WO1987000559A1 - Electrode construction - Google Patents

Electrode construction Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO1987000559A1
WO1987000559A1 PCT/AU1986/000196 AU8600196W WO8700559A1 WO 1987000559 A1 WO1987000559 A1 WO 1987000559A1 AU 8600196 W AU8600196 W AU 8600196W WO 8700559 A1 WO8700559 A1 WO 8700559A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
composite electrode
substrate
face
carbon
layer
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/AU1986/000196
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Terry Roy Jackson
Original Assignee
Terry Roy Jackson
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Terry Roy Jackson filed Critical Terry Roy Jackson
Publication of WO1987000559A1 publication Critical patent/WO1987000559A1/en

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
    • C02F1/46109—Electrodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
    • C25B11/042—Electrodes formed of a single material
    • C25B11/043—Carbon, e.g. diamond or graphene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
    • C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
    • C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
    • C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
    • C25B11/055—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material
    • C25B11/069—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material consisting of at least one single element and at least one compound; consisting of two or more compounds
    • C25B11/071—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the substrate or carrier material consisting of at least one single element and at least one compound; consisting of two or more compounds comprising metal or alloy powder and non-metallic binders
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
    • C02F1/4672—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation
    • C02F1/4674—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation with halogen or compound of halogens, e.g. chlorine, bromine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
    • C02F1/46109—Electrodes
    • C02F2001/46133—Electrodes characterised by the material
    • C02F2001/46138—Electrodes comprising a substrate and a coating
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
    • C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
    • C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
    • C02F2201/4611—Fluid flow

Definitions

  • THIS INVENTION relates to an improved electrode construc ⁇ tion suitable for use in operations involving electroly ⁇
  • Electrodes for use in electrolysis operations at present are not satisfactory because they are relatively expensive (involving the use of precious metals such as platinum, gold and silver and titanium rhodium, ruthenium and palla ⁇ dium) and have a relatively short life when due to expense factor the electrodes are kept small and suffer high current density.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide an electrode construction which substantially overcomes these problems.
  • a satisfactory electrode may be constructed by bonding an inert electrically conductive material with a high ' surface area " to an electrically conductive sheet.
  • the invention resides in a composite electrode comprising a substrate of electrically conductive material one face of which has large surface area and the other face of which is formed of or is covered with a highly conductive material.
  • the substrate is formed by loading a suitable synthetic resin with a highly conductive material such as carbon black, carbon fibres or finely divided metal particles.
  • a suitable synthetic resin with a highly conductive material such as carbon black, carbon fibres or finely divided metal particles.
  • the carbon black and/or carbon fibres are to be preferred because of their inertness.
  • Suitable resins include polypropylene and high density polyethylene.
  • the sub ⁇ strate may be formed by moulding or extrusion techniques as required.
  • the exposed surface of the substrate having a high surface area may be formed by applying a coating or layer of carbon fibre or carbon black to the surface, or it may be accomplished by etching or otherwise treating the surface to expose the particle of carbon black or the carbon fibres.
  • the carbon black or carbon fibres may be applied to the surface during the moulding or extrusion operation whilst the resin is in a suitable condition to effect satisfactory bonding.
  • Suitable carbon blacks or carbon fibres have a surface area within the range of 20 m 2 /g to 1600 m 2 /g and a micro- pore structure with a diameter of the order of 5-100 Angstrom units.
  • the carbon fibre may be in the form of a paper or felt or as a knitted cloth.
  • the other surface of the substrate is coated with a layer of a suitable metal such as nickel which may be applied using an electroless technique such as that described by Feldstein (R.L.A. Review 31-317 [1970]).
  • a metal sheet or the like as the substrate in which case a layer of carbon black and/or carbon fibres is applied to one surface of the metal substrate.
  • a suitable terminal is mounted on the metal surface to enable the electrode to be connected to an electrolysis circuit.
  • the electrodes of the present invention are particularly suitable for use in a chlorine generating unit of the type used in salt water swimming pools.
  • a chlorine generating unit of the type used in salt water swimming pools One such embodiment is shown in the accompanying diagrammatic drawings wherein:- Fig. 1 is a sectional elevation; and
  • Fig. 2 is an enlarged fragmentary section of the portion circles in Fig. 1.
  • the electrode 11 is in the form of a cylinder which is coupled to a T-piece 12 incorporated in the return flow line leading from the swimming pool filter to the pool.
  • the lower part 13 of the unit pro ⁇ jects into the flow line to form a restriction which acts as a venture so that water is caused to flow through opening 14 into the cylinder and to the top thereof and into the return pipe 15 and then back to the flow line through opening 16 into the area of reduced pressure created in the flow line by the venture effect of the restriction.
  • the wall of the cylinder is constructed in accordance with the invention and as will be seen from Fig. 2 comprises a layer 17 of carbon fibres and/or carbon particles bonded to a substrate 18 formed of a plastic loaded with carbon black and/or carbon fibre.
  • a terminal for connecting the electrode in the circuit comprises a terminal 20 formed of copper or brass or other suitable metal bonded to two plates 21 and 22 of copper separated by a layer 23 of fibre glass such as that used in the construction of printed circuit boards.
  • the assem ⁇ bly is covered by the electrically conductive plastic 24 during the formation of the electrode.
  • An outer layer 19 of nickel or other suitable metal (not shown) is then applied to the outer surface in accordance with the inven ⁇ tion.
  • An anode 25 of stainless steel titanium or other suitable material projects into the cylinder as does a gas detecting probe 26.
  • the electrode of the present invention may be used in any electrolyte system where it is desirable that the current density on the electrode be relatively small.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Inert Electrodes (AREA)

Abstract

A composite electrode which comprises a substrate (18) of electrically conductive material one face (17) of which has a large surface area and the other face of which is formed of or is covered with a highly conductive material. The substrate (18) is preferably formed by loading a suitable synthetic resin with a highly conductive material such as carbon black, carbon fibres or finely divided metal particles. With this arrangement one face of the substrate (18) is etched or otherwise treated to provide the large surface area.

Description

"Electrode Construction"
THIS INVENTION relates to an improved electrode construc¬ tion suitable for use in operations involving electroly¬
"\ sis.
Electrodes for use in electrolysis operations at present are not satisfactory because they are relatively expensive (involving the use of precious metals such as platinum, gold and silver and titanium rhodium, ruthenium and palla¬ dium) and have a relatively short life when due to expense factor the electrodes are kept small and suffer high current density.
The object of the present invention is to provide an electrode construction which substantially overcomes these problems.
It has been found that a satisfactory electrode may be constructed by bonding an inert electrically conductive material with a high ' surface area" to an electrically conductive sheet.
In one form the invention resides in a composite electrode comprising a substrate of electrically conductive material one face of which has large surface area and the other face of which is formed of or is covered with a highly conductive material.
The substrate is formed by loading a suitable synthetic resin with a highly conductive material such as carbon black, carbon fibres or finely divided metal particles. The carbon black and/or carbon fibres are to be preferred because of their inertness. Suitable resins include polypropylene and high density polyethylene. The sub¬ strate may be formed by moulding or extrusion techniques as required. The exposed surface of the substrate having a high surface area may be formed by applying a coating or layer of carbon fibre or carbon black to the surface, or it may be accomplished by etching or otherwise treating the surface to expose the particle of carbon black or the carbon fibres. The carbon black or carbon fibres may be applied to the surface during the moulding or extrusion operation whilst the resin is in a suitable condition to effect satisfactory bonding. Alternatively it may be applied with an electrically conductive adhesive such as a solu¬ tion of the conductive resin in a volatile solvent. Suitable carbon blacks or carbon fibres have a surface area within the range of 20 m2/g to 1600 m2/g and a micro- pore structure with a diameter of the order of 5-100 Angstrom units. The carbon fibre may be in the form of a paper or felt or as a knitted cloth.
The other surface of the substrate is coated with a layer of a suitable metal such as nickel which may be applied using an electroless technique such as that described by Feldstein (R.L.A. Review 31-317 [1970]).
In some cases it may be desirable to use a metal sheet or the like as the substrate in which case a layer of carbon black and/or carbon fibres is applied to one surface of the metal substrate.
A suitable terminal is mounted on the metal surface to enable the electrode to be connected to an electrolysis circuit.
The electrodes of the present invention are particularly suitable for use in a chlorine generating unit of the type used in salt water swimming pools. One such embodiment is shown in the accompanying diagrammatic drawings wherein:- Fig. 1 is a sectional elevation; and
Fig. 2 is an enlarged fragmentary section of the portion circles in Fig. 1.
As shown in the drawing the electrode 11 is in the form of a cylinder which is coupled to a T-piece 12 incorporated in the return flow line leading from the swimming pool filter to the pool. The lower part 13 of the unit pro¬ jects into the flow line to form a restriction which acts as a venture so that water is caused to flow through opening 14 into the cylinder and to the top thereof and into the return pipe 15 and then back to the flow line through opening 16 into the area of reduced pressure created in the flow line by the venture effect of the restriction. The wall of the cylinder is constructed in accordance with the invention and as will be seen from Fig. 2 comprises a layer 17 of carbon fibres and/or carbon particles bonded to a substrate 18 formed of a plastic loaded with carbon black and/or carbon fibre.
A terminal for connecting the electrode in the circuit comprises a terminal 20 formed of copper or brass or other suitable metal bonded to two plates 21 and 22 of copper separated by a layer 23 of fibre glass such as that used in the construction of printed circuit boards. The assem¬ bly is covered by the electrically conductive plastic 24 during the formation of the electrode. An outer layer 19 of nickel or other suitable metal (not shown) is then applied to the outer surface in accordance with the inven¬ tion. An anode 25 of stainless steel titanium or other suitable material projects into the cylinder as does a gas detecting probe 26.
Whilst the invention has been described with particular reference to a chlorine generating unit it will be appre¬ ciated that the electrode of the present invention may be used in any electrolyte system where it is desirable that the current density on the electrode be relatively small.

Claims

THE CLAIMS defining the invention are as follows:-
1. A composite electrode comprising a substrate of elec¬ trically conductive material one face of which has a large surface area and the other face of which is formed of or is covered with a highly conductive material.
2. A composite electrode as claimed in claim 1 wherein the substrate is a synthetic resin loaded with particles of a highly conductive material.
3. A composite electrode as claimed in claim 2 wherein the particles are carbon black, carbon fibres, or finely divided metal particles.
4. A composite electrode as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3 wherein said one face of the substrate is etched or other¬ wise treated to provide the large surface area.
5. A composite electrode as claimed in claim' 1, 2 or 3 wherein said one face is provided with a layer or coating of carbon fibres or carbon black.
6. A composite electrode as claimed in claim 5 wherein the carbon fibres or carbon black are applied to said one face during the formation of the substrate whilst the substrate is in a suitable condition to effect satisfac¬ tory bonding.
7. A composite electrode as claimed in claim 5 wherein the layer or coating is applied with an electrically con¬ ductive adhesive.
8. A composite electrode as claimed in claim 5, 6 or 7 wherein the carbon fibre is in the form of paper or felt or as a knitted cloth.
9. A composite electrode as claimed in claim 3, 5, 6 or 7 wherein the carbon black or carbon fibres have a surface area within the range of 20 m2/g to 1600 m2/g and a micro- pore structure with a diameter of the order of 5 to 100 Angstrom units.
10. A composite electrode as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein said other surface is coated with a layer of metal.
11. A composite electrode as claimed in claim 10 wherein the layer of metal is applied using an electroless tech¬ nique.
12. A composite electrode as claimed in claim 1 wherein the substrate is formed of metal and said one surface is
• formed by a layer of carbon black or carbon fibres bonded to the metal.
13. A composite electrode as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein a terminal is mounted on said other face.
14. A composite electrode substantially as herein descri¬ bed and as shown in the accompanying drawings.
PCT/AU1986/000196 1985-07-15 1986-07-15 Electrode construction WO1987000559A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AU150785 1985-07-15
AUPH1507 1985-07-15

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO1987000559A1 true WO1987000559A1 (en) 1987-01-29

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/AU1986/000196 WO1987000559A1 (en) 1985-07-15 1986-07-15 Electrode construction

Country Status (1)

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3736576A1 (en) * 1987-10-28 1989-05-11 Manfred Hilleberg PLASTIC ELECTRODE

Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3788967A (en) * 1969-02-03 1974-01-29 Gen Electric Wastewater treatment using electrolysis with activated carbon cathode
US4118294A (en) * 1977-09-19 1978-10-03 Diamond Shamrock Technologies S. A. Novel cathode and bipolar electrode incorporating the same
US4265727A (en) * 1979-10-22 1981-05-05 Hitco Composite electrodes
US4369104A (en) * 1979-10-22 1983-01-18 Hitco Continuous filament graphite composite electrodes
US4377496A (en) * 1981-05-04 1983-03-22 Diamond Shamrock Corporation Gas diffusion electrode and process
US4440617A (en) * 1980-10-31 1984-04-03 Diamond Shamrock Corporation Non-bleeding electrode
US4470893A (en) * 1981-06-01 1984-09-11 Asahi Glass Company Ltd. Method for water electrolysis
US4500647A (en) * 1980-10-31 1985-02-19 Diamond Shamrock Chemicals Company Three layer laminated matrix electrode
US4511442A (en) * 1982-03-26 1985-04-16 Oronzio De Nora Impianti Elettrochimici S.P.A. Anode for electrolytic processes

Patent Citations (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3788967A (en) * 1969-02-03 1974-01-29 Gen Electric Wastewater treatment using electrolysis with activated carbon cathode
US4118294A (en) * 1977-09-19 1978-10-03 Diamond Shamrock Technologies S. A. Novel cathode and bipolar electrode incorporating the same
US4265727A (en) * 1979-10-22 1981-05-05 Hitco Composite electrodes
US4369104A (en) * 1979-10-22 1983-01-18 Hitco Continuous filament graphite composite electrodes
US4440617A (en) * 1980-10-31 1984-04-03 Diamond Shamrock Corporation Non-bleeding electrode
US4500647A (en) * 1980-10-31 1985-02-19 Diamond Shamrock Chemicals Company Three layer laminated matrix electrode
US4377496A (en) * 1981-05-04 1983-03-22 Diamond Shamrock Corporation Gas diffusion electrode and process
US4470893A (en) * 1981-06-01 1984-09-11 Asahi Glass Company Ltd. Method for water electrolysis
US4511442A (en) * 1982-03-26 1985-04-16 Oronzio De Nora Impianti Elettrochimici S.P.A. Anode for electrolytic processes

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3736576A1 (en) * 1987-10-28 1989-05-11 Manfred Hilleberg PLASTIC ELECTRODE

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