WO1991005873A1

WO1991005873A1 - Mixed immunoglobulins for detection of rheumatoid factors

Info

Publication number: WO1991005873A1
Application number: PCT/US1990/005624
Authority: WO
Inventors: Richard Weisbart
Original assignee: The Regents Of The University Of California
Priority date: 1989-10-23
Filing date: 1990-10-03
Publication date: 1991-05-02
Also published as: DE69026106T2; DK0497886T3; JP2905595B2; DE69026106D1; ATE135821T1; EP0497886A4; CA2070411A1; JPH05501919A; ES2085917T3; EP0497886B1; EP0497886A1

Abstract

Assays are provided for detecting the existence of active rheumatoid arthritis by detecting rheumatoid factor as a blood component which cross-links human IgG with sheep IgG. Particularly, an enzyme labelled assay is provided using biotin-avidin to link the enzyme to the immunoglobulin.

Description

MIXED IMMONOG OBULINS FOR DETECTION OF RHEUMATOID FACTORS

INTRODUCTION

Technical Field

The field of the subject invention is the detection of rheumatoid factor. Background

Rheumatoid factors are antiglobulin antibodies that bind heterogeneous determinants on the crystallizable fragment (Fc) of IgG immunoglobulins and are found in the serum and synovial fluid of most patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The role of rheumatoid factors in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis has been questioned because they are also present in patients with various other chronic diseases, suggesting that their presence is non-specific. However, the binding specificity of rheumatoid factors is diverse and in¬ cludes allotypic antigens (Gm) on human IgG, neoantigens created within IgG by the formation of the immune complexes, and cross-reactive antigens shared by other mammalian IgG immunoglobulins. Rheumatoid factors that bind alloantigens may occur as a result of blood transfusions and pregnancy, but they do not represent true autoantibodies unless they bind self determinants. Rheumatoid factors that bind neoantigens are also not true autoantibodies, as they are directed to new determinants formed within immune complexes. In contrast, the presence of an autologous reactive rheumatoid factor specificity, Ga, in rheumatoid serum has been demonstrated.

The presence of autoreactive rheumatoid factors in circulating immune complexes from patients with rheuma¬ toid arthritis supports a potential pathogenic role for these autoantibodies. However, the method currently used to detect rheumatoid factors does not exclusively identify the presence of autoreactive antibodies. Moreover, techniques to measure disease related rheuma- toid factor autoantibodies are too complex to permit an evaluation of their specificity for rheumatoid arthritis. It is therefore of great interest to be able to develop techniques which have significant specificity for rheumatoid arthritis. Relevant Literature

A monoclonal antibody hRF-1 isolated from synovial tissue of a patient with rheumatoid-like arthritis that binds multiple mammalian IgG immunoglobu¬ lins has been described by Weisbart et al., J. Immunol. 1987; 139:2925-2928. The presence of an autologous reactive rheumatoid factor specificity, Ga in rheumatoid serum has been reported by Allen and Kunkel, Arth Rheumatism 1966; 9:758-768. General descriptions of rheumatoid factors may be found in Waller, Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 1940; 17:172-188; Rose et al., Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1948; 68:1-6 and Natvig et al., Clin Exp Immunol 1972; 12:177-183. Cohen et al., J Immunology 1987; 139:1466 report that IgG RF show a predominance of IgG. antibodies in RA patients. Carsen, Rheumatoid Factor In: Textbook of Rheumatology (Kelly et al., eds.) W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, 1981, p. 685; and Pope and McDuffy, J Lab Clin Med 1981; 97:842-853 discuss the binding of RF in RA serum to heterologous mammalian IgG. The latter reference also reports that horse IgG provides a more sensitive assay for detecting RF in rheumatoid arthritis patient's sera. Butler and Vaughan describe the reaction of rheumatoid factor with animal gamma globulins. Immunology 1965; 8:144-159. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Rheumatoid factor is assayed in a sandwich assay, employing as ligands for the rheumatoid factor, human IgG and sheep IgG. Particularly, an ELISA assay is employed for detection of rheumatoid factor, particu¬ larly associated with patients with rheumatoid arthritis who have active disease.

DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIFIC EMBODIMENT

An improved sensitive assay is provided for the detection of rheumatoid factor in human patients, particularly having an active form of the disease. The method provides detection of the presence of a component in human serum which provides a crosslink between human IgG and bovine IgG, particularly sheep IgG. By providing for one of the IgG ligands to be bound to a solid support and the other free in solution, particularly the sheep IgG bound to the support, a sensitive assay is achieved. Particularly, the assay has a low incidence of providing false positives, while providing for a high correlation between the active form of rheumatoid arthritis and a positive result.

The ovine IgG may be obtained from any convenient source and is available commercially. Conventional techniques for isolating IgG from mammalian blood are amply described in the literature. Ovine IgG may be obtained, for example, from Organon Teknika, West Chester, PA. The human IgG may be obtained by any convenient means, either from commercial sources or by employing conventional techniques for IgG isolation.

The sera which are employed as the sample will only be diluted at least 1:20, more usually at least about 1:80, and may be at least about 1:100. Desirably, the cutoff for a positive result will be at a dilution of at least about 1:100, or at least about 1:150.

The non-bound ligand IgG will be labelled, either directly or indirectly, with a label providing for a detectable signal. A wide variety of labels are known, such as enzymes, radioisotopes, fluorescers, chemilumi- nescers, particles, etc. These labels may be covalently conjugated to the IgG ligand or to another molecule which will bind to the IgG ligand. For example, the non-bound IgG may be conjugated with a small molecule such as biotin and the detectable label bonded to streptavidin or avidin (hereafter called "avidin"). By carrying out a two step assay, where the sample is combined with the two different IgG ligands, the labeled avidin may then be added to determine the presence of specifically bound human or ovine IgG ligand to the support.

The assay may be carried out in any convenient form as a sandwich assay. That is, the bound IgG ligand may be covalently or non-covalently bound to a surface, which may be the wall of a container, e.g. a microtiter plate well, beads, e.g. controlled pore glass beads, Pyrex beads, etc., capillary tube walls, or the like. Methods for binding proteins to a surface are well known and need not be described here. The surface may be an active surface, where covalent reactions occur between a functional group on the surface and the protein or a surface where the protein binds non-specifically, particularly after heating, and is retained during the course of the assay. Various activated substrates are available having functional groups which will bind to the protein. Functional groups include activated carboxyl groups, imno groups, aldehydes, etc. Specific labels of interest include enzymes, such as hydrolases and oxidoreductases, such as alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, glyceryl-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, alate, dehydrogenase, glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase, horseradish peroxidase, glucose oxidase, uricase, xanthine oxidase, etc.

Fluorescers which may be employed include phycobili- proteins, fluorescein, dansyl, rhoda ine, bumbelli- ferone, etc. In carrying out the assay, the sample is contacted with the substrate bound IgG ligand. The blood sample may have been subjected to prior treatment, such as removal of red blood cells to provide for serum or plasma, citration, particularly dilution with buffer, or the like. Usually, the sera will be diluted in order to provide for an appropriate cutoff to insure the substan¬ tial absence of false positives.

Various buffers may be employed, being selected to be compatible with the assay. Buffering agents include Tris, MOPS, HEPES, phosphates, borate, carbonate, etc. The particular buffer will be primarily a matter of arbitrary choice, although one buffer may be preferred as compared to another in a particular assay protocol associated with a particular label. Generally, the buffer concentration will range from about 10 to 400 mM and the pH will generally range from about 5 to 11, more usually from about 6 to 10. Other components may in¬ clude inert proteins, such as bovine serum albumin or ovalbumin, to reduce non-specific binding, the added proteins usually being present in not more than about 2%.

The particular order of addition of the sample and the non-bound IgG ligand is not critical, although preferably the sample and labeled IgG ligand are added simultaneously to the bound IgG ligand. The assay mixture may then be incubated for at least 30 minutes, preferably at least one hour, more preferably at least about six hours and then determined as appropriate, depending upon whether the labelled IgG ligand has a detectable label or requires binding of a detectable label. Substantial excess of the labelled ligand may be employed to ensure optimum binding up to saturation of available sites of RF in the sera. After the incubation, the supernatant is removed, the surface washed thoroughly with buffered solution, e.g. the buffer employed to dilute the sample, and as appropriate, the presence of specifically bound label detected. Where the label is bound to the IgG ligand, labels which can be read directly, e.g. radioisotopes or fluorescers, may be measured. Where a detectable labelled entity is required, such as labelled avidin, the labelled entity is added to ensure complete binding to any of the complementary specific binding member present on the surface. As appropriate, the label may be directly determined or with an enzyme, substrate added and the presence of a detectable molecule measured. For the most part, enzyme substrates will involve leuco dyes which result in colored dyes or fluorescers.

The subject methodology can be readily automated, where additions, incubations and the like, can be controlled, washings provided, and results read.

The subject reagents may be conveniently provided as a kit, where the surface bound IgG ligand, the labelled ligand, either by itself or in conjunction with a labelled specific binding molecule are provided in appropriate amounts to be used in the subject assay.

Conveniently, for an enzyme label, substrate may also be included, with other reagents, such as buffer, inert protein, e.g. ovalbumin and the like.

The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.

EXPERIMENTAL A. Rheumatoid Factor Assays

96 well microtiter plates were coated with purified sheep IgG. IgG (10 /ig/ml) in 0.06M carbonate buffer, pH 9.6 was incubated overnight at 4°C in 96-well plates. Sera were assayed at a dilution of 1:160 and IgG rheumatoid factor was detected employing human IgG biotinylated using NHS-LC-BIOTIN (Pierce, Rockford, IL) . Included in the incubating solution was 0.625 μg of biotinylated human IgG. After the incubation, excess horseradish peroxidase conjugated streptavidin was added (0.1 g/ml in 100 μl ) , the plates washed with PBST, and the conversion of 2,2' azino-di-1,3- ethylbenzthiazolinsulfonate to a chromophore with an optical density (absorbance) maximum at 414 nm monitored. A negative control was included in each assay by measuring binding to a plate coated with ovalbumin alone. A known positive serum from a patient with rheumatoid arthritis was used as a positive control in each assay and the results were expressed as percent of the positive control. Sera from 704 subjects were assayed for rheumatoid factors with autologous binding and/or simultaneous binding to human IgG and sheep IgG. The human serum was added, diluted 1:100 with ovalbumin in PBS or phosphate buffered saline.

Subjects and Methods

Subjects Serum was obtained from 704 patients, including 108 with classical rheumatoid arthritis defined by revised criteria of the American Rheumatism Association (Arnett et al. Arth. Rheumatism 1988; 31:315-324. 231 patients were studied with connective tissue diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis, including 190 with systemic lupus erythematosus, 31 with progressive systemic sclerosis, 3 with polymyositis, 4 with temporal arteritis, and 3 with polyarteritis nodosa. Also studied were sera from 317 hospitalized patients with non-rheumatic diseases in addition to sera from 48 healthy individuals. Sera was stored at -20°C until assayed. A prospective study was done to evaluate the rela¬ tionship between rheumatoid factors and rheumatoid arthritis disease activity. Rheumatoid arthritis disease activity was evaluated by physicians in 40 patients at the time serum was obtained. An index of disease activity was based on the number of swollen or tender joints, the patient's subjective evaluation of pain, and a quantitative estimate of the duration of morning stiffness. Each parameter was given a value from zero (inactive) to five (most active), and the activity index was recorded as the sum of the three values. A Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rate was obtained in 23 of these patients as an additional objective measure of disease activity.

RHEUMATOID FACTORS MEASURED BY THE AGGLUTINATION OF LATEX PARTICLES

All sera were assayed for rheumatoid factors by the agglutination of latex beads coated with heat aggregated human IgG (RF Test, Difco, Detroit, MI). Sera were assayed in 2-fold serial dilutions beginning with 1:20, and positive tests were selected as those with a titer of 1:160 or greater. By choosing a titer of 1:160, low titer responses were eliminated that occurred more frequently in non-rheumatoid arthritis patients. More¬ over, at titers of 1:160 or greater, the positive rheu¬ matoid factor tests in non-rheumatoid arthritis patients were comparable to those found in patients with rheuma- toid arthritis.

RHEUMATOID FACTORS MEASURED BY ELISA

Sera that agglutinated latex particles also were assayed by ELISA using 96-well microtiter plates coated overnight at 4°C with 10ιg/ml purified native human IgG, human IgG aggregated by heating to 63°C for 30 minutes, and purified mammalian IgG immunoglobulins, including, sheep, horse, rabbit, mouse, guinea pig, and goat IgG. The plates were washed three times with phosphate buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween-2 (PBST) , and human serum (O.l L) diluted 1:100 with 1% ovalbumin was incubated in the wells overnight at 4°C. The plates were washed with PBST, and affinity purified, alkaline phosphatase conjugated goat antibodies specific for human IgM Fc were added for one hour at room tempera¬ ture. Preliminary tests showed that the conjugated antiserum used did not competitively inhibit the rheumatoid factor assay. After the wells were washed with PBST, alkaline phosphatase was measured by absorbency by the conversion of p-nitrophenylphosphate to p-nitrophenol at 405nm.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The precision of the double-binding test for rheumatoid factor was evaluated by intra-batch and inter-batch comparisons and expressed as the coefficient of varia¬ tion, V, where V = standard deviation (σ)/mean (μ) .

Results RHEUMATOID FACTORS MEASURED BY THE AGGLUTINATION OF LATEX PARTICLES

Sera were assayed in 2-fold serial dilutions beginning at 1:20. In order to compare sera with comparable levels of rheumatoid factor in patients with and without rheumatoid arthritis, a serum dilution of 1:160 was selected for inclusion as a positive test. At a dilution of 1:160, serum from 41/108 (38.0%) patients with rheumatoid arthritis agglutinated IgG-coated latex particles. In contrast, 14/231 (6.1%) patients with other connective tissue diseases, primarily systemic lupus erythematosus, and 19/317 (6.0%) patients with non-rheumatic diseases had positive rheumatoid factor tests (total positive tests -^~ 33/548, or 6.0%). The median titer of positive responses in both rheumatoid and non-rheumatoid arthritis patients was 1:320. The latex agglutination test was, therefore, 38.0% sensitive and 94.0% specific for rheumatoid arthritis when sera were assayed at dilutions of 1:160 or greater.

RHEUMATOID FACTORS MEASURED BY ELISA THAT CROSS-LINK HUMAN IgG AND SHEEP IgG.

Rheumatoid factors that cross-link human IgG and sheep IgG were assayed in serum from 704 subjects.

Positive tests were defined as binding greater than 28% of a standard positive control, since 28% corresponded to 2 S.D. above the mean response for the control group of 548 patients without rheumatoid arthritis. The results of the cross-linking assay showed that it was comparable in sensitivity (39/108, 36.1%) to the latex agglutination test (41/108, 38.0%). In contrast to the latex agglutination test, the cross-linking of human IgG and sheep IgG was considerably more specific, since positive tests occurred in only 2/317 (0.6%) of patients with non-rheumatic diseases, in only 3/231 (1.3%) patients with rheumatic diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis, and in 0/48 healthy individuals. The total number of positive tests in subjects without rheumatoid arthritis was 5/596, or only 0.8% This ELISA for rheumatoid factors that cross-link human IgG and sheep IgG was, therefore, 99.2% specific for rheumatoid arthritis compared to only 94.0% for the latex agglu- 2 tination test (χ =24.2, p<0.001). Based on a prevalent rate of 1.0% for rheumatoid arthritis, the positive predictive value for the latex agglutination test for serum diluted 1:160 is 6.0% compared to 31.3% for rheumatoid factors that cross-link human IgG and sheep

IgG. The cross-linking assay was not positive in any of the non-rheumatoid arthritis patients with latex agglutination titers less than 1:160.

RHEUMATOID FACTORS IN PATIENTS WITHOUT RHEUMATIC DISEASES

Serum from 19/317 non-rheumatic disease patients with positive rheumatoid factors by latex agglutination and with titers comparable to patients with rheumatoid arthritis were assayed for IgM rheumatoid factors by

ELISA. Many of these patients (7/19) had liver disease. We characterized the binding specificities of these rheumatoid factors by comparing their binding to heat aggregated human IgG, native human IgG, sheep IgG, and simultaneous binding to sheep and human IgG. Serum from

18/19 patients contained IgM antibodies that bound human heat aggregated IgG when assayed by ELISA, results that were comparable to the latex agglutination test using aggregated IgG. In contrast, there were fewer positive

2 tests using native human IgG (9/19, χ =8.2p<0.01) , sheep IgG (12/19, χ =4.8, p=0.028), and human/sheep IgG

2 (2/19, χ =23.8, p<0.001). Moreover, rheumatoid factors measured by cross-linking of sheep and human IgG produced fewer positive tests than human IgG or sheep IgG alone (χ²=4.6, pθ.032 and χ²=8.3, p<0.01, respectively) . The cross-linking assay was positive in one patient with bacterial endocarditis and one patient with liver disease. There was no correlation between the rheumatoid factor ELISA using aggregated IgG and the cross-linking assay (r=0.39), showing that the difference in the results between these tests was not due simply to a change in assay sensitivity. RHEUMATOID FACTORS IN PATIENTS WITH CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES OTHER THAN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS Sera from 14/231 patients with connective tissue diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis with positive rheumatoid factors by latex agglutination and with titers comparable to patients with rheumatoid arthritis were tested for rheumatoid factors by ELISA. Most of the positive rheumatoid factor tests occurred in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (12/14). In contrast to patients without connective tissue diseases, these rheumatic disease patients produced IgM antibodies that bound equally well to heat aggregated human IgG, native human IgG, and sheep IgG. The ELISA responses to aggregated IgG (18/19 positive) were comparable to the latex agglutination test using aggregated IgG. The rheumatoid factors in these lupus patients could, however, be distinguished from those in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by their inability to simul- taneously bind and cross-link sheep IgG and human IgG or their inability to bind autologous IgG that was bound to sheep IgG. For example, the cross-linking assay was positive in fewer lupus patients (3/14) than tests using

₂ aggregated IgG (13/14, χ =11.8,p<0.001) , native human IgG (12/14, χ²=9.2,p<0.01),or sheep IgG (11/14, 2 χ =7.0,p<0.01) . These results indicate that many patients without rheumatoid arthritis produce antibodies to sheep IgG, but these antibodies do not bind determinants that cross-react with determinants shared with human IgG.

CORRELATION OF RHEUMATOID FACTORS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS DISEASE ACTIVITY

Rheumatoid arthritis disease activity was evaluated in 40 patients and compared to serum rheumatoid factor levels. Patients were chosen who represented a broad spectrum of disease activity. The male predominance reflected, in part, the population of the Veterans Administration. Serum rheumatoid factor titers were assayed in serial dilutions by the latex agglutination test, and these rheumatoid factor titers did not correlate well with rheumatoid disease activity (r=0.31). In contrast, the levels of rheumatoid factors measured by ELISA in the cross-linking assay correlated well (r=0.68) with rheumatoid disease activity, indicating that rheumatoid factors that cross-link human IgG and sheep IgG occurred primarily in patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had active disease. For example, 0/11 patients with minimal disease activity (activity index <4) were positive compared to 14/16 (87.5%) patients with moderate to severe disease (activity index 6). Positive tests were defined as those greater than 28% of the positive control, corresponding to more than 2 S.D. above the mean for the 548 patients without rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid factors measured by cross-linking of human IgG and sheep IgG also correlated well (r=0.70) with the Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rate in 23 of these rheumatoid arthritis patients in whom the sedimentation rate was performed. These results further support the associa¬ tion of rheumatoid factors measured by cross-linking of human IgG and sheep IgG with active rheumatoid arthritis.

PRECISION OF THE ASSAY TO RHEUMATOID FACTORS THAT CROSS¬ LINK HUMAN IgG AND SHEEP IgG. Replicate tests for rheumatoid factor were done using the cross-linking assay to assess the precision of this ELISA method. Intra-batch variation was measured by testing sera with a low, medium, and high response in six replicates each. The tests were performed as a quadruplicate determination on one 96-well plate, and two sets of duplicate determinations each done on separate 96-well plates. The mean ± S.D. (measured as optical density) of six replicates for the high, medium, and low response serum was 1.56 ±0.13, 1.38 ± 0.09, and 0.77 ± 0.10, respectively; the coefficient of variation for the 3 groups of serum samples was 0.08, 0.06, and 0.13, respectively. Inter-batch variation was measured by testing a positive sample on five separate occasions. The mean ± S.D. for the five determinations was 1.38 ± 0.14. The coefficient of variation for these inter- batch comparisons was 0.10.

It is evident from the above results, that the subject assay provides for substantially improved results, in having the same or better sensitivity as the agglutination assay, while having substantially fewer false positives. Furthermore, the positive results appear to relate more accurately with active disease, moderate to severe disease, activity index greater than 6, as compared to minimal disease activity, activity index less than 4. In addition, the subject assay allows for identification of determinants which are common to sheep and human, so as to identify amino acid sequences associated with the binding of rheumatoid factor to immunoglobulins. With the subject assays, one has a much greater assurance that a positive result indicates active rheumatoid arthritis and not other degenerative diseases. Thus, treatments can be directed to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, with strong assurance of the existence of the disease.

All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specification are indicative of the level of skill of those skilled in the art to which this inven¬ tion pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

The invention now being fully described, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that many changes and modifications can be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method for detecting the presence of rheumatoid factor in a human host suspected of having rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising: combining a physiological sample from said host with ovine IgG immunoglobulin and human IgG immunoglobulin, wherein one of said immunoglobulins is bound to a support and the other is dispersed in solution; and detecting the presence of the binding of said dispersed immunoglobulin bound to said support as indicative of the presence of rheumatoid factor in said physiological sample.

2. A method according to Claim 1, wherein said ovine immunoglobulin is sheep immunoglobulin and is bound to said support.

3. A method according to Claim 2, wherein said detecting is by means of an enzyme label, wherein said enzyme label is bound to said human immunoglobulin or a protein specifically binding to said human immunoglobuli .

4. A method according to Claim 1, wherein said human immunoglobulin is dispersed and is conjugated to biotin, and said detecting is by means of enzyme conjugated avidin or streptavidin.

5. A method according to Claim 4, wherein said enzyme is horseradish peroxidase.

6. A method according to Claim 1, wherein said sample is blood diluted at least about 1:100.

7. A method for detecting the presence of rheumatoid factor in a human host suspected of having rheumatoid arthritis, said method comprising: combining a diluted blood sample from said host with sheep IgG immunoglobulin and human IgG immunoglobulin, wherein said sheep immunoglobulin is bound to a support and said human immunoglobulin is conjugated to a label which provides for a detectable signal; and detecting the presence of the binding of human immunoglobulin bound to said support by means of said label as indicative of the presence of rheumatoid factor in said blood sample.

8. A method according to Claim 7, wherein said sample is diluted at least about 1:100 and said detection is by means of an enzyme.

9. A method according to Claim 8, wherein said label is biotin and said enzyme is conjugated to avidin or streptavidin.

10. A method according to Claim 9, wherein said enzyme is horseradish peroxidase.