WO1992002216A2 - Inhibiteurs de glycolysation avancee renfermant des acides et des derives amino-benzoiques, et methodes d'utilisation - Google Patents

Inhibiteurs de glycolysation avancee renfermant des acides et des derives amino-benzoiques, et methodes d'utilisation

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Publication number
WO1992002216A2
WO1992002216A2 PCT/US1991/005457 US9105457W WO9202216A2 WO 1992002216 A2 WO1992002216 A2 WO 1992002216A2 US 9105457 W US9105457 W US 9105457W WO 9202216 A2 WO9202216 A2 WO 9202216A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
compound
amino
group
composition
formula
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/US1991/005457
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English (en)
Other versions
WO1992002216A1 (fr
Inventor
Peter C. Ulrich
Anthony Cerami
Original Assignee
The Rockefeller University
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US07/561,066 external-priority patent/US5137916A/en
Application filed by The Rockefeller University filed Critical The Rockefeller University
Publication of WO1992002216A1 publication Critical patent/WO1992002216A1/fr
Publication of WO1992002216A2 publication Critical patent/WO1992002216A2/fr

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Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the aging of proteins resulting from their reaction with glucose and other reducing sugars, and more particularly to the inhibition of the reaction of nonenzymatically glycosylated proteins and the often resultant formation of advanced glycosylation endproducts and cross-links.
  • brown pigments with spectral and fluorescent properties similar to those of late-stage Maillard products have also been observed in vivo in association with several long-lived proteins, such as lens proteins and collagen from aged individuals.
  • An age-related linear increase in pigment was observed in human dura collagen between the ages of 20 to 90 years. See, Monnier et al., Science. 211, pp. 491-493 (1981) ; Monnier et al., Biochem. Biophys. Acta. 760, pp. 97-103 (1983); and, Monnier et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 81, pp. 583- 587 (1984) .
  • compositions for the inhibition of the advanced glycosylation of proteins (protein aging) .
  • the compositions comprise agents for inhibiting nonenzymatic cross-linking (protein aging) due to the formation of advanced glycosylation endproducts.
  • the agents may be selected from those materials capable of reacting with the early glycosylation product from the reaction of glucose with proteins and preventing further reactions.
  • Cross-linking caused by other reactive sugars present in vivo or in foodstuffs, including ribose, galactose and fructose would also be prevented by the methods and compositions of the present invention.
  • the agents comprise compounds having the following structural formula:
  • R 1 is a hydroxy, lower alkoxy, amino, lower alkoxy, dilower alkylamino lower alkoxy, or a carboxy lower alkyl amino group
  • R j is one or two amino, hydrazino or hydrazinosulfonyl groups; their pharmaceutically acceptable acid or alkali addition salts; and mixtures thereof, and a carrier therefor.
  • compositions of this invention appear to react with the early glycosylation product thereby preventing the same from later forming the advanced glycosylation end products which lead to protein cross-links, and thereby, to protein aging.
  • the present invention also relates to a method for inhibiting protein aging by contacting the initially glycosylated protein at the stage of the early glycosylation product with a quantity of one or more of the agents of the present invention, or a composition containing the same.
  • one or more of the agents may be applied to the proteins in question, either by introduction into a mixture of the same in the instance of a protein extract, or by application or introduction into foodstuffs containing the protein or proteins, all to prevent premature aging and spoilage of the particular foodstuffs.
  • the present method has particular therapeutic application as the Maillard process acutely affects several of the significant protein masses in the body, among them collagen, elastin, lens proteins, and the kidney glo erular basement membranes. These proteins deteriorate both with age (hence the application of the term "protein aging") and a consequence of diabetes. Accordingly, the ability to either retard or substantially inhibit the formation of advanced glycosylation endproducts carries the promise of treatment for diabetes and of course, improving the quality and, perhaps, duration of animal life.
  • the present agents are also useful in the area of personal appearance and hygiene, as they prevent the staining of teeth by cationic anti-microbial agents with anti-plaque properties, such as chlorhexidine.
  • agents, compositions including pharmaceutical compositions containing said agents and associated methods have been developed which are believed to inhibit the formation of advanced glycosylation endproducts in a number of target proteins existing in both animals and plant material.
  • the invention relates to a composition which may contain one or more agents comprising compounds having the structural formula
  • R_ is a hydroxy, lower alkoxy, amino lower alkoxy, dilower alkylamino lower alkoxy, or a carboxy lower alkyl amino group
  • R 2 is one or two amino, hydrazino or hydrazinosulfonyl groups; their pharmaceutically acceptable acid or alkali addition salts; and mixtures thereof, and a carrier therefor.
  • the lower alkyl and lower alkoxy groups referred to herein contain 1-6 carbon atoms and include methyl, ethoxy, ethyl, ethoxy, propyl, propoxy, butyl, butoxy, pentyl, pentyloxy, hexyl, hexyloxy and the corresponding branched chain iso ers thereof.
  • substituents are preferred. For instance, when R, is a hydroxy, then R j is preferably one or two amino groups, or a single hydrazino or a single hydrazino-sulfonyl group.
  • R j When R 1 is hydroxy and R j is a single amino group or a single hydrazino group, the R j substituent is preferably para to the carboxy substituent. When R is hydroxy and R2 is two amino groups, they are preferably meta and para to the carboxy substituent. When R, is hydroxy and R j is a single hydrazino-sulfonyl group, then the R j substituent is preferably meta to the carboxy substituent.
  • R j is preferably a single amino group.
  • R j is preferably a single amino group.
  • Preferred compounds of the present invention are:
  • the above compounds are capable of inhibiting the formation of advanced glycosylation endproducts on target proteins.
  • the cross-linking of the protein to form the advanced glycosylation endproduct contributes to the entrapment of other proteins and results in the development in vivo of conditions such as reduced elasticity and wrinkling of the skin, certain kidney diseases, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis and the like.
  • plant material that undergoes nonenzymatic browning deteriorates and, in the case of foodstuffs, become spoiled or toughened and, consequently, inedible.
  • the compounds employed in accordance with this invention inhibit this late stage Maillard effect and intervene in the deleterious changes described above.
  • the rationale of the present inven ion is to use agents which block the post-glycosylation step, i.e., the formation of fluorescent chromophores such as that identified in Pongor, et al., supra and Farmar et al., supra, among others, the presence of which chromophores is associated with, and leads to adverse sequelae of diabetes and aging.
  • An ideal agent would prevent the formation of the chromophore and its associate cross ⁇ links of proteins to proteins and trapping of proteins on the other proteins, such as occurs in arteries and in the kidney.
  • Another proposed mechanism is the formation of reactive carbonyl compounds, containing one or more carbonyl moieties (such as glycolaldehyde, glyceraldehyde or 3-deoxyglucosone) from the cleavage of Amadori or ther early glycosylation endproducts (see, for example, Gottschalk, A. (1972) in The Glycoproteins (Gottschalk, A., ed) Part A, pp. 141-157, Elsevier Publishing Co., New York; Reynolds, T.M. (1965) Adv. Food Res.. 14, pp. 167-283) , and by subsequent reactions with an amine or Amadori product to form carbonyl containing advanced glycosylation products such as the alkylformyl- glycosylpyrroles described by Far ar et al, supra.
  • carbonyl moieties such as glycolaldehyde, glyceraldehyde or 3-deoxyglucosone
  • lysine as an inhibitor in the Eble et al. model system has no bearing upon the utility of the compounds of the present invention in the inhibition of advanced glycosylated endproducts formation in the presence of glucose in vivo, and the amelioration of complications of diabetes and aging.
  • compositions useful in the present invention comprise or contain agents capable of reacting with the active carbonyl intermediate of an early glycosylation product. Suitable agents are the compounds of Formula I of the present invention.
  • the present invention likewise relates to methods for inhibiting the formation of advanced glycosylation endproducts, which comprise contacting the target proteins with a composition of the present invention.
  • a composition of the present invention In the instance where the target proteins are contained in foodstuffs, whether of plant or animal origin, these foodstuffs could have applied to them by various conventional means a composition containing the present agents.
  • compositions and agents offer a nontoxic alternative to sulfites in the treatment of foods in this manner.
  • the present methods and compositions hold the promise for arresting the aging of key proteins both in animals and plants, and concomitantly, conferring both economic and medical benefits as a result thereof.
  • the administration of the present composition holds the promise for retarding food spoilage thereby making foodstuffs of increased shelf life and greater availability to consumers.
  • Replacement of currently-used preservatives, such as sulfur dioxide known to cause allergies and asthma in humans, with non-toxic, biocompatible compounds is a further advantage of the present invention.
  • the therapeutic implications of the present invention relate to the arrest of the aging process which has, as indicated earlier, been identified in the aging of key proteins by advanced glycosylation and cross-linking.
  • body proteins, and particularly structural body proteins, such as collagen, elastin, lens proteins, nerve proteins, kidney glomerular basement membranes and other extravascular matrix components would all benefit in their longevity and operation from the practice of the present invention.
  • the present invention thus reduces the incidence of pathologies involving the entrapment of proteins by cross-linked target proteins, such as retinopathy, cataracts, diabetic kidney disease, glomerulosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, arteriosclerosis obliterans, peripheral neuropathy, stroke, hypertension, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, periarticular rigidity, loss of elasticity and wrinkling of skin, stiffening of joints, glomerulonephritis, etc. Likewise, all of these conditions are in evidence in patients afflicted with diabetes ellitus. Thus, the present therapeutic method is relevant to treatment of the noted conditions in patients either of advanced a. ⁇ or those suffering from one of the mentioned pathologies.
  • target proteins such as retinopathy, cataracts, diabetic kidney disease, glomerulosclerosis, peripheral vascular disease, arteriosclerosis obliterans, peripheral neuropathy, stroke, hypertension, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, periarticular rigidity, loss of elasticity and wrinkling
  • Protein cross-linking through advanced glycosylation product formation can decrease solubility of structural proteins such as collagen in vessel walls (see Brownlee et al., Science, 232. pp. 1629-1632, (1986)), and can also trap serum proteins, such as lipoproteins to the collagen. Also, this may result in increased permeability of the endothelium and consequently covalent trapping of extravasated plasma proteins in subendothelial matrix, and reduction in susceptibility of both plasma and matrix proteins to physiologic degradation by enzymes. (See Brownlee et al., Diabetes. 35. Suppl. 1, p. 42A (1986)).
  • diabetes A further consequence of diabetes is the hyperglycemia- induced matrix bone differentiation resulting in decreased bone formation usually associated with chronic diabetes. In animal models, diabetes reduces matrix- induced bone differentiation by 70% (Am. J. Phys.. 238 (1980) ) .
  • compositions of the present invention are utilized for in vivo or therapeutic purposes, it may be noted that the compounds or agents used therein are biocompatible.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared with a therapeutically effective quantity of the agents or compounds of the present invention and may include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, selected from known materials utilized for this purpose. Such compositions may be prepared in a variety of forms, depending on the method of administration. Also, various pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts of the compounds of Formula I may be utilized.
  • a liquid form would be utilized in the instance where administration is by intravenous, intramuscular or intraperitoneal injection.
  • solid dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, or liquid dosage formulations such as solutions and suspensions, etc.
  • a solution, a lotion or ointment may be formulated with the agent in a suitable vehicle such as water, ethanol, propylene glycol, perhaps including a carrier to aid in penetration into the skin or eye.
  • a topical preparation could include up to about 10% of the compound of Formula I.
  • Other suitable forms for administration to other body tissues are also contemplated.
  • the animal host intended for treatment may have administered to it a quantity of one or more of the agents, in a suitable pharmaceutical form.
  • Administration may be accomplished by known techniques, such as oral, topical and parenteral techniques such as intradermal, subcutaneous, intravenous or intraperitoneal injection, as well as by other conventional means.
  • Administration of the agents may take place over an extended period of time at a dosage level of, for example, up to about 25 mg/kg.
  • the invention also extends to a method of inhibiting the discoloration of teeth resulting from nonenzymatic browning in the oral cavity which comprises administration to a subject in need of such therapy an amount effective to inhibit the formation of advanced glycosylation endproducts of a composition comprising an agent of structural Formula I.
  • the nonenzymatic browning reaction which occurs in the oral cavity results in the discoloration of teeth.
  • anti-plaque agents accelerate this nonenzymatic browning reaction and further the staining of the teeth.
  • a class of cationic anti ⁇ microbial agents with remarkable anti-plaque properties have been formulated in oral rinses for regular use to kill bacteria in the mouth.
  • the cationic antiseptics include such agents as alexidine, cetyl pyridinium chloride, chlorhexidine gluconate, hexetidine, and benzalkoniura chloride.
  • Tooth staining by chlorhexidine and other anti-plaque agents ar rently results rom the enhancement of the Maillard reaction.
  • Nordbo J. Dent. Res.. 58. p. 1429 (3979) reported that chlorhexidine and benzalkonium c oride catalyze browning reactions in vitro. Chlorhexidine added to mixtures containing a sugar derivative and a source of amino groups underwent inc ⁇ ased color formation, attributed to the Maillard rea «-.cion. It is also known that use of chlorhexidine results in an increased dental pellicle. Nordbo proposed that chlorhexidine resulted in tooth staining in two ways: first, by increasing formation of pellicle which contains more amino groups, and secondly, by catalysis of the Maillard reaction leading to colored products.
  • the compounds of Formula I are formulated into compositions adapted for use in the oral cavity.
  • Particularly suitable formulations are oral rinses and toothpastes incorporating the active agent.
  • conventional formulating techniques are utilized with nontoxic, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers typically utilized in the amounts and combinations that are well-known for the formulation of such oral rinses and toothpastes.
  • the agent of Formula I is formulated in compositions in an amount effective to inhibit the formation of advanced glycosylation endproducts. This amount will, of course, vary with the particular agent being utilized and. the particular dosage form, but typically is in the range of 0.01% to 1.0%, by weight, of the particular formulation.
  • the agents of the aforesaid method are concentrated in the salivary glands upon oral ingestion or parenteral administration, they can be so administered. This concentration in the salivary glands results in their secretion into saliva, the net result being that they are functionally placed in the oral cavity where they can effect their desired method.
  • the particular agent can be formulated in any conventional oral or parenteral dosage form.
  • a particularly desirable dosage form is the incorporation of the agent into a vitamin tablet or fluoride tablet so as to maximize patient, and particularly juvenile patient, compliance.
  • the compounds encompassed by Formula I are conveniently prepared by chemical syntheses well-known in the art. Certain of the compounds encompassed by Formula I are well-known compounds readily available from chemical supply houses and/or preparable by synthetic methods specifically published therefor. For instance, the following compounds are available from Aldrich Chemical Company (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) : 4-hydrazinobenzoic acid;
  • 4-aminobenzoic acid 2-(diethylamino)ethyl ester onohydrochloride; 4-aminobenzoic acid; N-(4-aminobenzoyl)glycine; hydrazinosulfonylenzoic acid; and 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid.
  • 2,3-diaminobenzoi ⁇ acid 3-aminobenzoic acid; methyl 4-aminobenzoate; ethyl 4-aminobenzoate; methyl 3-aminobenzoate; ethyl 3-aminobenzoate; methyl 3,4-diaminobenzoate; ethyl 3,4-diaminobenzoate;
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • Fluorescence (excitation, 370 nm; emission, 440 nm) was measured on each sample after a 100-fold dilution in distilled water. The % inhibition of browning of each test compound was calculated as follows. Each DF represents the fluorescence measurement of that sample after 1 week incubation less its fluorescence before incubation.
  • the compound, a portion of the starch and the lactose are combined and wet granulated with starch paste.
  • the wet granulation is placed on trays and allowed to dry overnight at a temperature of 45 ⁇ C.
  • the dried granulation is comminuted in a comminutor to a particle size of approximately 20 mesh.
  • Magnesium stearate, stearic acid and the balance of the starch are added and the entire mix blended prior to compression on a suitable tablet press.
  • the tablets are compressed at a weight of 232 mg. using a 11/32" punch with a hardness of 4 kg. These tablets will disintegrate within a half hour according to the method described in USP XVI.
  • Peppermint Oil 0.5 %
  • the slight brown color formed by the action of glucose-6- phosphate on the gelatin surface alone and its prevention by a compound of Formula I demonstrates the utility of the present invention in preventing nonenzymatic browning of tooth surfaces.
  • the enhanced browning in the presence of chlorhexidine and its prevention with a compound of Formula I demonstrates the utility of the present invention in preventing the anti-plaque agent-enhanced nonenzymatic browning which occurs with chlorhexidine.

Abstract

La présente invention se rapporte à des compositions et à des procédés d'inhibition de la réticulation non enzymatique (vieillissement protéique). On décrit donc une composition comprenant un agent capable d'inhiber la formation de produits finaux de glycosylation avancée de protéines cibles par réaction avec la portion carbonyle du produit de glycosylation précoce de telles protéines cibles formé par leur glycosylation initiale. Le procédé comprend la mise en contact de la protéine cible avec la composition. On envisage des applications industrielles et thérapeutiques de l'invention étant donné que l'on peut prévenir la détérioration des aliments et le vieillissement des protides d'origine animale.
PCT/US1991/005457 1990-08-01 1991-08-01 Inhibiteurs de glycolysation avancee renfermant des acides et des derives amino-benzoiques, et methodes d'utilisation WO1992002216A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US561,066 1990-08-01
US07/561,066 US5137916A (en) 1985-11-14 1990-08-01 Advanced glycation inhibitors containing amino-benzoic acids and derivatives, and methods of use

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1992002216A1 WO1992002216A1 (fr) 1992-02-20
WO1992002216A2 true WO1992002216A2 (fr) 1992-02-20

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998043649A2 (fr) * 1997-03-28 1998-10-08 Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Composition inhibant la production de produits terminaux de glycosylation avancee comprenant un inhibiteur de la reaction de maillard et la vitamine b¿6?
WO2000021516A2 (fr) * 1998-10-14 2000-04-20 Kansas University Medical Center Research Institute, Inc. Procedes destines a empecher des complications diabetiques
WO2000023063A2 (fr) * 1998-10-22 2000-04-27 University Of South Carolina Procedes pour inhiber les complications diabetiques

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1998043649A2 (fr) * 1997-03-28 1998-10-08 Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Composition inhibant la production de produits terminaux de glycosylation avancee comprenant un inhibiteur de la reaction de maillard et la vitamine b¿6?
WO2000021516A2 (fr) * 1998-10-14 2000-04-20 Kansas University Medical Center Research Institute, Inc. Procedes destines a empecher des complications diabetiques
WO2000023063A2 (fr) * 1998-10-22 2000-04-27 University Of South Carolina Procedes pour inhiber les complications diabetiques

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