WO1986006075A1 - Highly repetitive antigens of plasmodium falciparum - Google Patents

Highly repetitive antigens of plasmodium falciparum Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1986006075A1
WO1986006075A1 PCT/AU1986/000092 AU8600092W WO8606075A1 WO 1986006075 A1 WO1986006075 A1 WO 1986006075A1 AU 8600092 W AU8600092 W AU 8600092W WO 8606075 A1 WO8606075 A1 WO 8606075A1
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antigen
falciparum
polypeptide
arp
mesa
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PCT/AU1986/000092
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French (fr)
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David James Kemp
Robin Fredric Anders
Graham Vallancey Brown
Ross Leon Coppel
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The Walter And Eliza Hall Institute Of Medical Res
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Publication of WO1986006075A1 publication Critical patent/WO1986006075A1/en
Priority to DK596686A priority Critical patent/DK596686A/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/44—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from protozoa
    • C07K14/445—Plasmodium
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the identification and production of highly repetitive antigens of Plasmodium falciparum and to DNA molecules comprising artificially constructed polynucleotide sequence ⁇ substantially corresponding to all or a portion of the base sequence coding for these antigens.
  • the present invention is based upon the discovery of further antigens from P.falciparum, here designated the Small Histidine-Alanine Rich Protein (SHARP) - formerly called the 21K-Histidine Rich Protein (21K-HRP), the Asparagine-Rich Protein (ARP), and the Mature-parasite-infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen (MESA) - formerly called the Glutami ⁇ Acid Rich Protein (GARP) , respectively, which are each characterized by a relatively high content of a single amino acid.
  • SHARP Small Histidine-Alanine Rich Protein
  • 21K-HRP 21K-Histidine Rich Protein
  • ARP Asparagine-Rich Protein
  • MEA Mature-parasite-infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen
  • GARP Glutami ⁇ Acid Rich Protein
  • P.falciparum Human antibodie ⁇ affinity-purified on immobilized ly ⁇ ate ⁇ of the SHARP cDNA clone identified the corre ⁇ ponding para ⁇ ite antigen (in P.falciparum i ⁇ olate FCQ-27/PNG) a ⁇ a polypeptide of approximate Mr 29,000; affinity-purified human antibodie ⁇ to the ARP clone reacted with ⁇ everal para ⁇ ite polypeptide ⁇ in immunoblots, including antigens of approximate Mr 220,000 and 160,000, and human antibodies affinity-purified on immobilized lysate ⁇ of the MESA cDNA clone identified the corre ⁇ ponding parasite antigen as a polypeptide of Mr ⁇ .250,000.
  • a DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence substantially corresponding to all or a portion of the base sequence coding for the Small Histidine-Alanine Rich Protein (SHARP) , the A ⁇ paragine-Rich Protein (ARP) , or the Mature-parasite-infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen (MESA) of P.falciparum.
  • SHARP Small Histidine-Alanine Rich Protein
  • ARP A ⁇ paragine-Rich Protein
  • MESA Mature-parasite-infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen
  • a DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence characterized by at least a portion thereof comprising all or a portion of the base sequence shown in Figure 2, Figure 8 or Figure 11.
  • Such a nucleotide sequence codes for a polypeptide comprising at least a portion which corresponds to a portion of the amin ⁇ acid sequence of SHARP, ARP, or MESA, respectively.
  • the present invention also extends to synthetic peptides or polypeptides di ⁇ playing the antigenicity of all or a portion of SHARP, ARP, " or MESA, a ⁇ well as to compositions for stimulating immune respon ⁇ e ⁇ again ⁇ t SHARP, ARP, or MESA in a mammal, which compo ⁇ itions comprise at least one synthetic polypeptide displaying the antigenicity of all or a portion of SHARP, ARP, or MESA, respectively, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor.
  • the synthetic peptides or polypeptides according to this aspect of the invention may be prepared by expression in a host cell containing a recombinant DNA molecule which comprise ⁇ a nucleotide sequence as broadly described above operatively linked to an expression control sequence, or a recombinant DNA cloning vehicle or vector containing such a recombinant DNA molecule.
  • the synthetic peptide or polypeptide so expres ⁇ ed may be a fu ⁇ ion polypeptide compri ⁇ ing in addition to a portion di ⁇ playing the antigenicity of all or a portion of SHARP, ARP, or MESA an additional polypeptide coded for by the DNA of the recombinant DNA molecule.
  • the ⁇ ynthetic peptide ⁇ or polypeptides may be produced by chemical means, such as by the well-known Merrifield solid-phase synthe ⁇ is procedure.
  • Figure 1 shows the detection of the P.falciparum polypeptide corresponding to clone Ag57.
  • Proteins in a sonicated extract of clone Ag57 were conjugated to CNBr- activated Sepharose. The resulting conjugate was used as an absorbent for affinity purification of anti-Ag57 antibodies from a pool of human sera collected from individuals from Madang, Papua New Guinea.
  • Protein extracts of cultures of P.falciparum isolate ⁇ NF7(1), Kl (2), FC27(3), VI(4), and the cloned line ⁇ D10(5) derived from FC27 were fractionated on 10% polyacrylamide-SDS- gel ⁇ .
  • Protein ⁇ * from the gel ⁇ were tran ⁇ ferred electrophoretically to nitrocellulo ⁇ e, and detected by autoradiography after reaction with the affinity-purified antibodie ⁇ followed by 125I-protein A.
  • the antigen corre ⁇ ponding to clone Ag57 was pre ⁇ ent in each isolate (Mr range 29,000-34,000).
  • the antibodies cross reacted with a larger antigen (Mr range approximately 50,000-60,000) which was absent from
  • Figure 3 shows a diagonal comparison of SHARP sequence ⁇ , compo ⁇ ed using the "Diagon" program of Staden (10) .
  • Figure 4 shows the detection of Ag319 by colony immunoassay. Human antibodies were reacted with the array of 103 antigen-positive clones derived from an expression library of NF7.
  • Figure 5 shows immunoblots of ⁇ upernatants from saponin-ly ⁇ ed infected erythrocyte ⁇ ; with human antibodies purified on Ag319.
  • Figure 6 show ⁇ :
  • Figure 7 ⁇ how ⁇ the ⁇ tructure of the cDNA clone Ag319 and the ⁇ trategy for determining it ⁇ ⁇ equence.
  • the repeats are indicated by filled triangles.
  • Arrows below represent the extent of sequencing runs from Ahalll (abbreviated A) , Rsal-site ⁇ and the linker.
  • the arrow with an a ⁇ terisk show ⁇ a run obtained with a ⁇ ynthetic primer corre ⁇ ponding to the complementary sequences from position 714-735 of Ag319.
  • Figure 8 shows the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of Ag319.
  • Figure 9 is a protein "Diagon" according to the program of Staden (10) .
  • the deduced protein sequence of Ag319 was compared to itself.
  • the octapeptide repeats are clearly showing up as well as multiple internal homologies due to the interspersed Asn-rich tetrapeptides.
  • Figure 10 shows immunoblots with human antibodies affinity-purified from plasma pooled from individuals exposed to malaria.
  • A Equivalent numbers of parasitized erythrocytes containing synchronous stages of FC27 were harvested from culture at specific times during one cycle of growth. The parasites were collected by centrifugation and washed in serum-free medium. The cells were solubilized in PBS containing 0.5% Triton X100 and protea ⁇ e inhibitors (PMSF, 5mM; TPCK, lmK; EDTA, 2.5mM and iodoacetamide, 2mM) . The supernatant ⁇ were diluted 1:4 in SDS ⁇ ample buffer containing 2ME and boiled for 2 min. The polypeptide ⁇ were fractionated by PAGE, electroblotted to nitrocellulo ⁇ e and probed with anti-Ag7 antibodie ⁇ followed by 125I protein A.
  • PMSF Triton X100 and protea ⁇ e inhibitors
  • Figure 11 shows the nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid sequence of Ag7.
  • the nucleotide sequence was determined by the dideoxy chain-termination procedure (9) and translated using the DBUTIL programs of Staden (10) .
  • the repeats are indicated by vertical bars, and the start and end points of Ag652 and 653 are indicated by arrows. Regions outside the repeat containing short regions of related sequence are underlined.
  • Figure 12 show ⁇ hybridization of Ag7 cDNA to restriction fragments of P.falciparum DNA, and to P.falciparum chromosome ⁇ .
  • the i ⁇ olate ⁇ were FC27 from Papua New Guinea (track ⁇ 1 and 4) Kl from Thailand (track ⁇ 2 and 6) and NF7 from Ghana (track ⁇ 3 and 5) .
  • Chromo ⁇ ome ⁇ from P.falciparum isolates were prepared and fractionated by pulsed-field gradient gel electrophoresis a ⁇ described (11) , blotted to nitrocellulose and hybridized as above.
  • the isolate ⁇ were clone E12, derived from FC27 (track 1), NF7 (track 2) and Kl (track 3).
  • Figure 13 ⁇ hows indirect immunofluorescence of P.falciparum asexual blood stages reacted with human antibodies to Ag651. Fluorescein ⁇ taining of ring (R) and trophozoite (T) stage para ⁇ ite ⁇ in an acetone-fixed ⁇ mear of isolate VI (panel A) or FC27 (panel B) . The in ⁇ erts are of mature schizonts.
  • Figure 14 is an immunoelectromicrograph showing a section of an erythrocyte infected with a mature stage P.falciparum parasite that had been reacted with human anti Ag7. Magnification is X35,600.
  • P.falciparum isolate FCQ27/PNG(FC27) was obtained through collaboration with the Papua New Guinea Insitute of Medical Re ⁇ earch. NF7, originating from Ghana, and Kl from Thailand were obtained from D.Walliker, Edinburgh University. Parasite ⁇ were maintained in asynchronou ⁇ culture as de ⁇ cribed by Trager and Jen ⁇ en (12) . Synchroni ⁇ ation of growth to within a 6hr ⁇ pread of maturation wa ⁇ achieved with two round ⁇ of ⁇ orbitol treatment (13) .
  • erythrocytes were harvested during one cycle of growth at 4, 26 and 38 hours after the second sorbitol treatment to obtain ring- ⁇ tage (>99%) , trophozoite (>97%) and schizont (>98%) preparations.
  • Merozoites naturally relea ⁇ ed over a 2hr period were purified from culture supernatants as described by Mrema et al (14) .
  • Construction of P.falciparum cDNA clones from FC27 mRNA, cloned in ⁇ gt/ll-Amp3 ( Amp3) was described (1) .
  • Sera were obtained with informed con ⁇ ent from individual ⁇ from Madang, Papua New Guinea through Dr.M.P.Alper ⁇ and a ⁇ ociate ⁇ , Papua New Guinea In ⁇ titute of Medical Research. 10
  • Replicas of antigen-positive clones were grown overnight at 30°C, induced at 42°C, and lysed (1) . Sera were absorbed to remove anti-E.coli reactivity, diluted
  • Induced 50ml cultures of antigen-positive clones were prepared as described previously (17) .
  • the pelleted bacteria were sonicated and soluble bacterial proteins were conjugated to CNBr-activated Sepharose (Pharmacia, Sweden).
  • Antibodies from a pool of human sera collected from individuals living in Papua New Guinea were affinity purified on the immobilized- antigen as described (8) .
  • Protein extracts of cultures of P.falciparum were prepared and fractionated on 7.5% polyacrylamide/NaDodSO. gels. Proteins from the gels were transferred electrophoretically to nitrocellulose, incubated in 5% non-fat milk powder in Pi/NaCl and reacted with affinity purified human antiserum. The filters were incubated with 125I-labelled protein A and autoradiographed.
  • Phage DNA was digested with EcoRI and size-fractionated on a 1% low-melting agarose-gel.
  • the insert(s) wa ⁇ recovered by phenol extraction, subcloned in pUC-9, purified and then nick-translated.
  • Hybridizations were in 0.75M NaCl/0.75M Na citrate/50% formamide/50 ⁇ g ml " salmon sperm DNA/lO ⁇ g ml poly (C)/0.02% Ficoll/0.2% polyvinyl-pyrollidone/0.2% BSA at 42°.
  • the dideoxy chain termination method (9) was employed for sequence determinations.
  • PFG electrophoresi ⁇ (16) wa ⁇ performed e ⁇ entially as described in Kemp et al (11) .
  • Ag57 contains an insert of 1165 bp and exhibits an open reading frame that is in
  • Figure 2 is correct. In addition, all other possible reading frames are interrupted by multiple stop codons.
  • the open reading frame of Ag57 extends from position 2
  • this ATG marks a change in the base composition from 90% AT in the 5' region to 67% in the signal peptide region, a change typical of the start of
  • the deduced amino acid sequence contains 2 blocks of tandemly repeated oligopeptides which encompa ⁇ s most of the coding region.
  • the first block of repeats start ⁇ at po ⁇ ition 203 with 3 tripeptide ⁇ (Ala-Hi ⁇ -Hi ⁇ ) ,
  • a second block of repeats commences. It consists of pentapeptides with the consensus sequence of His-Hi ⁇ -A ⁇ p-Gly-Ala. Repeats 1 and 3 of this block show variation of the 2nd (A ⁇ - G) and 3rd (T ⁇ - A) nucleotide of the fourth codon, replacing Gly by Asp.
  • pentapeptide repeats 1 to 4 Two types of decapeptides encompa ⁇ ing pentapeptide repeats 1 to 4 can be distingui ⁇ hed.
  • the 8th and la ⁇ t pentapeptide repeat of this block is also degenerate and is followed by a termination codon 19 base pairs downstream.
  • the library contained cDNA sequences 0.6-2.0kb in length, cloned in the vector ⁇ gtllAmp3( ⁇ mp3) , derived from the Papua New Guinea isolate of P.falciparum FCQ27/PNG (FC27) .
  • FC27 Papua New Guinea isolate of P.falciparum FCQ27/PNG
  • the antibodies that bound to the fixed merozoites were then eluted and reacted with the array of a ⁇ tigen-expres ⁇ ing colonies described above, and also with* randomly-selected colonies.
  • One colony in the NF7 array, designated Ag319 (Fig.4A) reacted much more strongly than any others with these purified antibodies.
  • the 1.6 kb cDNA insert from Ag319 and fragments generated from it by digestion with Ahalll or Rsal were subcloned in the vectors Ml3 and mp8 and mp9 and sequenced by the dideoxy chain termination procedure (Fig.7).
  • the sequence of Ag319 shown translated in Figure 8 contains a ⁇ ingle open reading frame that extends throughout the cDNA.
  • the sequence exhibits a very high AT-content with 50% Adenine and 27% Thymidine in the coding strand.
  • ARP contains 40% A ⁇ paragine
  • Ag319-polypeptide consist ⁇ of a ⁇ paragine and methionine i ⁇ al ⁇ o unusually abundant (7.6%).
  • cDNA clone In the middle of the cDNA clone, commencing at position 803, there are 3 tetrapeptide (Asn-Asn-Asn-Met) and 4 octapeptide repeat ⁇ 18
  • DNA from 5 P.falciparum i ⁇ olate ⁇ (FC27, IMR143, IMR144 and MAD71 from Papua New Guinea and NF7 from Ghana) were cleaved with Ahalll and R ⁇ al, ⁇ ize-fractionated on 1% agarose, blotted to nitrocellulose and hybridized with the Ag319 probe.
  • the result ⁇ (data not ⁇ hown) indicate that ARP doe ⁇ not exhibit re ⁇ triction fragment polymorphi ⁇ m ⁇ like those observed for a number of other cloned P.falciparum antigens (18).
  • the Ag319 probe hybridized to a 0.75 kb Ahalll and to 3.5 and 1.4 kb Rsal-fragments, in accord with the restriction map of Ag319 ( Figure 7) .
  • the block of 3 tetra- and 4 octapeptide repeats is located within a 680 bp Ahalll fragment, which is close to the size of the chromosomal fragment mea ⁇ ured by Southern blotting. This finding is important as it has been shown that approximately 100 repeats were deleted from a chromosomal clone encoding the S-antigen of P.falciparum isolate FC27 (21) .
  • Ag7 encodes an antigen that undergoes processing.
  • Ag7 does not produce an abundant fused polypeptide detectable by Coomas ⁇ ie blue staining (17) .
  • Clones expressing abundant fused polypeptides were generated by fragmenting and recloning the Ag7 insert.
  • purified cDNA was prepared from the clone Ag7 two inserts were found to be present, as had been found for ⁇ everal other clone ⁇ in thi ⁇ library (17) .
  • the expressing insert wa ⁇ therefore identified by recloning each in ⁇ ert separately into Amp3 and detecting expression in a colony immunoas ⁇ ay using the affinity-purified anti Ag7 antibodies.
  • Ag7 encodes a variable antigen
  • Antibodies prepared against subclone Ag651 were u ⁇ ed to probe immunoblots of lysate ⁇ of a ⁇ ynchronou ⁇ ly grown P.falciparum protein ⁇ (Fig.lOB). Strong reactivity again ⁇ t the 250 kd protein wa ⁇ ⁇ een in . isolates FC27 and NF7 but reactivity against VI and Kl isolates was very much weaker. As well as the differences in intensity, there were also ⁇ light difference ⁇ in ⁇ ize of the ⁇ e large polypeptide ⁇ . When antibodie ⁇ prepared again ⁇ t ⁇ ubclone Ag653 were u ⁇ ed to probe duplicate immunoblot ⁇ a 250Kd band that varied in intensity as above was seen.
  • the nucleotide sequence of Ag7 include ⁇ tandem repeats.
  • the cDNA segment expressing Ag7 was ⁇ elected a ⁇ outlined above, purified and ⁇ ubcloned into M13 vector ⁇ .
  • the ⁇ equence of 681 nucleotide ⁇ contain ⁇ an uninterrupted open reading frame commencing at nucleotide 3 (Fig.11) .
  • Thi ⁇ frame however is out of pha ⁇ e with ⁇ -galactosida ⁇ e, preventing ⁇ ynthesis of a large fused polypeptide.
  • the remaining 124 amino acids flanking the repeat region at the 3' end contain 63 (52%) charged residue ⁇ .
  • __ which encodes a strain specific dominant epitope is composed entirely of the exactly repeated hexapeptide.
  • Genomic DNA of FC27, Kl and NF7 was restricted with either EcoRI or Hindlll, size fractionated by ag ' arose gel electrophore ⁇ i ⁇ and tran ⁇ ferred to nitrocellulose.
  • ag ' arose gel electrophore ⁇ i ⁇ When hybridized with labelled Ag7 cDNA and washed at moderate stringency, a single band was seen in each track (Fig.12) .
  • the size ⁇ of the bands varied considerably, the intensity of hybridization was the same for FC27 and Kl (Fig.12) , as well as VI (data not shown) . This ⁇ ugge ⁇ t ⁇ that there are repeat ⁇ present in all strains.
  • FC27 and VI parasites taken from asynchronou ⁇ in vitro culture were acetone fixed to microscope ⁇ lide ⁇ and examined by indirect immunofluore ⁇ cence.
  • Human anti-Ag651 antibodie ⁇ were used to minimize the effect of cross-reactivity to other proteins.
  • the pattern of reactivity to the intra-cellular para ⁇ ite was similar in both isolates.
  • the localization of Ag7 was also examined using Protein-A immunoeleetronmicroscopy. FC27 parasites derived from asynchronou ⁇ cultures were examined with anti-Ag7 antibodies. Ag7 was detected at the membrane of erythrocytes infected with both trophozoites and schizonts and in membrane lined vesicles -in the red cell cytoplasm (Fig.14) . Ag7 was also detected in some sections associated with the limiting membrane of the intraerythrocytic parasite (data nob shown) . In contrast, the membranes of ring-infected erythrocytes were not labelled, nor were the ring-stage parasites themselves.
  • ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen,. RESA) has previously been described.
  • RESA ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen
  • a location at the erythrocyte surface similar to that found for RESA but in erythrocytes infected with more mature stages of the parasite leads us to adoption of Mature-parasite-infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen (MESA) as a name for the present antigen.
  • MSA Mature-parasite-infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen

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Abstract

DNA molecules comprising artificially constructed polynucleotide sequences substantially corresponding to all or a portion of the base sequence coding for an antigen of Plasmodium falciparum selected from the group consisting of the SHARP antigen, the ARP antigen, the MESA antigen and other antigens of P.falciparum cross-reactive therewith. Such DNA molecules are capable of being expressed as polypeptide(s). Synthetic peptides or polypeptides displaying the antigenicity of all or a portion of the SHARP, ARP or MESA antigens of P.falciparum. Compositions for stimulating immune responses against P.falciparum antigens in a mammal, comprising at least one polypeptide displaying the antigenicity of the SHARP, ARP or MESA antigens of P.falciparum, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor.

Description

"HIGHLY REPETITIVE ANTIGENS OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM"
This invention relates to the identification and production of highly repetitive antigens of Plasmodium falciparum and to DNA molecules comprising artificially constructed polynucleotide sequenceε substantially corresponding to all or a portion of the base sequence coding for these antigens.
Immunity to Plasmodium falciparum, the protozoan causing the most severe form of human malaria, Q is acquired only after extensive exposure over a number of years. A large number of P.falciparum polypeptides are natural immunogenε in man but it iε by no means clear how many are important in protective immunity. Many antigens may have no such role, and indeed it is 5 possible that some are counterproductive, perhaps because collectively they overload the immune system. Antigenic diversity among different strains of the parasite may also play a significant role in the process of immune evasion as a number of P.falciparum antigens Q that are strain-εpecific have been identified.
Studieε on the role of individual antigens in this complex mixture have been facilitated by the recent development of procedures for identifying P.falciparum 5 antigens by immunological screening of Escherichia coli expreεεing cloned εequenceε (1,2). An unexpected finding is that all the Plasmodium antigens studied so far contain multiple tandem repeats of oligopeptides (3-6) . In some of these molecules, a striking feature of these repeats is the precision of repetition at the amino acid level along the molecule. In each antigen, the repeats are flanked by regions rich in charged amino acids (3,4). The antigens so far described are all external to the parasite (6,7,8).
The present invention is based upon the discovery of further antigens from P.falciparum, here designated the Small Histidine-Alanine Rich Protein (SHARP) - formerly called the 21K-Histidine Rich Protein (21K-HRP), the Asparagine-Rich Protein (ARP), and the Mature-parasite-infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen (MESA) - formerly called the Glutamiσ Acid Rich Protein (GARP) , respectively, which are each characterized by a relatively high content of a single amino acid.
The cDNA clones expressing portions of these antigens in Escherichia coli reacted in in εitu colony aεsays with εera from people living in areaε endemic for
P.falciparum. Human antibodieε affinity-purified on immobilized lyεateε of the SHARP cDNA clone identified the correεponding paraεite antigen (in P.falciparum iεolate FCQ-27/PNG) aε a polypeptide of approximate Mr 29,000; affinity-purified human antibodieε to the ARP clone reacted with εeveral paraεite polypeptideε in immunoblots, including antigens of approximate Mr 220,000 and 160,000, and human antibodies affinity-purified on immobilized lysateε of the MESA cDNA clone identified the correεponding parasite antigen as a polypeptide of Mr <\.250,000. According to the present invention, there is provided a DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence substantially corresponding to all or a portion of the base sequence coding for the Small Histidine-Alanine Rich Protein (SHARP) , the Aεparagine-Rich Protein (ARP) , or the Mature-parasite-infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen (MESA) of P.falciparum. In particular, there is provided a DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence characterized by at least a portion thereof comprising all or a portion of the base sequence shown in Figure 2, Figure 8 or Figure 11. Such a nucleotide sequence codes for a polypeptide comprising at least a portion which corresponds to a portion of the aminό acid sequence of SHARP, ARP, or MESA, respectively.
The present invention also extends to synthetic peptides or polypeptides diεplaying the antigenicity of all or a portion of SHARP, ARP, "or MESA, aε well as to compositions for stimulating immune responεeε againεt SHARP, ARP, or MESA in a mammal, which compoεitions comprise at least one synthetic polypeptide displaying the antigenicity of all or a portion of SHARP, ARP, or MESA, respectively, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor. The synthetic peptides or polypeptides according to this aspect of the invention may be prepared by expression in a host cell containing a recombinant DNA molecule which compriseε a nucleotide sequence as broadly described above operatively linked to an expression control sequence, or a recombinant DNA cloning vehicle or vector containing such a recombinant DNA molecule. The synthetic peptide or polypeptide so expresεed may be a fuεion polypeptide compriεing in addition to a portion diεplaying the antigenicity of all or a portion of SHARP, ARP, or MESA an additional polypeptide coded for by the DNA of the recombinant DNA molecule. Alternatively, the εynthetic peptideε or polypeptides may be produced by chemical means, such as by the well-known Merrifield solid-phase syntheεis procedure.
Further details of the preεent invention will be apparent from the detailed deεcription hereunder, and from the accompanying Figureε. In the Figureε:
Figure 1 εhows the detection of the P.falciparum polypeptide corresponding to clone Ag57. Proteins in a sonicated extract of clone Ag57 were conjugated to CNBr- activated Sepharose. The resulting conjugate was used as an absorbent for affinity purification of anti-Ag57 antibodies from a pool of human sera collected from individuals from Madang, Papua New Guinea. Protein extracts of cultures of P.falciparum isolateε NF7(1), Kl (2), FC27(3), VI(4), and the cloned lineε D10(5) derived from FC27 were fractionated on 10% polyacrylamide-SDS- gelε. Proteinε* from the gelε were tranεferred electrophoretically to nitrocelluloεe, and detected by autoradiography after reaction with the affinity-purified antibodieε followed by 125I-protein A. The antigen correεponding to clone Ag57 was preεent in each isolate (Mr range 29,000-34,000). The antibodies cross reacted with a larger antigen (Mr range approximately 50,000-60,000) which was absent from
D10, the cloned line derived from FC27.
Figure 2 showε the DNA εequence and deduced amino acid sequence of Ag57. The dideoxy chain termination method (9) was employed for sequence determination. The insert of Ag57 and fragments generated from it by digestion with Ahalll and Rsal were cloned into M13mp8 and 9. The complete sequence was determined in both directions, using the M13 "universal" primer on specific oligonucleotides where appropriate. The propoεed initiation site and repeated sequences are underlined.
Figure 3 shows a diagonal comparison of SHARP sequenceε, compoεed using the "Diagon" program of Staden (10) .
A. Homologous repetitive sequences within the SHARP, displayed by diagonal comparison of the coding region of Ag57 with itself.
B. Homologies between hiεtidine-rich εequenceε in the SHARP and the 21K-HRP from P.lophurae.
Figure 4 shows the detection of Ag319 by colony immunoassay. Human antibodies were reacted with the array of 103 antigen-positive clones derived from an expression library of NF7.
A. Human antibodies eluted from lightly glutaraldehyde-fixed and air-dried monolayers of merozoite preparations.
B. Human antibodies affinity-purified on whole cell lysateε of clone Ag319. 32 further cloneε in thiε array expreεsing Ag319 sequences are detected.
Figure 5 shows immunoblots of εupernatants from saponin-lyεed infected erythrocyteε; with human antibodies purified on Ag319. Lane 1 = NF7, lane 2 = Kl, lane 3 = FC27. Figure 6 showε:
A. Acetone-methanol fixed smears of parasitized erythrocytes reacted with affinity-purified human antiεerum to Ag319 followed by εheep-anti-human immunoglobulin then counterstained with propidium iodide and viewed under fluorescence microscopy for fluorescein (left panel) and propidium (right panel) . A free merozoite is seen to react with antiserum. B. Acetone-methanol fixed smears of parasitized erythrocytes reacted with rabbit antiserum to Ag319 then fluoresceinated sheep-anti-rabbit immunoglobulin, counterstained with propidium iodide and examined with fluorescence microscopy to demonstrate fluorescein-staining (left panel) and propidium (right panel) . Schizonts are clearly visible. C. Lightly glutaraldehyde-fixed parasitized erythrocytes reacted with affinity-purified human antibodies to Ag319 then with fluoresceinated sheep-anti-human immunoglobulin followed by counterstaining with propidium iodide.
Figure 7 εhowε the εtructure of the cDNA clone Ag319 and the εtrategy for determining itε εequence. The repeats are indicated by filled triangles. Arrows below represent the extent of sequencing runs from Ahalll (abbreviated A) , Rsal-siteε and the linker. The arrow with an aεterisk showε a run obtained with a εynthetic primer correεponding to the complementary sequences from position 714-735 of Ag319. Figure 8 shows the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of Ag319.
Figure 9 is a protein "Diagon" according to the program of Staden (10) . The deduced protein sequence of Ag319 was compared to itself. The octapeptide repeats are clearly showing up as well as multiple internal homologies due to the interspersed Asn-rich tetrapeptides.
Figure 10 shows immunoblots with human antibodies affinity-purified from plasma pooled from individuals exposed to malaria. A. Equivalent numbers of parasitized erythrocytes containing synchronous stages of FC27 were harvested from culture at specific times during one cycle of growth. The parasites were collected by centrifugation and washed in serum-free medium. The cells were solubilized in PBS containing 0.5% Triton X100 and proteaεe inhibitors (PMSF, 5mM; TPCK, lmK; EDTA, 2.5mM and iodoacetamide, 2mM) . The supernatantε were diluted 1:4 in SDS εample buffer containing 2ME and boiled for 2 min. The polypeptideε were fractionated by PAGE, electroblotted to nitrocelluloεe and probed with anti-Ag7 antibodieε followed by 125I protein A.
The tracks contained: 1, uninfected cells; 2, rings; 3, trophozoites; 4, schizontε; 5, merozoites. B. Asynchronouε cultureε of four different isolates were collected by centrifugation, disεolved directly in SDS εample buffer containing 2ME fractionated by PAGE and polypeptideε were detected as described above. The isolateε were 1, NF7; 2, 8
Kl; 3, FC27; 4, VI. Autoradiography was for 4 hours. C. As for B, but autoradiography was for 2 days.
Figure 11 shows the nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid sequence of Ag7. The nucleotide sequence was determined by the dideoxy chain-termination procedure (9) and translated using the DBUTIL programs of Staden (10) . The repeats are indicated by vertical bars, and the start and end points of Ag652 and 653 are indicated by arrows. Regions outside the repeat containing short regions of related sequence are underlined.
Figure 12 showε hybridization of Ag7 cDNA to restriction fragments of P.falciparum DNA, and to P.falciparum chromosomeε.
A. DNA from three iεolateε of P.falciparum waε' cleaved with EcoRI (Traekε 1-3) or Hindlll (Tracks 4-6) , fractionated by electrophoresiε on a 1% agaroεe gel, blotted to nitrocelluloεe, hybridized with
32 P-labelled Ag7 cDNA and autoradiographed. The iεolateε were FC27 from Papua New Guinea (trackε 1 and 4) Kl from Thailand (trackε 2 and 6) and NF7 from Ghana (trackε 3 and 5) .
B. Chromoεomeε from P.falciparum isolates were prepared and fractionated by pulsed-field gradient gel electrophoresis aε described (11) , blotted to nitrocellulose and hybridized as above. The isolateε were clone E12, derived from FC27 (track 1), NF7 (track 2) and Kl (track 3).
Figure 13 εhows indirect immunofluorescence of P.falciparum asexual blood stages reacted with human antibodies to Ag651. Fluorescein εtaining of ring (R) and trophozoite (T) stage paraεiteε in an acetone-fixed εmear of isolate VI (panel A) or FC27 (panel B) . The inεerts are of mature schizonts.
Figure 14 is an immunoelectromicrograph showing a section of an erythrocyte infected with a mature stage P.falciparum parasite that had been reacted with human anti Ag7. Magnification is X35,600.
I. MATERIALS AND METHODS Parasites and cloned DNA molecules
P.falciparum isolate FCQ27/PNG(FC27) , was obtained through collaboration with the Papua New Guinea Insitute of Medical Reεearch. NF7, originating from Ghana, and Kl from Thailand were obtained from D.Walliker, Edinburgh University. Parasiteε were maintained in asynchronouε culture as deεcribed by Trager and Jenεen (12) . Synchroniεation of growth to within a 6hr εpread of maturation waε achieved with two roundε of εorbitol treatment (13) . Parasitized erythrocytes were harvested during one cycle of growth at 4, 26 and 38 hours after the second sorbitol treatment to obtain ring-εtage (>99%) , trophozoite (>97%) and schizont (>98%) preparations. Merozoites naturally releaεed over a 2hr period were purified from culture supernatants as described by Mrema et al (14) . Construction of P.falciparum cDNA clones from FC27 mRNA, cloned in λgt/ll-Amp3 ( Amp3) was described (1) .
Sera
Sera were obtained with informed conεent from individualε from Madang, Papua New Guinea through Dr.M.P.Alperε and aεεociateε, Papua New Guinea Inεtitute of Medical Research. 10
Colony immunoassays
Replicas of antigen-positive clones were grown overnight at 30°C, induced at 42°C, and lysed (1) . Sera were absorbed to remove anti-E.coli reactivity, diluted
1:500 in 3% bovine serum albumin Tris saline pH9.6 and finally incubated with 125I protein A from
Staphylococcus aureus and autoradiographed overnight.
Affinity purification of human antibodieε on lysates of λAmp3 antigen-positive clones
Induced 50ml cultures of antigen-positive clones were prepared as described previously (17) . The pelleted bacteria were sonicated and soluble bacterial proteins were conjugated to CNBr-activated Sepharose (Pharmacia, Sweden). Antibodies from a pool of human sera collected from individuals living in Papua New Guinea were affinity purified on the immobilized- antigen as described (8) .
Merozoites, free of erythrocytes, were harveεted over a 2 hr period from εynchronized FC27 parasites, were washed twice in triethanolamine buffer and fixed in buffer containing 1% (w/v) glutaraldehyde. They were immobilized by suction onto nitrocellulose filters and incubated with antibodies in Tris-saline containing 3% bovine serum albumin. Unbound material was removed by washing before specifically bound antibodies were eluted with 0.2 M glycine-HCl, pH 2.8.
Immunoblots
Protein extracts of cultures of P.falciparum were prepared and fractionated on 7.5% polyacrylamide/NaDodSO. gels. Proteins from the gels were transferred electrophoretically to nitrocellulose, incubated in 5% non-fat milk powder in Pi/NaCl and reacted with affinity purified human antiserum. The filters were incubated with 125I-labelled protein A and autoradiographed.
Indirect immunofluorescence
Thin blood films of paraεitized erythrocytes from asynchronous cultures of P.falciparum were fixed in 90% acetone/10% methanol and reacted with affinity-purified human antibodies. Fluorescein-conjugated sheep anti-human Ig antiserum was used as the second antibody.
Parasite nuclei were counterstained with propidium iodide and the slides were mounted in 90% glycerol/10% PBS containing p-phenylenediamine for viewing under U.V. illumination.
Hybridization experiments
Phage DNA was digested with EcoRI and size-fractionated on a 1% low-melting agarose-gel. The insert(s) waε recovered by phenol extraction, subcloned in pUC-9, purified and then nick-translated. Hybridizations were in 0.75M NaCl/0.75M Na citrate/50% formamide/50μg ml" salmon sperm DNA/lOμg ml poly (C)/0.02% Ficoll/0.2% polyvinyl-pyrollidone/0.2% BSA at 42°.
Nucleotide sequence determination
The dideoxy chain termination method (9) was employed for sequence determinations. The inserts and fragments generated from the insertε by digeεtion with appropriate reεtriction endonucleases, were cloned into M14mp8 and 9 (15) . 12
PFG electrophoresis
PFG electrophoresiε (16) waε performed eεεentially as described in Kemp et al (11) .
II.RESULTS - SHARP
Isolation of Ag57 from an expreεεion library and identification of corresponding parasite antigen
The construction of an expression library by cloning CDNA derived from isolate FCQ27/PNG (FC27) in vector λgtllAmp3 has been described (1) . 78 antigen-positive clones were isolated by virtue of their reactivity with affinity-purified human sera from the malaria-endemic area of Madang/Papua New Guinea (17) . Sibling-analysis by hybridization with the cDNA insert and by reaction with rabbit antisera to the fused polypeptide (17) from a clone deεignated Ag57 εhowed that it waε only repreεented once amongεt theεe 'and indeed only once among more than 300 antigen-positive clones examined (17, 19). Ag57 produceε an abundant . -galactosidase fused polypeptide of Mr 145,000. Lysates of induced cultures of Ag57 were coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose and human antibodieε to Ag57 were purified from a pool of human sera from Papua New Guinea by affinity-chromatography. These affinity-purified human antibodies were used in the immunoblotting technique to identify the corresponding antigen in extracts from different P.falciparum isolates. As can be seen in Figure 1 the antibodies reacted with a band of Mr 29,000 in isolate FC27.
Size-polymorphismε of thiε antigen were evident, εince the apparent molecular weight of the correεponding antigen in other iεolates ranged from approximately 29,000 to approximately 34,000. 13
Nucleotide and amino acid sequence of SHARP
The complete sequence of Ag57 was determined by the chain termination method (9) . Ag57 contains an insert of 1165 bp and exhibits an open reading frame that is in
5. phase with . -galactosidase, because Ag57 produces a • ' large fused polypeptide, the reading frame shown in
Figure 2 is correct. In addition, all other possible reading frames are interrupted by multiple stop codons. The open reading frame of Ag57 extends from position 2
10 to 698 and is followed by a large 31 untranslated region and a poly A-tail.
Following an ATG-codon at position 35 there is a stretch of 13 predominantly hydrophobic residues (position 59-97) flanked 5' by a lysine and 3' by
15 aspartic acid residue. This sequence is typical of a signal peptide and so it is likely that the ATG at position 35 represents the start codon for the native protein. The εequence preceding this start codon is presumably non-coding, but is neverthelesε tranεlated
20 into the fused polypeptide in E.coli because it does not contain any nonsense codons in the same frame. Furthermore, this ATG marks a change in the base composition from 90% AT in the 5' region to 67% in the signal peptide region, a change typical of the start of
25 coding regions in P.falciparum.
The deduced amino acid sequence contains 2 blocks of tandemly repeated oligopeptides which encompaεs most of the coding region. The first block of repeats startε at poεition 203 with 3 tripeptideε (Ala-Hiε-Hiε) ,
30 followed by 14 hexapeptideε composed of
Ala-His-His-Ala-Ala-Aεn. Thiε repeat iε highly conεerved at the amino-acid level, but εilent 3rd baεe variation (T →- C) occurε at the second codon of 3 repeats. The 13th repeat of this block εhows a G ■*- A
35 14 transition in the 6th codon, replacing Asn by Asp, and this is followed by the last and highly degenerate hexapeptide-repeat of this block. After a stretch of 23 residueε containing one Hiε-HiεrAla εequence in the middle, a second block of repeats commences. It consists of pentapeptides with the consensus sequence of His-Hiε-Aεp-Gly-Ala. Repeats 1 and 3 of this block show variation of the 2nd (A →- G) and 3rd (T →- A) nucleotide of the fourth codon, replacing Gly by Asp. Two types of decapeptides encompaεεing pentapeptide repeats 1 to 4 can be distinguiεhed. The 8th and laεt pentapeptide repeat of this block is also degenerate and is followed by a termination codon 19 base pairs downstream.
The calculated molecular weight for the native .falciparum protein encoded by Ag57 commencing from the AUG is 21,108, which is considerably lower than the apparent molecular weight determined by immunoblotting (see Figure 1) . The actual discrepancy would be even greater if the signal peptide is removed as proposed. We believe that this discrepancy is due to anomalous binding of SDS to the extensive repetitive portions of this molecule. The discrepancy iε not due to recombination of the repeatε in E.coli because the distance between the Ahalll sites determined from the sequence of Ag57 is identical to the size of this Ahalll fragment observed by hybridization to genomic DNA (data not shown) . Ag57 codes for a protein which contains 30% histidine and 29% alanine. Analysis of internal homology within the amino acid sequence of the SHARP using the Protein Diagon program of Staden (10) clearly showed the two blocks of repeats which are highly related to each other (Figure 3A) . When the SHARP of P.falciparum waε compared to the 21K-HRP of P.lophurae (20) the high homology of theεe two proteinε from 15 different species of plasmodia was also evident (Figure 3B) .
Ill RESULTS - ARP - •'. '
Identification of ARP in an expresεion library ' ' conεtructed from mRNA of the Ghanaian isolate NF7.
We have described previously the isolation of a • number of cDNA clones expressing P.falciparum antigens by serological screening of an expression library (1) . , The library contained cDNA sequences 0.6-2.0kb in length, cloned in the vector λgtllAmp3(λ mp3) , derived from the Papua New Guinea isolate of P.falciparum FCQ27/PNG (FC27) . In order to maximize the chance of identifying new antigens by this approach, several minor but significant changeε were introduced. Firstly, a new cDNA library was constructed from a different isolate of P.falciparum, namely the Ghanaian isolate NF7. Secondly, because many antigens of P.falciparum are relatively large polypeptides, cDNA molecules >2.0kb in length were selected for cloning in λ Amp3. Thirdly, in order to maximize the chance of detecting weakly-positive clones, randomly selected clones were picked in triplicate into geometrically regular arrays before immunological; screening.
Fourthly, instead of using affinityZ-purified immune human sera (1, 17) or a single immune human sera (19) as before, a pool of 10 immune human sera from PNG adults was screened. From a total of 3500 recombinants that were picked into the primary unselected arrays, 103 gave positive reactions in colony immunoassays with this serum pool. These 103 colonies were repicked in triplicate into a single array on orie nitrocellulose filter (designated the NF7 array) . \ • . . 16 Human antibodies from a' pool of PNG sera were purified by binding to merozoites that had been fixed with glutaraldehyde and immobilized. The antibodies that bound to the fixed merozoites were then eluted and reacted with the array of aπtigen-expresεing colonies described above, and also with* randomly-selected colonies. One colony in the NF7 array, designated Ag319 (Fig.4A) reacted much more strongly than any others with these purified antibodies. I order to determine whether Ag319 was a sibling of any antigen-positive clones that have previously been isolated or whether it represented a new antigen, a .protein extract from Ag319 was immobilized on CNBr-actiyated Sepharose and uεed aε a εubεtrate for affinity-purification of human antibodieε from PNG εerum aε deεcribed elsewhere (8) . These purified antibodies were then reacted with the array of 103 colonies. The antibodies purified on Ag319 reacted with a total of 32 clones from this array (Fig.4B) . Surprisingly, theεe antibodieε did not react with any cloneε from the two arrayε that have been deεcribed previouεly, containing 78 (17) and 133 (19) cloneε reεpectively (data not εhown) . Hence it waε concluded that Ag319 represents an antigenic specificity that was not isolated previously. This result and other studies (dj ta not shown) demonstrate that the array of
104 clones' from NF7 indeed represents a rather different set of antigens.
Identification and localization of ARP
In order to identify the P.falciparum polypeptide represented by Ag319, the human antibodieε purified on immobilized Ag319 extract aε deεcribed above were uεed to probe immunoblots of polypeptides extracted from P.falciparv a iή^everal different ways. Despite the apparent specificity of theεe antibodieε in colony *
MbORIGINAL 17 immunoassays, in immunoblots or supernatants from saponin-lysed infected erythrocytes these antibodies reacted with a number of poorly defined bands ranging in size up to around Mr 220,000 (see Fig.5). These resultε εuggeεt that ARP is a large (>200 kDal) polypeptide that is degraded and/or processed in these extracts, but further details are unclear.
The human antibodies purified on Ag319 and a rabbit antiserum raised against the purified fused polypeptide from Ag319 were used in immunofluoreεcence aεsays, both on acetone-fixed εmearε and on preparationε lightly fixed with glutaraldehyde and air-dried. Both antiεera gave identical reεults. ARP was detectable by IFAT in acetone-methanol fixed intra-cellular parasites and free parasiteε. It waε also detectable on free parasiteε (merozoites) after glutaraldehyde fixation (Fig.6B) . Nucleotide and amino acid sequence of ARP
The 1.6 kb cDNA insert from Ag319 and fragments generated from it by digestion with Ahalll or Rsal were subcloned in the vectors Ml3 and mp8 and mp9 and sequenced by the dideoxy chain termination procedure (Fig.7).
The sequence of Ag319 shown translated in Figure 8 contains a εingle open reading frame that extends throughout the cDNA. The sequence exhibits a very high AT-content with 50% Adenine and 27% Thymidine in the coding strand. ARP contains 40% Aεparagine
The insert of Ag319 codes for a relatively hydrophilic polypeptide. Surprisingly, 40% of the
Ag319-polypeptide consistε of aεparagine and methionine iε alεo unusually abundant (7.6%). In the middle of the cDNA clone, commencing at position 803, there are 3 tetrapeptide (Asn-Asn-Asn-Met) and 4 octapeptide repeatε 18
(Aεn-Asn-Asn-Met-Aεn-Hiε-Asn-Met) . A further 5 repeatε with Asn-Aεn-Asn-Met are interspersed along the sequence. In addition there are 16 tetrapeptide units composed of Asn-Aεn-Asn and a fourth amino acid, namely lie (3x) , Glu (3x) , Thr (2x) , Lys (2x) , Asp (2x) , Asn (2x) Tyr (2x) , Gly (lx) and Phe (lx) . In total 29 tetrapeptide and 5 octapeptide repeatε that all have a high content of asparagine in common can be somewhat arbitrarily distinguished. We also noted two hexapeptide units located at positions 137-154 and 209-226 that are composed of Asn (or
Asp)-Met-Asn-Aεn-Ser-Aεn. A computer analysiε on the protein εequence of Ag319 uεing the Diagon program of Staden (10) clearly εhows the block of repeats and the high degree of homology with the other tetrapeptide units (Fig.9). Genomic organiεation of ARP
DNA from 5 P.falciparum iεolateε (FC27, IMR143, IMR144 and MAD71 from Papua New Guinea and NF7 from Ghana) were cleaved with Ahalll and Rεal, εize-fractionated on 1% agarose, blotted to nitrocellulose and hybridized with the Ag319 probe. The resultε (data not εhown) indicate that ARP doeε not exhibit reεtriction fragment polymorphiεmε like those observed for a number of other cloned P.falciparum antigens (18). The Ag319 probe hybridized to a 0.75 kb Ahalll and to 3.5 and 1.4 kb Rsal-fragments, in accord with the restriction map of Ag319 (Figure 7) . As the Ag319 inεert waε unstable in M13, resulting in deletions of up to 1.5 kb, these reεultε εuggeεt that few if any repeatε have been deleted from Ag319. The block of 3 tetra- and 4 octapeptide repeats is located within a 680 bp Ahalll fragment, which is close to the size of the chromosomal fragment meaεured by Southern blotting. This finding is important as it has been shown that approximately 100 repeats were deleted from a chromosomal clone encoding the S-antigen of P.falciparum isolate FC27 (21) . IV RESULTS - MESA
Ag7 encodes an antigen that undergoes processing.
We have described previously a method for isolation of Escherichia coli clones expressing Plasmodium falciparum antigenε (1) . Seventy-eight antigen positive clones were selected by screening with human antibodies affinity purified by adsorption to proteins from sonicated parasites (17). One clone, designated Ag7, that was selected for further characterisation is described here. Bacteria lysogenic for Ag7 were grown in liquid culture, heat induced to maximize expreεεion, lyεed and proteins from the lysate were coupled to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose (8) . This reagent was used to affinity purify antibodies specifically reactive with Ag7 from human sera. Such antibodies were reacted with ummunoblots of lysates from in vitro culture-derived synchronized P.falciparum parasites (Fig.lOA). The major polypeptide detected by these antibodies in mature trophozoiteε and εchizonts was apparently greater than 250 kilodaltons in size, although there were no accurate markers in this extreme range. Two smaller polypeptides, of approximate sizes 86 and 82Kd, were also detected. The 250Kd band was not present in merozoites but a complex of bands of smaller size with a prominent doublet at 125 and 115Kd waε εeen. There waε virtually no reactive material detectable in ring εtageε. We conclude that MESA iε preεent in mature εtage paraεiteε aε a high molecular weight precursor that is specifically processed further to several products in the merozoite and degraded in 20 ring stageε. Examination of εupernatantε from εynchronized cultures demonstrated the presence of these processed fragments at the time of schizont rupture (data not shown) .
Ag7 encodes two distinct determinants
Ag7 does not produce an abundant fused polypeptide detectable by Coomasεie blue staining (17) . Clones expressing abundant fused polypeptides were generated by fragmenting and recloning the Ag7 insert. When purified cDNA was prepared from the clone Ag7 two inserts were found to be present, as had been found for εeveral other cloneε in thiε library (17) . The expressing insert waε therefore identified by recloning each inεert separately into Amp3 and detecting expression in a colony immunoasεay using the affinity-purified anti Ag7 antibodies. This insert was randomly fragmented by sonication, EcoRI linkers were added to the fragments and they were recloned by ligation into λAmp3. The resulting clones were screened for expreεsion with anti Ag7 antibodies in a colony immunoassay. Three cloneε deεignated Ag651, 652 and 653 were εelected becauεe they showed differing degrees of reactivity, and used to prepare affinity reagents for purification of human antibodies. The reactivity of these three antibody preparations in a colony immunoasεay iε εhown in Table 1. All antibodieε reacted with the parent clone Ag7 but antibodieε prepared on clones 651 and 653 did not croεs react significantly, demonstrating that Ag7 encompasεeε two diεtinct determinantε. 21
TABLE 1 Antibodies purified against affinity absorbantε of the clone.
Ag7 Ag651 Ag652 Ag653
Reaction in a colony Ag7 + + + + immunoassay Ag651 + + + - againεt a Ag652 + + + + target clone Ag653 + — + +
Ag7 encodes a variable antigen
Antibodies prepared against subclone Ag651 were uεed to probe immunoblots of lysateε of aεynchronouεly grown P.falciparum proteinε (Fig.lOB). Strong reactivity againεt the 250 kd protein waε εeen in . isolates FC27 and NF7 but reactivity against VI and Kl isolates was very much weaker. As well as the differences in intensity, there were also εlight differenceε in εize of theεe large polypeptideε. When antibodieε prepared againεt εubclone Ag653 were uεed to probe duplicate immunoblotε a 250Kd band that varied in intensity as above was seen. However, a set of smaller fragments reacted with similar intensity in each isolate. Thus one determinant encoded by Ag7 existε in at leaεt two diεtinct antigenic for ε. Several other large polypeptides alεo reacted and εo it iε poεεible that the Ag653 determinant may be εhared with several other proteins. If so, this cross reactivity is overεhadowed by the dominant reaction with the determinant encoded by Ag651. 22
The nucleotide sequence of Ag7 includeε tandem repeats.
The cDNA segment expressing Ag7 was εelected aε outlined above, purified and εubcloned into M13 vectorε. The εequence of 681 nucleotideε containε an uninterrupted open reading frame commencing at nucleotide 3 (Fig.11) . Thiε frame however is out of phaεe with β-galactosidaεe, preventing εynthesis of a large fused polypeptide. There are 17 exact copies of an lδmer GAA ACT GGT GAA TCT AAG that encodes a repeated hexapeptide Glu Thr Gly Glu Ser Lys. The remaining 124 amino acids flanking the repeat region at the 3' end contain 63 (52%) charged residueε. Scattered throughout thiε εeg ent are short regions of related sequence centered round a Glu Glu dipeptide (Table 2) . The Ag7 subcloneε Ag651-Ag652 were εequenced to determine their endpointε in relation to thiε sequence (Fig.11). Ag651
__ which encodes a strain specific dominant epitope is composed entirely of the exactly repeated hexapeptide. A synthetic oligopeptide composed of 2 repeatε, of the εequence:
Tyr Thr Gly Glu Ser Lyε Glu Thr Gly Glu Ser Lyε Glu bound human antibodies in a radioimmunoasεay, confirming that the determinant iε compoεed of repeats. It is not poεεible to map the determinant encoded by Ag653 as exactly because this clone overlaps the entire 124 amino acid highly charged flanking region.
23
TABLE 2
•
Position
Tyr Glu Glu Thr Lys Tyr 321 - 338
Thr Glu Glu Ser Lys Asp 384 - 401
Ser Glu Glu Thr Lys Lys 465 - 482
Ser Glu Glu Thr Lys Asp 606 - 623
Glu Glu Asn Glu 495 - 506, 633 - 644
Glu Glu Asn Gly 582 - 593
Glu Glu Asn Glu 630 - 641
Glu Glu Val 369 - 377, 522 - 530
Glu Asn Ser 432 - 440, 441 - 449, 546 - 554
Genomic arrangement of Ag7
Genomic DNA of FC27, Kl and NF7 was restricted with either EcoRI or Hindlll, size fractionated by ag'arose gel electrophoreεiε and tranεferred to nitrocellulose. When hybridized with labelled Ag7 cDNA and washed at moderate stringency, a single band was seen in each track (Fig.12) . Although the sizeε of the bands varied considerably, the intensity of hybridization was the same for FC27 and Kl (Fig.12) , as well as VI (data not shown) . This εuggeεtε that there are repeatε present in all strains.
We have previously reported that the variation in the size of the Ag7 EcoRI fragments may be used as a strain marker (18) . The observation that equal numbers of bands are εeen in every iεolate but vary conεiderably in εize, when examined with four εeparate enzymes suggeεted that all iεolateε are homozygous for this highly polymorphic gene, and so we conclude that the 24 genome of P.falciparum is haploid in the blood stages (18). The technique of pulsed field gradient electrophoresiε now allowε direct visualization of P.falciparum chromosomeε (16) and Ag7 can be mapped to two chromosomes, designated 5 and 6 (Fig.12) . This suggests that there are two exact copies of Ag7 with conserved flanking sequences, even though it appears homozygous. Aε this paradoxical result was obtained with several other probes, it seems that chromosomes 5 and 6 are exact although incomplete copies of each other (11).
Localization of Ag7
FC27 and VI parasites taken from asynchronouε in vitro culture were acetone fixed to microscope εlideε and examined by indirect immunofluoreεcence. Human anti-Ag651 antibodieε were used to minimize the effect of cross-reactivity to other proteins. The highest dilution of anti-Ag651 antibodies required to give a reaction in immunofluorescence waε approximately 10-fold greater with FC27 compared with VI (data not εhown) . However, the pattern of reactivity to the intra-cellular paraεite was similar in both isolates.
Staining of the parasite itself within infected erythrocytes increased progressively from the late ring-stageε, through trophozoiteε to εchizontε (Fig.13). A diffuse staining of the whole erythrocyte waε aεsociated with parasites containing pigment and was more intense in FC27 at a given antibody dilution.
The localization of Ag7 was also examined using Protein-A immunoeleetronmicroscopy. FC27 parasites derived from asynchronouε cultures were examined with anti-Ag7 antibodies. Ag7 was detected at the membrane of erythrocytes infected with both trophozoites and schizonts and in membrane lined vesicles -in the red cell cytoplasm (Fig.14) . Ag7 was also detected in some sections associated with the limiting membrane of the intraerythrocytic parasite (data nob shown) . In contrast, the membranes of ring-infected erythrocytes were not labelled, nor were the ring-stage parasites themselves. An antigen associated with the membrane of erythrocytes infected with ring stages, (ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen,. RESA) has previously been described. A location at the erythrocyte surface, similar to that found for RESA but in erythrocytes infected with more mature stages of the parasite leads us to adoption of Mature-parasite-infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen (MESA) as a name for the present antigen.
A full description of the preparation of recombinant DNA molecules, and of recombinant DNA cloning vehicles and vectors, of host cell-cloning vehicle combinations, and of the expression of polypeptides by host cells is contained in International Patent Specification No. PCT/AU84/00016. This specification also describes in detail the use of DNA molecules and polypeptides expressed thereby in serological diagnosis, and in the preparation of single and multivalent vaccines for stimulating protective antibodies against Plasmodia. That description is equally applicable to the present invention and is incorporated herein by reference. 26
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21. Cowman, A.F., et al., (1985) Cell 40, 775 .
Figure imgf000029_0002
Figure imgf000029_0003

Claims

28 . . . CLAIMS :
1. A DNA molecule compriεing a nucleotide εequence εubεtantially correεponding to all or a portion of the baεe εequence coding for an antigen'of P.falciparum selected from the group conεiεting of the Small Hiεtidine-Alanine Rich Protein (SHARP.) , the Aεparagine Rich Protein (ARP) , the Mature-parasite- infected Erythrocyte Surface Antigen (MESA) antigenε, and other antigenε of P.falciparum cross-reactive therewith.
2. A DNA molecule according to claim 1, wherein said nucleotide sequence codes for a polypeptide of
P.falciparum which subεtantially correεpondε to the SHARP antigen of P.falciparum.
3. A DNA molecule according to claim 1, wherein εaid nucleotide εequence codes for a polypeptide of
P.falciparum which substantially corresponds to the ARP antigen of P.falciparum.
4. A DNA molecule according to claim 1, wherein said nucleotide εequence codes for a polypeptide of P.falciparum which substantially correspondε to the MESA antigen of P.falciparum.
5. A DNA molecule according to claim 1, wherein εaid nucleotide εequence iε characteriεed by at leaεt a portion thereof compriεing a baεe εequence εubεtantially
accc-_ξding to claim 1, wherein is characterised by at least a
Figure imgf000030_0001
29 portion thereof compriεing a base sequence subεtantially as shown in Figure 8.
7. A DNA molecule according to claim 1, wherein said nucleotide sequence is characterised by at least a portion thereof comprising a baεe εequence εubstantially as shown in Figure 11.
8. A DNA molecule comprising a nucleotide sequence capable of being expressed as at least one polypeptide displaying the antigenicity of an antigen of P.falciparum selected from the group conεiεting of the SHARP antigen, the ARP antigen, the MESA antigen, and other antigenε of P.falciparum croεε-reactive therewith.
9. A recombinant DNA molecule compriεing a nucleotide sequence according to any one of claims 1 to 8, operatively linked to an expresεioii control εequence.
10. A recombinant DNA cloning vehicle or vector capable of expressing all or a portion of at least one polypeptide or protein of P.falciparum, and having inserted therein a nucleotide sequence according to any
Figure imgf000031_0001
accor ng to cla m 10, character se n t at sa nucleotide sequence and εaid expression control sequence are inserted into a bacteriophage.
12. A recombinant DNA cloning vehicle or vector according to claim 11, characterised in that said bacteriophage is bacteriophage Amp 3. 30
13. A host cell containing a recombinant DNA molecule according to claim 9, or a recombinant DNA cloning vehicle or vector according to claim. lθ.
14. A synthetic peptide or polypeptide' .displaying the antigenicity of all or a portion of an antigen of P.falciparum selected from the group consiεting of the SHARP antigen, the ARP antigen, the MESA antigen, and other antigenε of P.falciparum croεs-reactive therewith.
15. A synthetic peptide or polypeptide according to claim 14, characteriεed in that it diεplays the antigenicity of all or a portion of the SHAR antigen of P.falciparum.
16. A synthetic peptide or polypeptide according to claim 14, characterised in that it displayε the antigenicity of all or a portion of the ARP antigen of P.falciparum.
17. A εynthetic peptide or polypeptide according to claim 14, characteriεed in that it diεplayε the antigenicity of all or a portion of the MESA antigen of .falciparum.
Figure imgf000032_0001
SHARP antigen, the ARP antigen, the MESA antigen, and other antigenε of P.falciparum cross-reactive therewith as the C-terminal sequence, and an additional
Figure imgf000032_0002
31
19. A fuεed polypeptide according to claim 18, wherein the additional polypeptide is a polypeptide coded for by the DNA of a recombinant DNA cloning vehicle or vector.
20. A composition for stimulating immune responses against P.falciparum antigens in a mammal, comprising at least one polypeptide displaying the antigenicity of an antigen of P.falciparum εelected from the group conεiεting of the SHARP antigen, the ARP antigen, the MESA antigen, and other antigenε of P.falciparum croεε-reactive therewith, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier therefor.
21. A compoεition according to claim 20, further compriεing an adjuvant.
22. A method of stimulating immune responses against P.falciparum antigens in a mammal, which compriseε administering a composition according to claim 20 or claim 21 to said mammal.
PCT/AU1986/000092 1985-04-11 1986-04-11 Highly repetitive antigens of plasmodium falciparum WO1986006075A1 (en)

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EP0588122A1 (en) * 1992-09-11 1994-03-23 Becton, Dickinson and Company Improved antibodies to plasmodium falciparum
US7438917B2 (en) * 1991-02-05 2008-10-21 Institut Pasteur Peptide sequences specific for the hepatic stages of P. falciparum bearing epitopes capable of stimulating the T lymphocytes
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US7438917B2 (en) * 1991-02-05 2008-10-21 Institut Pasteur Peptide sequences specific for the hepatic stages of P. falciparum bearing epitopes capable of stimulating the T lymphocytes
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EP3984551A1 (en) * 2011-12-02 2022-04-20 Rhode Island Hospital Vaccine for falciparum malaria
US11554165B2 (en) 2011-12-02 2023-01-17 Rhode Island Hospital Vaccine for falciparum malaria

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