WO1986003518A1 - PROCESS FOR PRODUCING FATTY ACIDS, PARTICULARLY gamma-LINOLENIC ACID FROM TETRAHYMENA, PRODUCTS OBTAINED THEREBY AND MEDICINAL OR ALIMENTARY PREPARATION CONTAINING gamma-LINOLENIC ACID OR DERIVATIVES THEREOF AS PLATELET ANTI-AGGREGATION AGENT - Google Patents
PROCESS FOR PRODUCING FATTY ACIDS, PARTICULARLY gamma-LINOLENIC ACID FROM TETRAHYMENA, PRODUCTS OBTAINED THEREBY AND MEDICINAL OR ALIMENTARY PREPARATION CONTAINING gamma-LINOLENIC ACID OR DERIVATIVES THEREOF AS PLATELET ANTI-AGGREGATION AGENT Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1986003518A1 WO1986003518A1 PCT/BE1985/000020 BE8500020W WO8603518A1 WO 1986003518 A1 WO1986003518 A1 WO 1986003518A1 BE 8500020 W BE8500020 W BE 8500020W WO 8603518 A1 WO8603518 A1 WO 8603518A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- linolenic acid
- acid
- tetrahymena
- fatty acids
- aggregation
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/64—Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats
- C12P7/6409—Fatty acids
- C12P7/6427—Polyunsaturated fatty acids [PUFA], i.e. having two or more double bonds in their backbone
- C12P7/6431—Linoleic acids [18:2[n-6]]
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/115—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof; Fats or oils
- A23L33/12—Fatty acids or derivatives thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
- A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
- A61K31/20—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms, e.g. stearic, palmitic, arachidic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/64—Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats
- C12P7/6436—Fatty acid esters
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/64—Fats; Fatty oils; Ester-type waxes; Higher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl group; Oxidised oils or fats
- C12P7/6436—Fatty acid esters
- C12P7/6445—Glycerides
- C12P7/6472—Glycerides containing polyunsaturated fatty acid [PUFA] residues, i.e. having two or more double bonds in their backbone
Definitions
- prostaglandins have predominantly dietary precursors and therefore fortuitous.
- the aim of the present invention is to find a way to neutralize the dangerous effects of 1 'aci' arachidonic whose excess can be responsible for irreversible platelet aggregation and therefore tromboses vascular and stroke.
- the object of the invention can be achieved by a process characterized in that it comprises at least the stages of production of the Tetrahymena ciliated protozoa in an adequate medium and the extraction of total fatty acids of said Tetrahymena. These fatty acids do not contain any toxic individuals and can be easily identified and measured.
- Tetrahymena fatty acids are characterized by their richness in 7-linolenic or cis-6,9,12- octadecatrienoic acid which constitutes, depending on the strains and the culture conditions, 20 to 45% by weight of the total fatty acids and by the presence , among others, oleic and cilienic acids which constitute, respectively and according to the strains and the culture conditions, 1 to 15% and 1 to 10% by weight of the total fatty acids.
- linolenic acid alone, has a relatively less anti-platelet aggregation effect
- Tetrahymena oil is harmless: this oil can constitute a food or a food additive whose anti-aggregating action is thus opposed to that, always dangerous in the long run, of "medicated" anti-aggregating agents. , such as aspirin and corticosteroids.
- Said medicinal or food preparations may contain either directly the product, qualified as extraction of Tetrahymena oil, or one or more of : s constituents of this oil, namely at least 7 -linolenic acid or a derivative of '' and possibly other constituents exerting an anti-platelet aggregation effect or other effects.
- fatty acids can be used in the form of derivatives, such as fatty acid esters, in particular methyl esters.
- compositions according to the invention generally contain at least 30% by weight of 7-linolenic acid or the equivalent of its derivatives and possibly of adjuvant substances.
- compositions according to the invention can be administered in human medicine orally in dosage units containing more than 20% by weight of -linolenic acid or the equivalent of its derivatives, with a non-toxic support acceptable in pharmacies.
- the pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention can be administered one to several times a day, at appropriate intervals, but always according to the condition of the patient and according to the prescriptions of the doctor.
- the appropriate daily dose of the compositions according to the invention generally ranges from 20 mg to 150 mg per kg of bodyweight.
- the active part of the air filters is a sintered stainless steel cartridge with a thickness of 2 mm.
- the sterile air is introduced at the base of the fermen ⁇ tors via a rotary sparger secured to the shaker shaft ( Figure 32).
- Fermenters are equipped with automatic regulation, recording and digital display systems for pH, temperature and stirring speed (depending on the concentration of dissolved O2).
- a computer Hewlett-Packard 9826; printer: Hewlett-Packard 2671G; Interface; Hewlett-Packard 6942A Multiprogram
- the pH is measured by a pH meter (Tacussel) connected to a sterilizable probe (Ingold) pres ⁇ sure with compressed air. Buffers, at pH 4 and 7, are used for calibration.
- solutions of H2SO42N connected to the fermenters via variable speed peristaltic pumps.
- the dissolved O2 is measured by "a sterilizable galvanic probe (Biolafitte, model
- a liquid container of anti-foam (Antifoam Emulsion, Sigma No. A.5758) is connected to fermenter 100 liters via a peristaltic pump which starts to operate as soon as the foam comes into contact with an electrode adjustable in height.
- the anti-foaming liquid is added mechanically.
- a device (Funda) fixed on the upper stage of the 20 liter fermenter, ensures the pumping and breaking of the foams thanks to its rotating discs. _,
- the media are sterilized by autoclaving at 110-115 ° C for 30 minutes.
- skim milk powder of 1% (w / v) each.
- the starting pH is fixed at around 5.5 by H2SO4, it initially decreases slightly probably as a result of the increase in the CO2 concentration at the start of growth, then increases rapidly to reach the value 7 where it will be fixed by automatic pumping of H2S042N.
- the yield compared to lactose considering that the milk powder contains 50% lac ⁇ tose is 40.1%.
- the incubation of a plasma enriched in platelets, with an inhibitor of one and / or the other of the two aggregation phases, modifies the platelet response to the aggregating agent: the fact is detected at 1 aggregometer.
- An anti-aggregant inhibiting the second phase of aggregation for example, attenuates or decreases, during an in vitro test, the response to collagen and the second curve of the response to ADP.
- the platelet aggregation is monitored, at 25 ⁇ 2 ° C, with a Born Aggregometer MK.III device (from the Pharmacological-Research, Department of Pharmacology, Royal College of Surgeons, London - England) to which is connected a Perkin-Elmer Recor ⁇ der 56 recorder.
- a monochromatic light ray of 640 nm passes through a silicone glass bowl (10 x 75 mm) containing 1 ml of blood plasma enriched in platelets (PRP).
- PRP blood plasma enriched in platelets
- a small magnetic bar covered with poly- ethylene and performing 1150 revolutions / minute, ensures the agi ⁇ tation of the plasma in the bowl.
- PRP represents 0% optical transmission and a plasma low in platelets (PPP) represents 100% transmission.
- the addition of an aggregating agent (ADP or collagen) to PRP is followed by a variation in optical transmission. This variation is recorded for 6 minutes, in accordance with the conventional operating mode.
- PRP and PPP all the utensils used are made of silicone glass or plastic.
- the blood is taken from citrate: 1 volume of 3.8% citrate (weight / volume) in distilled water for 9 volumes of blood.
- the PRP is obtained by centrifuging the blood at 300 g for 9 minutes.
- the platelets of the supernatant are counted using a coulter counter (model ZF, orifice of the electrode 70 microns) and if the number is greater than 300,000 platelets / mm ⁇ , it is adjusted to this value by dilution with PPP.
- the PPP is obtained by centrifuging the blood at 2000 g for 10 minutes.
- the PRP and PPP are kept at laboratory temperature during the analysis.
- Collagen (Stago) is diluted with Micha ' ⁇ lis buffer to a concentration of 400 ⁇ g / ml. Incubate in a water bath at 37 ° C for 10 minutes to polymerize the collagen.
- the ADP and collagen solutions are stored in the melting ice during the analysis.
- this test is repeated at regular intervals (2 to 4 times) during the analysis.
- the results of the collagen aggregation are expressed by the aggregation at 6 minutes from the single aggregation wave B obtained;
- the results will be expressed by the maximum aggregation of the first wave A and by the 6-minute aggregation of the second wave B.
- the two waves are not separated in time and the results have been expressed by the intensity of the aggregation at 6 minutes.
- the aggregation in first or second phase represents the difference in optical transmission between the PRP (0%) and respectively the highest point of wave A and the point reached at the 6th minute for wave B.
- normal responses means the results recorded in the presence of an aggregator, but in the absence of the substance to be tested.
- the "blank” tests carried out at regular intervals during the analysis, allow us to calculate the "normal” response of each blood donor.
- the aggregation obtained with the same aggregating agent, but in the presence of one of the products tested, is compared to that of the normal response.
- the following example illustrates our calculation method: for the first blood donor, two "blank" tests with 40 ⁇ g of collagen / ml of PRP provided aggregations at 6 minutes, respectively 81.7%
- This value is greater than E and is therefore significant.
- Table 2 provides, for each blood donor, the platelet concentration in PRP and the "normal responses" (with E values) to collagen (40 ⁇ g / ml) and ADP (0.25 ⁇ g / ml).
- methyl y-linolenate is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation and preferentially inhibits the second wave of aggregation at ADP or the unique B collagen aggregation wave.
- inhibition of the second wave of ADP aggregation is present in four PRPs (out of the five tested) and the average is around 55%.
- Inhibition of the first wave of aggregation is present, but weakly, in two PRPs, and is not significant in the other two. It could not be measured in the fifth (donor 2).
- the average (in four PRPs) is very insignificant and is around 10%.
- the ADP aggregation tests show that the second wave of aggregation is inhibited, on average (for the two PRPs tested) by about 65% and the first wave is inhibited about 29%.
- dihomo- ⁇ -linolenic (from 7 -linolenic) is faster than its transformation into arachidonic and an equilibrium (dynamic), characterized by an increase in the ratio of dihomo-7-linolenic / arachidonic concentrations , installs in .the ⁇ - plates.
- the concentration of 7 -linolenic acid and the time required to reach this balance vary from subject to subject. It is possible that this concentration may be less than 1 mg / ml, which would explain the similar responses observed with the concentrations of 1 and 6 mg / ml. Likewise, the equilibrium in question, which supposes a significant reduction in the amount of arachidonic acid present in the plates, does not however completely eliminate this acid. This would prevent total inhibition of the aggregation.
- Vitamin E By mixing a rich source of 7-linolenic acid (or 7-linolenic acid itself) with vitamin E in food, the antiagregant power of this source is increased. Vitamin E also has another role in the mixture: to prevent, as an antioxidant, the degradation of unsaturated acids including, above all, 7-linolenic.
- the inhibition reached an average of 54%, - but for two PRPs (donors 5 and 6), it was greater than 80% (see figures) at concentrations greater than 575 ⁇ g / ml, the inhibition is, on average, greater than 70%.
- the inhibition of the first wave of aggregation is, on average, only significant from concentrations above 230 ⁇ g / ml where it reaches around 15% .
- Inhibition of the second wave of ADP aggregation reaches approximately 30% at 57.5 ⁇ g / ml, approximately 50% at 115 ⁇ g / ml and becomes greater than 70% from 575 ⁇ g / ml .
- the inhibition mainly affects wave B (irreversible) and that a fatty acid concentration greater than 230 ⁇ g / ml must be exceeded to detect significant inhibition of the first aggregation wave.
- the mixture of fatty acids of T. rostrata contains (by weight) about 30% 7 -linolenic acid and about 10% oleic acid. These two acids, taken separately, have only very weak inhibitions compared to the mixture of fatty acids of Tetrahymena and the simple summation of these three inhibitions in pairs (taking into account, * for example, the respective contents and results tables 2 and 3) cannot, in any case, explain the powerful anti-aggregating power of the mixture ge. To try to explain this power, several hypo-
- oleic acid is a cyclooxygenase inhibitor: it binds to the enzyme without being a substrate of it.
- Dihomo-7-linolenic and arachidonic acids are, by contrast, substrates.
- concentration of each of them as well as the respective affinities of the enzyme determine the acid which will preferably be fixed. It can be assumed that the affinity of the cyclooxygenase for the dihomo- ⁇ -linolenic is the most , important and that the competition, in the presence of the three acids, is mainly between arachidonic and oleic.
- the antiagregant effect due to the increase in dihomo-7-linolenic acid would be augmented by another antiagregant effect: that due to the inhibition by oleic acid of the binding of arachidonic acid to cyclooxygenase.
- the possible intervention of cilienic acid would have an identical or analogous explanation.
- Tetra ⁇ hymena fatty acids constitutes in itself a powerful antiagre- glove. Its power far exceeds those of ' acids
- N.S. non-significant values based on the values of E in Table 1.
- M average of the values (non-significant values are considered to be zero). M is not significant if it is less than or equal to the average of E.
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Abstract
The process for producing fatty acids is characterized in that it comprises at least the following steps: production of ciliated protozan tetrahymena in an appropriate nutricious medium and-extraction of total fatty acids of tetrahymena. The invention also relates to total fatty acids thus obtained, as well as to the gamma-linolenic acid or the dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and their derivatives as well as to medicinal or alimentary preparations containing them as platelet anti-aggregation agent or anti-thrombotic agent.
Description
PROCÉDÉ DE PRODUCTION D'ACIDES GRAS, EN PARTICULIER D'ACIDE 7-LINOLÉNIQUE Â PARTIR DE TETRAHYMENA, PRODUITS PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FATTY ACIDS, ESPECIALLY 7-LINOLENIC ACID FROM TETRAHYMENA, PRODUCTS
OBTENUS ET PRÉPARATION MÉDICAMENTEUSE'. OU ALIMENTAIREOBTAINED AND MEDICINAL PREPARATION '. OR FOOD
CONTENANT DE L'ACIDE γ-LINOLÉNIQUE OU SES DÉRIVES EN TANT QU'AGENT ANTI-AGREGATION PLAQUETTAIRE.CONTAINING γ-LINOLENIC ACID OR DERIVATIVES THEREOF AS ANTI-PLATELET AGGREGATION AGENT.
La présente invention repose- sur une étude appro¬ fondie de la biochimie et du métabolisme des postaglan- dines chez les vertébrés superieurs-dont 1'Homme-qui a conduit à admettre la possibilité du caractère non phy- siologiques des prostaglandines. Celles-ci semblent n'avoir aucun rôle spécifique; elles agiraient principa¬ lement par un mimétisme inutile des hormones protidiques et certaines d'entre elles sont même dangereuses pour l'organisme, notamment la plupart de celles issues de l'acide arachidonique, dont surtout les endoperoxydes PGG2 et PGH2 et la thromboxane Tx 2» un de leurs métabo- lites, responsable d'une agrégation plaquettaire irré¬ versible.The present invention is based on an in-depth study of the biochemistry and metabolism of postaglanins in superior vertebrates - including humans - which has led to admitting the possibility of the nonphysiological nature of prostaglandins. These seem to have no specific role; they act mainly by an unnecessary mimicry of the protein hormones and some of them are even dangerous for the body, especially most of those from arachidonic acid, including especially the endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2 and thromboxane Tx 2 One of their metabolites, responsible for irreversible platelet aggregation.
Or, les prostaglandines ont des précurseurs es- sentiellement alimentaires et donc fortuits. On peut, en principe, régler leur présence qualitative et quantita¬ tive dans 1 'organisme par la seule alimentation. L'ab¬ sence d'acide arachidonique dans l'alimentation pourrait ainsi, théoriquement, empêcher la présence des prosta- glandines dangereuses, et de leurs produits d'accom¬ pagnement.However, prostaglandins have predominantly dietary precursors and therefore fortuitous. One can, in principle, regulate their qualitative and quantitative presence in one organism by food alone. The absence of arachidonic acid in the diet could thus theoretically prevent the presence of dangerous prostaglandins and their accompanying products.
Cependant, l'on observe que l'acide linoléique ou cis-9, 12-octadécadiènoïque est lui-même transformé par l'organisme en acide arachidonique. Or, quel que soit le régime alimentaire envisagé, il est pratiquement impos¬ sible d'en éliminer toute trace d'acide linoléique, qui est d'ailleurs un acide gras "essentiel".However, we observe that linoleic acid or cis-9, 12-octadecadienoic acid is itself transformed by the body into arachidonic acid. However, whatever the diet envisaged, it is practically impossible to eliminate any trace of linoleic acid, which is also an "essential" fatty acid.
Le but poursuivi par la présente invention est donc de chercher un moyen de neutraliser les dangereux effets de 1 'aci'de arachidonique, dont un excès peut être responsable d'agrégations plaquettaires irréversibles et donc de tromboses vasculaires et d'infarctus.
Les expériences de WILLIS et coll. - Prostaglan-So the aim of the present invention is to find a way to neutralize the dangerous effects of 1 'aci' arachidonic whose excess can be responsible for irreversible platelet aggregation and therefore tromboses vascular and stroke. The experiences of WILLIS et al. - Prostaglan-
-dins, VIII, 509, 1974, avaient montré, chez le rat Wis- tar et chez le lapin New Zealand (mais non chez l'Hom¬ me), qu'un régime exempt d'acide arachidonique et riche en acide dihomo-7-linolénique ou cis-8, 11,14-eicosatriè- noïque empêche l'agrégation plaquettaire. Malheureuse¬ ment, ce dernier acide gras est extrêmement rare dans la nature et sa synthèse elle-même est difficile et très coûteuse (Samuelsson, dans Lipid Metabolism, ev. akil, S.J., Acad. Press, New York, London, p.131, 1970).-dins, VIII, 509, 1974, had shown, in the Wisar rat and in the New Zealand rabbit (but not in the Man), that a diet free of arachidonic acid and rich in dihomo- 7-linolenic or cis-8,11,14-eicosatriene noic prevents platelet aggregation. Unfortunately, the latter fatty acid is extremely rare in nature and its synthesis itself is difficult and very costly (Samuelsson, in Lipid Metabolism, ev. Akil, SJ, Acad. Press, New York, London, p.131 , 1970).
Il est apparu que le but visé par l'invention peut être atteint par un procédé caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte au moins les étapes de production des protozo¬ aires ciliés Tetrahymena dans un milieu adéquat et l'ex- traction des acides gras totaux desdits Tetrahymena. Ces acides gras ne contiennent aucun individu toxique et peuvent être facilement identifiés et dosés.It appeared that the object of the invention can be achieved by a process characterized in that it comprises at least the stages of production of the Tetrahymena ciliated protozoa in an adequate medium and the extraction of total fatty acids of said Tetrahymena. These fatty acids do not contain any toxic individuals and can be easily identified and measured.
Les acides gras de Tetrahymena sont caractérisés par leur richesse en acide 7-linolénique ou cis-6,9,12- octadécatriénoïque qui constitue, selon les souches et les conditions de culture 20 à 45% en poids des acides gras totaux et par la présence, entre autres, des acides olêique et ciliénique qui constituent, respectivement et selon les souches et les conditions de culture, 1 à 15% et 1 à 10% en poids des acides gras totaux.Tetrahymena fatty acids are characterized by their richness in 7-linolenic or cis-6,9,12- octadecatrienoic acid which constitutes, depending on the strains and the culture conditions, 20 to 45% by weight of the total fatty acids and by the presence , among others, oleic and cilienic acids which constitute, respectively and according to the strains and the culture conditions, 1 to 15% and 1 to 10% by weight of the total fatty acids.
L'hydrolyse acide des cellules de Tetrahymena, suivie d'une saponification, d'un élimination des 1'in- saponifiable et d'un acidification, permet d'obtenir une huile légèrement jaunâtre qualifiée de "huile de Tetra- hymena" dont les propriétés d'anti-agrégation plaquet¬ taire ont été testées et quantifiées sur une série de plasmas humains de sujets jeunes (de 25 à 35 ans) du sexe masculin.The acid hydrolysis of Tetrahymena cells, followed by saponification, elimination of the non-saponifiable and acidification, makes it possible to obtain a slightly yellowish oil qualified as "Tetrahymena oil" whose anti-platelet aggregation properties were tested and quantified on a series of human plasmas from young subjects (25 to 35 years old) of the male sex.
Les résultats ont montré que cette "huile de Tetrahymena" est effectivement un agent d'anti-agréga¬ tion plaquettaire très actif.The results have shown that this "Tetrahymena oil" is indeed a very active anti-aggregation agent.
De même, 1'acide -linolénique, seul, présente un
effet d'anti-agrégation plaquettaire relativement moinsLikewise, linolenic acid, alone, has a relatively less anti-platelet aggregation effect
'puissant que celui du "l'huile de Tetrahymena" dont il constitue l'élément principal sur le plan quantatif. ' powerful than that of "Tetrahymena oil" of which it constitutes the main element quantitatively.
Le mécanisme de cet effet anti-agrégant de l'aci- de 7-ϋnolénique, n'a pas encore été élucidé. A titre d'hypothèse, l'acideΥ -linolénique agit en se transfor¬ mant instantanément en acide dihomo- -linolénique, dont l'effet antiagrêgant est connu. Ou bien il intervient lui-même directement dans les synthèses de protaglondi-The mechanism of this anti-aggregating effect of 7-oleolenic acid has not yet been elucidated. By way of hypothesis, lin-linolenic acid acts by instantly transforming into dihomo- -linolenic acid, the antiaggregating effect of which is known. Or he intervenes himself directly in the syntheses of protaglondi-
D'autre part, un certain effet de synergie est probablement obtenu par l'utilisation de l'acideOn the other hand, a certain synergistic effect is probably obtained by the use of the acid.
7 -linolénique avec d'autres acides gras contenus dans l'huile de Tetrahymena, vraisemblablement, l'acide olêique et/ou ciliénique.7 -linolenic with other fatty acids contained in Tetrahymena oil, probably oleic and / or cilienic acid.
Ceci expliquerait l'effet anti-agrégant plus puissant de l'huile de Tetrahymena.This would explain the more powerful anti-aggregating effect of Tetrahymena oil.
Il reste à souligner que l'huile de Tetrahymena est inoffensive: cette huile peut constituer un aliment ou un additif alimentaire dont l'action anti-agrêgante s'oppose ainsi à celle, toujours dangereuse à la longue, des anti-agrégants "médicamenteux", comme l'aspirine et les corticoïdes.It remains to emphasize that Tetrahymena oil is harmless: this oil can constitute a food or a food additive whose anti-aggregating action is thus opposed to that, always dangerous in the long run, of "medicated" anti-aggregating agents. , such as aspirin and corticosteroids.
Parmi les souches de Tetrahymena, dont on dispo- sait celle de T.rostrata a été préférée du fait qu'elle présente, dans le milieu lait écrémé-levure ou extrait de levure utilisé, la croissance la plus rapide.Among the strains of Tetrahymena, of which that of T. rostrata is available, was preferred because it exhibits the fastest growth in the skimmed milk-yeast medium or yeast extract medium used.
Selon l'invention, la production de Tetrahymena s'effectue en fermenteur. Le milieu de culture préféré est constitué de lait écrémé et de levure ou d'extrait de levure.According to the invention, the production of Tetrahymena is carried out in a fermenter. The preferred culture medium consists of skimmed milk and yeast or yeast extract.
Les conditions opératoires préférées pour une transposition à l'échelle industrielle sont : - pH = 5.5 à 7.0 - Température : fixée ou variable entre 25 et 30°C, avec chute éventuelle à des températures plus basses au début de la phase stationnaire de croissance.
- Concentration initiale en poudre de lait écrémé : 1 àThe preferred operating conditions for transposition to an industrial scale are: - pH = 5.5 to 7.0 - Temperature: fixed or variable between 25 and 30 ° C, with possible drop at lower temperatures at the start of the stationary growth phase. - Initial concentration in skim milk powder: 1 to
3% (poids/volume)3% (weight / volume)
- Concentration initiale en levure : 1 à 2,5% (poids/volume) - Concentration initiale en extrait de levure : 0,5 à 1%- Initial concentration in yeast: 1 to 2.5% (weight / volume) - Initial concentration in yeast extract: 0.5 to 1%
- Débit d'air stérile : 1 volu e/mihute/volume de milieu- Sterile air flow: 1 volu e / mihute / volume of medium
- Vitesses périphériques des turbines variables selon la concentration en O2 dissous. Cette vitesse est augmentée si la concentration en O2 dissous devient inférieure à 40% de sa valeur à la saturation ( fixée en absence de Tetrahymena) .- Peripheral speeds of turbines variable according to the concentration of dissolved O2. This speed is increased if the dissolved O2 concentration becomes less than 40% of its value at saturation (fixed in the absence of Tetrahymena).
L'invention concerne donc également les produits résultant du procédé précité et des préparations médica¬ menteuses ou alimentaires, notamment à usage diététique, contenant au moins de l'acide 7 -linolénique sous forme d'acide libre ou sous forme d'un dérivé notamment sous forme d'un ester, de préférence sous forme d'un ester mêthylique.The invention therefore also relates to the products resulting from the aforementioned process and to medicamentous or food preparations, in particular for dietetic use, containing at least 7 -linolenic acid in the form of free acid or in the form of a derivative in particular in the form of an ester, preferably in the form of a methyl ester.
Lesdites préparations médicamenteuses ou alimen- taires peuvent contenir soit directement le produit, d'extraction qualifié d'huile de Tetrahymena, soit un ou plusieurs de:s constituants de cette huile, à savoir au moins l'acide 7 -linolénique ou un dérivé de'celui-ci et éventuellement d'autres constituants exerçant un effet antiagrégation plaquettaire ou d'autres effets.Said medicinal or food preparations may contain either directly the product, qualified as extraction of Tetrahymena oil, or one or more of : s constituents of this oil, namely at least 7 -linolenic acid or a derivative of '' and possibly other constituents exerting an anti-platelet aggregation effect or other effects.
On entend par dérivé de l'acide 7-linolénique également l'acide dihomo-7-linolénique et ses esters.The term 7-linolenic acid derivative is also understood to mean dihomo-7-linolenic acid and its esters.
L'intégralité des différents acides gras peuvent être utilisés sous forme de dérivés, tels que des esters d'acides gras, en particulier les esters méthyliques.All of the different fatty acids can be used in the form of derivatives, such as fatty acid esters, in particular methyl esters.
La préparation des dérivés d'acides gras s'effec¬ tue par les procédés classiques de synthèse organique et, dans le cas particulier de la formation d'un ester par les techniques classiques d' esterification. Les préparations médicamenteuses ou alimentaires peuvent bien entendu contenir d'autres constituants, no¬ tamment des adjuvants utiles pour l'activité souhaitée
tels que la vitamine E (acétate d' -—tocophérol) .The preparation of fatty acid derivatives is carried out by the conventional methods of organic synthesis and, in the particular case of the formation of an ester by the conventional techniques of esterification. Medicinal or food preparations can of course contain other constituents, in particular adjuvants useful for the desired activity such as vitamin E (-tocopherol acetate).
• Lorsque les préparations médicamenteuses selon l'invention sont présentées sous forme de compositions pharmaceutiques elles peuvent aussi contenir d'autres substances actives utilisables dans les compositions pharmaceutiques pour la prévention OU le traitement des affections résultant des phénomènes d'agrégation pla¬ quettaire . • When the medicinal preparations according to the invention are presented in the form of pharmaceutical compositions they may also contain other active substances which can be used in pharmaceutical compositions for the prevention OR treatment of conditions resulting from phenomena of platelet aggregation.
Habituellement, elles contiennent également des additifs de formulation permettant de les administrer commodément. Ces additifs peuvent être des supports ou des agents auxiliaires pharmaceutiques solides ou li¬ quides, organiques ou inorganiques, appropriés tels que l'eau, les solvants organiques de type paraffinique, la gélatine, le lactose, l'amidon, le stéarate de magné¬ sium, le talc, des graisses et huiles végétales et ani¬ males adéquates, la gomme, les polyalkylèneglycols ou des liants et autres agents habituels.Usually, they also contain formulation additives for convenient administration. These additives can be solid or liquid, organic or inorganic pharmaceutical carriers or auxiliaries, suitable such as water, organic solvents of paraffinic type, gelatin, lactose, starch, magné¬ stearate. sium, talc, adequate vegetable and animal fats and oils, gum, polyalkylene glycols or binders and other usual agents.
Les compositions pharmaceutiques selon 1 'inven- tion contiennent en général au moins 30% en poids d'aci¬ de 7 -linolénique ou l'équivalent de ses dérivés et éven¬ tuellement dés substances adjuvantes.The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention generally contain at least 30% by weight of 7-linolenic acid or the equivalent of its derivatives and possibly of adjuvant substances.
Parmi les modes d'administration pouvant conve¬ nir, l'administration par voie orale, est préférée. Du fait que les acides gras utilisés, constituent des aliments, il n'existe pas, en dehors de considéra¬ tions diététiques, de doses maximales. Dans les propor¬ tions habituelles d'un régime alimentaire, on n'observe pas de toxicité. Dans une thérapie faisant appel à un traitement continu, les gélules ou capsules peuvents être la forme appropriée de préparation pharmaceutique en raison des effets de longue durée ou d'effet retard obtenus lorsque le médicament est administré par voie orale. Les dites compositions pharmaceutiques selon l'invention peuvent être administrées en médecine humai¬ ne par voie orale en unités de dosage contenant plus de
20% en poids d'acide -linolénique ou l'équivalent de ses dérivés, avec un support non toxique acceptable en pharmacie.Among the modes of administration which may be suitable, administration by the oral route is preferred. Due to the fact that the fatty acids used constitute food, apart from dietetic considerations, there are no maximum doses. In the usual proportions of a diet, no toxicity is observed. In therapy involving continuous treatment, capsules or capsules may be the appropriate form of pharmaceutical preparation due to the long-lasting or delayed effects obtained when the drug is administered orally. Said pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention can be administered in human medicine orally in dosage units containing more than 20% by weight of -linolenic acid or the equivalent of its derivatives, with a non-toxic support acceptable in pharmacies.
Par "unité de dosage", on entend une dose unitai- re qui peut être administrée à un patient e peut faci¬ lement être manipulée et conditionnée, en restant sous forme d'une dose unitaire physiquement stable, compre¬ nant l'ingrédient actif soit seule, soit en mélange avec des diluants ou supports pharmaceutiques solides ou li- quides.By "dosage unit" is meant a unit dose which can be administered to a patient and can easily be handled and conditioned, remaining in the form of a physically stable unit dose, comprising the active ingredient. either alone or as a mixture with solid or liquid pharmaceutical diluents or carriers.
Sous la forme d'unités de dosage, les composi¬ tions pharmaceutiques selon 1 ' invention peuvent être ad¬ ministrées une à plusieurs fois par jour, à intervalles appropriés, mais toujours selon l'état du patient et en fonction des prescriptions du médecin. La dose journa¬ lière appropriée des compositions selon l'invention va¬ rie en général de 20 mg à 150 mg par kg de poids corpo¬ rel .In the form of dosage units, the pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention can be administered one to several times a day, at appropriate intervals, but always according to the condition of the patient and according to the prescriptions of the doctor. The appropriate daily dose of the compositions according to the invention generally ranges from 20 mg to 150 mg per kg of bodyweight.
A titre d'illustration sans caractère limitatif, l'invention sera décrite plus en détail à l'aide des exemples qui suivent.By way of illustration without limitation, the invention will be described in more detail with the aid of the examples which follow.
Exemple 1 : Production d'acides gras au départ de Tetrahymena.Example 1: Production of fatty acids from Tetrahymena.
- Souche : La souche de Tetrahymena rostrata a été four- nie par Mme Fryd-Versavel (Université de Paris XI,- Strain: The strain of Tetrahymena rostrata was supplied by Ms. Fryd-Versavel (University of Paris XI,
Orsay, France) .Orsay, France).
- Milieu de culture : Composé (poids/volume) de 0,5%* d'extrait de levure (Difco) et de 1% de lait écrémé en poudre (Régilait) dans de l'eau. L'addition d'un sup- plément de lait (fed batch) est effectuée s'il y a lieu, à partir d'une boîte stérile de lait écrémé en poudre.- Culture medium: Compound (weight / volume) of 0.5% * yeast extract (Difco) and 1% skimmed milk powder (Régilait) in water. The addition of a milk supplement (fed batch) is carried out if necessary, from a sterile box of skimmed milk powder.
A. Description et principes de fonctionnement des fermenteurs :A. Description and operating principles of fermenters:
On dispose de fermenteurs (Biolafitte de 20 et de 100 litres en acier inoxydable dont les caractéristiques dimensionnelles sont les suivants :We have fermenters (Biolafitte of 20 and 100 liters in stainless steel, the dimensional characteristics of which are as follows:
- fermenteur de 20 litres : fond plat ; cuve 22
cm de diamètre et de 55 cm de hauteur ; quatre chicanes- 20 liter fermenter: flat bottom; tank 22 cm in diameter and 55 cm in height; four baffles
• (contrepales) perpendiculaires de 49 cm de hauteur et de 3,2 cm de largeur ; deux turbines à disque à 4 pales ra¬ diales : élévation du centre du disque de la première turbine par rapport au fond de la cuve 4,5 cm, hauteur séparant les deux turbines 11 cm, • largeur des pales 2 cm, longueur des pales 2 cm, diamètre des disques 5,9 cm, diamètre des turbines 8 cm ; • (counterpales) perpendicular 49 cm high and 3.2 cm wide; two disc turbines with 4 radial blades: elevation of the center of the disc of the first turbine relative to the bottom of the tank 4.5 cm, height separating the two turbines 11 cm, • width of the blades 2 cm, length of the blades 2 cm, diameter of the discs 5.9 cm, diameter of the turbines 8 cm;
- fermenteur de 100 litres : fond plat ; cuve de 43 cm de diamètre et de 78 cm de hauteur ; deux chicanes perpendiculaires de 58,5 cm de longueur et de 5,8 cm de largeur ; deux turbines à disque à 4 pales radiales : élévation du centre du disque de la première turbine par rapport au fond de la cuve 4,2 cm, hauteur séparant les deux turbines 17 cm, largeur des pales 2,5 cm, longueur des pales 3,5 cm, diamètre des disques 8,9 cm, diamètre des turbines 12,9 cm ;- 100 liter fermenter: flat bottom; tank 43 cm in diameter and 78 cm in height; two perpendicular baffles, 58.5 cm long and 5.8 cm wide; two disc turbines with 4 radial blades: elevation of the center of the disc of the first turbine from the bottom of the tank 4.2 cm, height separating the two turbines 17 cm, width of the blades 2.5 cm, length of the blades 3 , 5 cm, diameter of the discs 8.9 cm, diameter of the turbines 12.9 cm;
La partie active des filtres d'air est une car¬ touche en acier inoxydable fritte d'une épaisseur de 2 mm. L'air stérile est introduit à la base des fermen¬ teurs par l'intermédiaire d'un sparger rotatif solidaire de l'arbre d:'agitation (figure 32). Les fermenteurs sont munis de systèmes automatiques de régulation, d'enregis¬ trement et d'affichage digital du pH, de la température et de la vitesse d'agitation (en fonction de la concen¬ tration en O2 dissous) . Un ordinateur (Hewlett-Packard 9826 ; imprimante : Hewlett-Packard 2671G ; Interface ; Hewlett-Packard 6942A Multiprogramme) permet aussi la régulation, l'enregistrement et l'affichage de ces dif- férents paramètres.The active part of the air filters is a sintered stainless steel cartridge with a thickness of 2 mm. The sterile air is introduced at the base of the fermen¬ tors via a rotary sparger secured to the shaker shaft (Figure 32). Fermenters are equipped with automatic regulation, recording and digital display systems for pH, temperature and stirring speed (depending on the concentration of dissolved O2). A computer (Hewlett-Packard 9826; printer: Hewlett-Packard 2671G; Interface; Hewlett-Packard 6942A Multiprogram) also allows regulation, recording and display of these different parameters.
- La mesure du pH se fait par un pH-mètre (Tacussel) relié à une sonde stérilisable (Ingold) pres¬ surisée à l'air comprimé. Des tampons, à pH 4 et 7, ser¬ vent à l'étonnage. Pour le réglage du pH, à la valeur désirée, des solutions de H2SO42N reliée aux fermenteurs par l'intermédiaire de pompes péristaltiques à vitesse variable .
- 1 'O2 dissous est mesuré par l'intermédiaire "d'une sonde galvanique stérilisable (Biolafitte, modèle- The pH is measured by a pH meter (Tacussel) connected to a sterilizable probe (Ingold) pres¬ sure with compressed air. Buffers, at pH 4 and 7, are used for calibration. To adjust the pH to the desired value, solutions of H2SO42N connected to the fermenters via variable speed peristaltic pumps. - the dissolved O2 is measured by "a sterilizable galvanic probe (Biolafitte, model
G2L) . LO2 dissous est exprimé en pour cent : le 100% correspond à un milieu saturé en O2 en l'absence du Tetrahymena.G2L). Dissolved LO2 is expressed in percent: the 100% corresponds to a medium saturated with O2 in the absence of Tetrahymena.
- La mesure de la température se fait par une sonde en platine (Biolafitte) . La régulation de la tem¬ pérature est assurée par une circulation d'eau ther o- statée dans un échangeur formé par un tube aplati en acier inoxydable immergé dans le milieu de culture.- The temperature is measured by a platinum probe (Biolafitte). The temperature regulation is ensured by a circulation of water ther o- stated in an exchanger formed by a flattened stainless steel tube immersed in the culture medium.
Un récipient de liquide anti-,mousse (Antifoam Emulsion, Sigma n° A.5758) est relié au fermenteur de 100 litres par l'intermédiaire d'une pompe pêristaltique qui se met en fonctionnement dès que la mousse entre en contact avec un électrode réglable en hauteur. Pour le fermenteur de - 20 litres, le liquide anti-mousse est ajouté mécaniquement. D'autre part, un appareil (Funda) , fixé sur la platine supérieure du fermenteur de 20 litres, assure le pompage et la cassure des mousses grâce à ses disques tournants. _,A liquid container of anti-foam (Antifoam Emulsion, Sigma No. A.5758) is connected to fermenter 100 liters via a peristaltic pump which starts to operate as soon as the foam comes into contact with an electrode adjustable in height. For the - 20 liter fermenter, the anti-foaming liquid is added mechanically. On the other hand, a device (Funda), fixed on the upper stage of the 20 liter fermenter, ensures the pumping and breaking of the foams thanks to its rotating discs. _,
B. Stérilisation : La stérilisation des .fermen¬ teurs contenant les milieux de culture est effectuée à 110-115°C pendant 30 minutes sous agitation. La stérili¬ sation se fait à la vapeur, d'une façon indirecte jus- qu'à 100°C, puis au-delà, avec une légère admission de vapeur par le diffuseur d'air pour compenser 1' évapora- tion et stériliser le dispositif d'étanchéité de l'arbre d'agitation et le circuit d'arrivée d'air stérile. Tou¬ tes les canalisations de raccordement sont stérilisées en laissant fuser la vapeur par les purgeurs. La vapeur est introduite directement à contre-courant dans les filtres à air;B. Sterilization: Sterilization of the .fermen¬ tor containing the culture media is carried out at 110-115 ° C for 30 minutes with stirring. Sterilization is carried out with steam, indirectly up to 100 ° C, then beyond, with a slight admission of steam by the air diffuser to compensate for evaporation and sterilize the stirring shaft sealing device and the sterile air intake circuit. All the connection pipes are sterilized by allowing the steam to escape through the traps. Steam is introduced directly against the current into the air filters;
Pour les cultures en Erlenmeyer, les milieux sont stérilisés par autoclavage à 110-115°C pendant 30 minu- tes.For Erlenmeyer cultures, the media are sterilized by autoclaving at 110-115 ° C for 30 minutes.
La solution aqueuse d'H2S042n (voir plus loin) contenue dans un Erlenmeyer est stérilisé par autoclava-
ge à 120-125°C pendant 20 minutes.The aqueous H2S042n solution (see below) contained in an Erlenmeyer flask is sterilized by autoclaving. age at 120-125 ° C for 20 minutes.
C. Cultures en Erlenmeyer : ces cultures sont ef¬ fectuées à 28 ± 1°C dans le milieu base ; le volume oc¬ cupé par le milieu étant inférieur à 15% du volume total de l 'étalonnage.C. Erlenmeyer cultures: these cultures are carried out at 28 ± 1 ° C in the base medium; the volume occupied by the medium being less than 15% of the total volume of the calibration.
E. Extraction des acides gras et analyse par GLC: Un . culot sec de Tetrahymena est soumis à une hydrolyse acide puis à une saponification en milieu hydroalcooli-• que. On extrait les insaponifiables, on acidifie et on extrait les acides gras libres.E. Extraction of fatty acids and analysis by GLC: Un. Tetrahymena dry pellet is then subjected to acid hydrolysis to saponification in that • hydroalcooli- medium. The unsaponifiables are extracted, acidified and the free fatty acids are extracted.
Un échantillon de ceux-ci est méthyle avec une solution de BF3 à 20% (poids/volume) dans le mêthanol.A sample of these is methylated with a solution of BF3 at 20% (weight / volume) in methanol.
Les esters mêthyliques sont analysés par chroma- tographie en phase gazeuse avec, comme standard interne le nonadecanoate de méthyle et des mélanges étalons et avec une colonne de polyéthylène glycol succinate..The methyl esters are analyzed by gas chromatography with, as internal standard, methyl nonadecanoate and standard mixtures and with a column of polyethylene glycol succinate.
C. - cultures en fermenteurs : des cultures en Erlenmeyer en phase logarithmique de croissance dans le milieu de base sont utilisées pour l'inoculation. Leur volume est de 5% à 10% du volume total du milieu dans le fermenteur et la population initiale est de 5-10 x 10-3 cellules/ml .* Pour toutes les cultures en fermenteur, on a. gardé un débit d'air stérile constant et égal à 1 volume/minute/volume de milieu de culture et une tempé- rature de 28 ± 0,2°C.C. cultures in fermenters: Erlenmeyer cultures in the logarithmic growth phase in the base medium are used for inoculation. Their volume is 5% to 10% of the total volume of the medium in the fermenter and the initial population is 5-10 x 10-3 cells / ml. * For all fermenter cultures, we have. kept a constant sterile air flow equal to 1 volume / minute / volume of culture medium and a temperature of 28 ± 0.2 ° C.
On a effectué les cultures dans les conditions d'agitation suivantes : la vitesse périphérique des tur¬ bines possède, pour chaque fermenteur, une valeur mini¬ mum qui s'élève à 0.94 mètre/seconde pour le fermenteur de 20 litres et à 1.69 mètres/secone pour le fermenteur de 100 litres. Lors des cultures, la vitesse est réglée de telle sorte qu'elle garde se valeur minimum jusqu'à ce que la concentration en O2 dissous devient inférieure à 40%. Dans ce cas, elle augmente proportionnellement à l'écart.The cultures were carried out under the following conditions of agitation: the peripheral speed of the turbines has, for each fermenter, a minimum value which amounts to 0.94 meters / second for the fermenter of 20 liters and to 1.69 meters / secone for the 100 liter fermenter. During cultures, the speed is adjusted so that it keeps its minimum value until the concentration of dissolved O2 becomes less than 40%. In this case, it increases in proportion to the difference.
D. Temps de génération et poids sec :D. Generation time and dry weight:
- La densité cellulaire est suivie par numération
électronique à l'aide d'un coulter counter modèle Z2- Cell density is tracked by count electronic using a Z2 model coulter counter
•(orifice de l'électrode 200 m) après fixation à l'aldé¬ hyde glutarique et le temps de génération est déterminé par régression linéaire. - Le poids sec en Tetrahymena est mesuré après centrifugation à 800 g et à 2°C pendant 10 minutes d'un volume déterminé du milieu de culture suivie d'une lyo¬ philisation du culot humide. Ces mesures du poids sec sont effectuées au début de la phase stationnaire de croissance.• (electrode opening 200 m) after fixing to the glutaric aldehyde and the generation time is determined by linear regression. - The dry weight in Tetrahymena is measured after centrifugation at 800 g and 2 ° C for 10 minutes of a determined volume of the culture medium followed by lyo¬ philisation of the wet pellet. These dry weight measurements are made at the start of the stationary growth phase.
Exemple de culture effectuée et résultats obte¬ nus. Fermenteur de 20 litresExample of culture carried out and results obtained. 20 liter fermenter
- volume utilisé : 15 litres - pH initial = 5".5 on le laisse évoluer librement lors de la culture sans qu'il dépasse la valeur 7.0 ± 0.1.- volume used: 15 liters - initial pH = 5 ".5 it is allowed to evolve freely during cultivation without it exceeding the value 7.0 ± 0.1.
- deux ajouts de poudre de lait écrémé de 1% (p/v) chacun. Le pH de départ est fixé à environ 5,5 par du H2SO4, il diminue d'abord légèrement probablement par suite de 1'augmentation de la concentration en CO2 au début de la croissance puis augmente rapidement pour atteindre la valeur 7 où il sera fixé par le pompage automatique d'H2S042N.- two additions of skim milk powder of 1% (w / v) each. The starting pH is fixed at around 5.5 by H2SO4, it initially decreases slightly probably as a result of the increase in the CO2 concentration at the start of growth, then increases rapidly to reach the value 7 where it will be fixed by automatic pumping of H2S042N.
Le temps moyenne de génération en minutes pour onze essais (n=ll;σ=7) est 118.The average generation time in minutes for eleven trials (n = ll; σ = 7) is 118.
L'ordre de grandeur de la densité cellulaire en phase stationnaire (cellules par/ml) est de 6,9 (n=ll; σ=0, 24) . Le rendement par rapport au lactose en considérant que le poudre de lait contient 50% de lac¬ tose est de 40,1%.The order of magnitude of the cell density in the stationary phase (cells per / ml) is 6.9 (n = 11; σ = 0.24). The yield compared to lactose considering that the milk powder contains 50% lac¬ tose is 40.1%.
L'analyse des acides gras figure au Tableau 1. Exemple 2 : Action des acides gras de Tetrahymena sur l'agrégation' plaquettaire in vitro. Le principe de la méthode de mesure L'exploration de l'agrégation plaquettaire a été effec-
tuée par une méthode photométrique.' Elle consiste àThe fatty acid analysis is shown in Table 1. Example 2: Action of Tetrahymena fatty acids on platelet aggregation in vitro. The principle of the measurement method The exploration of platelet aggregation was carried out killed by a photometric method. ' It consists of
-ajouter., à du plasma enrichi en plaquettes,un inducteur d'agrégation dont les plus communs sont l'ADP, l'adréna¬ line (ou épinêphrine) et le collagène. Lorsqu'un agent agregant est ajouté au plasme, la transmission optique augmente avec la formation des agrégats plaquettaires et diminue lorsque survient la désagrégation. Cette métho¬ de photomêtrique permet une observation qualitative et quantitative du phénomène d'agrégation et permet de dé- celer certaines anomalies plasmatiques ou plaquettaires qui se traduisent par une absence d'agrégation (throm- bopathies) ou par une hyperagrégation (thrombophilies) .-add., to plasma enriched in platelets, an aggregation inducer, the most common of which are ADP, adrena¬ line (or epinephrine) and collagen. When an aggregating agent is added to the plasma, optical transmission increases with the formation of platelet aggregates and decreases when disaggregation occurs. This photometric method allows qualitative and quantitative observation of the aggregation phenomenon and makes it possible to detect certain plasma or platelet anomalies which result in an absence of aggregation (thrombopathies) or in hyperaggregation (thrombophilia).
Les deux vagues d'agrégation (la réversible) et l'irréversible) peuvent être suivies avec un appareil photométrique, 1'agrégomètre. Selon l'agent agregant ajouté au plasma riche en plaquettes, l'une des deux phases peut- manquer. Avec une préparation de collagène, par exemple, la première phase ou phase réversible est absente et la réponse est caractérisée par un temps de latence suivi directement de la phase d'agrégation irré¬ versible. Avec l'ADP, les deux phases sont généralement présentes et- la réponse à 1 'agrégomètre est donc bipha- sique. Mais, selon la concentration en ADP ou selon le donneur de sang, la première phase d'agrégation peut ne pas être suivie de la deuxième. Enfin, les deux phases peuvent ne pas être séparées dans le temps et ne sont alors pas distinguées à 1 'agrégomètre . L'incubation d'un plasma enrichi en plaquettes, avec un inhibiteur de l'une et/ou de l'autre des deux phases d'agrégation, mo- difie la réponse plaquettaire à l'agent agregant : le fait est décelé à 1 'agrégomètre . Un anti-agrégant inhi- bitant la deuxième phase d'agrégation, par exemple, at¬ ténue ou diminue, lors d'un test in vitro, la réponse au collagène et la deuxième courbe de la réponse à l'ADP.
Matériel et méthodesThe two aggregation waves (the reversible) and the irreversible) can be followed with a photometric device, the aggregometer. Depending on the aggregating agent added to the platelet-rich plasma, one of the two phases may be missing. With a collagen preparation, for example, the first phase or reversible phase is absent and the response is characterized by a lag time followed directly by the irreversible aggregation phase. With ADP, the two phases are generally present and the response to the aggregometer is therefore biphasic. However, depending on the concentration of ADP or the blood donor, the first phase of aggregation may not be followed by the second. Finally, the two phases may not be separated over time and are therefore not distinguished using the aggregometer. The incubation of a plasma enriched in platelets, with an inhibitor of one and / or the other of the two aggregation phases, modifies the platelet response to the aggregating agent: the fact is detected at 1 aggregometer. An anti-aggregant inhibiting the second phase of aggregation, for example, attenuates or decreases, during an in vitro test, the response to collagen and the second curve of the response to ADP. Material and methods
Agrégomètre : l'agrégation plaquettaire est sui¬ vie, à 25 ± 2°C, avec un appareil Born Aggregometer MK.III (du Pharmacological -Research, Department of Phar- macology, Royal Collège of Surgeons, London - England) auquel est raccordé un enregistreur Perkin-Elmer Recor¬ der 56. Un rayon lumineux monochromatique de 640 nm traverse une cuvette en verre siliconé (10 x 75 mm) con¬ tenant 1 ml de plasme sanguin enrichi en plaquettes (PRP) . Un petit barreau magnétique, recouvert de poly- - éthylène et effectuant 1150 tours/minute, assure l'agi¬ tation du plasma dans la cuvette. Le PRP représente le 0% de transmission optique et un plasma pauvre en pla¬ quettes (PPP) représente le 100% de transmission. L'ad- dition d'un agent agregant (ADP ou collagène) au PRP est suivie d'une variation de la transmission optique. Cet¬ te variation est enregistrée pendant 6 minutes, confor¬ mément au mode opératoire classique.Aggregometer: the platelet aggregation is monitored, at 25 ± 2 ° C, with a Born Aggregometer MK.III device (from the Pharmacological-Research, Department of Pharmacology, Royal College of Surgeons, London - England) to which is connected a Perkin-Elmer Recor¬ der 56 recorder. A monochromatic light ray of 640 nm passes through a silicone glass bowl (10 x 75 mm) containing 1 ml of blood plasma enriched in platelets (PRP). A small magnetic bar, covered with poly- ethylene and performing 1150 revolutions / minute, ensures the agi¬ tation of the plasma in the bowl. PRP represents 0% optical transmission and a plasma low in platelets (PPP) represents 100% transmission. The addition of an aggregating agent (ADP or collagen) to PRP is followed by a variation in optical transmission. This variation is recorded for 6 minutes, in accordance with the conventional operating mode.
Donneurs de sang : Sept donneurs de sang du sexe masculin, âgés de moins de 35 ans, à jeun depuis au moins 9 heures et sans aucun traitement médical.Blood donors: Seven male blood donors, under the age of 35, fasting for at least 9 hours and without any medical treatment.
PRP et PPP : tous les ustensiles utilisés sont en verre siliconé ou en plastique. Le sang est prélevé sur citrate : 1 volume de citrate à 3,8% (poids/volume) dans de l'eau distillée pour 9 volumes de sang.PRP and PPP: all the utensils used are made of silicone glass or plastic. The blood is taken from citrate: 1 volume of 3.8% citrate (weight / volume) in distilled water for 9 volumes of blood.
Le PRP est obtenu par centrifugation du sang à 300 g pendant 9 minutes. Les plaquettes du surnageant sont comptées à l'aide d'un coulter counter (modèle ZF, ori- . fice de l'électrode 70 microns) et si le nombre est su- périeur à 300.000 plaquettes/mm^, il est ajusté à cette valeur par dilution avec du PPP.The PRP is obtained by centrifuging the blood at 300 g for 9 minutes. The platelets of the supernatant are counted using a coulter counter (model ZF, orifice of the electrode 70 microns) and if the number is greater than 300,000 platelets / mm ^, it is adjusted to this value by dilution with PPP.
Le PPP est obtenu par centrifugation du sang à 2000 g pendant 10 minutes. Les PRP et PPP sont conservés à la température du labo- ratoire durant l'analyse.The PPP is obtained by centrifuging the blood at 2000 g for 10 minutes. The PRP and PPP are kept at laboratory temperature during the analysis.
Agents agrégants : De l'ADP (Boehringer) est di¬ lué avec un tampon Micha'élis (Stago, pH = 7,3) jusqu'à
une concentration de 5 A'g/ml.Aggregating agents: ADP (Boehringer) is diluted with Micha ' élis buffer (Stago, pH = 7.3) up to a concentration of 5 A'g / ml.
Du ' collagène (Stago) est dilué avec le tampon Micha'ëlis jusqu'à une concentration de 400 μ g/ml . On incube au bain-marie à 37°C pendant 10 minutes pour polymériser le collagène.Collagen (Stago) is diluted with Micha ' ëlis buffer to a concentration of 400 μg / ml. Incubate in a water bath at 37 ° C for 10 minutes to polymerize the collagen.
Les solutions d'ADP et de collagène sont conser¬ vées dans la glace fondante pendant l'analyse.The ADP and collagen solutions are stored in the melting ice during the analysis.
Produits testés : les produits sont dissous dans le benzène (Merck, pour analyse) et conservés sous azote jusqu'à utilisation;Products tested: the products are dissolved in benzene (Merck, for analysis) and kept under nitrogen until use;
- 7-linolénate de méthyle ou 18:-3 Δ6/9f12 (sigma, n° = 5377)- 7-methyl linolenate or 18: 3 Δ 6/9 f 12 (Sigma, No. = 5377)
- mélanges de 7-linolénate de méthyle et d'acéta¬ te de méthyle et d'acétate d'α-tocophérol (Rocfte-vitami- ne E) .- mixtures of methyl 7-linolenate and methyl aceta¬ and α-tocopherol acetate (Rocfte-vitamin E).
- mélange d'acides gras de Tetrahymena rostrata dont la composition est donnée à l'exemple 1, tableau 1 (pH<7.0 ± 0.1) .- mixture of fatty acids from Tetrahymena rostrata, the composition of which is given in Example 1, Table 1 (pH <7.0 ± 0.1).
- Les tests d'agrégation plaquettaire sont effec- tués dans les quatre heures qui suivent le prélèvement du sang.- Platelet aggregation tests are performed within four hours of taking the blood.
Pour un test à blanc, om procède comme suit :For a blank test, om does the following:
- 1 ml de PPP •= 100% de transmission optique- 1 ml of PPP • = 100% optical transmission
- 1 ml de PRP = 0% de transmission optique - addition au PRP de 50 μl de la solution d'ADP (—>0,25 g d'ADP/ml de PRP) ou de 100 μl de la solution de col¬ lagène (→ 40 g de collagène/ml de PRP) et on enregistre la réponse pendant 6 minutes.- 1 ml of PRP = 0% optical transmission - addition to the PRP of 50 μl of the ADP solution (-> 0.25 g of ADP / ml of PRP) or of 100 μl of the colagene solution (→ 40 g of collagen / ml of PRP) and the response is recorded for 6 minutes.
Pour chaque agent agregant, ce test est répété à intervalles réguliers (2 à 4 fois) durant l'analyse.For each aggregating agent, this test is repeated at regular intervals (2 to 4 times) during the analysis.
Les tests de l'action d'un produit sur l'agréga¬ tion.Tests of the action of a product on the aggregation.
Le même procédé est utilisé, mais, dans ce cas, le ml de PRP est préalablement incubé, pendant 30 minutes et sous agitation, avec la quantité désirée du produit à tester. Le benzène dans lequel était dissous le produit, est soigneusement éliminé de la cuvette et avant incubation,
par un flux d'azote. Pour chaque donneur de sang, unThe same method is used, but in this case, the ml of PRP is incubated beforehand, for 30 minutes and with shaking, with the desired quantity of the product to be tested. The benzene in which the product was dissolved is carefully removed from the cuvette and before incubation, by a flow of nitrogen. For each blood donor, one
-test est effectué, au préalable, avec le résidu de-test is carried out, beforehand, with the residue of
1 'évaporation à sec de 1 ml de benzène : les réponses obtenues sont analogues à celles obtenues avec les tests à blanc.1 dry evaporation of 1 ml of benzene: the responses obtained are similar to those obtained with the blank tests.
Expressions des résultats : •Results expressions: •
- Les résultats de l'agrégation au collagène sont exprimés par l'agrégation à 6 minutes de la vague d'agrégation unique B obtenue; Les tests à blanc, avec 0,25 μg d'ADP/ml, ont présenté, pour tous les donneurs, à l'exception du don¬ neur '2, les deux vagues d'agrégation : la réversible A et l'irréversible B. Les résultats seront exprimés par 1'agrégation maximum de la première vague A et par l'agrégation à 6 minutes de la deuxième vague B. Pour le donneur 2, les deux vagues ne sont pas séparées dans le temps et les résultats ont été exprimés par l'intensité de l'agrégation à 6 minutes.- The results of the collagen aggregation are expressed by the aggregation at 6 minutes from the single aggregation wave B obtained; The blank tests, with 0.25 μg of ADP / ml, presented, for all donors, with the exception of donor 2, the two waves of aggregation: reversible A and irreversible B The results will be expressed by the maximum aggregation of the first wave A and by the 6-minute aggregation of the second wave B. For donor 2, the two waves are not separated in time and the results have been expressed by the intensity of the aggregation at 6 minutes.
Dans tous les cas, l'agrégation en première ou en deuxième phase, exprimée en %, représente la différence de transmission optique entre le PRP (0%) et respective¬ ment le point le plus élevé de la vague A et le point atteint à la 6ème minute pour la vague B.In all cases, the aggregation in first or second phase, expressed in%, represents the difference in optical transmission between the PRP (0%) and respectively the highest point of wave A and the point reached at the 6th minute for wave B.
- Réponses normales et % d' inhibition de 1 'agré- gation- Normal responses and% inhibition of aggregation
On entend par "réponses normales", les résultats enregistrés en présence d'un agregant, mais en l'absence de la substance à tester. Pour chaque agent agregant, les tests "à blanc", effectués à intervalles réguliers durant l'analyse, nous permettent de calculer la réponse "normale" de chaque donneur de sang.The term "normal responses" means the results recorded in the presence of an aggregator, but in the absence of the substance to be tested. For each aggregating agent, the "blank" tests, carried out at regular intervals during the analysis, allow us to calculate the "normal" response of each blood donor.
L'agrégation obtenue avec le même agent agregant, mais en présence de l'un des produits testés, est com¬ parée à celle de la réponse normale. L'exemple suivant illustre notre méthode de cal¬ cul : pour le premier donneur du sang, deux tests "à blanc" avec 40 μg de collagène/ml de PRP ont fourni des
agrégations à 6 minutes, respectivement de 81,7%The aggregation obtained with the same aggregating agent, but in the presence of one of the products tested, is compared to that of the normal response. The following example illustrates our calculation method: for the first blood donor, two "blank" tests with 40 μg of collagen / ml of PRP provided aggregations at 6 minutes, respectively 81.7%
' (fig.44) et de 71,7% (fig.47). La "réponse normale" au collagène est caractérisée par une agrégation de 76,7% (moyenne x des deux résultats) avec un écart-type de a x 100 ' (fig. 44) and 71.7% (fig. 47). The "normal response" to collagen is characterized by an aggregation of 76.7% (mean x of the two results) with a standard deviation of ax 100
7,1% ce qui correspond, d'après l'équitation E= ,à x 7,1 x 100 E= = 9,2% ' 76.77.1% which corresponds, according to equitation E =, to x 7.1 x 100 E = = 9.2% '76.7
Pour le même donneur de sang et avec 1 mg d'acide oléique/ml de PRP, on obtient, et pour la même concen¬ tration en agent agregant, une agrégation de 33,7%. Le % d'inhibition de l'agrégation au collagène est donc de :For the same blood donor and with 1 mg of oleic acid / ml of PRP, an aggregation of 33.7% is obtained, and for the same concentration in aggregating agent. The% inhibition of collagen aggregation is therefore:
(76,7 - 33,7) x 100 = 56,1%(76.7 - 33.7) x 100 = 56.1%
76,776.7
Cette valeur est supérieure à E et est donc significative.This value is greater than E and is therefore significant.
Résultats et discussionsResults and discussions
Le tableau 2 fournit, pour chaque donneur de sang, la concentration des plaquettes dans le PRP et les "réponses normales" (avec les valeurs de E) au collagène (40 μg/ml) et à l'ADP (0, 25 μ g/ml) .Table 2 provides, for each blood donor, the platelet concentration in PRP and the "normal responses" (with E values) to collagen (40 μg / ml) and ADP (0.25 μg / ml).
Chacun des tableaux suivants donne, par produit testé, et sur la base des figures précédentes, les % d'inhibition des agrégations induites respectivement par le collagène et par l'ADP.Each of the following tables gives, by product tested, and on the basis of the preceding figures, the% inhibition of the aggregations induced respectively by collagen and by ADP.
Notons que ceux-ci varient souvent considérable¬ ment, pour le même produit et pour la même concentra¬ tion, d'un PRP à un autre. 1) 7 -linolénate de méthyle (tableau 3)Note that these often vary considerably, for the same product and for the same concentration, from one PRP to another. 1) methyl 7-linolenate (Table 3)
Il a été constaté que le y -linolénate de méthyle est un inhibiteur de l'agrégation plaquettaire et inhibe préférentiellement la deuxième vague d'agrégation à
l'ADP ou la vague d'agrégation unique B au collagène.It has been found that methyl y-linolenate is an inhibitor of platelet aggregation and preferentially inhibits the second wave of aggregation at ADP or the unique B collagen aggregation wave.
- Avec une concentration de 1 g/ml, l'inhibition de l'agrégation au collagène est variable d'un sujet à un autre. Mais, à cette concentration l'inhibition est significative (et assez importante) chez quatre PRP (des cinq testés). L'inhibition moyenne (sur les cinq) est d'environ 42%.- With a concentration of 1 g / ml, the inhibition of collagen aggregation is variable from one subject to another. However, at this concentration the inhibition is significant (and quite significant) in four PRPs (of the five tested). The average inhibition (out of five) is around 42%.
Pour la même concentration, l'inhibition de la deuxième vague d'agrégation à l'ADP est présente chez quatre PRP (sur les cinq testés) et la moyenne se situe à environ 55%. L'inhibition de la première vague d'agrégation est présente, mais faiblement, chez deux PRP, et est non significative chez les deux autres. Elle n'a pas pu être mesurée chez le cinquième (donneur 2). La moyenne (chez quatre PRP) est très peu signifi¬ cative et se situe à environ 10%.For the same concentration, inhibition of the second wave of ADP aggregation is present in four PRPs (out of the five tested) and the average is around 55%. Inhibition of the first wave of aggregation is present, but weakly, in two PRPs, and is not significant in the other two. It could not be measured in the fifth (donor 2). The average (in four PRPs) is very insignificant and is around 10%.
- Pour une concentration de 6 mg/ml, l'inhibition de l'agrégation au collagène se situe, en moyenne, à en¬ viron 52% et seule l'agrégation d'un PRP sur quatre n'a pas été inhibée d'une manière significative.- For a concentration of 6 mg / ml, the inhibition of collagen aggregation is, on average, around 52% and only the aggregation of one in four PRPs was not inhibited by a significant way.
A cette même concentration, les tests d'agréga¬ tion à 1 'ADP .montrent que la deuxième vague d'agrégation est inhibée, en moyenne (pour les deux PRP testés) d'en¬ viron 65% et la première vague est inhibée d'environ 29%.At this same concentration, the ADP aggregation tests show that the second wave of aggregation is inhibited, on average (for the two PRPs tested) by about 65% and the first wave is inhibited about 29%.
On constate que 1 ' inhibition de la vague B ne va¬ rie pas d'une manière significative en augmentant la concentration de 1 à 6 mg/ml et que , même à ces concen¬ trations élevées, l'inhibition n'est pas totale. Pour expliquer ces effets, l'hypothèse suivante peut être avancée : le 7-linolénate n'est, en lui-même, ni un substrat de la cyclooxygénase, ni un inhibiteur de celle-ci ; son action antiagrégante serait due à l'aug¬ mentation, dans les plaquettes sanguines, de la propor- tion d'acide ddhomo-7 -linolénique (antiagregant) par rapport à 1'arachidonique (agregant), deux acides dont il est le précurseur biologique. Sur la base de cette
hypothèse, on peut supposer que la biosynthèse duIt can be seen that the inhibition of wave B does not vary significantly by increasing the concentration from 1 to 6 mg / ml and that, even at these high concentrations, the inhibition is not total. . To explain these effects, the following hypothesis can be advanced: 7-linolenate is, in itself, neither a substrate of cyclooxygenase, nor an inhibitor of it; its antiaggregating action would be due to the increase, in blood platelets, of the proportion of ddhomo-7 -linolenic acid (antiagregant) compared to arachidonic (agregant), two acids of which it is the precursor organic. Based on this hypothesis, we can assume that the biosynthesis of
•dihomo-γ -linolénique (à partir du 7 -linolénique) est plus rapide que sa transformation en arachidonique et qu'un équilibre (dynamique), caractérisé par une augmen- tation du rapport des concentrations dihomo-7-linoléni¬ que / arachidonique, s'installe dans .les plaquet^- tes. • dihomo-γ -linolenic (from 7 -linolenic) is faster than its transformation into arachidonic and an equilibrium (dynamic), characterized by an increase in the ratio of dihomo-7-linolenic / arachidonic concentrations , installs in .the ^ - plates.
La concentration en acide 7 -linolénique et le temps nécessaires pour atteindre cet équilibre varient d'un sujet à l'autre. Il est possible que cette concen¬ tration puisse être inférieure à 1 mg/ml, ce qui expli¬ querait les réponses analogues observées avec les con¬ centrations de 1 et de 6 mg/ml. De même, l'équilibre en question, qui suppose une réduction importante de la quantité d'acide arachidonique présente dans les pla¬ quettes, n'élimine toutefois pas complètement cet aci¬ de. Ceci empêcherait une inhibition totale de l'agréga¬ tion.The concentration of 7 -linolenic acid and the time required to reach this balance vary from subject to subject. It is possible that this concentration may be less than 1 mg / ml, which would explain the similar responses observed with the concentrations of 1 and 6 mg / ml. Likewise, the equilibrium in question, which supposes a significant reduction in the amount of arachidonic acid present in the plates, does not however completely eliminate this acid. This would prevent total inhibition of the aggregation.
Selon les résultats obtenus et le mode d'action proposé, on peut conclure que l'introduction, dans la. nourriture, d'une source riche en acide γ-linolénique, ou l'acide lui même, doit prévenir les maladies thrombo- tiques en augmentant la proportion du dihomo—y-linoléni¬ que par rapport à 1 ' arachidonique et en réduisant ainsi la phase d'agrégation ireversible des plaquettes face aux différents agents agrêgants.According to the results obtained and the mode of action proposed, it can be concluded that the introduction, in the. food, from a source rich in γ-linolenic acid, or the acid itself, must prevent thrombotic diseases by increasing the proportion of dihomo-y-linolenic compared to arachidonic and thus reducing the irreversible platelet aggregation phase against the various aggregating agents.
2) Mélanges de 7 -linolénate et d'acétate d' -tocophérol (tableau 4)2) Mixtures of 7 -linolenate and acetate -tocopherol (Table 4)
En mélangeant, dans la nourriture, une source riche en acide 7-linolénique (ou l'acide 7-linolénique lui-même) avec de la vitamine E, le pouvoir antiagregant de cette source est augmenté. La vitamine E a aussi, dans le mélange, un autre rôle : empêcher comme antioxy¬ dant, la dégradation des acides insaturés dont, surtout, le 7-linolénique .By mixing a rich source of 7-linolenic acid (or 7-linolenic acid itself) with vitamin E in food, the antiagregant power of this source is increased. Vitamin E also has another role in the mixture: to prevent, as an antioxidant, the degradation of unsaturated acids including, above all, 7-linolenic.
3) Acides gras totaux de Tetrahymena (tableau 5) Ce mélange d'acides gras est, parmi toutes les
substances testées, l1"antiagregant le plus puissant.3) Total fatty acids from Tetrahymena (Table 5) This mixture of fatty acids is, among all tested substances, l 1 " most powerful antiagregant.
- Pour le test au collagène,- l'inhibition de l'agrégation demeure significative à une concentration de 57 μg/ml où elle atteint une moyenne d'environ 23%. À cette concentration seuls deux PRP (sur les cinq tes¬ tés) n'ont pas présenté une influence significative, tandis que l'inhibition de l'agrégation d'un PRP (don¬ neur 6, figure 59) atteignait environ 67%. En doublant cette concentration, on a, a peu près, doublé l'inhibi- tion : celle-ci. atteignait en moyenne et pour les cinq PRP testés, environ 41%. À une concentration de 230 μg/ml, l'inhibition a atteint une moyenne de 54%,- mais pour deux PRP (donneurs 5 et 6), elle était supérieure à 80% (voir les figures) à des concentrations supérieures à 575 μg/ml, l'inhibition est, en moyenne, supérieure à 70%.- For the collagen test, - the inhibition of aggregation remains significant at a concentration of 57 μg / ml where it reaches an average of approximately 23%. At this concentration, only two PRPs (out of the five teas) showed no significant influence, while the inhibition of the aggregation of a PRP (donor 6, FIG. 59) reached approximately 67%. By doubling this concentration, we have more or less doubled the inhibition: this one . reached on average and for the five PRPs tested, approximately 41%. At a concentration of 230 μg / ml, the inhibition reached an average of 54%, - but for two PRPs (donors 5 and 6), it was greater than 80% (see figures) at concentrations greater than 575 μg / ml, the inhibition is, on average, greater than 70%.
- Pour le test à l'ADP, l'inhibition de la pre¬ mière vague de l'agrégation n'est, en moyenne, signifi¬ cative qu'à partir des concentrations supérieures à 230 μg/ml où elle atteint environ 15%. L'inhibition de la deuxième vague d'agrégation à l'ADP atteint environ 30% à 57,5 μ g/ml, environ 50% à 115 μg/ml et devient supé¬ rieure à 70% à partir de 575 μg/ml.- For the ADP test, the inhibition of the first wave of aggregation is, on average, only significant from concentrations above 230 μg / ml where it reaches around 15% . Inhibition of the second wave of ADP aggregation reaches approximately 30% at 57.5 μg / ml, approximately 50% at 115 μg / ml and becomes greater than 70% from 575 μg / ml .
On constate que 1 ' inhibition affecte principale- ment la vague B (irréversible) et qu'il faut dépasser une concentration en acides gras supérieure à 230 μg/ml pour déceler une inhibitation significative de la pre¬ mière vague d'agrégation.It can be seen that the inhibition mainly affects wave B (irreversible) and that a fatty acid concentration greater than 230 μg / ml must be exceeded to detect significant inhibition of the first aggregation wave.
Le mélange d'acides gras de T. rostrata contient (en poids) environ 30% d'acide 7 -linolénique et environ 10% d'acide oléique . Ces deux acides, pris séparément, ne présentent que des inhibitions très faibles compara¬ tivement au mélange d'acides gras de Tetrahymena et la simple sommation de ces trois inhibitions par paires (en tenant compte, *par exemple, des teneurs respectives et des résultats des tableaux 2 et 3) ne peut, en tout cas, pas expliquer le puissant pouvoir antiagregant du mélan-
ge. Pour tenter d'expliquer ce pouvoir, plusieurs hypo-The mixture of fatty acids of T. rostrata contains (by weight) about 30% 7 -linolenic acid and about 10% oleic acid. These two acids, taken separately, have only very weak inhibitions compared to the mixture of fatty acids of Tetrahymena and the simple summation of these three inhibitions in pairs (taking into account, * for example, the respective contents and results tables 2 and 3) cannot, in any case, explain the powerful anti-aggregating power of the mixture ge. To try to explain this power, several hypo-
'• thèses peuvent être avancées : '• theses can be advanced:
1. Une "synergie" existe entre l'action du1. A "synergy" exists between the action of
7-linolénique et celle de l'oléique et/ou du ciliénique. 2. La présence de l'acide ciliénique (± 7% du poids des acides gras totaux) dont l'action n'est pas connue .7-linolenic and that of oleic and / or cilienic. 2. The presence of cilienic acid (± 7% of the weight of total fatty acids) whose action is not known.
3. Action d'autres acides (ou de mélanges d'aci¬ des) présents dans ce mélange (voir tableau 1; pH <^ 7,0 ± 0,1) .3. Action of other acids (or mixtures of acids) present in this mixture (see Table 1; pH < ^ 7.0 ± 0.1).
De ces hypothèses, la première paraît la plus plausible .Of these hypotheses, the first seems the most plausible.
On sait que l'acide oléique est un inhibiteur de la cyclooxygénase : il se fixe sur l'enzyme sans pour autant être un substrat de celui-ci. Les acides dihomo-7-linolênique et arachidonique en sont, par con¬ tre, des substrats. En présence des trois acides, il y a compétition. La concentration de chacun d'eux ainsi que les affinités respectives de l'enzyme" déterminent l'aci- de qui sera preferentiellement fixé. On peut supposer que l'affinité de la cyclooxygénase pour le dihomo-γ-li- nolénique est la plus, importante et que la compétition, en présence des trois acides, se fait principalement entre 1 'arachidonique et l'oléique. Dans ce cas, l'effet antiagregant dû à l'augmentation de l'acide dihomo-7-li- nolénique serait augmenté d'un autre effet antiagregant: celui dû à l'inhibition par l'acide oléique de la fixation de l'acide arachidonique sur la cyclooxygénase. L'intervention éventuelle de l'acide ciliénique aurait une explication identique ou analogue.We know that oleic acid is a cyclooxygenase inhibitor: it binds to the enzyme without being a substrate of it. Dihomo-7-linolenic and arachidonic acids are, by contrast, substrates. In the presence of the three acids, there is competition. The concentration of each of them as well as the respective affinities of the enzyme " determine the acid which will preferably be fixed. It can be assumed that the affinity of the cyclooxygenase for the dihomo-γ-linolenic is the most , important and that the competition, in the presence of the three acids, is mainly between arachidonic and oleic. In this case, the antiagregant effect due to the increase in dihomo-7-linolenic acid would be augmented by another antiagregant effect: that due to the inhibition by oleic acid of the binding of arachidonic acid to cyclooxygenase.The possible intervention of cilienic acid would have an identical or analogous explanation.
L'inhibition de la première vague d'agrégation à l'ADP, observée pour des concentrations de mélange supé¬ rieures à 230 μg/ml, est probablement due, comme on l'a souligné pour le cas du 7 -linoléique, à une formation de PGE]_ avant l'addition de l'agent agregant.The inhibition of the first wave of ADP aggregation, observed for mixture concentrations greater than 230 μg / ml, is probably due, as has been pointed out for the case of 7 -linoleic, to a formation of PGE ] _ before the addition of the aggregating agent.
Ainsi donc, le mélange des acides gras de Tetra¬ hymena constitue en lui-même un puissant agent antiagrê-
gant. Son pouvoir dépasse, de loin, ceux des' acidesThus, the mixture of Tetra¬ hymena fatty acids constitutes in itself a powerful antiagre- glove. Its power far exceeds those of ' acids
'-γ-linolénique et oléique pris séparément. Aucune huile ou mélange d'acides . gras connu ne présente, à la con¬ naissance des Demanderesses, un effet aussi puissant sur l'agrégation plaquettaire in vitro.
' -γ-linolenic and oleic taken separately. No oil or mixture of acids. known fat does not, as far as the Applicants are concerned, have such a powerful effect on platelet aggregation in vitro.
Tableau 1 : Composition en acides gras des Tetrahymena par GLC (% en poids par rapport aux acides gras totaux) . Moyennes des résultats obtenus avec trois cultures (n = 3).Table 1: Composition of fatty acids of Tetrahymena by GLC (% by weight relative to total fatty acids). Means of results obtained with three cultures (n = 3).
(a) Les PRP qui présentent des concentration supérieures à 300.000 plaquettes/mm3 seront aju cette valeur, pour les différents tests, par dilution avec du PRP(a) PRPs with concentrations greater than 300,000 platelets / mm 3 will be adjusted to this value, for the various tests, by dilution with PRP
∞ (b) Ce tableau donne, pour chaque facteur, la moyenne des valeurs obtenues dans les tests à∞ (b) This table gives, for each factor, the average of the values obtained in the tests to
«n t . écart-type x 100"N t. standard deviation x 100
© vo et E =© vo and E =
00 o valeur moyenne00 o average value
(c) Pour le donneur 2, les deux vagues d'agrégation à l'ADP ne sont pas séparées dans le tem
(c) For donor 2, the two waves of ADP aggregation are not separated in time
Tableau 3 : Inhibition de 1'agrégation plaquettaire par le 7-linolénate de méthyle (a) (b) (c)Table 3: Inhibition of platelet aggregation by methyl 7-linolenate (a) (b) (c)
collagène ADPcollagen ADP
40 Mg/ml 0,25 μg/ml40 Mg / ml 0.25 μg / ml
μg/ml % d'inhibition % d'inhibition % d'inhibition de de l'agrégation de la vague B maximum de la la vague Bμg / ml% inhibition% inhibition% inhibition of wave B aggregation maximum wave B
(donneur) première vague (donneur) (donneur)(donor) first wave (donor) (donor)
6000 86,0 (4) 46,7 (4) 89,4 (4)6000 86.0 (4) 46.7 (4) 89.4 (4)
36,4 (5) 11,6 (5) 40,6 (5)36.4 (5) 11.6 (5) 40.6 (5)
86,0 (6) - -86.0 (6) - -
9,1 (7) (x) - -9.1 (7) (x) - -
M = 52,1 M = 29,1 M = 65,0M = 52.1 M = 29.1 M = 65.0
1000 42,3 (1) — —1000 42.3 (1) - -
- -(2) 42,5 (2)- - (2) 42.5 (2)
76,7 (4) 24,7 (4) 88,2 (4)76.7 (4) 24.7 (4) 88.2 (4)
24,5 (5) 8,4 (5) (x) 10,9 (5)(x)24.5 (5) 8.4 (5) (x) 10.9 (5) (x)
68,2 (6) 7,3 (6) (x) 75,2 (6)68.2 (6) 7.3 (6) (x) 75.2 (6)
10,0 (7) (x) 15,4 (7) 67,110.0 (7) (x) 15.4 (7) 67.1
M = 42,3 M = 10,0 M = 54,6M = 42.3 M = 10.0 M = 54.6
(x) % d'inhibition non significatifs(x)% of non-significant inhibition
(a) N.S. = valeurs non significatives sur la base des va¬ leurs de E du tableau 1.(a) N.S. = non-significant values based on the values of E in Table 1.
(b) M = moyenne des valeurs (les valeurs non significati¬ ves sont considérées comme nulles). M est non significative si elle est inférieure ou égale à la moyenne des E.(b) M = average of the values (non-significant values are considered to be zero). M is not significant if it is less than or equal to the average of E.
(c) Pour le donneur 2, les deux vagues d'agrégation à l'ADP ne sont pas séparées dans le temps et on mesure seulement l'inhibition de l'agrégation à 6 minutes.
Tableau 4 Inhibition de l'agrégation plaquettaire par les mélanges de 7-linolénate de méthyle et d'acétate d'α-tocophérol (a) (b) (c).(c) For donor 2, the two waves of ADP aggregation are not separated in time and only the inhibition of aggregation is measured at 6 minutes. Table 4 Inhibition of platelet aggregation by mixtures of methyl 7-linolenate and α-tocopherol acetate (a) (b) (c).
(x) % d'inhibition non significatifs (a) (b) (c) : voir notes tableau 3.
Tableau 5 : Inhibition de 1'agrégation plaquettaire par les acides gras de T.rostrata ( à) (b) (c).(x)% of non-significant inhibition (a) (b) (c): see notes in table 3. Table 5: Inhibition of platelet aggregation by fatty acids from T. rostrata (a) (b) (c).
collagène ADPcollagen ADP
40 μ g/ml 0,25 μg/ml40 μg / ml 0.25 μg / ml
μg/ml % d'inhibition % d' inhibition % d'inhibition de la vague B de l'agrégation de la vague Bμg / ml% inhibition% inhibition% inhibition of wave B of aggregation of wave B
(donneur) maximum de la (donneur) première vague (donneur)(donor) maximum of the (donor) first wave (donor)
2300 92,5 (1) — —2300 92.5 (1) - -
- - 93,3 (2)- - 93.3 (2)
86,7 (4) 100 (4) 79,5 (4)86.7 (4) 100 (4) 79.5 (4)
M = 89,6 M = 86,4M = 89.6 M = 86.4
1150 81,1 (3) 85,7 (3) 100 (3)1150 81.1 (3) 85.7 (3) 100 (3)
86,3 (4) 40,4 (4) 76,0 (4)86.3 (4) 40.4 (4) 76.0 (4)
88,6 (5) 75,8 (5) 85,4 (5)88.6 (5) 75.8 (5) 85.4 (5)
89,8 (6) 80,9 (6) 83,8 (6)89.8 (6) 80.9 (6) 83.8 (6)
59,7 (7) 43,3 (7) 87,3 (7)59.7 (7) 43.3 (7) 87.3 (7)
M = 81,1 M = 65,1 M = 86,9M = 81.1 M = 65.1 M = 86.9
575 69,7 (3) 45,3 (3) 84,3 (3)575 69.7 (3) 45.3 (3) 84.3 (3)
84,9 (4) 43,3 (4) 78,7 (4)84.9 (4) 43.3 (4) 78.7 (4)
91,0 .(5) 22,8 (5) 47,9 (5)91.0. (5) 22.8 (5) 47.9 (5)
89,8 (6) 30,5 (6) 92,1 (6)89.8 (6) 30.5 (6) 92.1 (6)
28,6 (7) 41,5 (7) 67,5 (7)28.6 (7) 41.5 (7) 67.5 (7)
M = 72,8 M = 36,7 M = 74,1M = 72.8 M = 36.7 M = 74.1
230 28,6 (3) 11,4 (3) 44,5 (3)230 28.6 (3) 11.4 (3) 44.5 (3)
55,9 (4) 13,3 (4) 81,7 (4)55.9 (4) 13.3 (4) 81.7 (4)
88,0 (5) 6,9 (5)(x) 10,1 (5)88.0 (5) 6.9 (5) (x) 10.1 (5)
84,5 (6) 16,6 (6) 86,3 (6)84.5 (6) 16.6 (6) 86.3 (6)
13,4 (7) 35,4 (7) 55,5 (7)13.4 (7) 35.4 (7) 55.5 (7)
M = 54,1 M = 15,3 M = 53,6
Suite du Tableau 5 :M = 54.1 M = 15.3 M = 53.6 Table 5 continues:
(x) % d'inhibition non significatifs (a) (b) (c) : voir notes tableau 3.
(x)% of non-significant inhibition (a) (b) (c): see notes in table 3.
Claims
REVENDICATIONS .CLAIMS.
•1. Procédé de production d'acides gras caractéri¬ sé en ce qu'il comporte au moins les étapes de • 1. Process for the production of fatty acids characterized in that it comprises at least the steps of
- culture en masse des protozoaires ciliés Tetra- hymena dans un milieu nutritif adéquat et- mass culture of Tetrahymena ciliated protozoa in an adequate nutrient medium and
- 1 ' extraction des acides gras totaux de Tetrahy¬ mena.- The extraction of total fatty acids from Tetrahy¬ mena.
2. Procédé selon la revendication 1 caractérisé en ce qu'on utilise l'espèce T.rostrata de Tetrahymena. 2. Method according to claim 1 characterized in that the species T. rostrata of Tetrahymena is used.
3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2 caracté¬ risé en ce que la production de Tetrahymena s'effectue en fermenteur en utilisant un milieu de culture à base de lait écrémé et de levure ou d'extrait de levure.3. Method according to claim 1 or 2 caracté¬ ized in that the production of Tetrahymena is carried out in a fermenter using a culture medium based on skimmed milk and yeast or yeast extract.
4. Produit obtenu par le procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3.4. Product obtained by the process according to any one of claims 1 to 3.
5. Produit selon la revendication 4 caractérisé en ce qu'il est constitué à raison d'au moins 20% d'aci¬ de 7-linolénique ou d'acide dihomo-7-linolénique ou de ses dérivés, éventuellement mélangé avec 1 à 15% en poids d'acide oléique et 1 à 10% d'acide ciliénique.5. Product according to claim 4 characterized in that it is constituted at a rate of at least 20% of aci¬ of 7-linolenic or dihomo-7-linolenic acid or its derivatives, optionally mixed with 1 to 15% by weight of oleic acid and 1 to 10% of cilienic acid.
6. Produit selon la revendication 5 caractérisé en ce qu' il - contient l'acide 7-linolénique ou l'acide dihomo-7-linolénique sous forme d'acide libre ou sous forme d'un dérivé notamment d'ester, de préférence un ester méthylique .6. Product according to claim 5 characterized in that it - contains 7-linolenic acid or dihomo-7-linolenic acid in the form of free acid or in the form of a derivative in particular of ester, preferably a methyl ester.
7. Préparation médicamenteuse ou alimentaire à action d'antiagrêgation plaquettaire ou antithrombotique caractérisée en ce qu'elle contient comme constituant actif au moins de l'acide 7-linolénique ou l'acide dihomo-7-linolénique ou ses dérivés, notamment ses es¬ ters, de préférence l'ester méthylique.7. Drug or food preparation with anti-platelet or anti-thrombotic action, characterized in that it contains at least 7-linolenic acid or 7-linolenic acid or its derivatives, in particular its es¬, as active ingredient ters, preferably the methyl ester.
8. Préparation médicamenteuse ou alimentaire caractérisée en ce qu'elle contient l'acide -linolénique en mélange avec de l'acide oléique et/ou de l'acide ciliénique.8. Drug or food preparation characterized in that it contains -linolenic acid in admixture with oleic acid and / or cilienic acid.
9. Préparation médicamenteuse ou alimentaire se¬ lon la revendication 7 ou 8 caractérisée en ce qu'elle comporte comme adjuvant l'acétate d' α-tocophérol. 9. Drug or food preparation according to claim 7 or 8, characterized in that it comprises, as an adjuvant, α-tocopherol acetate.
10. Préparation médicamenteuse ou alimentaire à10. Drug or food preparation at
• action d'antiagregation plaquettaire ou antithrombotique caractérisée en ce qu'elle contient le produit selon la revendication 4. • anti-platelet or anti-thrombotic action characterized in that it contains the product according to claim 4.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR84/18393 | 1984-12-03 | ||
FR8418393A FR2574089B1 (en) | 1984-12-03 | 1984-12-03 | PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FATTY ACIDS, IN PARTICULAR G-LINOLEIC ACID FROM TETRAHYMENA, PRODUCTS OBTAINED AND MEDICINAL OR FOOD PREPARATION CONTAINING G-LINOLENIC ACID OR DERIVATIVES THEREOF AS ANTI-AGGREGATION AGENT |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1986003518A1 true WO1986003518A1 (en) | 1986-06-19 |
Family
ID=9310168
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/BE1985/000020 WO1986003518A1 (en) | 1984-12-03 | 1985-11-25 | PROCESS FOR PRODUCING FATTY ACIDS, PARTICULARLY gamma-LINOLENIC ACID FROM TETRAHYMENA, PRODUCTS OBTAINED THEREBY AND MEDICINAL OR ALIMENTARY PREPARATION CONTAINING gamma-LINOLENIC ACID OR DERIVATIVES THEREOF AS PLATELET ANTI-AGGREGATION AGENT |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0203118A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2574089B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1986003518A1 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0252716A2 (en) * | 1986-07-08 | 1988-01-13 | Suntory Limited | Process for production of Bishomo- Gamma-Linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid |
EP0708176A2 (en) * | 1994-10-21 | 1996-04-24 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the cultivation of lipid-dependent tetrohymenids and a process for the production of biogenic products of lipid-dependent tetrahymenids |
JP2000224997A (en) * | 1999-01-27 | 2000-08-15 | Aventis Res & Technol Gmbh & Co Kg | Collection of gamma-linolenic acid from genus colipidium of protozoan |
WO2002064807A3 (en) * | 2001-02-12 | 2003-03-20 | Nutrinova | Method for producing $g(g)-linolenic acids from a ciliate culture by adding suitable precursor molecules to said culture medium |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2746371B2 (en) * | 1987-12-21 | 1998-05-06 | サントリー株式会社 | Bishomo-γ-linolenic acid and method for producing lipid containing the same |
JP3070611B2 (en) * | 1989-03-07 | 2000-07-31 | サントリー株式会社 | △ ▲ Top 5 ▼ ―Unsaturated enzyme inhibitor |
WO1993020717A2 (en) * | 1992-04-13 | 1993-10-28 | Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. | Reducing gastrointestinal irritation in infant nutrition |
US6534100B1 (en) | 1999-09-13 | 2003-03-18 | German A. Valcarce | Methods for treating cholesterol-containing foodstuffs using live ciliates |
WO2001019201A1 (en) * | 1999-09-13 | 2001-03-22 | Florin Christensen Jorge | Methods for treating cholesterol-containing foodstuffs using live ciliates |
DE102005058369A1 (en) * | 2005-12-06 | 2007-06-14 | Lts Lohmann Therapie-Systeme Ag | Unsaturated fatty acids as thrombin inhibitors |
Citations (3)
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---|---|---|---|---|
DE2749492A1 (en) * | 1976-11-04 | 1978-05-11 | Bio Oil Res | ANTITHROMBOSIS AGENTS |
GB2084172A (en) * | 1980-09-24 | 1982-04-07 | Roussel Uclaf | Lipid compositions useful in dietetics |
EP0068854A1 (en) * | 1981-06-26 | 1983-01-05 | David Frederick Horrobin | A pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of disorders of inflammation and immunity and disorders associated with smooth muscle spasm |
-
1984
- 1984-12-03 FR FR8418393A patent/FR2574089B1/en not_active Expired
-
1985
- 1985-11-25 EP EP85905749A patent/EP0203118A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1985-11-25 WO PCT/BE1985/000020 patent/WO1986003518A1/en unknown
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE2749492A1 (en) * | 1976-11-04 | 1978-05-11 | Bio Oil Res | ANTITHROMBOSIS AGENTS |
GB2084172A (en) * | 1980-09-24 | 1982-04-07 | Roussel Uclaf | Lipid compositions useful in dietetics |
EP0068854A1 (en) * | 1981-06-26 | 1983-01-05 | David Frederick Horrobin | A pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of disorders of inflammation and immunity and disorders associated with smooth muscle spasm |
Non-Patent Citations (4)
Title |
---|
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, Vol. 101, No. 3, 16 July 1984, Columbus, Ohio (US) R.L. CONNER et al.: "Fatty Acid Desaturase Specificity in Tetrahymena", see page 335, No. 20337x & Lipids 1984, 19(4), 285-8, see Abstract * |
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, Vol. 84, No. 84 No. 19, 10 May 1976, Columbus, Ohio (US) R.L. CONNER et al.: "The Effect of Temperature on the Fatty-Acid Composition of Tetrahymena Pyriformis", page 225, No. 132385y & J. Protozool. 1976, 23(1), 193-6, see Abstract * |
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, Vol. 86, No. 9, 28 February 1977, Columbus, Ohio (US) M.J. KOROLY et al.: "Unsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in Tetrahymena. Evidence for two Pathways", page 197, No. 52528y & J. Biol. Chem. 1976, 251(23), 7588-92, see Abstract * |
CHEMICAL ABSTRACTS, Vol. 92, No. 11, 17 March 1980, Columbus, Ohio, (US) P.B. SCHICK et al.: "The Effect of Temperature on Unsaturated Fatty Acid loss in Tetrahymena Pyriformis", page 274, No. 90596a & Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1979, 575(3), 475-8, see Abstract * |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0252716A2 (en) * | 1986-07-08 | 1988-01-13 | Suntory Limited | Process for production of Bishomo- Gamma-Linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid |
EP0252716A3 (en) * | 1986-07-08 | 1988-10-05 | Suntory Limited | Process for production of bishomo- gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid |
US5401646A (en) * | 1986-07-08 | 1995-03-28 | Suntory Limited | Process for production of bishomo-gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid |
EP0708176A2 (en) * | 1994-10-21 | 1996-04-24 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the cultivation of lipid-dependent tetrohymenids and a process for the production of biogenic products of lipid-dependent tetrahymenids |
EP0708176A3 (en) * | 1994-10-21 | 1998-09-16 | Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the cultivation of lipid-dependent tetrohymenids and a process for the production of biogenic products of lipid-dependent tetrahymenids |
JP2000224997A (en) * | 1999-01-27 | 2000-08-15 | Aventis Res & Technol Gmbh & Co Kg | Collection of gamma-linolenic acid from genus colipidium of protozoan |
JP4510203B2 (en) * | 1999-01-27 | 2010-07-21 | ニュートリノヴァ・ニュートリッション・スペシャルティーズ・アンド・フード・イングリーディエンツ・ゲーエムベーハー | Acquisition of γ-linolenic acid from the protozoan genus Colpidium |
WO2002064807A3 (en) * | 2001-02-12 | 2003-03-20 | Nutrinova | Method for producing $g(g)-linolenic acids from a ciliate culture by adding suitable precursor molecules to said culture medium |
US7081356B2 (en) | 2001-02-12 | 2006-07-25 | Nutrinova Nutrition Specialities & Food Ingredients Gmbh | Method for producing γ-linolenic acids from a ciliate culture by adding suitable precursor molecules to said culture medium |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2574089A1 (en) | 1986-06-06 |
FR2574089B1 (en) | 1987-04-10 |
EP0203118A1 (en) | 1986-12-03 |
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