WO1993019550A1 - A method of grouping links in a packet switch - Google Patents
A method of grouping links in a packet switch Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1993019550A1 WO1993019550A1 PCT/SE1993/000227 SE9300227W WO9319550A1 WO 1993019550 A1 WO1993019550 A1 WO 1993019550A1 SE 9300227 W SE9300227 W SE 9300227W WO 9319550 A1 WO9319550 A1 WO 9319550A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- packets
- link
- links
- switch
- physical links
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04Q—SELECTING
- H04Q11/00—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems
- H04Q11/04—Selecting arrangements for multiplex systems for time-division multiplexing
- H04Q11/0428—Integrated services digital network, i.e. systems for transmission of different types of digitised signals, e.g. speech, data, telecentral, television signals
- H04Q11/0478—Provisions for broadband connections
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems
- H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
- H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
- H04L45/24—Multipath
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L9/00—Cryptographic mechanisms or cryptographic arrangements for secret or secure communications; Network security protocols
- H04L9/40—Network security protocols
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems
- H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
- H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
- H04L2012/5619—Network Node Interface, e.g. tandem connections, transit switching
- H04L2012/5624—Path aspects, e.g. path bundling
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems
- H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
- H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
- H04L2012/5672—Multiplexing, e.g. coding, scrambling
- H04L2012/5674—Synchronisation, timing recovery or alignment
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L12/00—Data switching networks
- H04L12/54—Store-and-forward switching systems
- H04L12/56—Packet switching systems
- H04L12/5601—Transfer mode dependent, e.g. ATM
- H04L2012/5678—Traffic aspects, e.g. arbitration, load balancing, smoothing, buffer management
- H04L2012/5681—Buffer or queue management
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L69/00—Network arrangements, protocols or services independent of the application payload and not provided for in the other groups of this subclass
- H04L69/14—Multichannel or multilink protocols
Definitions
- Link grouping means that a logical link is created consisting of many parallel physical links. The logical link offers a bandwidth that is the sum of that of the physical links. In this way can, for example, a logical link with a bandwidth of 622.08 Mb/s be provided through link grouping of four physical 155.52 Mb/s links.
- the invention relates to a method of grouping links in a packet switch for constant-length packets, the packet switch having a plurality of nodes and a plurality of transmission links for selectively connecting a plurality of input ports to a plurality of output ports via routes through the switch, wherein the nodes enable space selection and the transmission links interconnect the nodes.
- Link grouping can offer good traffic characteristics and hardware flexibility and effectivity, for example smaller delay, fewer buffers, and the realization of different types of concentrators/multiplexers and switches in different speed classes while using the same base components.
- Blocking characteristics in a link coupled network for example a Clos-network, are also improved through logical speedup, achieved with the help of link grouping. STATE OF THE ART.
- Disadvantages with the first method are the difficulty in realizing high speed electronics and mechanics, as well as the consequent power dissipation.
- the other method builds normally on multiplexing at bit-level and therefore requires bit-synchronous transmission.
- One object with the present invention is to provide a method for doing link grouping of the type presented by way of introduction, which offers a simpler solution than previously known for the problem in the ATM context of achieving higher bandwidth than that which is physically available.
- the method according to the invention comprises the steps of: grouping, according to a link protocol, a plurality of incoming physical links into a link group, wherein the incoming physical links are connected in parallel to respective input ports, the link group has a bandwidth that is a sum of bandwidths of the grouped incoming physical links, and the link protocol requires labels in packets communicated via the link group, the labels describing a route through the switch that holds together the grouped incoming physical links and each label comprising at least one bit that describes the route and is identical to corresponding bits in labels of other packets communicated via the link group; and distributing packets communicated via the grouped incoming physical links among a plurality of outgoing physical links connected in parallel to output ports of the switch.
- Figure l schematically illustrates the general principle of link grouping to create logical links in an ATM switch
- Figure 2 shows a protocol model illustrating how to provide, according to the invention, link grouping in switches
- Figure 3 schematically illustrates multi-port link grouping according to the invention.
- Figure 4 similarly schematically illustrates multi-port link grouping in a shared buffer pool
- Figure 5 similarly schematically illustrates transmission of an internal flow of packets in one block to another block via grouped links
- Figure 6 show a logical structure for link grouping over a link between nodes
- Figure 7 schematically illustrates label attachment in switch ports for interport link grouping according to the invention.
- label 2 indicates a switch core in a packet switch for packets with constant length, e.g. an ATM switch.
- number of parallel physical links 4 arrive at input switch ports 6 to the core 2.
- a link grouping of the physical links 4 for forming logical links, each consisting of several of the parallel links 4.
- This link grouping is indicated in fig. l, as in the following Figures, with ovals, for example, the ovals 1 and m in fig. 1.
- the lin grouping at the core's 2 outputs need not necessarily be the same as at the inputs, which is indicated in fig. 1 where link groupings n and r at the outputs correspond to link groupings and m, respectively, at the inputs.
- the link grouping is characterized more particularly in that the individual links in a group carry serial packet flows at the the interface of the switch core but constitute one logical link by use of protocols (supported by hardware) which are specific for a certain grouping definition.
- the link grouping should be as general as possible, that is, grouping in many different group sizes should be possible, as shown in fig. 1. However, it is in practice most interesting to have the same link grouping at inputs and outputs, and to have groups which are multiples of four physical links.
- the link grouping can be described using a protocol stack of the type shown in fig. 2.
- the upper part of this Figure indicates schematically how the switch core 2 can be divided into a number of nodes 12 and transmission links 14, where the nodes 12 perform space selection and the transmission links 14 offer point-to-point transmission between the nodes.
- the link grouping is defined by a protocol on level 2, G2, and over the transmission links a protocol on level 1, Gl, is used.
- G2 protocol on level 2
- Gl protocol on level 1
- That which is common for all thinkable variations of link grouping according to the invention is that the label number in the head of the packets describes a route that holds together the grouped links through the entire switch, which means that the bits in the label which describe the route over a certain transmission link are the same for packets which belong to the same group.
- This information is a part of G2.
- link grouping can be divided into two types, namely multiport and interport link grouping.
- Multiport link grouping shall be discussed first here with reference to Figures 3 to 6.
- a node In a node the group is held together by using similar space selection for the grouped links, for example with the help of certain bits in the label number being identical, so that they come out on the same grouped output and the sequence is retained.
- This can be realized, for example, according to what is shown in fig. 3, by links belonging to the same group, or logical links, for example n or m, being written into the same buffer 16 and 18, respectively, in the node 12, and being read out from the node serially on out-going links.
- the common buffer principle can otherwise also be used, wherein link grouping and readout can be controlled by a function 22 for memory handling according to known principles, see for example IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, October 1991, volume 9, number 8, p. 1239, "32*32 Shared Buffer Type ATM Switch VLSI's for B-ISDN's".
- a function 22 for memory handling according to known principles, see for example IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, October 1991, volume 9, number 8, p. 1239, "32*32 Shared Buffer Type ATM Switch VLSI's for B-ISDN's".
- out-going logical links have been labeled with 24 and 26.
- a flow 28 of packets 30 with constant length internally in a block can be transmitted to another block via external links 32.
- the external links 32 can because of technical limits have a transmission capacity which is limited such that an external link can not handle a packet frequency of F, but only lower packet frequencies. In such a case can several external links 32 together, through grouping, transmit the internal packet flow 28.
- the sequence order between the packets is important and must be preserved. It is therefore important that the packets 30 are transmitted on the grouped links 32 in such a way that the sequence ordering can be preserved. In order for this to be possible grouping logic 34 is needed on the sending side, and restoration logic 36 on the receiving side.
- the send and receive logic, 34 and 36 respectively, should be designed so that a certain spread in transmission time is allowed between the external links 32.
- the link protocol includes firstly an algorithm for how the packets shall be portioned out and gathered in between the physical links, such that space correctness is preserved, for example in the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4.
- the protocol includes synchronization which secures that the packets are transmitted such that there exists a determined time pattern between the physical links.
- the packets can be sent out simultaneously or time delayed by a constant interval.
- the time delay/difference in length on the links can be allowed to correspond to one packet if suitable bit and packet synchronization is introduced.
- the design should be done so that the packets 30 in the internal flow 28 are divided over the external links 32 according to a given pattern.
- One suitable pattern is a cyclical one according to the following: Packet 1 is sent on external link 32.1, packet 2 on link 32.2, etc., until packet n on link 32.n; thereafter packet n+1 on link 32.1, etc., according to fig. 5.
- the packets on the external links should be sent with a mutual time delay such that if a packet (the begin of packets) is sent at time 0, packet 2 is sent at time t, etc., until packet n is sent at time (n-l)t, and thereafter packet n+1 at time nt.
- the buffer stages compensate for the difference in bandwidth.
- the grouping logic is built consisting of a distributing unit 42, one of the buffers 38.1 to 38.n per external link in the buffer stage 38, and a sequence control unit 44 that controls the time ordering between the packets on the external links.
- the distributing unit 42 allocates the packets, packet for packet, to the buffers 38.1 to 38.n toward the external links such that the distribution of packets between the links is obtained as described above.
- the buffers 38.1 to 38.n handles the differences in time between transmission of a packet on the internal flow verses on the external links.
- a buffer is filled with a packet from the internal flow in the time t. In the next time period of nt it is emptied toward the external link.
- every buffer should have room for more than 1-1/n packets and less than 2-1/n packets.
- the unit 44 for controlling the time ordering sees to it that the above indicated time ordering is maintained.
- the unit uses the packet flow on external link 32.1 as reference and controls the flows out of the buffers 32.2 to 32.n toward the other links based on this reference. Since the packet frequency is the same for all the external links the unit only needs to be activated upon initial startup or when some external link is restarted.
- the restoration logic 36 consists of one of the buffers 40.1 to 40.n per external link, a gathering unit 46, and a sequence restoration unit 48.
- Differences in transmission times between the different external links can arise. These differences can arise in the grouping logic 34, in the transport over the external links, as well as in the restoration logic 36.
- the restoration logic must therefore be built such that it can handle a spread in arrival time for the packets on the external links.
- External link 32.1 is used as the reference.
- the buffers 40 to the external links 32 are used to handle the differences in packet time between the external links and the internal flow.
- a buffer is filled with a packet from the external link during the time nt.
- the buffer is emptied thereafter toward the internal flow in the time t.
- the packet is also stored for an extra time of nominally d and maximum 2d to handle differences in actual verses nominal arrival time for packets on different links.
- the buffer needs to be maximum 2 packets long.
- the gathering unit 46 picks up packets from the buffers 40 to the external links according to the order that is described above.
- the sequence restoring unit 48 sees to it that packets are picked up in the order that is described above.
- the protocols act only between the switch ports. Two methods are conceivable here.
- the first method is label based.
- a label based on VCI/VPI (Virtual Circuit Identifier/ Virtual Path Identifier) information, is attached in the switch ports 6 to arriving packets in sequence for the grouped links.
- the switch core does not need to "know" anything about which physical links belong together. Only level 2 protocol is needed.
- the packets are supplied suitably with sequence numbers to be able to restore the sequence order if packets within the same group are delayed by different amounts of time along different physical routes.
- a buffer is used that has a number of outputs corresponding to the number of links to be grouped.
- the links are written into the buffer and are read out sequentially on the outputs.
- the read-out routine is preferably arranged so that the incoming packets are distributed evenly over all the links in the group.
- the grouped packets also receive a label code that essentially contains the same bits.
- the grouping means must be able to buffer enough packets to be able, with help of the labels, to choose packets that shall go out on the same logical link, correct the sequence, and evenly distribute them on all the links in the group. Odd numbers of packets are filled out with empty packets.
- the link terminator 8 also contains a buffer large enough to enable correction of the sequence.
- the other method is based on packet synchronism through the switch core. Protocols on both level 1 and level 2 are used. The protocol on level 2 is based on a label attacher and a link terminator, as in method one. The difference is that no sequence number is needed to secure the sequence, nor is any large buffer needed. On level 1 packet synchronism is secured in and between the switch ports and the nodes, so that the packets in the group move through the entire switch packet-synchronously. Sorting in the switch ports is carried through with help of the bits in the label that are different between packets within the group.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (10)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU37727/93A AU670074B2 (en) | 1992-03-17 | 1993-03-16 | A method of grouping links in a packet switch |
EP93906945A EP0631705B1 (en) | 1992-03-17 | 1993-03-16 | A method of grouping links in a packet switch |
BR9306087A BR9306087A (en) | 1992-03-17 | 1993-03-16 | Process of grouping links in a packet switch for packets of constant length |
DE69323547T DE69323547T2 (en) | 1992-03-17 | 1993-03-16 | METHOD FOR GROUPING TIES IN A PACKAGE SWITCH |
KR1019940703282A KR100250762B1 (en) | 1992-03-17 | 1993-03-16 | Method to provide link grouping in a packet switch |
JP5516459A JPH07504789A (en) | 1992-03-17 | 1993-03-16 | How to group links in a packet switch |
DK93906945T DK0631705T3 (en) | 1992-03-17 | 1993-03-16 | Method of grouping compounds into a packet coupler |
NO19943394A NO310749B1 (en) | 1992-03-17 | 1994-09-13 | Method of grouping links into a packet switch |
FI944277A FI944277A (en) | 1992-03-17 | 1994-09-15 | A method for grouping links in a packet switch |
GR990401311T GR3030224T3 (en) | 1992-03-17 | 1999-05-14 | A method of grouping links in a packet switch. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SE9200813-5 | 1992-03-17 | ||
SE9200813A SE470039B (en) | 1992-03-17 | 1992-03-17 | Ways to achieve link grouping in a packet selector |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1993019550A1 true WO1993019550A1 (en) | 1993-09-30 |
Family
ID=20385642
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/SE1993/000227 WO1993019550A1 (en) | 1992-03-17 | 1993-03-16 | A method of grouping links in a packet switch |
Country Status (16)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5400324A (en) |
EP (1) | EP0631705B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH07504789A (en) |
KR (1) | KR100250762B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1057653C (en) |
AU (1) | AU670074B2 (en) |
BR (1) | BR9306087A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2117534A1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69323547T2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK0631705T3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2127812T3 (en) |
FI (1) | FI944277A (en) |
GR (1) | GR3030224T3 (en) |
NO (1) | NO310749B1 (en) |
SE (1) | SE470039B (en) |
WO (1) | WO1993019550A1 (en) |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP0761055A1 (en) * | 1994-04-28 | 1997-03-12 | Integrated Telecom Technology, Inc. | Atm architecture and switching element |
FR2767242A1 (en) * | 1997-08-07 | 1999-02-12 | Alsthom Cge Alcatel | DEVICE AND METHOD FOR SWITCHING ATM CELLS WITH CONNECTION GROUPS, AND CORRESPONDING TERMINAL INPUT AND OUTPUT FUNCTIONS |
US6466590B1 (en) | 1998-11-11 | 2002-10-15 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Device and method for processing cell group in a common memory switch |
EP1436951A1 (en) * | 2001-09-25 | 2004-07-14 | McData Corporation | Trunking inter-switch links |
US7619974B2 (en) | 2003-10-31 | 2009-11-17 | Brocade Communication Systems, Inc. | Frame traffic balancing across trunk groups |
US8223633B2 (en) | 2008-10-03 | 2012-07-17 | Brocade Communications Systems, Inc. | Port trunking at a fabric boundary |
US8412831B2 (en) | 2009-08-03 | 2013-04-02 | Brocade Communications Systems, Inc. | Per priority TCP quality of service |
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US5617417A (en) * | 1994-09-07 | 1997-04-01 | Stratacom, Inc. | Asynchronous transfer mode communication in inverse multiplexing over multiple communication links |
US5636210A (en) * | 1995-08-02 | 1997-06-03 | Agrawal; Jagannath P. | Asynchronous transfer mode packet switch |
US6452927B1 (en) | 1995-12-29 | 2002-09-17 | Cypress Semiconductor Corporation | Method and apparatus for providing a serial interface between an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) layer and a physical (PHY) layer |
US5648970A (en) * | 1996-03-04 | 1997-07-15 | Motorola, Inc. | Method and system for ordering out-of-sequence packets |
US5987030A (en) | 1996-09-27 | 1999-11-16 | Cisco Technology, Inc. | Transparent circuit emulation for packet switching network |
CN1060900C (en) * | 1996-11-29 | 2001-01-17 | 程远 | Multifunctional telegram grouping service device |
JP3199386B2 (en) * | 1997-05-22 | 2001-08-20 | テルコーディア テクノロジーズ インコーポレイテッド | System and method for equalizing delay in a dynamic packet switched network |
US6359879B1 (en) * | 1998-04-24 | 2002-03-19 | Avici Systems | Composite trunking |
US6181693B1 (en) | 1998-10-08 | 2001-01-30 | High Speed Video, L.L.C. | High speed video transmission over telephone lines |
US6813268B1 (en) | 1999-05-21 | 2004-11-02 | Broadcom Corporation | Stacked network switch configuration |
WO2000072533A1 (en) * | 1999-05-21 | 2000-11-30 | Broadcom Corporation | Stacked network switch configuration |
US6631141B1 (en) | 1999-05-27 | 2003-10-07 | Ibm Corporation | Methods, systems and computer program products for selecting an aggregator interface |
US6498781B1 (en) | 1999-08-13 | 2002-12-24 | International Business Machines Corporation | Self-tuning link aggregation system |
ATE265774T1 (en) | 1999-12-07 | 2004-05-15 | Broadcom Corp | MIRROR IN A NETWORK SWITCH STACK ARRANGEMENT |
US7249155B1 (en) | 2000-02-09 | 2007-07-24 | International Business Machines Corporation | Method for processing a request to multiple instances of a server program |
US7006509B1 (en) | 2000-12-22 | 2006-02-28 | Cisco Technology, Inc. | Method and system for graceful slowlink deletion and subsequent fast link addition in an IMA group |
US6952434B1 (en) | 2000-12-27 | 2005-10-04 | Cisco Technology, Inc. | System and method for processing control cells to prevent event missequencing and data loss in IMA groups |
US7065104B1 (en) | 2000-12-28 | 2006-06-20 | Cisco Technology, Inc. | Method and system for managing inverse multiplexing over ATM |
US6941252B2 (en) * | 2001-03-14 | 2005-09-06 | Mcdata Corporation | Striping data frames across parallel fibre channel links |
US7212526B2 (en) * | 2002-01-18 | 2007-05-01 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Method and apparatus for composing virtual links in a label switched network |
US7280527B2 (en) * | 2002-05-13 | 2007-10-09 | International Business Machines Corporation | Logically grouping physical ports into logical interfaces to expand bandwidth |
CA2386453A1 (en) * | 2002-05-15 | 2003-11-15 | Catena Networks Canada Inc. | Higher layer bonding of multiple access lines for carrier grade access |
JP4007313B2 (en) * | 2003-01-22 | 2007-11-14 | 株式会社村田製作所 | Angle sensor |
US8204051B2 (en) * | 2003-03-19 | 2012-06-19 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Apparatus and method for queuing delay-sensitive packets for transmission on heterogenous links |
US7593336B2 (en) | 2003-10-31 | 2009-09-22 | Brocade Communications Systems, Inc. | Logical ports in trunking |
DE10357522A1 (en) * | 2003-12-08 | 2005-07-07 | Marconi Communications Gmbh | Data transmission method and network |
JP5175483B2 (en) * | 2007-03-30 | 2013-04-03 | 株式会社日立製作所 | Storage apparatus and control method thereof |
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1992
- 1992-03-17 SE SE9200813A patent/SE470039B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1993
- 1993-03-16 CA CA002117534A patent/CA2117534A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1993-03-16 KR KR1019940703282A patent/KR100250762B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1993-03-16 BR BR9306087A patent/BR9306087A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1993-03-16 AU AU37727/93A patent/AU670074B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1993-03-16 JP JP5516459A patent/JPH07504789A/en active Pending
- 1993-03-16 WO PCT/SE1993/000227 patent/WO1993019550A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1993-03-16 DK DK93906945T patent/DK0631705T3/en active
- 1993-03-16 US US08/031,903 patent/US5400324A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-03-16 EP EP93906945A patent/EP0631705B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-03-16 ES ES93906945T patent/ES2127812T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1993-03-16 DE DE69323547T patent/DE69323547T2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1993-03-17 CN CN93103105A patent/CN1057653C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1994
- 1994-09-13 NO NO19943394A patent/NO310749B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-09-15 FI FI944277A patent/FI944277A/en unknown
-
1999
- 1999-05-14 GR GR990401311T patent/GR3030224T3/en unknown
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Title |
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IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Volume 9, October 1991, TAKAHIKO KOZAKI et al., "32 32 Shared Buffer Type ATM Switch VLSI's for B-ISDN's", page 1239 - page 1247, cited in the application. * |
Cited By (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0761055A1 (en) * | 1994-04-28 | 1997-03-12 | Integrated Telecom Technology, Inc. | Atm architecture and switching element |
EP0761055A4 (en) * | 1994-04-28 | 1999-12-01 | Integrated Telecom Technology | Atm architecture and switching element |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GR3030224T3 (en) | 1999-08-31 |
SE9200813D0 (en) | 1992-03-17 |
SE9200813L (en) | 1993-09-18 |
CN1078590A (en) | 1993-11-17 |
DE69323547T2 (en) | 1999-06-24 |
SE470039B (en) | 1993-10-25 |
FI944277A0 (en) | 1994-09-15 |
AU3772793A (en) | 1993-10-21 |
ES2127812T3 (en) | 1999-05-01 |
EP0631705B1 (en) | 1999-02-17 |
NO943394D0 (en) | 1994-09-13 |
CN1057653C (en) | 2000-10-18 |
FI944277A (en) | 1994-09-15 |
AU670074B2 (en) | 1996-07-04 |
CA2117534A1 (en) | 1993-09-30 |
KR100250762B1 (en) | 2000-04-01 |
KR950701171A (en) | 1995-02-20 |
NO310749B1 (en) | 2001-08-20 |
DE69323547D1 (en) | 1999-03-25 |
US5400324A (en) | 1995-03-21 |
NO943394L (en) | 1994-09-13 |
EP0631705A1 (en) | 1995-01-04 |
DK0631705T3 (en) | 1999-09-20 |
JPH07504789A (en) | 1995-05-25 |
BR9306087A (en) | 1997-11-18 |
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