC No.: human: 27806); E. budayi (ATCC No.: 25541); E. cellulosolvens; E. combesii (ATCC No.: 25545); E. contortum (ATCC No.: human: 25540); E. cylindroides (ATCC Nos.: human: 27528, 27803-27805); E. dolichum (ATCC Nos.: human: 29143-29144); E. eligens; E. formicigenerans (ATCC No.: human: 27755); E. halii; E. lentum (ATCC No.: human: 25559); E.
- limosum (ATCC Nos.: 8486, 10825); E. moniliforme (ATCC No.: human: 25546); E. multiforme (ATCC No.: human: 25546); E. nitritogenes (ATCC No. : 25547); E. ramulus (ATTC No. : human: 29099); E. rectale; E. ruminatium (ATCC No.: bovine/ 17233); E. saburream (ATCC Nos.: human: 33271, 33318, 33319); E. siraeum (ATCC No.: human: 29066); E. ska (ATCC No.: human: 25553); E. tortuosum (ATCC No.: turkey/25548); E. ventriosum (ATCC No.: 27560); (14)* Peptococcaceae including:
- Peptococcus including P. asaccharolyticus (ATCC Nos.: 14963; human: 29743); P. magnus (ATCC Nos.: 14955, 15794; human: 14956, 29328); P. prevotii (ATCC Nos.: human: 9321, 14952); P. saccharolyiticus (ATCC No.: human: 14953); P. variabilis (see P. magnus); Peptostreptococcus including P. anaerobius (ATCC No.: 27337); P. micros (ATCC No.: human: 33270); P. parvulus; P. productus (ATCC No.: human: 27340);
- Sarcina including Sarcina ventriculi (ATCC Nos.: 29068, 29069); (15)* Bifidobacteria including B. adolescentis (ATCC Nos.: human: 15703-15706); B. angulatum (ATCC Nos.; 27535, 27669, 27670, 27671); B. bifidum (ATCC Nos.: human: 11146, 11147, 11863, 15696, 29521); B. breve
- acetobutylicum (ATTC Nos.: 824,3625, 4259, 8529, 10132); C. aminovalericum (ATCC No.: 13725); C. aurantibutyricum (ATCC No.: 17777); C. barati; C. barken (ATCC No.: 25849); C. bejerinkii (ATCC Nos.: 858, 6014, 11914, 14949, 14950, 17778, 17795, 25752); C. bifermentans (ATCC Nos.: 638, 971 ;5, 17836-17840,
- C. butyricum ATCC Nos.: human: 25799; animal: pig/19398); C. cadaveris (ATCC Nos.: 9687, 25783); C. c ⁇ /rzw (ATCC No.: 25777); C. ce/fltwm (ATCC No.: human: 27791); C. cellobioparum (ATCC No.: cattle/ 15832); C. chauvoei (ATCC Nos.: animal: bovine/10092, 19399; sheep/11957-11958); C. clostridiiforme (ATCC Nos.: 29084; animal: calf/25537); C.
- cochlearium ATCC No.: 17787
- C. difficile ATCC Nos.: 9689,17857-17858
- C.fallax ATCC No.: 19400
- C.felsineum ATCC Nos.: 13160, 17788-17789
- C. g ⁇ ATCC No.: 25757
- C. glycolicum ATCC Nos.: 14880, 29797
- C. haemolyticum ATCC Nos.: 9650, 9652
- C. indolis ATCC No.: 25771
- C. innocum ATCC No.: human: 14501
- C. pasteurianum ATCC Nos.: 6013, 7040-7041
- C. perfringens ATCC Nos.: human: 12918-12920, 19574; animal: chicken/ 14810, lamb/10388, 3629, 3627, 3626
- C. plagarum C. pseudotetanicum
- C. putrefaciens ATCC No.: 25786
- C. sartagofarmum ATCC No.: 25778)
- C. septicum ATCC Nos.: 6008-6009, 8053-8054, 8065;, 11424, 12464
- C. sordelii ATCC No.: 9714
- Propionobacterium including P. acnes (ATCC Nos.: human: 29399, 33179, 6919, 6921-6923, 11827, 11828); P. avidum (ATCC No.:
- P. granulosum ATCC No.: 25564
- P. jensenii ATCC Nos.: 4867-4871, 4964, 14073
- Bacillus including B. cereus (ATCC Nos: el4579, 2, 246, 4342, 6464, 7004, 7039, 9139, 9818; sheep/12480); B. subtilis (ATCC Nos.: e6051,
- Haemophilus including hemophilus influenza (ATTC No.: 9333); (40) * Nocardia species (ATCC Nos: 12288, 13635, 14558-14559,
- Any bacteria present in the intestinal tract of humans or animals, is suitable for use in the vaccine of the present invention.
- the selection of suitable bacteria from the above listed bacteria is within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art.
- the selection of other bacteria not expressly set forth above is also within the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art.
- the animal to be tested can be fed any .general nutrition diet along with the hyperimmune milk of the present invention.
- the term "general nutrition diet” refers to any diet which would be used to maintain an individual of the particular species of interest in good health. For example, mice would normally be fed a commercially available mouse chow available from a number of suppliers. A human could continue to eat what he or she normally eats.
- the hyperimmune milk can be fed in any form, but is preferably fed in the form of a skim milk powder.
- the skim milk powder is fed in an amount sufficient to effectively prevent, delay, or restore declining immune functions, as well as in an amount sufficient to effectively prevent infection caused by the translocation of enteric bacteria in geriatric or immunocompromised animals.
- a preferred diet comprises the following: skim milk powder in an amount of from about 70 to about 90 weight percent; glycerol in an amount of from about 4 to 7 weight percent; safflower oil in an amount of from about 2 to 5 weight percent; a mineral mixture such as AIN-76 in an amount of from about 3 to 8 weight percent; a vitamin mixture such as AIN-76 in an amount of from about 1 to 3 weight percent; methionine in an amount of from about 1 to 3 weight percent; and coline bitartrate in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 4.5 weight percent, of the mixture.
- Suitable control diets include any nutritional diet wherein the hyperimmune milk of the present invention is replaced with control milk.
- the hyperimmune milk of the present invention is processed under thermo-regulation, as previously described, to maintain antibody activity.
- the hyperimmune milk can be tested by any generally known means to ensure that antibody activity has been maintained. Methods for testing hyperimmune milk to insure that antibody activity is present, include, for example, ELISA. (iii) Determination of Bacteria
- pieces of the animal's small intestine, large intestine or cecum can be homogenized in any appropriate media, including, for example, heart infusion broth (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI) by any well known method, on ice to maintain bacteria viability and to suppress artificial growth of bacteria. Dilutions of the homogenized intestine can then be plated on any suitable media, including, for example, MacConkey's agar, in petri dishes and incubated for a suitable time, for example, 18-48 hours, at 37 °C, at which time the number of colonies can be counted to determine the number of
- the hyperimmune milk of the present invention results in a lowered number of Enterobacteriaceae in the large intestine and cecum as compared with the number observed in animals fed a control milk diet.
- the serum level of antibodies to enteric mucosal bacteria can be measured prior to and after the administration of hyperimmune milk.
- ELISA enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
- the present hyperimmune milk results in decreased levels of antibodies to intestinal bacteria as compared to the levels observed in animals receiving a control milk diet.
- IEL Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes
- the hyperimmune milk of the present invention in IEL, inhibited the increase of CD4 CD8 " cells associated with normal aging as compared with cell counts observed in animals fed a control milk diet. Also, in IEL, the hyperimmune milk of the present invention results in increased Thyl + ⁇ jS TcR-bearing cells, as compared to the cell number observed in animals fed a control milk diet. The hyperimmune milk of the present invention, in MLN, decreased the number of CD4 + cells as compared to the number observed in animals fed a control milk diet.
- Thymic, spleen, mesenteric lymph node, and IEL cells can be analyzed using well known flow cytofluorometric analysis methods.
- fresh cells can be stained using monoclonal antibodies, for example, as set forth in Example 1.
- the stained samples can then be analyzed, for example, with a single-beam flow cytometer (FACScan, Becton Dickinson). Forward and side angle light scatter can be used to exclude dead and aggregated cells.
- the data collected can then be analyzed using known methods; for example, the data can be analyzed with Consort 30 research software (Becton Dickinson) in the case of double-color analysis, and with
- IEL represent a unique CD3 + T cell population which has the ability to exhibit cytolytic activity and plays an important role in local immune- defense against the invasion of bacteria and virus.
- the redirected cytolytic activity of IEL in an animal given hyperimmune milk as compared to an animal fed a control milk diet, to tumor cells, including, for example, P815 target cells in the presence of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, can be assayed by known techniques, including, for example, the redirected cytolytic assay disclosed in Goodman et al. (Nature 333:855-857 (1988)).
- the present hyperimmune milk results in enhanced cytolytic activity against tumor cells as compared with activity observed in animals fed a control milk diet. Further, the activity maintained is at a level approximately equal to that observed in young animals.
- MLN cells the proliferative response to mitogens decreases with an animal's age.
- the present hyperimmune milk results in the suppression of age-related decline of the responsiveness of MLN cells to mitogens, as compared with the responsiveness observed in animals fed a control milk diet.
- MLN cells can be assayed for responsiveness to mitogens using any commonly known method. For example, see Example 1.
- the present hyperimmune milk also significantly protects an animal from a decline of proliferative response to alloantigens.
- a PFC assay can be performed. Specifically, after immunization with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), animals can be assayed for plaque-forming cells in the spleen to SRBC. Such assay can be carried out by any well known method, including, for example, the method set forth in Example 1, i.e., a modification of the Jerne-Norden slide method.
- the present hyperimmune milk prevents the decline in the ability of spleen cells to produce anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody.
- the production of anti-ssDNA autoantibodies in the sera from young and old animals can be examined.
- the sera from young and old mice can be examined. More specifically, the sera from mice from about 7 to 9 months of age can be compared with the sera of mice from about 15 to 17 months of age.
- the presence of autoantibodies in the sera increases with aging, as previously reported (Cato et al., Aging Immunol. Inf. Dis. 7: 177-190 (1988)).
- the present hyperimmune milk suppresses an increase in the serum level of anti-DNA autoantibodies as compared with the serum level observed in animals fed a control milk diet.
- Autoantibodies can be detected utilizing any well known technique including, for example, ELISA, RIA or immunoblotting.
- mice Female C57BL/6 mice, 6 weeks of age, were purchased from Japan SLC, Shizuoka. After pre-feeding for 2 weeks, mice of each group were fed a hyperimmune or control skim milk diet (120 g/kg body weight/day) containing mixture of nutrients (Table 1) for 14 months. Mice were killed at 8 and 16 mo. of age and assays to determine immunological profile were performed.
- skim milk powders Two kinds were supplied by SMBI. One was derived from cows after immunization with bacteria (Table 2) and was processed under thermoregulation to maintain antibody activity. The other was derived from unimmunized cows and was processed under standard conditions. Other ingredients were purchased from Kuroda, Fukuoka.
- compositions of vitamins and minerals are as reported in Tacket et al., N. Engl. J. Med.
- Vitamins, coline, methionine, minerals, milk, oil and glycrol were mixed.
- the mix diets were kept at 4°C.
- the 120 g/kg body weight/day of diet were measured in an animal room and were put into mouse cages.
- IEL Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes
- anti-CD3 e chain (kindly provided by Dr. J.A. Bluestone, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL); biotin-conjugated anti-Thy 1.2 (Caltag, San Francisco, CA), biotin-conjugated anti-Lyt 2, and phycoerythrin- conjugated anti-L3T4 (both from Becton Dickinson).
- Other reagents were phycoerythrin-conjugated streptavidin and DuoCHROME-conjugated streptavidin (both from Becton Dickinson).
- the stained samples were analyzed with a single-beam flow cytometer, FACScan (Becton Dickinson). Forward and side angle light scatter were used to exclude dead and aggregated cells.
- the data was analyzed with Consort 30 Research Software (Becton Dickinson) in the case of double-color analysis, and with the FACSCAN
- MLN cells were assayed for responsiveness to allogeneic spleen cells. Fresh MLN cells were cultured in 96-well round bottom microtiter plates (Corning, NY) for 68 hr at 37 °C at a concentration of 2.5 x 10 5 cells per well with allogeneic spleen cells which had been previously irradiated with 25 Gy. [methyl- 3 H] thymidine with 37 MBq was added to each well and incubated for an additional 4 hours. The cells were then harvested and the cpm of the samples was determined. The cpm of samples cultured with syngeneic spleen cells from 1.5-mo.-old C57BL/6 mice instead of allogeneic cells from BALB/c mice was determined, and used as reference controls.
- CD4 ⁇ CD8 ⁇ cells increased less as compared with that in mice given control milk.
- CD4 + cells decreased at 16 mo. of age as compared with that in young mice.
- Hyperimmune milk inhibited the decrease in the number of CD4 + cells as compared to the number observed utilizing control milk (p ⁇ 0.005).
- IEL represent a unique CD3 + T cell population which has the ability to exhibit cytolytic activity, and plays an important role in local immune- defense against the invasion of bacteria and virus (Janeway, A., Nature 333:804-806 (1988)). Therefore, the redirected cytolytic activity of IEL in mice given hyperimmune milk and control milk, to P815 target cells in the presence of anti-CD3 mAb, was assayed (Fig. 7A and B). Hyperimmune milk enhanced cytolytic activity against P815 tumor cells as compared with activity observed in mice given control milk (p ⁇ 0.1), and maintained the activity at a level approximately equal to that observed in young mice (age, 2 mo.). In MLN cells, as shown in Fig.
- the proliferative response to PHA (a kind of mitogen for T cells) decreased at 16 mo. of age.
- Hyperimmune milk suppressed the age-related decline of the responsiveness significantly as compared with the responsiveness observed in mice given control milk (p ⁇ 0.005).
- Hyperimmune milk also significantly protected mice from a decline of proliferative response to alloantigen observed (spleen cells from BALB/c mice) with aging (p ⁇ 0.025; Fig. 9).
- Hyperimmune milk suppressed the growth of intestinal Enterobacteriaceae (Fig. 3) and the appearance of anti -enteric bacterial antibodies in the serum (Fig. 4). It was found that hyperimmune milk protected mice irradiated with ⁇ -ray from life-threatening intestinal bacterial infections. These results indicate that hyperimmune milk protects against translocation of intestinal bacteria from the intestinal tract.
- the hyperimmune milk was derived from cows which were hyperimmunized with mucosal bacteria (Table 2) and contained IgG specific for the intestinal bacteria antigens (Golay et al , Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 52: 1014-1019 (1990)). These antibodies can cross-react with murine intestinal microflora.
- the most effective component in hyperimmune milk may be antibodies specific for pathogenic enteric bacteria.
- Two hypotheses of the mechanism to inhibit the invasion of enteric bacteria are: (i) antibodies may sequentially activate complement components and directly lyse the bacteria or promote phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and/or macrophages in the intestinal lumen; and (ii) antibodies may aggregate bacteria and prevent the bacteria from adhering to the mucous membrane and from invading submucosal tissues (Janeway, A., Nature 333:804-806 (1988); Welsh et al. , J. Pediatrics 94: 1-9
- Hyperimmune milk also contained significantly higher levels of nonspecific anti-bacterial substances such as lactoperoxidase and lactoferin (Welsh et al., J. Pediatrics 94: 1-9 (1978)). Therefore, these substances may also inhibit the invasion of enteric bacteria.
- lactoperoxidase and lactoferin Welsh et al., J. Pediatrics 94: 1-9 (1978)
- these substances may also inhibit the invasion of enteric bacteria.
- the present inventors have surprisingly discovered that the oral administration of hyperimmune milk significantly protected the immune function of GALT from age-related decline. Feeding hyperimmune milk protected the redirected cytolytic activity of IEL and the responsiveness of MLN cells to mitogenic and alloantigenic stimulation from age-related decline (Figs. 7, 8 and 9).
- One explanation as to these findings is that alteration in intestinal bacterial population by hyperimmune milk may result in augmenting the immune function of GALT cells.
- hyperimmune milk may indirectly augment the immunological functions of GALT cells through increased stimulation of some enteric bacteria.
- hyperimmune milk may indirectly augment the immunological functions of GALT cells through increased stimulation of some enteric bacteria.
- cytokines may augment the immune function of the GALT cells (Welsh et al. , J. Pediatrics 94: 1-9 (1978)).
- Hyperimmune milk also increased the number of anti-SRBC plaque forming cells in the spleen, in an early phase after immunization with SRBC (Fig. 10A and B). This result suggests that the protective action of hyperimmune milk in preventing the invasion of enteric bacteria for a long term, influences functions of systemic lymphoid tissues as well as those of GALT.
- the protective action of hyperimmune milk in preventing the appearance of serum autoantibodies to ssDNA (Fig. 11) supports the conclusion that hyperimmune milk influences systemic lymphoid tissue function indirectly.
- Hyperimmune milk effectively protects an animal from the decline of immune function associated with aging. Clinically, these observations are important in the treatment of the elderly and the immunocompromised. Hyperimmune milk may be administered prophylactically to protect aged and immunocompromised patients from complexed forms of indigenous infections with enteric bacteria, for example, during treatment and/or amelioration of geriatric, or immunocomprising diseases such as leukemia.
- ureSTITUTE SS-SEET After good growth was visible in the culture, the bacterial cells were harvested by centrifugation of the suspension for 20 minutes to remove the media. The bacterial pellet obtained was resuspended in sterile saline solution and the bacterial sample was centrifuged three times to wash the media from the cells. After the third sterile saline wash, the bacterial pellet obtained upon centrifugation was resuspended in a small amount of double distilled water.
- the media-free bacterial suspension was heat-killed by placing the suspension in a glass flask in an 80°C water bath overnight. The viability of the broth culture was tested with a small amount of heat-killed bacteria. Broth was inoculated with heat-killed bacteria, incubated at 37 °C for five days and checked daily for growth, as the bacteria have to be killed for use in the vaccine.
- the heat-killed bacteria were lyophilized until dry.
- the dry bacteria were then mixed with sterile saline solution to a concentration of 2.2 x 10 8 bacterial cells/ml saline (1.0 optical density reading at 660 nm).
- Cows were given daily injections of 5 ml samples of the polyvalent liquid vaccine.
- Antibody (IgG) titer levels for the injected cattle were determined periodically by using an enzyme-linked immunoassay for bovine antibody against the polyvalent antigen.
- the polyvalent antigen sample (S-100) obtained was microencapsulated by a conventional phase-separation process to prepare a polyvalent antigen- containing microparticle product.
- the antigen-containing shaped matrix materials are formed from polymers of biocompatible material, preferably biodegradable or bioerodable materials, preferably polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, copolymers of lactic and glycolic acids, polycaptolactone, copolyoxalates, proteins such as collagen, fatty acid esters of glycerol, and cellulose esters. These polymers are well known in the art and are described, for example, in U.S. 3,773,919; U.S. 3,887,699; U.S. 4,118,470; U.S. 4,076,798; all incorporated by reference herein.
- the polymeric matrix material employed was a biodegradable lactide-glycolide copolymer.
- Heat-killed bacterial antigens are encapsulated in such matrix materials, preferably as microspheres of between 1-500 microns diameter, preferably 10- 250 microns.
- the encapsulation processes are conventional and comprise phase separation methods, interfacial reactions, and physical methods.
- Many combinations of matrices and many concentrations of assorted antigens may be employed, in order to provide for optimal rates of release of bacterial antigens to the host body from the microparticles. These combinations can be determined by those skilled in the art without undue experimentation.
- microparticles in the example were less than 250 microns in diameter. Approximately 750 mg of microparticles containing 22 % (16.5 mg) of polyvalent antigen was then suspended in about 3 cc of a vehicle (1 wt % Tween 20 and 2 wt % carboxymethyl cellulose in water).
- a small group of cattle was selected from a larger herd of cattle. Five of these randomly selected cattle were selected as controls. Four cattle were injected intramuscularly with microparticles containing polyvalent antigen.
- Microparticle samples were sterilized with 2.0 mRad of gamma radiation.
- Antibody (IgG) titer levels were determined periodically from samples of cows' milk obtained from the inoculated cows, as well as from the control cows.
- Example 4
- mice Male sprague dawley rats, 6 weeks of age and weighing between 160 to 190 grams, were purchased from Fisher Scientific.
- Rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats each (Groups A, B and C). Each group was fed rat chow ad libtum. Additionally, Group A was fed 250 mis of S100 hyperimmune skim milk daily, S100 hyperimmune skim milk was prepared as set forth in the previous examples. Group B was fed control skim milk obtained from a commercial source using the same dose as Group A. Group C was fed rat chow and water only. Water or milk bottles were changed daily.
- the number of living rats was noted daily at each cage cleaning, until all rats expired.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
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JP6501545A JPH07507798A (en) | 1992-06-16 | 1993-05-26 | Use of hyperimmune milk to extend lifespan |
EP93915175A EP0646014A4 (en) | 1992-06-16 | 1993-05-26 | The use of hyperimmune milk to increase longevity. |
AU45259/93A AU680617B2 (en) | 1992-06-16 | 1993-05-26 | The use of hyperimmune milk to increase longevity |
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US89951992A | 1992-06-16 | 1992-06-16 | |
US07/899,519 | 1992-06-16 | ||
US5364993A | 1993-04-28 | 1993-04-28 | |
US08/053,649 | 1993-04-28 |
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WO1993025232A1 true WO1993025232A1 (en) | 1993-12-23 |
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PCT/US1993/005199 WO1993025232A1 (en) | 1992-06-16 | 1993-05-26 | The use of hyperimmune milk to increase longevity |
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EP (1) | EP0646014A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH07507798A (en) |
AU (1) | AU680617B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2136641A1 (en) |
IL (1) | IL105912A (en) |
NZ (3) | NZ253866A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1993025232A1 (en) |
Cited By (8)
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US6056978A (en) * | 1992-06-16 | 2000-05-02 | Stolle Milk Biologics, Inc. | Use of hyperimmune milk to prevent suppression of T-lymphocyte production |
WO2003055502A1 (en) * | 2001-12-24 | 2003-07-10 | Fonterra Co-Operative Group Limited | Immunoglobulin composition |
WO2017120495A1 (en) * | 2016-01-07 | 2017-07-13 | Ascus Biosciences, Inc. | Methods for improving milk production by administration of microbial consortia |
US9938558B2 (en) | 2015-06-25 | 2018-04-10 | Ascus Biosciences, Inc. | Methods, apparatuses, and systems for analyzing microorganism strains from complex heterogeneous communities, predicting and identifying functional relationships and interactions thereof, and selecting and synthesizing microbial ensembles based thereon |
US10844419B2 (en) | 2015-06-25 | 2020-11-24 | Native Microbials, Inc. | Methods, apparatuses, and systems for analyzing microorganism strains from complex heterogeneous communities, predicting and identifying functional relationships and interactions thereof, and selecting and synthesizing microbial ensembles based thereon |
US10851399B2 (en) | 2015-06-25 | 2020-12-01 | Native Microbials, Inc. | Methods, apparatuses, and systems for microorganism strain analysis of complex heterogeneous communities, predicting and identifying functional relationships and interactions thereof, and selecting and synthesizing microbial ensembles based thereon |
US11044924B2 (en) | 2017-04-28 | 2021-06-29 | Native Microbials, Inc. | Methods for supporting grain intensive and or energy intensive diets in ruminants by administration of a synthetic bioensemble of microbes or purified strains therefor |
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- 1993-05-26 AU AU45259/93A patent/AU680617B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1993-05-26 NZ NZ253866A patent/NZ253866A/en unknown
- 1993-05-26 JP JP6501545A patent/JPH07507798A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-05-26 NZ NZ299579A patent/NZ299579A/en unknown
- 1993-05-26 EP EP93915175A patent/EP0646014A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1993-05-26 WO PCT/US1993/005199 patent/WO1993025232A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1993-05-26 NZ NZ505753A patent/NZ505753A/en unknown
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US11871767B2 (en) | 2017-04-28 | 2024-01-16 | Native Microbials, Inc. | Microbial compositions and methods for ruminant health and performance |
US11044924B2 (en) | 2017-04-28 | 2021-06-29 | Native Microbials, Inc. | Methods for supporting grain intensive and or energy intensive diets in ruminants by administration of a synthetic bioensemble of microbes or purified strains therefor |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CA2136641A1 (en) | 1993-12-23 |
JPH07507798A (en) | 1995-08-31 |
AU4525993A (en) | 1994-01-04 |
AU680617B2 (en) | 1997-08-07 |
NZ299579A (en) | 2000-09-29 |
NZ505753A (en) | 2004-11-26 |
IL105912A0 (en) | 1994-10-21 |
IL105912A (en) | 1998-10-30 |
EP0646014A4 (en) | 1996-05-08 |
NZ253866A (en) | 1997-05-26 |
EP0646014A1 (en) | 1995-04-05 |
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