WO1992021237A1 - Increasing yield of cereal crops - Google Patents

Increasing yield of cereal crops Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1992021237A1
WO1992021237A1 PCT/AU1992/000242 AU9200242W WO9221237A1 WO 1992021237 A1 WO1992021237 A1 WO 1992021237A1 AU 9200242 W AU9200242 W AU 9200242W WO 9221237 A1 WO9221237 A1 WO 9221237A1
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Prior art keywords
yield
herbicidal
wheat
sertin
cereal crop
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/AU1992/000242
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Ian Donald Black
Allan Robert Fischle
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The Minister For Primary Industries, Government Of South Australia
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Application filed by The Minister For Primary Industries, Government Of South Australia filed Critical The Minister For Primary Industries, Government Of South Australia
Publication of WO1992021237A1 publication Critical patent/WO1992021237A1/en

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/48—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with two nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/60—1,4-Diazines; Hydrogenated 1,4-diazines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N31/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic oxygen or sulfur compounds
    • A01N31/02—Acyclic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N35/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical
    • A01N35/06—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical containing keto or thioketo groups as part of a ring, e.g. cyclohexanone, quinone; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ketals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N35/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical
    • A01N35/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical at least one of the bonds to hetero atoms is to nitrogen
    • A01N35/10—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical at least one of the bonds to hetero atoms is to nitrogen containing a carbon-to-nitrogen double bond
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
    • A01N43/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings

Definitions

  • Sethoxydim (hereafter referred to by its trade name, "Sertin ® ”) is a known selective herbicide, for controlling monocot (grass-type) weeds in dicot crops.
  • Sertin ® was entered into the cereal tolerance screens of the
  • Sertin ® has only a weak effect on brome grass at commercial rates, it was reasoned that, if Sertin ® was adequately tolerated by cereals at relatively low rates, it might represent a herbicide that could be used successfully, in a herbicide mixture with other selective herbicides active against brome grass in cereals, to control the weed.
  • Sertin ® stimulated the yield of cereal crops, in particular certain wheat varieties.
  • Sertin ® or 2-(1-ethoxyiminobutyl)-5-[2-(ethyithio)propyl]-3-hydroxycyclohex-2-enone, is a
  • hydroxycyclohexenones or cyclohexanediones.
  • a further group of herbicidal compounds being the aryloxyphenoxypropanoates, have a similar mechanism of herbicidal action. Both groups of compounds are known selective herbicides, for controlling monocot weeds. Accordingly, other hydroxycyclohexenones and aryloxyphenoxypropanoates were also tested to see whether (a) they were tolerated by cereal crops, and (b) they increased cereal crop yield.
  • a cereal crop yield stimulating composition comprises a herbicidal hydroxycyclohexenone, cyclohexanedione or aryloxyphenoxypropanoic acid compound, or a salt thereof, together with agronomically acceptable excipient(s).
  • the concentration of active ingredient may be less than for a corresponding herbicidal composition.
  • the yield of a cereal crop is increased by administering to the crop or its environs a herbicidal hydroxycyclohexenone, cyclohexanedione or aryloxyphenoxypropanoic acid compound, or a salt thereof.
  • the rate of application may be lower than that recommended for herbicidal use.
  • sethoxydim is preferably applied at the rate of 10g to 100g active
  • Herbicidal rates of application generally range from 500ml to 2L per hectare.
  • incorporation of a spraying oil or a wetter increases the crop stimulating effect, so that the rate of application of the active ingredient can be further decreased.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be used to stimulate crop yield of cereal crops, such as (but not limited to) wheat, barley, triticale, oats, rye and rice.
  • the herbicidal hydroxycyclohexenone or cyclohexanedione compound may be, for example:
  • the herbicidal aryloxyphenoxypropanoic acid compound may be, for example:
  • the compounds of the present invention can be mixed with some other selective herbicidal compounds, such as metribuzin (4-amino-6-tert.butyl-3-methylthio-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one), without any substantial adverse effect on the selective herbicidal activity of those other compounds. Accordingly, the compounds of the present invention may be applied during spraying of cereal crops for control of weeds - there is no need for farmers to depart from their normal crop spraying regime.
  • some other selective herbicidal compounds such as metribuzin (4-amino-6-tert.butyl-3-methylthio-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one
  • the crop stimulation compounds are preferably applied at the two to three leaf stage, through to the early
  • the timing of the application may vary outside this range, e.g. early- to mid-jointing stage. However, it is not essential for the compounds to be applied during these stages, and some modification is possible, to fit in with normal spraying patterns for weed control.
  • Sertin ® is a widely used "grass selective" herbicide in grain legumes and pastures.
  • cereals particularly wheat
  • This screen was carried out to find support for this effect
  • Sertin ® (186 g/L sethoxydim) was applied at 250, 350 and 500 ml/ha plus oil (1 L/ha D-C-Tron ® ) when the cereals were in the 5-6 leaf stage at both Mallala and Sheaoak Log.
  • Rate 2 350 ml + 1 L D-C-TRON in 150 1 water.
  • Tatiara a late maturing variety
  • Kapunda the early maturing variety
  • a multiple regression incorporating spatial terms allowed some of the unevenness in response to come through to the fitted surface rather than presenting an idealised and over-smooth version.
  • Treatments were harvested with a Hege 125C small-plot harvester.
  • Flag leaf areas were measured as length by maximum width from 24 tillers per replicate. Top weights and root weights (to a depth of 15 cm) were taken at two times using 24 plants per replicate. Soil moisture was taken from each sampling replication to a depth of 15 cm. 1,000 grain weights were measured from a random sample of the grain from each repiicate ⁇
  • Rates 1-3 all satisfactory. Rates 4 and 5 show considerable mortality.
  • Rates 1-3 satisfactory. Severe thinning with Rate 4 of all cultivars and complete kill of all cultivars with Rate 5.
  • MACHETE retarded at rates 4-5, while SPEAR and TATIARA little effect Z16-21 + 6 weeks
  • Rates 4 and 5 All cultivars reduced in height by Rates 4 and 5. Rates 1-3 generally satisfactory.
  • Results are given as a percentage of the untreated control.
  • Root and top weights were sampled as four 0.25 m 2 quadrats per plot and oven dried. Sampling took place on 9 September and 8 October at Mallala and 11 September and 10 October at Kapunda. Note that at Kapunda the second sampling time may not be indicative because the crop was able to take advantage of a late rainfall event on 31 October - 2 November.
  • the 1000 grain weight data was proportional to yield. Therefore, yield increases are not caused by an increase in the number of grains formed in the crop.
  • Sertin ® was tested in the cereal screen at Mallala, although the treatments were not replicated. Tests were conducted to see whether there was a difference between use of oil or use of wetter with a competitor to Sertin ® (i.e. Fusilade ® ) in terms of the chemical's biological activity, as assessed by its effect on cereals. Sertin ® plus oil was used as the standard.
  • Sertin has now been used in the cereal variety herbicide tolerance screens for three seasons, and once in a mixture with a herbicide, metribuzin.
  • the graph below shows that the yield effect of Sertin on wheat in these four seasons is closely related to the degree days in the growing season, with yield stimulation increasing with accumulated degree days.
  • “Accumulated degree days” is defined as the sum over days of the mean daily temperature minus 5 (degrees C) over the period from the date of sowing until the date when the crop became moisture stressed at the end of the season (the latter estimated from temperature and rainfall data).
  • 100-200 ml/ha SertirTat the 2-3 leaf stage of wheat, 100-400 ml/ha at the early tillering stage of the crop and, for later maturing varieties, 100-200 ml/ha at the mid tillering stage will either give a yield stimulation or be safe to use on the crop, depending on the accumulated degree days in the growing season, although this may depend on variety.
  • aryloxyphenoxypropanoic acid compounds were tested on cereals.
  • Site 2 Kapunda red brown earth, pH 6.5.
  • Site 1 Cereals sown 14/06/91.
  • Cereal Rye 6l + Site 2 Cereals sown 25/06/91.
  • Yields are the mean of 4 replications expressed as a percentage of control yield.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)

Abstract

It has been found that certain herbicidal compounds (namely hydroxycyclohexenones, cyclohexanediones, aryloxyphenoxypropanoic acids and salts thereof) have a crop yield stimulating effect on cereal crops.

Description

INCREASING YIELD OF CEREAL CROPS
Background to the Invention
Sethoxydim (hereafter referred to by its trade name, "Sertin®") is a known selective herbicide, for controlling monocot (grass-type) weeds in dicot crops. In 1989, Sertin® was entered into the cereal tolerance screens of the
Agricultural Chemicals Evaluation Scheme (ACES) of the
Department of Agriculture at Mallala and Sheaoak Log, as a Weed Science Unit (WSU) entry. It was found that volunteer cereals, although being monocots, often escaped control with this herbicide when it was applied to grain legumes to control grass weeds (the approved use for Sertin®).
At the time, officers of the WSU were working on a project, the aim of which was to derive herbicide
recommendations to control brome grass selectively in cereal crops.
Although Sertin® has only a weak effect on brome grass at commercial rates, it was reasoned that, if Sertin® was adequately tolerated by cereals at relatively low rates, it might represent a herbicide that could be used successfully, in a herbicide mixture with other selective herbicides active against brome grass in cereals, to control the weed.
It was surprisingly found that, when applied at lower rates than recommended for herbicidal use, Sertin® stimulated the yield of cereal crops, in particular certain wheat varieties. Sertin®, or 2-(1-ethoxyiminobutyl)-5-[2-(ethyithio)propyl]-3-hydroxycyclohex-2-enone, is a
representative member of a group of herbicidal
hydroxycyclohexenones (or cyclohexanediones). A further group of herbicidal compounds, being the aryloxyphenoxypropanoates, have a similar mechanism of herbicidal action. Both groups of compounds are known selective herbicides, for controlling monocot weeds. Accordingly, other hydroxycyclohexenones and aryloxyphenoxypropanoates were also tested to see whether (a) they were tolerated by cereal crops, and (b) they increased cereal crop yield.
As these compounds are, in general, selective for monocot weeds, it is surprising that they should prove beneficial to cereal crops, in the absence of weeds.
Summary of the Invention
According to one aspect of the invention, a cereal crop yield stimulating composition is provided. This composition comprises a herbicidal hydroxycyclohexenone, cyclohexanedione or aryloxyphenoxypropanoic acid compound, or a salt thereof, together with agronomically acceptable excipient(s). The concentration of active ingredient may be less than for a corresponding herbicidal composition.
According to a further aspect of the invention, the yield of a cereal crop is increased by administering to the crop or its environs a herbicidal hydroxycyclohexenone, cyclohexanedione or aryloxyphenoxypropanoic acid compound, or a salt thereof. The rate of application may be lower than that recommended for herbicidal use.
For example, for crop yield stimulation, sethoxydim is preferably applied at the rate of 10g to 100g active
ingredient/hectare, or about 50ml to 550ml of the commercial formulation (Sertin®) per hectare. (The commercial
formulation comprises 186.8 g/L sethoxydim.) Herbicidal rates of application generally range from 500ml to 2L per hectare.
It should be noted that incorporation of a spraying oil or a wetter increases the crop stimulating effect, so that the rate of application of the active ingredient can be further decreased. The compounds of the present invention may be used to stimulate crop yield of cereal crops, such as (but not limited to) wheat, barley, triticale, oats, rye and rice.
The herbicidal hydroxycyclohexenone or cyclohexanedione compound may be, for example:
TM Common Name Chemical Name
Sertin® sethoxydim 2-(1-ethoxyiminobutyl)-5-[2- (ethylthio)propyl]-3- hydroxycyclohex-2-enone
Select® clethodim 2-[1-(3-chloroallyloxyimino)propyl]- 5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3- hydroxycyclohex-2-enone
The herbicidal aryloxyphenoxypropanoic acid compound may be, for example:
TM Common Name Chemical Name
Fusilade® fluazifop 2-[4-(5-trifluoromethyl-2- pyridyloxy)phenoxy] propionic acid
Assure® quizalofop 2-[4-(6-chloroquinoxalin-2- yloxy)phenoxy] propionic acid
Verdict® haloxyfop 2-[4-(3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-2- pyridyloxy)phenoxy] propionic acid
Topic" chlorazifop 2-[4-(3,5-dichloro-2-pyridyloxy) phenoxy] propionic acid
It has been found that the compounds of the present invention can be mixed with some other selective herbicidal compounds, such as metribuzin (4-amino-6-tert.butyl-3-methylthio-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one), without any substantial adverse effect on the selective herbicidal activity of those other compounds. Accordingly, the compounds of the present invention may be applied during spraying of cereal crops for control of weeds - there is no need for farmers to depart from their normal crop spraying regime.
Under South Australian conditions (mid-north of the State), the crop stimulation compounds are preferably applied at the two to three leaf stage, through to the early
tillering stage, of the cereal crop. For later maturing varieties, application at the mid-tillering stage is
preferable, on available evidence. Under other conditions (e.g. in other countries), the timing of the application may vary outside this range, e.g. early- to mid-jointing stage. However, it is not essential for the compounds to be applied during these stages, and some modification is possible, to fit in with normal spraying patterns for weed control.
Detailed Description of the Invention
The following examples are presented as illustrative, but not restrictive, of the present invention.
Example 1
ASSESSMENT OF SERTIN® IN WHEAT - 1989
SUMMARY
Sertin® (sethoxydim) is a widely used "grass selective" herbicide in grain legumes and pastures. However some tolerance of cereals, particularly wheat, has been indicated because volunteer cereals have proven difficult to control with this herbicide in some situations, at lower rates. This screen was carried out to find support for this effect
Sertin® (186 g/L sethoxydim) was applied at 250, 350 and 500 ml/ha plus oil (1 L/ha D-C-Tron®) when the cereals were in the 5-6 leaf stage at both Mallala and Sheaoak Log.
Wheat: Results were variable both between varieties and between sites. Yield was stimulated in Blade, Cocamba and an un-named advanced breeder's line - C8MM/45/3 - at Sheaoak Log, but yield was . reduced in Cocamba and C8MM/45/3 at Mallala. The yield of Tatiara was badly reduced at Mallala and marginal at Sheaoak Log. Conversely the yield of Machete was reduced at Sheaoak Log but was markedly stimulated at Mallala - up to a remarkable 181% of the untreated control in the 350 ml/ha treatment Yield was also stimulated in Sunfield, Schomburgk, Molineux, Aroona and Oxley at Mallala. Meaned over all the varieties, the yields showed wheat was tolerant of Sertin® up to 350 ml/ha and marginal at 500 ml/ha. ASSESSMENT: Cereals 1989
CHEMICAL: SERTIN® a.i. 186 g/l SETHOXYDIM
SITE: Site 1 Sheaoak Log. Red-brown earth, pH 7.5, silty loam.
Site 2 Mallala. pH 8.5, silty sand.
RATE OF APPLICATION: Rate l 250 ml + 1 L D-C-TRON in 150 1 water.
Rate 2 350 ml + 1 L D-C-TRON in 150 1 water.
Rate 3 500 ml + 1 L D-C-TRON in 150 1 water.
All rates used at both sites. Treatments carried out at the 5/6 leaf stage of the wheat
Yields: expressed as a percentage of control.
Figure imgf000007_0001
These tests showed that, at the rates used, Sertin® stimulated the yield of certain wheat varieties. Tests
carried out at Mallala were especially successful - there was a maximum 81% increase in yield of the wheat variety Machete.
Example 2
In 1990, Sertin®was entered into the ACES screens in a mixture with the herbicide metribuzin. Metribuzin is
tolerated by wheat and barley, and is herbicidally active against brome grass.
ASSESSMENTOFSERTIN® +METRIBUZININ WHEAT-1990
Metribu-dn/Sertin mixtures
(SENCOR 480 + SERTIN - metribuzin 480 g/L + sethoxydim 186 g/L).
Sfte i Mallala silty sand pH 8-5
gjte 2 Sheaoak Log redbrown earth pH 7.4
Both treatments replicated 4 times at both sites.
Site 1 Crop sown 19/6/90. Treatments applied 2/8/90.
Temperature 14°C, nil cloud cover. Growth stages of cereals:
Oats 3½ leaf.
Barley 4-5 leaf.
Wheat 3½ leaL
Triticale 3½ leaf.
Rye 3- 3½ leaf.
Site 2 Crop sown 10/7/90. Treatments applied 21/8/90.
Temperature 15°C, 10/10 cloud cover. Growth stages of cereals:
Oats 3½-4 leaf.
Barley 4-5 leaf.
Wheat 3- 3½ leaf.
Triticale 3½ leafRye 3- 3½ leaf.
Yields These are expressed as a percentage of the untreated.
Figure imgf000009_0001
It was found that the mixture of Sertin ®and metribuzin also produced yield stimulation effects in wheat, although the pattern was somewhat different to that in 1989 (Example 1). Example 3
In 1991 , Sertin® plus oil was tested more comprehensively on five wheat varieties that had shown varying responses to the chemical in the 1989 tests (Example 1) .
ASSESSMENT - YIELD EFFECTS OF SERTIN ON WHEAT
MALLALA AND KAPUNDA 1991
CHEMICAL SETHOXYDIM 186 a.i./l
RATE OF APPLICATION
Rate 1 100 mls/ha + 1 1 D.C-TRON oil
Rate 2 200 mls/ha + 1 1 D.C-TRON oil
Rate 3 300 mls/ha + 1 1 D.C-TRON oil
Rate 4 400 mls/ha + 1 1 D.C-TRON oil
Rate 5 500 mls/ha + 1 1 D.C-TRON oil
TIME OF TREATMENTS
Time 1 2-3 leaf ZADOC 12-13
Time 2 6 Ieaf/earlv tillering ZADOC 16-21
Time 3 3-4 tillers ZADOC 23-24
CULTIVARS SCREENED The following wheat cultivars were used:
MACHETE
SPEAR
BLADE
SCHOMBURGK Y10
TATIARA SUMMARY OF YIELD RESULTS
The results show that the "successful" treatments, taken as a whole, exhibited a highly significant (at the 1% level) yield increase at both sites - 8.0% at Kapunda and 63% at Mallala. The defined "successful" treatments are:
Kapunda - 100-400 ml/ha Sertin at early tillering (Z16-23) and 100-200 ml/ha at early post emergence (Z12-13) in all varieties.
Mallala - 100-400 ml/ha at early tillering in Spear, Blade and Schomburgk and 100-300 ml/ha at early post emergence in Blade.
A general interpretation is that at Kapunda yield increase in all varieties (maximum 18% in Machete) occurred at 100-200 ml/ha at the 2-3 leaf stage (mean + 10%) and 100-400 ml/ha at the early tillering stage (mean +8%). At Mallala 100-300 ml/ha at the 2-3 leaf stage produced rather different effects according to cultivar with Machete being relatively poor, the average over ail cultivars exceeded the untreated by 1%. The 100-400 ml/ha treatments, at the early tillering stage were equal or above untreated (mean +4%). Application at the mid tillering stage was, generally only tolerated at 100 ml/ha at both sites, except for Tatiara (a late maturing variety) at Kapunda, which not only performed better at this application stage than the earlier varieties (Machete, Spear and Blade) but also better than the earlier times of application for Tatiara.
Table A. Yield as a percent of control - fitted values
Derivation
An examination of the yield results of the 1991 experiments at Mallala and Kapunda, with particular reference to the untreated controls, revealed a pattern in spatial variation, particularly at Kapunda. This led to re-analyses of the results, superseding the simple two-way analyses of variance carried out on the data by Allan Fischle in the preliminary report forwarded to L Black, in which the location of a particular Sertin X variety treatment set of plots may have suggested a statistically significant over- or under-estimate for that particular treatment
To counteract this instability a response surface was fitted to the yields which took account of the location of each experimental plot and its treatment (the cultivar sown, the rate and time of application of Sertin and interactions between these factors). Responses to the six rates of Sertin, including nil, were smoothed by fitting third order polynomials at each time of application. Further, additional data was incorporated from a strip covering all cultivars along one edge of the experiment at Kapunda, which was untreated. These measures dealt effectively with the bias caused by spatial variations.
A multiple regression incorporating spatial terms allowed some of the unevenness in response to come through to the fitted surface rather than presenting an idealised and over-smooth version.
The choice of "successful" treatments was made on the basis of including strongly related groups of treatments. The statistical significance of interactions involving cultivars from the analyses of variance was referred to in discriminating between cultivars to include in a "rates within time of application" group. Selection on an individual, treatment basis would certainly have led to bias.
Figure imgf000012_0001
METHODS
There were four replicates in a strip-plot design with randomisation of cultivars between replicates. Plot size 2 m × 2.2 m, harvest area 1.25 m × 22 m. Growing season sampling was taken from sister plots adjacent to yield plots. Treatments were applied using a gas-pressurised hand-held 2 m boom at 150 L/ha spray volume.
Treatments were harvested with a Hege 125C small-plot harvester.
Flag leaf areas were measured as length by maximum width from 24 tillers per replicate. Top weights and root weights (to a depth of 15 cm) were taken at two times using 24 plants per replicate. Soil moisture was taken from each sampling replication to a depth of 15 cm. 1,000 grain weights were measured from a random sample of the grain from each repiicate¬
Sites Two sites were used.
Site 1 Mallala - silty sand, pH 83 Site sown 13 June 1991.
Soil moist Treatments applied as follows:
Time 1 2 July 1991. Temperature 16°C, 1/10 cloud cover, soil moist Wheat Z 12-13.
Time 2 25 July 1991. Temperature 14°C, 2/10 cloud cover, soil moist Wheat Z 16-21.
Time 3 2 September 1991. Temperature 15°C, cloud cover 3/10, soil moist Wheat Z 23-24.
Site 2 Kapunda - red brown earth, pH 6.5. Site sown 24 June
1991. Soil moist Treatments applied as follows:
Time 1 18 July 1991. Temperature 13°C, 8/10 cloud cover, soil moist Wheat Z 12-13.
Time 2 15 August 1991. Temperature 14°C, 9/10 cloud cover, soil moist Wheat Z 16-21.
Time 3 18 September 1991. Temperature 17°C. 8/10 cioud cover, soil moist Wheat Z 23-24.
ASSESSMENTS
Visual assessments were carried out at both sites, as well as soil moisture measurement wt of roots, and wt of tops. On the third assessment the area of flag leaf was also measured.
Site 1 Mallala. Visual assessments carried out 2 weeks, 6 weeks, at booting.
Sampling was carried out on 9 September 1991 and 8 October 1991 at Mallala.
Visual observations
Time 1 2 July 1991. Z 12-13 + 2 weeks
Growth check on all 5 wheat cultivars from Rate 3 to Rate 5.
Rate 5 caused considerable yellowing, rated 7 (EWRC). Z 12-13 + 6 weeks
Rates 1-3 all satisfactory. Rates 4 and 5 show considerable mortality.
Z 12-13 on 8 October 1991
Rates 1-3 satisfactory. Severe thinning with Rate 4 of all cultivars and complete kill of all cultivars with Rate 5.
Time 2 25 July 1991 Z16-21 + 2 weeks
Slight retarding of Rates 4 and 5 all cultivars.
Z16-21 + 6 weeks
Slight retarding and height reduction for Rates 4 and 5 all cultivars.
Z16-21 on 8 October 1991
Some height reduction of with treatments 4 and 5 for all cultivars except TATIARA
Time 3 2 September 1991 Z23-24 + 2 weeks
Some retarding at ail rates from 2-5. SCHOMBURGK Y10 and
TATIARA least effected.
Z23-24 + 6 weeks
General height reduction on all cultivars treated with rates 3-5.
Z23-24 + 10 weeks
All cultivars reduced in height from treatments 2-5. TATIARA least effected.
Site 2 Kapunda. Visual assessments carried out 2 weeks, 6 weeks and at booting.
Sampling was performed on 11 September 1991 and 10 October 1991.
Visual observations
Time 1 18 July 1991. Z 12-13 + 2 weeks
All cultivars retarded at Rates 2-5. Not as severe as at Mallala with the higher rates (4 and 5).
Z 12-13 + 6 weeks
All cultivars retarded. BLADE cultivar satisfactory, MACHETE and TATIARA retarded by treatments 2-5. SCHOMBURGK Y10 and SPEAR retarded at rates 1-5.
Z12-13 on 10 October 1991
All cultivars satisfactory. Slight reduction in height and reduced bulk with all cultivars except BLADE by treatments 2-5.
Time 2 15 August 1991 Z16-21 + 2 weeks
BLADE and SCHOMBURGK Y10 retarded at all rates.
MACHETE retarded at rates 4-5, while SPEAR and TATIARA little effect Z16-21 + 6 weeks
MACHETE retarded by rates 3-5, SPEAR showed slight reductions at all rates. The remaining cultivars reduced by rates 4-5.
Z16-21 on 10 October 1991
All cultivars reduced in height by Rates 4 and 5. Rates 1-3 generally satisfactory.
Tune 3 18 September 1991 Z23-24 + 2 weeks
Slight general retarding all cultivars by Rates 1-5.
Z23-24 + 6 weeks
General retarding of all cultivars. SCHOMBURGK Y10, SPEAR and TATIARA most effected, especially at Rates 4-5.
Z23-24 + 10 w-seks
All cultivars retarded and reduced in height and bulk at Rates 2-5.
Some recovery made by all cultivars with late rain.
SOIL MOISTURE
These were taken at the same time that assessments were made.
There were no differences between treatments and hence the means are given.
Figure imgf000015_0001
Figure imgf000016_0001
Figure imgf000017_0001
Figure imgf000017_0002
Figure imgf000018_0001
Figure imgf000018_0002
FL AG L EAF AREAS
Flag leaf areas were sampled from Mallala on the 10 October 1991 and at Kapunda on the 16 October 1991.
Because of high variability, only the combined results for the cultivars are shown..
Results are given as a percentage of the untreated control.
FL AG L EAF AREAS - COMBINED RESULTS, ALL CULTIVARS
Figure imgf000019_0001
VEGETATIVE SAMPLING RESULTS
Root and top weights were sampled as four 0.25 m2 quadrats per plot and oven dried. Sampling took place on 9 September and 8 October at Mallala and 11 September and 10 October at Kapunda. Note that at Kapunda the second sampling time may not be indicative because the crop was able to take advantage of a late rainfall event on 31 October - 2 November.
Because of high variability, only the combined results for the cultivars are shown, and at the second sampling time. In addition the root weights for Kapunda are omitted as the sampling technique did not allow a depth of 15 cm to be consistently reached in the clay soil.
Results expressed as a percentage of control
Figure imgf000020_0001
The yield results show that there was a positive
response at certain rates and times of application, and there was less variation in response to Sertin® than in the 1989 tests (Example 1). The firm conclusion from the data, after extensive analysis and re-analysis of the data, taking into account (as far as possible) spatial effects of treatment plot location in relation to site variation, was that there was a "real" crop stimulation effect, at specified rates and times.
The 1000 grain weight data was proportional to yield. Therefore, yield increases are not caused by an increase in the number of grains formed in the crop.
Overall, flag leaf area was increased in the successful treatments, indicating that the mechanism involves more efficient photosynthesis at the time of grain filling.
The vegetative sampling results are generally thought to be inconclusive as a result of a fairly crude sampling technique, although at Mallala the data appear sufficiently strong to conclude that root growth in the successful
treatments was greater than the untreated. This may mean the crop was better able to exploit the available soil moisture in these treatments, and exhibited this in increased yield.
Example 4
In 1985, Sertin® was tested in the cereal screen at Mallala, although the treatments were not replicated. Tests were conducted to see whether there was a difference between use of oil or use of wetter with a competitor to Sertin® (i.e. Fusilade®) in terms of the chemical's biological activity, as assessed by its effect on cereals. Sertin® plus oil was used as the standard.
Figure imgf000022_0001
Figure imgf000023_0001
Again, there appeared to be a yield stimulation effect from Sertin® in certain cases (although rather less conclusive, due to the lack of replication of treatments). Example 5
EFFECT OF GROWING SEASON
Sertin has now been used in the cereal variety herbicide tolerance screens for three seasons, and once in a mixture with a herbicide, metribuzin.
The graph below shows that the yield effect of Sertin on wheat in these four seasons is closely related to the degree days in the growing season, with yield stimulation increasing with accumulated degree days.
"Accumulated degree days" is defined as the sum over days of the mean daily temperature minus 5 (degrees C) over the period from the date of sowing until the date when the crop became moisture stressed at the end of the season (the latter estimated from temperature and rainfall data).
The data shown in the graph exhibit such a strong
relationship that a non-abrupt finish to the growing season, or early sowing, appear to be causal.
Further, even in seasons where accumulated degree days are short, as at Mallala in 1991 or Sheaoak Log (SL) in 1989, successful treatments were "safe" in that they did not reduce yield (SL) or gave a mild stimulation (Mallala).
Figure imgf000024_0001
SERTIN TREATMENTS
DEGREE DAYS % YIELD
Sheaoak Log - 1989 929 100
Mallala - 1991 1038 103
Kapunda - 1991 1122 108
Mallala - 1985 1249 111
Mallala - 1989 1349 121
MEAN 108
SERTIN + METRIBUZIN TREATMENTS
DEGREE DAYS % YIELD
Sheaoak Log - 1990 1051 103
Mallala - 1990 1211 111
Summary of Results from Examples 1-5
The results from 1991 and previous seasons show that wheat yield is stimulated by Sertin®, the extent depending on the rate, time of application, accumulated degree days and, with less certainty, the variety.
Specifically, 100-200 ml/ha SertirTat the 2-3 leaf stage of wheat, 100-400 ml/ha at the early tillering stage of the crop and, for later maturing varieties, 100-200 ml/ha at the mid tillering stage will either give a yield stimulation or be safe to use on the crop, depending on the accumulated degree days in the growing season, although this may depend on variety.
Further, there is a margin of tolerance in rate and time adjustments that allows farmers, with current levels of expertise, to use Sertirrto improve crop yield, and with current spraying technology. Example 6
Other herbicidal hydroxycyclohexenone and
aryloxyphenoxypropanoic acid compounds were tested on cereals.
ASSESSMENT SCFIEEN OF VARIOUS CHEMICALS ON CEREALS
Che micals and rates:
1. Fusalade® 212 g/I at 75ml/ha + wetter
2. Fusilade® 212 g/l at 125 ml/ha + wetter
3. Assure® 88.6 g/l at 75 ml/ha + wetter
4. Assure® 88-6 g/l at 125 ml/ha + wetter
5. Setect®240 g/l at 50 mi/ha + wetter
6. Setect®240 g/l at 100 ml/ha + wetter
7. Verdict® 104 g/l at 100 ml/ha + Dctron oil
8. Verdict® 104 g/I at 175 ml/ha + Dctron oil
9. Topic®300 g/l at 50 ml/ha + wetter
10. Topic®300 g/l at 75 ml/ha + wetter
11. Untreated Control
Sites:
Srte 1 : Mallala silty sand pH 8.3.
Site 2: Kapunda red brown earth, pH 6.5.
Time of Application:
Site 1 : Cereals sown 14/06/91.
All treatments applied 6/8/91. Temperature 14°C, cioud cover 10/10.
Growth stage of cereals:
Barley 6ℓ - early tillering
Wheat 6ℓ +
Triticale 6ℓ +
Oats 6ℓ
Cereal Rye 6ℓ + Site 2: Cereals sown 25/06/91.
All treatments applied 28/08/91. Temperature 17°C, cloud cover NIL
Actual Growth stage of cereals:
Barley 6ℓ - early tillering
Wheat 6ℓ +
Triticale 6ℓ -h
Oats 5ℓ-6ℓ
Cereal Rye 6ℓ
Yield Results:
Yields are the mean of 4 replications expressed as a percentage of control yield.
Control yields are shown as the equivalent of TONNES/ha
Figure imgf000027_0001
Figure imgf000027_0002
Figure imgf000028_0001
Figure imgf000029_0001
Figure imgf000030_0001
Although results were inconclusive with respect to some of the compounds tested, these compounds may exhibit crop stimulation effects, if applied at lower rates.
While the invention has been particularly described with reference to preferred embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various other modifications and changes may be made, without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, as encompassed by the accompanying claims.

Claims

The claims defining the invention are as follows:
1. A cereal crop yield stimulating composition
comprising a herbicidal hydroxycyclohexenone,
cyclohexanedione or aryloxyphenoxypropanoic acid compound, or a salt thereof, together with agronomically acceptable excipient (s) .
2. A composition according to claim 1, wherein the herbicidal compound is sethoxydim, clethodim, fluazifop, quizalofop, haloxyfop or chlorazifop.
3. A composition according to claim 2, wherein the herbicidal compound is sethoxydim.
4. A composition according to claim 2, wherein the herbicidal compound is chlorazifop.
5. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein said cereal crop is wheat, barley, triticale, oats, rye or rice.
6. A composition according to claim 5, wherein said cereal crop is wheat.
7. A composition according to any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising either a spraying oil or a wetter.
8. A method of increasing the yield of a cereal crop which comprises administering to the crop or its environs a herbicidal hydroxycyclohexenone, cyclohexanedione or
aryloxyphenoxypropanoic acid compound, or a salt thereof.
9. A method according to claim 8, wherein the
herbicidal compound is administered at a rate lower than that recommended for herbicidal use.
10. A method according to claim 8 or 9, wherein the herbicidal compound is sethoxydim, clethodim, fluazifop, quizalofop, haloxyfop or chlorazifop.
11. A method according to claim 10, wherein the herbicidal compound is sethoxydim.
12. A method according to claim 8 or 11, wherein the herbicidal compound, or salt thereof, is administered at a rate of 10 to 100g per hectare.
13. A method according to claim 10, wherein the herbicidal compound is chlorazifop.
14. A method according to claim 8, wherein the
herbicidal compound is administered in the form of a
composition as specified in any one of claims 1 to 7.
15. A method according to any one of claims 8 to 14, wherein said cereal crop is wheat, barley, triticale, oats, rye or rice.
16. A method according to .claim 15, wherein said cereal crop is wheat.
17. A method according to any one of claims 8 to 16, wherein the herbicidal compound is administered at the two to three leaf stage, through to the early tillering stage, of the cereal crop.
18. A cereal crop yield stimulating composition, substantially as described herein, and with reference to any one of Examples 1 to 6.
19. A method of increasing the yield of a cereal crop, substantially as described herein, and with reference to any one of Examples 1 to 6.
PCT/AU1992/000242 1991-05-27 1992-05-27 Increasing yield of cereal crops WO1992021237A1 (en)

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Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU1663483A (en) * 1982-07-13 1984-01-19 Fbc Ltd. Benazolin herbicidal mixture

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU1663483A (en) * 1982-07-13 1984-01-19 Fbc Ltd. Benazolin herbicidal mixture

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEST DISEASE AND WEED CONTROL, WALL D.A., Vol. 7, No. 6, December 1988, 372-377. *
Plant Growth Regulates - Agricultural Uses, NICKELL L.G., SPRINGER-VERLAG, NEW YORK, (1982), see chapter 17. *

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