WO1991004479A1 - Evaluative means for detecting inflammatory reactivity and for predicting response to stress - Google Patents
Evaluative means for detecting inflammatory reactivity and for predicting response to stress Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1991004479A1 WO1991004479A1 PCT/US1990/005457 US9005457W WO9104479A1 WO 1991004479 A1 WO1991004479 A1 WO 1991004479A1 US 9005457 W US9005457 W US 9005457W WO 9104479 A1 WO9104479 A1 WO 9104479A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- rats
- mammal
- lew
- scw
- pituitary
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5091—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing the pathological state of an organism
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/08—Peptides having 5 to 11 amino acids
- A61K38/095—Oxytocins; Vasopressins; Related peptides
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- A61K38/19—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
- A61K38/20—Interleukins [IL]
- A61K38/2006—IL-1
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- A61K38/22—Hormones
- A61K38/2228—Corticotropin releasing factor [CRF] (Urotensin)
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
- A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- A61K38/22—Hormones
- A61K38/31—Somatostatins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/10—Musculoskeletal or connective tissue disorders
- G01N2800/101—Diffuse connective tissue disease, e.g. Sjögren, Wegener's granulomatosis
- G01N2800/102—Arthritis; Rheumatoid arthritis, i.e. inflammation of peripheral joints
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a diagnostic test for testing susceptibility of individuals to inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and to means to evaluate potential treatment of arthritis with therapeutic agents directed at the central nervous system (CNS), designed to by-pass the CNS defect.
- the invention also provides means for evaluating and predicting response to stress in individuals.
- a counter-regulatory feedback loop exists between the immune and central nervous systems, in which the immune or pro-inflammatory mediators stimulate cort- icotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hormonal cas ⁇ cade.
- CHL cort- icotropin-releasing hormone
- HPA hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
- the resultant increase in plasma glucocorticoids serves to restrain and limit the intensity of the inflam ⁇ matory-immune response, through the potent immunosuppressive/anti-inflammatory actions of the gluco ⁇ corticoids.
- the method comprises the steps of administering to a mammal a com ⁇ pound which is effective in stimulating the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and measuring the level of hormones secreted by the pituitary and adrenal glands of the mammal.
- HPA hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal
- the method com ⁇ prises the steps of administering to a mammal a compound selected from the group consisting of cytokines, cell growth factors, neuroendocrine hormones such as corti- cotropin releasing hormone (CRH) or arginine vasopressin (AVP), biogenic amines, agonists of biogenic amines, antagonists of biogenic amines, analogues of biogenic amines, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and biogenic amine uptake inhibitors or glucocorticoid receptor antagonists
- sussTiTUTE SHEET and measuring the level of glucocorticoids or adrenocorti- cotropic (ACTH) in the blood plasma of the mammal.
- the substance which is administered should not be the same as the material which is measured.
- the invention is useful as a model in the study of the mammalian autoimmune diseases. Laboratory animals which may serve as a good model in studying human systems include rats, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and chickens. However, an ultimate objective of this invention is to provide a method for diagnosing the susceptibility of humans to inflammatory diseases.
- the invention is also useful as a means of pre ⁇ dicting intensity of response to stress and capacity to mount a sustained adaptive response to stress.
- the use of therapy through CRH activation during an injury or illness can serve the coherently related goals of preventing the immune/inflammatory response from overshooting and of restraining exploratory behavior to diminish exposure to further danger.
- the hormones to be measured should be hormones which are secreted in increased levels by normal individuals when the compound is administered to the individual but which are not secreted in such high levels after administration of the compound in individuals having an inflammatory disease or susceptibility to an inflam ⁇ matory disease.
- Hormones secreted by the pituitary and adrenal glands which can be measured include glucocorti ⁇ coids such as corticosterone, cortisol, and ACTH.
- Other hormones which can be measured include CRH, prolactin, arginine vasopressin (AVP), growth hormone (GH) , thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and endorphins/enkephalins.
- the compound which is used in the test is prefer ⁇ ably administered intravenously (i.v.), however, other modes of administration such as subcutaneously (s.c.) or orally (p.o.) may be used.
- the compound is administered together with a suitable non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in an amount sufficient to stimulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
- T should be administered at a time when the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis is quiescent, i.e., in humans at 8 p.m. However, it could be administered between 8 a.m. - 10 a.m., for example, when giving compounds such as AVP.
- an immune/inflammatory mediator such as interleukin-1
- the immune inflammatory mediator would probably be administered in a dose of 0.1 ⁇ g/kg to 10 g/kg of body weight, preferably 1 ⁇ g/kg to 5 g/kg of body weight.
- CRH 1 ⁇ g ovine CRH per kg body weight is administered i.v.
- the compound After administration of the compound it is neces ⁇ sary to wait for a time sufficient to allow the compound to raise the glucocorticoid or ACTH level in the blood plasma of the patient before testing. Generally, it is necessary to wait at least 10 minutes before testing.
- the glucocorticoid or ACTH level should be measured before the level returns to normal.
- the glucocorticoid or ACTH level may return to normal within 4 hours after administration of the compound.
- a preferred waiting period is 15 minutes to 2 hours after administration, more preferably 30 to 60 minutes after administration. If the hormone levels are significantly lower than (such as more than two standard deviations below) the mean established in normal individu ⁇ als, individuals, then the patient has tested positive for possible susceptibility to inflammatory diseases.
- the method is potentially useful for testing for inflammatory diseases including, but not limited to, arthritis, uveoretinitis, pneumonitis, encephalomyelitis, myocarditis, thyroiditis, nephritis, sialoadenitis, adrenalitis, orchitis, multiple sclerosis and hepatic granulomatous diseases.
- inflammatory diseases including, but not limited to, arthritis, uveoretinitis, pneumonitis, encephalomyelitis, myocarditis, thyroiditis, nephritis, sialoadenitis, adrenalitis, orchitis, multiple sclerosis and hepatic granulomatous diseases.
- Various immune/inf1-ammatory mediators may be used.
- Cytokines such as any one of the interleukins (interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-3 (IL-3), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-5 (IL-5) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)), interferons (alpha interferon, beta interferon and gamma interferon) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) may be used in the test.
- Other cytokines such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor- alpha and/or beta (TGF-alpha and/or TGF-beta) may also be used.
- EGF epidermal growth factor
- TGF-alpha and/or TGF-beta transforming growth factor- alpha and/or beta
- Biogenic amines such as serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, or dopamine may be used.
- analogs and agonists of these biogenic amines such as quipazine may also be used.
- Additional compounds which may be used include monamine oxidase inhibitors such as tranylcypromine sulfate (30 mg/patient) or isocarboxazid (30 mg/patient) which increase endogenous levels of biogenic amines.
- Biogenic amine uptake inhibitors such as fluoxetine may also be used.
- inflammatory mediators such as IL-1 cause an increase in plasma corticosterone and ACTH possibly by stimulating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
- HPA hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
- the present invention is also potentially useful as a guide for the treatment of arthritis with agents that may bypass the HPA defect by stimulating the HPA axis centrally or at multiple levels.
- agents that may bypass the HPA defect by stimulating the HPA axis centrally or at multiple levels.
- Such drugs would include the drugs listed below:
- Neurotransmitters/monoamines/neuroexcitatory agents serotonin agonists/releasers/uptake inhibitors: quipazine
- mCPP 1-metachloro-phenyl-piperazine
- MAO A chlorgyline
- MAO B phenylzine isocarboxazid trany1cypromine
- Excitatory amino acids/neuroexcitatory agents glutamate cocaine
- Neurohormones rat/human corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) corticotropin (ACTH) dexamethasone arginine vasopressin (AVP) thyroxin thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) estrogen progesterone testosterone
- Diapid (Bissendorff, LHRH antagonist) It may also provide a guide for determination of dosage and timing schedule of replacement steroids or other HPA axis hormones such as CRH or ACTH.
- agents have been selected for possible treatment of inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis because they represent a variety of classes of neuroactive agents which would be expected to activate the CRH and/or related arousal systems on a long- term basis (i.e., without inducing tolerance). Such an effect would correct the putative pathophysiological defect in rheumatoid arthritis and, hence, significantly ameliorate inflammatory and/or affective symptoms associated with this illness.
- mCPP 1-metachloro-phenyl-pipera- zine
- fluoxetine an antide- pressant
- idasoxan an antidepressant
- nicotine FG 7142 (Sandoz)
- MAO A:chlorgyline an antidepressant
- MAO B:phenylzine an antidepressant
- these compounds will probably be administered in the same manner as recommended for their already known indications such antidepressants. Specifically, these compounds should be administered in an amount effective to stimulate the HPA axis which would bypass the defect in the HPA axis. It is also expected that analogues and/or derivatives of the above compounds may be useful.
- activity may be used as a means of evaluating the level of hormones secreted by the pituitary or adrenal glands of the mammal being tested.
- Figures 1A and IB show the severity of arthritis post-streptococcal cell wall (SCW) injection in euthymic versus athymic LEW and F344 rats. Severity of arthritis was quantitated by articular index (maximum of 16) for up to 42 days following a sign p. SCW injection. Data repre ⁇ sent the mean ⁇ S.E.M. for 5 rats per experimental group.
- Figures 2A through 2D show the plasma corticoste- rone levels induced by SCW, IL-1 alpha, or quipazine in inbred F344/N and LEW/N rats, and in outbred HSD rats. Rats of each strain were injected i.p. with one mediator,
- SUBSTITUTESHEET as shown: SCW, (2 mg cell wall rhamnose), 1 ⁇ qm recombinant IL-1 alpha, 1 mg quipazine or PBS control. Corticosterone was determined in plasma collected 60 minutes post-injection. Horizontal lines represent means of each group.
- FIGS 3A through 3F show the time course of plasma ACTH and corticosterone responses to SCW, (panels A and B); human recombinant IL-1 alpha (IL-1) (panels C and D); or quipazine (QUIP) (panels E and F) in F344/N (- ⁇ -) Versus LEW/N (-0-) rats.
- Plasma ACTH and corticosterone were quantitated by radioimmunoassay at various time points up to 4 hours following i.p. injection of each agent shown. Data shown are mean ⁇ S.E.M. of a minimum of 5 animals per experimental group.
- Figures 4A through 4F show the dose responses of plasma ACTH and corticosterone responses to SCW (panels A and B); human recombinant IL-1 alpha (IL-1) (panels C and D); or quipazine (QUIP) (panels E and F) in F344/N ( --- ) versus LEW/N (-0-) rate.
- Various doses of mediators shown were injected i.p. and plasma ACTH and corticosterone were quantitated by radioimmunoassay 60 minutes post-injection. Data shown are mean ⁇ S.E.M. of a minimum of 5 animals per group.
- Figures 5A and 5B show the dose responses of plasma ACTH and corticosterone to various concentrations of human CRH.
- CRH was injected i.p., and plasma ACTH and corticosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay 60 minutes post injection. Data are mean ⁇ S.E.M. of a minimum of 5 animals per experimental group.
- Figures 6A through 6D show CRH (A) and enkephalin
- CRH (C) and enkephalin (D) transcript levels in the PVN were not increased by rIL-1 alpha administration in F344/N (3) or LEW/N (O) rats.
- F344/N and LEW/N rats were injected intraperitoneally with 2 mg cell wall rhamnose/lOOgm rat, or rIL-1 alpha, 1 gm/lOOgm rat, and
- Figures 7A and 7B show the total hypothalamic immuno-reactive CRH (iCRH) content in F344/N (A) and LEW/N (B) rats, measured 4 hours after intraperitoneal injection of various agents.
- F344/N (A) or LEW/N (B) rats were either untreated or were injected intraperitoneally with PBS, rIL-1 alpha, (1 gm per rat), or SCW (2 mg cell wall rhamnose per rat), and iCRH hypothalamic content was quantitated by radioimmunoassay (10). A minimum of 10 rats per experimental condition was used. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Duncan's multiple range test.
- Figure 8 shows the hypothalamic iCRH secretion from F344/N (a) versus LEW/N (0) rats stimulated in vitro with recombinant IL-1 alpha.
- Hypothalami from LEW/N or F344/N rats were stimulated for 20 minute periods in vitro with control medium or with IL-1 alpha, at concentrations ranging from 10" 13 M to 10 ⁇ 6 M.
- iCRH in the culture medium was quantitated by radioimmunoassay (11).
- Statistical signifi ⁇ cance was determined by Duncan's multiple range test. A minimum of 7 rats per experimental condition was used.
- Figures 9A through 9F show the plasma corticosterone (9a) and ACTH (9b) levels in F344/N rats and LEW/N rats exposed to a variety of behavioral stresses versus controls. Rats were exposed to a variety of stressor prior to decapitation for collection of blood. Plasma ACTH and corticosterone were measured by radioimmu- noassay (R.I.A.).
- Horizontal lines represent means ⁇ S.E.M.; represents mean ACTH or corticosterone levels which were significantly different from controls (p ⁇ 0.05 by the Duncan multiple range test); represents mean F344/N and LEW/N plasma ACTH or corticosterone levels which differ significantly from each other in response to the same stress (p ⁇ 0.05 by the Duncan multiple range test. )
- Figure 10 shows the CRH mRNA levels in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus during restraint stress in F344/N versus LEW/N rats. Rats were restrained for 1,1 or 3 hours prior to decapitation for collection of brains for in situ hybridization for CRH mRNA of the hypothalamus. In situ hybridization was preformed as described by Young (Methods in Enzvmolo ⁇ v,
- Corticosteroids are both potent endogenous down- regulators of la expression, and potent endogenous immuno- suppressive and anti-inflammatory agents (9-13). Corti- costerone is released early in the course of inflammation through stimulation of the HPA axis by inflammatory media ⁇ tors such as endotoxin and interleukin-1 (IL-1) (14-23).
- inflammatory media ⁇ tors such as endotoxin and interleukin-1 (IL-1) (14-23).
- SCW activate macrophages and stimulate release of IL-1, and are chemically related to endotoxin (bacterial lipopolysaccharide, LPS) (24), and since IL-1 is critical in maintaining the normal feedback loop between the immune system and central nervous system (CNS) (11-23, 25-26), the early ACTH and corticosterone responses to SCW and IL- 1 alpha in inbred F344/N and LEW/N rats and outbred HSD rats were compared.
- endotoxin bacterial lipopolysaccharide, LPS
- serotonin (5-HT) is also released from platelets during inflammation, and down- regulates la expression (27, 28), and since 5-HT pathways represent another route of hypothalamic-pituitary stimula ⁇ tion (29-31), the effect of the serotonin agonist, quipa ⁇ zine, on acute ACTH and corticosterone responses in F344/N, LEW/N and HSD rats was also compared.
- Group A Strep- tococcal cell wall peptidoglycan-group specific carbohy ⁇ drate was prepared in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), as previously described (1). It was injected at a concentration of 0.02 to 2 mg of cell wall rhamnose per rat.
- IL-1 activity ranged from 3 x 10 8 to 2.5 x 10 9 Units/ ⁇ gm. 1 unit of IL-1 activity was defined in the D10 cell bioassay, as previously described (32). Endotoxin levels in final concentrations injected were less than 0.0013 EU/100 ⁇ l .
- Quipazine was purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO). It was injected at doses ranging from 0.1 to 5 mg per rat.
- Dexamethasone for cell culture was purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (St. Louis, MO), and used in doses ranging from 0.01 ⁇ g to 100 ⁇ gva. per rat.
- RU 486 The glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, RU 486, (33, Philibert, D., Deraedt, R. , & Teutsch, G. (1981) Proc. VIII International Congress of Pharmacology, p. 668.) was a generous gift from Roussel- UCLAF (Paris, France). It was suspended in sterile normal saline for intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection, at doses ranging from 0.03 mg to 3 mg per rat.
- LY53857 The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT 2 ) antagonist, LY53857 (6-methyl-l-[l-methylethyl] ergoline-8-carboxylic acid, 2- hydroxy-1-methylpropyl ester [Z]-2-butenedioate) (34), was a generous gift from Dr. M. Cohen, Lilly Research Labora ⁇ tories, Eli Lilly and Co. (Indianapolis, IN). Rat/human corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) was purchased from Peninsula Laboratories (Belmont, CA) , and was used at doses ranging from 0.01 to 8 ⁇ gm per rat.
- CSH corticotropin releasing hormone
- Plasma corticosterone was quantitated by radioimmunoassay (35) kit purchased from Radioassay Systems Laboratories, Inc., Immunochem Corpora- tion (Carson, CA) .
- Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) levels were determined by radioimmunoassay, as previously described (36). Rats were injected i.p. between 10 and 11 AM, and blood was collected from 30 minutes to 4 hours post-injection, for plasma ACTH and corticosterone mea- surements. Inter- and intra-assay control variability for corticosterone was 1.2% and 3.4% respectively; inter- and intra-assay control variability for ACTH was 8.0% and 2.8% respectively.
- Severity of arthritis was quantitated by articular index, performed by a single blinded observer, as previously described (2). Briefly, articular index is the sum of the severity of arthritis
- FIGS. 1A and IB show the repeat of an earlier experiment (1) in which the articular index (Al) was assessed in euthymic versus athymic LEW and F344 rats injected with SCW.
- the articular index (Al) was assessed in euthymic versus athymic LEW and F344 rats injected with SCW.
- Five animals in each group were treated with a single intra-peritoneal dose of SCW at day 0, and observed from 6 weeks.
- the arthritis induced in euthymic LEW/N rats is diphasic, with a rapid-onset acute inflammatory component developing as early as 24 hours after injection of SCW, and a later chronic component developing at 3 to 6 weeks post-injection.
- Athymic LEW.rnu/rnu rats do not develop the late phase arthritis, but do develop the early inflammatory component and a continue low grade chronic synovitis.
- the early phase of SCW arthritis in LEW rats is, therefore, thymic-indepen- dent, and the late phase is thymic-dependent.
- the very small percentage of euthymic and athymic F344 rats that develop mild arthritis develop only the early thymic- independent component, which rapidly resolves.
- the pre ⁇ sence of a strain difference in the acute, thymic-indepen- dent phase of SCW arthritis in athymic LEW.rnu/rnu versus F34 .rnu/rnu- rats indicates that the thymic-independent phase of the arthritis is genetically regulated, and that the regulating factor or factors are operative very early in the disease.
- corticosterone is a potent down-regulator of la expression which is released early in the course of inflammation through stimulation of the HPA axis by inflammato y mediators (14-23) , the early ACTH and corticosterone responses to SCW, IL-1 alpha and the serotonin (5-HT) agonist, quipazine, in inbred F344/N and LEW/N rats and outbred HSD rats were compared.
- (5-HT) agonist quipazine all induced marked plasma corti ⁇ costerone responses in F344/N rats at one hour post i.p. injection ( Figures 2A through 2D and Table 1) .
- these agents induced only minimal (SCW, quipazine) or absent (IL-1 alpha) plasma corticosterone responses in LEW/N rats (p ⁇ 0.01).
- Outbred HSD rats exhibited mean corticosterone responses intermediate between the low LEW/N and high F344/N responses.
- Table 1 Plasma corticosterone in PBS, SCW, IL-1 alpha or quipazine treated HSD, F344/N or LEW/N rats.
- Plasma corticosterone was determined by radioimmunoassay of plasma collected 60 minutes post-i.p. injection of PBS, SCW (2 mg cell wall rhamnose/rat) , IL-1 alpha (1 ⁇ g /rat) or quipazine (1 mg/rat) in HSD, F344/N or LEW/N rats.
- the one hour time point of corticosterone mea ⁇ surement and doses of mediators used were those found to be associated with maximal corticosterone responses in time course and dose response experiments ( Figures 3A through 3F and 4A through 4F).
- FIGS 3A through 3F show that while plasma ACTH peaked at 30 to 60 minutes post-injection in both
- LEW/N plasma corticosterone response was lower than the F344/N response at all time points.
- Total ACTH and corticosterone secreted over the entire time course in response to SCW, IL-1 alpha, or quipazine was significantly less in LEW/N rats than in F344/N rats
- F344/N rats increased plasma corticosterone more than 2 fold in response to SCW and IL-1 alpha, and 1.4 fold in response to quipazine when compared to LEW/N rats.
- *F/L ratio of total ACTH or corticosterone secreted by F344/N (F) rats versus LEW/N (L) rats.
- Data represent mean ⁇ S.E.M. of total plasma ACTH and corticosterone secreted by F344/N versus LEW/N rats in response to i.p. SCW (2 mg cell wall rhamnose/rat) , IL-1 alpha (1 g/rat), or quipazine (1 mg/rat) .
- Data were derived, using the trapezoid rule, by calculation of the area under time course curves shown in Figures 3A through 3F.
- Figure 4A through 4F show the plasma ACTH and corticosterone responses of LEW/N versus F344/N rats treated with varying doses of SCW, IL-1 alpha or quipazine. At all mediator doses tested, LEW/N rats had lower plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels than F344/N rats. Plasma ACTH and Corticosterone Responses of LEW/N
- Dexamethasone treatment was continued for 72 hours at doses ranging from the physiologic replacement range of 0.5 ⁇ q twice daily (b.i.d.) or 1 ⁇ q once daily (QD) to doses in the pharmacologic range, (10 - 100 ⁇ q QD) .
- dexamethasone doses in the pharmacologic range totally suppress the arthritis induced by SCW, but doses in the physiologic range (1 ⁇ q QU or 0.5 ⁇ q b.i.d.) also significantly suppressed the severity of arthritis as determined by arthritis index (A.I.) compared to SCW plus saline treated controls (p ⁇ 0.05).
- Table 4 ⁇ Dexamethasone suppression of SCW arthritis in LEW/N rats (72 hrs).
- H ET low as 0.03 mg QD when administered to SCW-treated rats, were still associated with significant inflammatory morbidity and mortality compared to controls.
- RU 486 has previously been shown to exacerbate carrageenin-induced inflammation, without significant mortality (33). Increased mortality in the SCW-arthritis model was probably related to the severe peritonitis which developed in association with the combined i.p. administration of the two agents.
- SUBSTITUTE SHEET DISCUSSION One of the earliest events that occurs in streptococcal cell wall injected LEW/N rats, and even in athymic nude LEW.rnu/rnu rats, is enhanced la expression on synovial endothelial cells. This develops concomitantly with the inflammatory process, and the intensity of expression parallels the severity of the arthritis. In marked contrast, insignificant enhancement of la antigen expression develops in SCW-injected euthymic and athymic F344 rats (1). Corticosteroids are both potent endogenous down-regulators of la expression and potent endogenous immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory agents (9-13).
- Elevation of corticosterone during inflammation results from stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis by inflammatory and immune mediators, such as endotoxin (bacterial lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and
- IL-1 interleukin-1
- SCW peptidoglycan- group specific polysaccharide
- SCW could increase corti- costerone via IL-1 stimulation of the HPA axis.
- the studies presented here show that, in addition to depressed corticosterone responses to SCW, LEW/N rats have absent corticosterone responses to IL-1.
- IL-1 stimulates the HPA axis at primarily the hypothalamic level by inducing CRH release (15-23).
- LEW/N rats have depressed ACTH responses which parallel the low corticosterone responses to SCW and IL-1, in contrast to F344/N rats which have higher ACTH and corticosterone responses.
- LEW/N rats also have depressed ACTH and corticosterone responses to exogenous CRH. This could be secondary to inadequate priming of the anterior pituitary corticotroph by endogenous CRH or other ACTH secretagogues, or to some inherent defect of this cell.
- LEW/N rats are deficient in ACTH and corticosterone responses to the 5-HT agonist quipazine, as well as to IL-1 and SCW, suggests that the defect in these rats is not solely at the level of IL-1 stimulation of the HPA axis.
- SUBSTITUTESHEET corticosterone response to quipazine compared to IL-1 alpha may be related to the multiple pathways through which 5-HT and 5-HT agonists stimulate the HPA axis (31, 38-40), perhaps allowing quipazine to partially bypass the LEW/N defect in IL-1 - hypothalamic-pituitary pathways.
- This hypothesis is supported by existing data indicating that serotonin represents both a major CRH and a potent ACTH secretagogue (31, 41, 42).
- the importance of 5-HT pathways in intactness of the inflammatory mediator - HPA axis loop and arthritis resistance is also suggested by the association of arthritis with LY53857 treatment of SCW-injected rats.
- the greater LEW/N corticosterone and ACTH response to SCW compared to IL-1 may also be related to stimulation of the HPA axis at multiple levels by the many inflammatory mediators released by SCW, including IL-1, interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and 5- HT.
- IL-1 interleukin-2
- TNF tumor necrosis factor
- 5-HT does not cross the blood brain barrier, 5-HT released during inflammation could hypothetically directly stimulate pituitary release of ACTH (31, 41, 42).
- the physiologic relevance of such a potential route of 5- HT stimulation of the HPA axis is, however, not clear, since it would be dependent on adequate systemic concen ⁇ trations of 5-HT reaching central sites.
- LEW/N rats represent a strain of rats genetically deficient in ACTH and corticosterone responses to several inflammatory or stress mediators, including SCW and IL-1, and 5-HT agonist, quipazine, and exogenous CRH.
- F344/N rats represent a histocompatible, relatively SCW arthritis-resistent strain with intact, potent ACTH and corticosterone responses to the same inflammatory or stress mediators.
- Responses of HSD rats represent those of an outbred population, covering a wide range of both inflammatory mediator-HPA axis ACTH and corticosterone responses and SCW-arthritis susceptibility.
- LEW/N and F344/N rats therefore, represent a unique animal model for a genetically determined defect in
- the data coupled with the markedly enhanced inflammatory disease in SCW-injected F344/N rats following pharmacologic interruption of the HPA axis, and suppres- sion of arthritis severity in SCW-injected LEW/N rats following replacement doses of dexamethasone, provide strong evidence that arthritis susceptibility in the LEW/N rat, and resistance in the F344/N rat is regulated, at least partially, through corticosterone production and HPA axis responsiveness to inflammatory and possibly other stress mediators.
- the data may also have implications for susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in humans.
- Rheuma ⁇ toid arthritis is associated with a class II major histo- compatibility complex (MHC) epitope that is shared amongst several different haplotypes.
- MHC major histo- compatibility complex
- Studies examining the contribution of class II MHC (la) type to rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility have suggested that MHC type and sequence are only partially responsible for susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (51).
- Another, as yet undefined factor, perhaps one controlling regulation of la expres ⁇ sion, may therefore contribute to susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis.
- hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness to inflammatory and possibly other stress mediators, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis may provide new insights into the disease process.
- LEW/N rats In response to SCW or recombinant inter- leukin-1 alpha (rIL-1 alpha), LEW/N rats showed profoundly deficient paraventricular nucleus CRH mRNA levels, hypo ⁇ thalamic CRH content and CRH release from explanted hypothalami in organ culture. These data provide strong evidence that the defective LEW/N ACTH and corticosterone responses to inflammatory and other stress mediators, and LEW/N susceptibility to experimental arthritis, are due in part to a hypothalamic defect in the synthesis and secre ⁇ tion of CRH.
- LEW/N rats failed to show any increase in CRH mRNA expression in the PVN of the hypothalamus in contrast to F344/N rats in which hypothalamic CRH mRNA expression increased signi ⁇ ficantly during restraint.
- LEW/N rats have defective HPA axis responses to inflammatory and other stress mediators and that the response of F344/N rats to the same stimuli is intact, or above normal.
- LEW/N rats in contrast to F344/N rats, have markedly impaired plasma ACTH and corticosterone responses to intraperitoneally-injected SCW, to recombinant human interleukin-1 alpha (rIL-1 alpha), to the serotonin agonist, quipazine, and to synthetic rat/human corti- cotropin releasing hormine (CRH) .
- rIL-1 alpha human interleukin-1 alpha
- CSH synthetic rat/human corti- cotropin releasing hormine
- LEW/N rats compared to F344/N rats, have smaller adrenal glands and larger thymuses, consistent with chronic lack of stimulation by ACTH and corticosterone, respectively.
- arthritis and severe inflammation can be induced in otherwise SCW arthritis - resistant F344/N rats, by interruption of the HPA axis at its effector end- point, with the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, RU 486.
- these data indicate that LEW/N rats' pituitary and adrenal hyporesponsiveness to inflammatory and other stress mediators is a major factor contributing to their susceptibility to SCW arthritis and other experi ⁇ mental inflammatory diseases (43-50).
- the hybridizations were performed at 37°C for 20-24 hours in 600 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), 50% formamide, 4 mM EDTA, 0.1% sodium pyrophosphate, 0.2% SDS, 0.2 mg/ml heparin sulfate, and 10% dextran sulfate.
- the probes had specific activities of 10-15,000 Ci/mmol.
- CRH mRNA levels increased significantly in F344/N PVN, but did not increase in LEW/N PVN ( Figure 6A) . This lack of a CRH biosynthetic response to SCW in LEW/N rats could be secondary to a defect in the CRH gene or in steps leading to its activation.
- a similar single intraperitoneal injection of rIL-1 alpha (1 microgram per rat) did not significantly increase CRH mRNA or enkephalin mRNA in the PVN over baseline in either strain ( Figures 6C and 6D) .
- rIL-1 alpha This discrepancy between the ability of rIL-1 alpha to augment plasma ACTH and corticosterone, and its inability to augment CRH mRNA levels in the PVN in F344/N rats, suggests that rIL-1 alpha, at the dose used, stimulates secretions, but not transcription of CRH. Alternatively, any increase in transcript levels induced by rIL-1 alpha may be below the level of sensitivity of the ii situ hybridization assay.
- ⁇ USSTITUTE SHEE IL-1 alpha (1 ⁇ q per rat), or phosphate buffered saline (PBS, sterile, endotoxin free, GIBCO, Grand Island, NY), rats were decapitated, and hypothalami were rapidly removed, quick-frozen on dry ice and extracted.
- Total immunoreactive CRH (iCRH) was quantitated by radioimmuno ⁇ assay, as previously described (60).
- Hypothalamic immunoreactive CRH (iCRH) content measured 4 hours after intraperitoneal injection of SCW, rIL-1 alpha, or phos ⁇ phate buffered saline (PBS) is shown in Figures 7A and 7B.
- hypothalamic content of ICRH increased more than two fold over controls in response to either intraperitoneal SCW or rIL-1 alpha.
- iCRH content in PBS- injected and untreated animals was not significantly different.
- the lack of change in hypotha ⁇ lamic iCRH content of LEW/N rats in response to in vivo administration of SCW or rIL-1 alpha is consistent with the LEW/N rats' defective response of CRH mRNA to these mediators.
- the SCW-induced increase in hypothalamic iCRH in F344/N rats is consistent with their ability to in ⁇ crease CRH mRNA levels in response to SCW.
- rll-l alpha's capacity to increase hypothalamic iCRH content in F344N rats, but not CRH mRNA levels in the PVN of these rats suggests that IL-1 alpha may increase the rate or efficiency of CRH mRNA translation and/or post- transnational processing without causing detectable increases in CRH transcript levels.
- CRH secretion is also defective in LEW/N rats, the ability of rIL-1 alpha to induce iCRH release jLn vitro from LEW/N versus F344/N hypothalamic explants was compared.
- Hypotha ⁇ lamic explants obtained from untreated age-matched F344/N or LEW/N rats, were cultured in the presence of various concentrations of rIL-1 alpha and release of iCRH into the culture supernate was quantitated by radioimmunoassay. Hypothalamic explants were rapidly removed from untreated
- SUBSTITUTESHEE rats as previously described (61, 62).
- the explants were incubated overnight at 37°C, 5% C0 2 , in medium 199, (M199, GIBCO, Grand Island, NY), with 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA, grade V, Sigma Chemicals, St. Louis, MO).
- BSA bovine serum albumin
- the hypothalami in 48 well tissue culture plates, were then serially transferred every 20 minutes through a series of six wells containing one of the following additives, in order: control M199 (3 wells, total 60 minutes); M199 plus recombinant IL-1 alpha (10" 13 M to 10" 6 M; 2 wells, total 40 minutes); or 60 mM potassium chloride (1 well, 20 minutes).
- Immunoreactive CRH was assayed directly in the media, by a sensitive radioimmunoassay, as previ ⁇ ously described (63). Only results from viable hypothala ⁇ mi, represented by those with a ⁇ 90% iCRH response to 60 mM KC1 over basal values, were included in the analyses.
- Figure 8 shows that rIL-1 alpha (10" 13 M to 10" 6 M induced a 150% increase in iCRH secretion over baseline from F344/N hypothalami, and no increase in iCRH secretion over baseline from LEW/N hypothalami.
- the LEW/N rats' defec ⁇ tive ACTH and corticosterone responsiveness to inflam ⁇ matory and other stress mediators is one critical factor in their susceptibility to SCW-induced arthritis.
- Our current findings suggest that the deficient LEW/N ACTH and corticosterone responses and associated susceptibility to arthritis are related to a lack of hypothalamic synthesis and secretion of CRH, and perhaps other stress hormones, in response to inflammatory and other stress mediators.
- the coordinate defect in LEW/N enkephalin mRNA synthesis in response to SCW provides evidence at the LEW/N rats' CRH biosynthetic defect is not specific to the CRH gene, but may result from a defect in its regulation.
- the present findings suggest a unique model for a mammalian autoimmune disease, in which a central nervous system defect results in an illness characterized by inadequate immune/inflammatory counter-regulation. Such a mechanism may also be relevant to human illnesses such as rheumatoid arthritis.
- CRH stimulation test determines sensitivity of ACTH and cortisol responses to exogenous CRH, and therefore tests the integrity of pituitary corticotroph cells' responses to stress.
- the CRH test also indirectly tests the integrity of hypothalamic responses to stress.
- a more direct measure of the integrity of hypothalamic CRH responses to stress is the AVP stimulation test.
- AVP synergizes with CRH in stimulating ACTH release. Decreased endogenous CRH would therefore result in de ⁇ creased ACTH and cortisol secretion in response to exoge ⁇ founded AVP. Maximal ACTH and cortisol responses to AVP stimulation occur at 9:00 a.m., when CRH should be at its peak.
- Arginine vasopressin will be administered by an intravenous infusion of 1.0 mlU/kg/min of arginine vasopressin over a one hour period between 9:00 a.m. and
- the infusions will be by means of a digitally controlled Extracorporeal Constant Infusion Pump, Model 2100. If any given dosage side effects such as nausea or gastrointestinal cramping occur, the infusion will be stopped immediately. Upon cessation of side effects, the infusion may again commence at a dose established to be free of side effects from a given individual. Side effects should be rare even at the maximal doses proposed for this study.
- blood will be drawn through a scalp vein needle in the contralateral arm, every 15 minutes before, during, and for two hours after the infusion.
- cc's will be taken for every sample, and a total of 104 cc's will be taken for each infusion. Blood will be assayed for ACTH and cortisol, and in some cases also for other hormones such as beta- endorphin, growth hormone, prolactin and oxytocin.
- Synthetic arginine vasopressin will be obtained from the Parke-Davis Company.
- Park-Davis markets a highly purified synthetic peptide with a sequence of naturally occurring arginine vasopressin and the commercial designa ⁇ tion Aqueous Pitressin.
- kits for use in accord with the teachings of the application can contain the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis stimulating drug, tracers such as 1125 or an ELISA tracer, reagents specific for use in the assay chosen, antibodies to HPA axis hormone, and, our use as controls, standardized plasma.
- HPA hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal
- HPA axis hormones such as GABA agonists/antagonists, MAO inhibitors, Dopamine uptake inhibitors/releasers, Cholinergic agents, serotonin agonists/releasers/uptake inhibitors, adrenergic agonists/antagonists/uptake inhibitors named at page 5 are appropriate for use in kits in accord with the teachings of this disclosure.
- 1-metachloro-phenyl-piperazine (mCPP) is a particularly preferred stimulant.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU65374/90A AU648274B2 (en) | 1989-09-25 | 1990-09-25 | Evaluative means for detecting inflammatory reactivity and for predicting response to stress |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US412,294 | 1989-09-25 | ||
US07/412,294 US5209920A (en) | 1988-11-30 | 1989-09-25 | Evaluative means for detecting inflammatory reactivity |
US42279189A | 1989-10-18 | 1989-10-18 | |
US422,791 | 1989-10-18 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1991004479A1 true WO1991004479A1 (en) | 1991-04-04 |
Family
ID=27021713
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/US1990/005457 WO1991004479A1 (en) | 1989-09-25 | 1990-09-25 | Evaluative means for detecting inflammatory reactivity and for predicting response to stress |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0494256A4 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH04504760A (en) |
AU (1) | AU648274B2 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2067123A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1991004479A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0446282A1 (en) * | 1988-11-30 | 1991-09-18 | THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA as represented by the Secretary UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE | Evaluative means for detecting inflammatory reactivity |
WO1993022685A1 (en) * | 1992-05-05 | 1993-11-11 | The Government Of The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Evaluative means for detecting inflammatory reactivity |
WO2003011314A2 (en) * | 2001-07-31 | 2003-02-13 | Zentaris Gmbh | Use of lhrh-antagonists for the improvement of t-cell mediated immunity |
US6630514B2 (en) | 1993-10-18 | 2003-10-07 | Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. | Use of R-enantiomer of N-propargyl-1-aminoindan, salts, and compositions thereof |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5006330A (en) * | 1988-11-30 | 1991-04-09 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Of The Department Of Health And Human Services | Evaluative means for detecting inflammatory reactivity |
GB8902459D0 (en) * | 1989-02-03 | 1989-03-22 | Smiths Industries Plc | Adjustable fitments for medical tubes |
-
1990
- 1990-09-25 JP JP2514350A patent/JPH04504760A/en active Pending
- 1990-09-25 AU AU65374/90A patent/AU648274B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1990-09-25 WO PCT/US1990/005457 patent/WO1991004479A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-09-25 EP EP19900915568 patent/EP0494256A4/en not_active Ceased
- 1990-09-25 CA CA002067123A patent/CA2067123A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (15)
Title |
---|
Endocrinology, Vol. 121, No. 4, 01 June 1987, pages 1580-1582, AKIRA UEHARA, "Interleukin-1 Stimulates Acth Release by an Indirect action which Requires Endogenous Corticotropin Releasing Factor" See Abstract. * |
J. Endocr. Vol. 151-160, 1982, M.C. HOLMES, "Role of serotonin in the control of secretion of corticotrophin releasing factor" See Summary. * |
J. Exp. Med., Vol. 164, July 1986, pages 327-332, SUSAN C. RIDGE, "Administration of Group A Streptococcal Cell Walls to Rats Induces an Interleukin 2 Deficiency" See Abstract. * |
Journal of Clinical Investigation, Inc. Vol. 82, September 1988, pages 767-774, ALDO E. COLAGERO, "Multiple Feedback Regulatory Loops upon Rat Hypothalamic Corticotropin-releasing Hormone Secretion" See entire document. * |
Journal of Clinical Investigation, Inc. Vol. 82, September 1988, pages 839-846, ALDO E. COLAGERO, "Catecholamine Effects Upon Rat Hypothalamic Corticotropin-releasing Hormone Secretion in Vitro" See Abstract. * |
Journal of Immunology, Vol. 129, No. 5, November 1982, DAVID S. SNYDER, "Corticosteroids Inhibit Murine Macrophage Ia Expression And Interleukin 1 Production" See Materials ans Methods and Results sections. * |
Journal of Immunology, Vol. 137, No. 1, 01 July 1986, ESTER M. STERNBERG, "Effect of Serotonin on Murine Macrophages: Suppression of Ia Expression by Serotonin and its Reversal by 5-HT2 Serotonergic Receptor Antagonists" See Abstract. * |
Journal of Imunology, Vol. 138, pages 4360-4365, No. 12, 15 June 1987, ESTER M. STERNBERG, "Effect of Serotonin (5-HT) and other Monoamines on Murine Macrophages: Modulation of Interferon-gamma Induced Phagocytosis" See Abstract. * |
Nature, Vol. 328, pages 643-645, 13 August 1987, STAFFORD L. LIGHTMAN, "Changes in hypothalamic proproenkephalin A mRNA following stress and opiate withdrawal" See entire document. * |
New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 310, No. 10, 08 March 1984, GEORGE P. CHROUSOS, "The Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Stimulation Test" See Abstract. * |
Science, Vol. 230, pages 1035-1037, 29 November 1985, B.M.R.N.J. WOLOSKI, "Corticotropin-Releasing Activity of Monokines" See entire document. * |
Science, Vol. 233, pages 652-654, 08 August 1986, HUGO BESEDOVSKY, "Immunoregulatory Feedback Between Interleukin-1 and Glucocorticoid Hormones" See Abstract. * |
Science, Vol. 238, pages 519-526, 23 October 1987, EDWARD W. BERNTON, "Release of Multiple Hormones by a Direct Action of Interleukin-1 on Pituitary Cells" See Abstract. * |
Science, Vol. 240, pages 1003-1009, 20 May 1988, JOHN A. TODD, "A Molecular Basis for MHC Class II-Associated Autoimmunity" See entire document. * |
See also references of EP0494256A4 * |
Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0446282A1 (en) * | 1988-11-30 | 1991-09-18 | THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA as represented by the Secretary UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE | Evaluative means for detecting inflammatory reactivity |
EP0446282A4 (en) * | 1988-11-30 | 1993-04-21 | Us Health | Evaluative means for detecting inflammatory reactivity |
US6956060B2 (en) | 1990-01-03 | 2005-10-18 | Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. | Use of R-enantiomer of N-propargyl-1-aminoindan, salts, and compositions thereof |
WO1993022685A1 (en) * | 1992-05-05 | 1993-11-11 | The Government Of The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services | Evaluative means for detecting inflammatory reactivity |
US6630514B2 (en) | 1993-10-18 | 2003-10-07 | Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, Ltd. | Use of R-enantiomer of N-propargyl-1-aminoindan, salts, and compositions thereof |
WO2003011314A2 (en) * | 2001-07-31 | 2003-02-13 | Zentaris Gmbh | Use of lhrh-antagonists for the improvement of t-cell mediated immunity |
WO2003011314A3 (en) * | 2001-07-31 | 2003-10-16 | Zentaris Gmbh | Use of lhrh-antagonists for the improvement of t-cell mediated immunity |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2067123A1 (en) | 1991-03-26 |
JPH04504760A (en) | 1992-08-20 |
AU6537490A (en) | 1991-04-18 |
EP0494256A4 (en) | 1992-08-12 |
EP0494256A1 (en) | 1992-07-15 |
AU648274B2 (en) | 1994-04-21 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
Sternberg et al. | Inflammatory mediator-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation is defective in streptococcal cell wall arthritis-susceptible Lewis rats. | |
Sternberg et al. | A central nervous system defect in biosynthesis of corticotropin-releasing hormone is associated with susceptibility to streptococcal cell wall-induced arthritis in Lewis rats. | |
MacPhee et al. | Spontaneous recovery of rats from experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is dependent on regulation of the immune system by endogenous adrenal corticosteroids. | |
US5348729A (en) | Evaluative means for detecting inflammatory reactivity | |
Born et al. | Effects of age and gender on pituitary–adrenocortical responsiveness in humans | |
Hauger et al. | Age-related alterations of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in male Fischer 344 rats | |
Herman et al. | Chronic electroconvulsive shock treatment elicits up-regulation of CRF and AVP mRNA in select populations of neuroendocrine neurons | |
HEALY et al. | Increased adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, and arginine vasopressin secretion in primates after the antiglucocorticoid steroid RU 486: dose response relationships | |
FAGIN et al. | Specific binding of growth hormone by rat adipocytes | |
Jansson et al. | Association between thyroid microsomal antibodies of subclass IgG-1 and hypothyroidism in autoimmune postpartum thyroiditis. | |
JPH11507349A (en) | Treatment of Sjogren's Syndrome Eye with Topical Androgen or TGF-β | |
Schöbitz et al. | Endotoxin and interleukin 1 decrease the affinity of hippocampal mineralocorticoid (type I) receptor in parallel to activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis | |
Tominaga et al. | Effects of corticostatin-I on rat adrenal cells in vitro | |
TAYLOR et al. | Anti-receptor antibodies mimic the effect of insulin to down-regulate insulin receptors in cultured human lymphoblastoid (IM-9) cells | |
Siegel et al. | Effects of naloxone on basal and stress-induced ACTH and corticosterone secretion in the male rat-site and mechanism of action | |
US5006330A (en) | Evaluative means for detecting inflammatory reactivity | |
AU648274B2 (en) | Evaluative means for detecting inflammatory reactivity and for predicting response to stress | |
US5209920A (en) | Evaluative means for detecting inflammatory reactivity | |
Saji et al. | Effect of Hydrocortisone on the Ability of Thyrotropin to Increase Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis and Iodide Uptake in FRTL-5 Rat Thyroid Cells: Opposite Regulation of Adenosine 3\5'-Monophosphate Signal Action | |
Gwosdow et al. | Interleukin-1 increases protein kinase A activity by a cAMP-independent mechanism in AtT-20 cells | |
Tang et al. | LH responses to LHRH, DBcAMP, and 17 beta-estradiol in cultures derived from aged rats | |
Tannenbaum et al. | Homologous upregulation of sst2 somatostatin receptor expression in the rat arcuate nucleus in vivo | |
Chukwuocha et al. | The in vivo effects of opioid peptides on the murine immune response | |
Weidenfeld et al. | ACTH and corticosterone secretion following indomethacin, in intact, adrenalectomized and dexamethasone-pretreated male rats | |
Webb | Ovarian steroidogenesis and environmental temperature effects during final ovarian maturation and ovulation of white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus Richardson) |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AU CA JP |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT BE CH DE DK ES FR GB IT LU NL SE |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2067123 Country of ref document: CA |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 1990915568 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 1990915568 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWR | Wipo information: refused in national office |
Ref document number: 1990915568 Country of ref document: EP |
|
WWW | Wipo information: withdrawn in national office |
Ref document number: 1990915568 Country of ref document: EP |