WO1985004476A1 - Fluid density measurement - Google Patents

Fluid density measurement Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1985004476A1
WO1985004476A1 PCT/GB1985/000148 GB8500148W WO8504476A1 WO 1985004476 A1 WO1985004476 A1 WO 1985004476A1 GB 8500148 W GB8500148 W GB 8500148W WO 8504476 A1 WO8504476 A1 WO 8504476A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
tube
coil
vibratory
fluid
driving
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/GB1985/000148
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Barry Charles Blake-Coleman
David John Clarke
Original Assignee
Public Health Laboratory Service Board
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Public Health Laboratory Service Board filed Critical Public Health Laboratory Service Board
Publication of WO1985004476A1 publication Critical patent/WO1985004476A1/en

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N9/00—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity
    • G01N9/002—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity using variation of the resonant frequency of an element vibrating in contact with the material submitted to analysis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N9/00—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity
    • G01N9/002—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity using variation of the resonant frequency of an element vibrating in contact with the material submitted to analysis
    • G01N2009/004—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity using variation of the resonant frequency of an element vibrating in contact with the material submitted to analysis comparing frequencies of two elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N9/00—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity
    • G01N9/002—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity using variation of the resonant frequency of an element vibrating in contact with the material submitted to analysis
    • G01N2009/006—Investigating density or specific gravity of materials; Analysing materials by determining density or specific gravity using variation of the resonant frequency of an element vibrating in contact with the material submitted to analysis vibrating tube, tuning fork

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the measurement of the density of fluids.
  • vibration densitrometry involves - in one form - filling a resiliently supported vessel with sample fluid and electromechanically exciting the vessel to a vibrational resonance.
  • the resonant frequency can be determined precisely and is indicative of the mass contained in the known volume of the vessel and thereby of the fluid density.
  • Various shapes of vessel have been put forward as advantageous, including a sphere, a cylinder and a U-tube. If the apparatus is to have the sensitivity necessary to detect very slight changes in fluid density, a significant body of fluid must be contained within the vessel.
  • a further difficulty that is particularly acute with, for example, a vessel in the shape of a U-tube, is that with increasing dimensions the ' ' deviations from simple harmonic motion become more marked leading again to erroneous density values.
  • there is an evident disadvantage in increasing the overall size of the measurement apparatus particularly if it is the intention to mount the apparatus within process plant to provide on-line monitoring of density.
  • the present invention consists in apparatus for use in measuring fluid density, comprising an element adapted to contain a body of fluid and mounted for vibratory movement; means for driving the element and means for monitoring said vibrational movement to determine the fluid density, characterised in that the element comprises a thin, elongate tube fixed only at its ends and folded between said ends to provide a vibratory spring system.
  • the tube is folded in a helical coil.
  • said means for driving the vibratory element comprises means for establishing axial vibration in the helical coil.
  • said means for driving the vibratory element comprises feedback means for exciting the element to resonance.
  • the ratio of the unfolded length of the tube to the thickness of the tube is equal to or greater than 100.
  • said means for driving the vibratory element comprises a pair of electromechanical drive means operating on the coil at locations spaced axially thereof, the two drive means being supplied with out of phase electrical signals.
  • FIG. 1 is a plan view in somewhat diagrammatic form showing apparatus according to this invention
  • Figure 2 is an end view of the apparatus shown in Figure 1;
  • FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram showing the electrical drive for the apparatus.
  • Figure 4 is a circuit diagram of a preferred amplifier for use in the circuit of Figure 3-
  • the apparatus comprises a rigid base plate 10 from which rise two mounting pillars 12 and 14-
  • a coil 16 of thin stainless steel tubing is secured at opposite ends to the pillars 12, 14; the tube ends passing through the pillars to form fluid inlet and outlet ports. Between the two pillars, the coil has several turns which are freely suspended.
  • Drive solenoids 18 and 20 are disposed one at each end of the base 10. These solenoids cooperate respectively with ferromagnetic pole pieces 22 and 24 carried on opposite ends of the coil 16. At the coil mid-point, there is provided a small piezoelectric transducer 26 which cooperates with a fixed pick-up coil 28 to serve as a position/feedback transducer. Referring now to Figure 3, the pick-up coil 28 provides an input to amplifier 30, the output of which is connected in antiphase across the two drive solenoids 18 and 20. The amplifier is selected to have a gain which exceeds the losses of the electromechanical system and to have a broad bandwidth.
  • sample fluid is passed through the coil either continuously - if the rate at which the sample density changes is small compared with the fluid travel time through the coil - or alternatively in a step-wise manner.
  • Inevitable background vibrations will result in slight movement of the coil which is detected in pick-up 28 with the effect that the movement is amplified through forces applied at opposite ends of the coils through the solenoids.
  • the electromechanical system is brought to resonance at a frequency which is determined by the natural frequency of the coil and the mass of fluid contained therein.
  • the resonant frequency is measured in frequency meter 32 and passed to a display device 34 which may be calibrated in suitable density units.
  • the coil 16 has a length which greatly exceeds the tube thickness.
  • the length of the tube is 300 mm and the thickness 1/2 mm giving a length to thickness ratio of 600. Because of the length, a sufficient body of fluid may be accommodated to give reasonable sensitivity.
  • the small thickness of the tube ensures, however, that the time of travel of a pressure wave across the tube is very short compared with the period of vibration so that the entire mass within the tube participates in the vibratory movement. By folding the tube into a helix, the overall dimensions of the apparatus are kept within acceptable limits, notwithstanding the length of the tube.
  • Al is a variable gain operational amplifier serving as a first stage buffer and impedance matching stage.
  • a further amplification stage comprising operational amplifier A3 may be switched in or not depending on gain requirements, but if no gain is required the gain is set to one to maintain phase relationships.
  • the bandwidth of the amplifier is determined by a filter network including variable logarithmic resistors Rl and R2 which set the limits of the filter pass band.
  • Stage Jl is a control attenuater which functions to limit the system gain.
  • the final stage comprises a further operational amplifier A2 of variable gain.
  • an amplifier which has a substantially linear response over a frequency range which can be tailored through control of Rl and R2 to cover the anticipated density range but to avoid unwanted resonance modes.
  • the described apparatus is ideal for use in measuring the density of biological matter in fermentation process plant. It is disclosed in a co-pending application filed on the same day and in the same name as the present application, that the measurement of density of, for example, bacteria suspended in a nutrient medium, can provide a reliable indicator of bacteria concentration.
  • This invention can provide a test cell for use with advantage in the method according to that invention.
  • the ratio should preferably exceed 150 and is ideally greater than 100.
  • the tube may be folded in shapes other than a helical coil; a flat spiral or a planar serpentine arrangement suggest themselves. It is preferred that the tube is folded in such a way that the unfolded length of the tube is at least five times greater than the largest overall dimension of the coil or other folded arrangement.
  • the method by which the coil is excited at both ends has the advantage of increasing control over the vibratory movement enabling this to be brought closer to the ideal of simple harmonic motion. In certain circumstances, other drive arrangements might be employed.

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  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Apparatus Associated With Microorganisms And Enzymes (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
  • Apparatuses For Generation Of Mechanical Vibrations (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Magnetic Means (AREA)

Abstract

Apparatus for use in measuring fluid density comprises a thin tube (16) carrying the fluid and coiled between fixed ends (12) and (14). The coil is excited to spring resonance by means of opposed solenoids S1 and S2 driven in a feedback loop from a central pick-up (28). The resonant frequency is measured and is indicative of the mass of the fluid contained in the coil and thereby of the fluid density.

Description

FLUID DENSITY MEASUREMENT
This invention relates to the measurement of the density of fluids.
There is an established technique known as vibration densitrometry which involves - in one form - filling a resiliently supported vessel with sample fluid and electromechanically exciting the vessel to a vibrational resonance. The resonant frequency can be determined precisely and is indicative of the mass contained in the known volume of the vessel and thereby of the fluid density. Reference is directed, by way of example, to GB 1189083*. Various shapes of vessel have been put forward as advantageous, including a sphere, a cylinder and a U-tube. If the apparatus is to have the sensitivity necessary to detect very slight changes in fluid density, a significant body of fluid must be contained within the vessel. However, with a sphere or cylinder of relatively large dimensions, the difficulty is encountered that the time of travel of a pressure wave through the contained fluid approaches the period of vibrational movement of the vessel. Under those circumstances it is no longer accurate to treat the vessel and fluid as together defining a rigid body moving in simple harmonic motion. Effectively, the central volume of the fluid plays less than its expected part in damping the motion of the vessel so that an erroneous density value is produced. This error becomes more significant with fluids of higher viscosity.
A further difficulty that is particularly acute with, for example, a vessel in the shape of a U-tube, is that with increasing dimensions the' 'deviations from simple harmonic motion become more marked leading again to erroneous density values. In addition, there is an evident disadvantage in increasing the overall size of the measurement apparatus, particularly if it is the intention to mount the apparatus within process plant to provide on-line monitoring of density.
It is an object of this invention to provide improved apparatus for use in the measurement of fluid density which goes some way to overcoming the above disadvantages.
Accordingly, the present invention consists in apparatus for use in measuring fluid density, comprising an element adapted to contain a body of fluid and mounted for vibratory movement; means for driving the element and means for monitoring said vibrational movement to determine the fluid density, characterised in that the element comprises a thin, elongate tube fixed only at its ends and folded between said ends to provide a vibratory spring system.
Advantageously, the tube is folded in a helical coil.
Preferably said means for driving the vibratory element comprises means for establishing axial vibration in the helical coil.
Suitably, said means for driving the vibratory element comprises feedback means for exciting the element to resonance.
Suitably, the ratio of the unfolded length of the tube to the thickness of the tube is equal to or greater than 100.
In one form of the invention, said means for driving the vibratory element comprises a pair of electromechanical drive means operating on the coil at locations spaced axially thereof, the two drive means being supplied with out of phase electrical signals.
The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in. which:-
Figure 1 is a plan view in somewhat diagrammatic form showing apparatus according to this invention;
Figure 2 is an end view of the apparatus shown in Figure 1;
Figure is a circuit diagram showing the electrical drive for the apparatus; and
Figure 4 is a circuit diagram of a preferred amplifier for use in the circuit of Figure 3-
Referring to Figures 1 and 2, the apparatus comprises a rigid base plate 10 from which rise two mounting pillars 12 and 14- A coil 16 of thin stainless steel tubing is secured at opposite ends to the pillars 12, 14; the tube ends passing through the pillars to form fluid inlet and outlet ports. Between the two pillars, the coil has several turns which are freely suspended.
Drive solenoids 18 and 20 are disposed one at each end of the base 10. These solenoids cooperate respectively with ferromagnetic pole pieces 22 and 24 carried on opposite ends of the coil 16. At the coil mid-point, there is provided a small piezoelectric transducer 26 which cooperates with a fixed pick-up coil 28 to serve as a position/feedback transducer. Referring now to Figure 3, the pick-up coil 28 provides an input to amplifier 30, the output of which is connected in antiphase across the two drive solenoids 18 and 20. The amplifier is selected to have a gain which exceeds the losses of the electromechanical system and to have a broad bandwidth. In operation, sample fluid is passed through the coil either continuously - if the rate at which the sample density changes is small compared with the fluid travel time through the coil - or alternatively in a step-wise manner. Inevitable background vibrations will result in slight movement of the coil which is detected in pick-up 28 with the effect that the movement is amplified through forces applied at opposite ends of the coils through the solenoids. In this way, the electromechanical system is brought to resonance at a frequency which is determined by the natural frequency of the coil and the mass of fluid contained therein. The resonant frequency is measured in frequency meter 32 and passed to a display device 34 which may be calibrated in suitable density units.
The coil 16 has a length which greatly exceeds the tube thickness. In the described example, the length of the tube is 300 mm and the thickness 1/2 mm giving a length to thickness ratio of 600. Because of the length, a sufficient body of fluid may be accommodated to give reasonable sensitivity. The small thickness of the tube ensures, however, that the time of travel of a pressure wave across the tube is very short compared with the period of vibration so that the entire mass within the tube participates in the vibratory movement. By folding the tube into a helix, the overall dimensions of the apparatus are kept within acceptable limits, notwithstanding the length of the tube. A form of amplifier which is particularly suited to use with this apparatus will now be described with reference to Figure 4- The requirements for this amplifier are that the gain and phase shift should be substantially constant for the frequencies of axial mode resonance corresponding with the range of densities likely to be encountered in use, but that frequencies associated with other modes of resonance should be severely attenuated. It is usually not possible to predict the natural resonant frequency of each mode of resonance and in order to maximise the usable bandwidth of the amplifier without including unwanted resonance modes, it is desirable to have an amplifier the frequency response of which can be tailored in use.
In the circuit diagram which is Figure 4, Al is a variable gain operational amplifier serving as a first stage buffer and impedance matching stage. A further amplification stage comprising operational amplifier A3 may be switched in or not depending on gain requirements, but if no gain is required the gain is set to one to maintain phase relationships. The bandwidth of the amplifier is determined by a filter network including variable logarithmic resistors Rl and R2 which set the limits of the filter pass band.
Stage Jl is a control attenuater which functions to limit the system gain. The final stage comprises a further operational amplifier A2 of variable gain.
By the use of this arrangement, an amplifier is provided which has a substantially linear response over a frequency range which can be tailored through control of Rl and R2 to cover the anticipated density range but to avoid unwanted resonance modes.
Because of the ability to accommodate viscous fluids without the errors mentioned above, and because of the capability of producing an output in real time with a continously flowing sample, the described apparatus is ideal for use in measuring the density of biological matter in fermentation process plant. It is disclosed in a co-pending application filed on the same day and in the same name as the present application, that the measurement of density of, for example, bacteria suspended in a nutrient medium, can provide a reliable indicator of bacteria concentration. This invention can provide a test cell for use with advantage in the method according to that invention.
The importance of the length to thickness ratio of the tube has been stressed and the value of this ratio in the described embodiment quoted as 600. The ratio should preferably exceed 150 and is ideally greater than 100. The tube may be folded in shapes other than a helical coil; a flat spiral or a planar serpentine arrangement suggest themselves. It is preferred that the tube is folded in such a way that the unfolded length of the tube is at least five times greater than the largest overall dimension of the coil or other folded arrangement.
The method by which the coil is excited at both ends has the advantage of increasing control over the vibratory movement enabling this to be brought closer to the ideal of simple harmonic motion. In certain circumstances, other drive arrangements might be employed.
The use of electrical coils and ferromagne ic pole pieces for the drive means represents only one of the options available. It would be possible, for example, to use piezoelectric devices or - for the pick¬ up - a capacitative effect device. Alternatively, a small current may be passed through the stainless steel tube enabling this to serve as an electrical coil in cooperation with fixed coils or pole pieces.

Claims

1. Apparatus for use in measuring fluid density, comprising an element adapted to contain a body of fluid and mounted for vibratory movement; means for driving the element and means for monitoring said vibrational movement to determine the fluid density, characterised in that the element comprises a thin, elongate tube fixed only at its ends and folded between said ends to provide a vibratory spring system.
2. Apparatus according to Claim 1, wherein the tube is folded in a helical coil.
3« Apparatus according to Claim 2, wherein said means for driving the vibratory element comprises means for establishing axial vibration in the helical coil.
4- Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein said means for driving the vibratory element comprises feedback means for exciting the element to resonance.
5. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the unfolded length of the tube is at least five times greater than the largest overall dimension of the folded tube.
6. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims, -wherein the ratio of the unfolded length of the tube to the thickness of the tube is equal to or greater than 100.
7- Apparatus according to Claim 6, wherein said ratio is in the range 150 to 700.
8. Apparatus according to any one of the preceding claims wherein said means for driving the vibratory element comprises a pair of electromechanical drive means operating on the element at spaced locations and supplied with out of phase electrical signals.
9- Apparatus according to Claim 8 and to Claim 2 wherein the electromechanical drive means are positioned adjacent opposite ends of the coil and wherein said means for monitoring includes a transducer operating near the mid-length of the coil.
10. Apparatus according to Claim 4 wherein said feedback means includes a variable bandwidth amplifier enabling suppression of unwanted resonance modes.
PCT/GB1985/000148 1984-04-03 1985-04-03 Fluid density measurement WO1985004476A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB848408527A GB8408527D0 (en) 1984-04-03 1984-04-03 Fluid density measurement
GB8408527 1984-04-03

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WO1985004476A1 true WO1985004476A1 (en) 1985-10-10

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US (1) US4796468A (en)
EP (1) EP0175741A1 (en)
JP (1) JPS61502163A (en)
AU (1) AU4212885A (en)
CA (2) CA1232152A (en)
GB (1) GB8408527D0 (en)
WO (1) WO1985004476A1 (en)
ZA (2) ZA852503B (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3609489A1 (en) * 1986-02-24 1987-08-27 Hatschek Rudolf A DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE DENSITY
GB2214300A (en) * 1988-01-07 1989-08-31 Kyoto Electronics Mfg Oscillating tube densimeter

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ES2233904T3 (en) 1996-04-10 2005-06-16 Raymond Keith Foster DRIVE MODULE FOR MOVEMENT TABLETS CONVEYOR IN VAIVEN.
ES2123452B1 (en) * 1997-03-18 1999-09-16 Univ Madrid Complutense APPARATUS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MASS AND DENSITY.
ES2155739B1 (en) * 1997-03-18 2001-12-01 Univ Madrid Complutense DEVICE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF MASS AND DENSITY.
JP2002543955A (en) * 1999-05-10 2002-12-24 グラクソ グループ リミテッド Crystal form screening workstation with high throughput and method of using same
JP4514639B2 (en) * 2005-03-31 2010-07-28 国立大学法人群馬大学 Cantilever type sensor
US9341059B2 (en) * 2009-04-15 2016-05-17 Schlumberger Technology Corporation Microfluidic oscillating tube densitometer for downhole applications
PL2246688T3 (en) 2009-04-29 2012-02-29 Nest Int N V Fluid density measurement device
US20120086456A1 (en) * 2010-10-07 2012-04-12 Baker Hughes Incorporated Method and apparatus for estimating viscosity and density downhole using a relaxed vibrating electrically conductive element
ITTO20120722A1 (en) * 2012-08-10 2014-02-11 Istituto Sperimentale Italiano Laz Zaro Spallanza LABEL-FREE DEVICE AND PROCESS FOR DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FLUIDS BY MEANS OF A SUSPENDED AND VIBRATING MICROFLUIDIC CIRCULATION SYSTEM
US10126266B2 (en) 2014-12-29 2018-11-13 Concentric Meter Corporation Fluid parameter sensor and meter
WO2016109451A1 (en) 2014-12-29 2016-07-07 Concentric Meter Corporation Electromagnetic transducer
EP3215812B1 (en) 2014-12-29 2020-10-07 Concentric Meter Corporation Fluid parameter sensor and meter

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US3523446A (en) * 1967-03-21 1970-08-11 Kratky Otto Dr Dr E H Device for density determination
SU711432A1 (en) * 1975-12-29 1980-01-25 Всесоюзный Научно-Исследовательский Институт Геофизических Методов Разведки Device for measuring viscosity and density of liquid media

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GB1482988A (en) * 1974-08-08 1977-08-17 Agar Instr Method and apparatus for measuring the density of a dirty fluid
US3967490A (en) * 1975-06-27 1976-07-06 International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation Vibration densitometer
SU1062562A1 (en) * 1982-01-08 1983-12-23 Ташкентский Ордена Дружбы Народов Политехнический Институт Им.А.Р.Беруни Instrument for measuring for mesuring liquid mediadensity and viscosity
US4655075A (en) * 1984-09-26 1987-04-07 University Of Delaware Vibrating tube densimeter

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3523446A (en) * 1967-03-21 1970-08-11 Kratky Otto Dr Dr E H Device for density determination
SU711432A1 (en) * 1975-12-29 1980-01-25 Всесоюзный Научно-Исследовательский Институт Геофизических Методов Разведки Device for measuring viscosity and density of liquid media

Non-Patent Citations (3)

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Title
Advances in Instrumentation, Vol. 35, part 1, 1980, Research Triangle Park (US) B.W. BALLS: "A New on-line Density Meter for Viscous Liquids and Slurriers", pages 1-13, see figure 6 *
Measurement Techniques, Vol. 26, No. 8, August 1983 (New York, US) V.J. MATVEEV et al.: "Cryogenic Vibration Densitometer", pages 664-667, see page 664, lines 20-31 and figure 1 *
Soviet Inventions Illustrated, Derwent Publications, week C36, 15 October 1980 Abstract No. H7783C/36; & SU, A, 711432 (Geophys Prospecting) 28 January 1980 *

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE3609489A1 (en) * 1986-02-24 1987-08-27 Hatschek Rudolf A DEVICE FOR DETERMINING THE DENSITY
GB2187286B (en) * 1986-02-24 1990-01-04 Hatschek Rudolf Fluid density measuring apparatus
GB2214300A (en) * 1988-01-07 1989-08-31 Kyoto Electronics Mfg Oscillating tube densimeter
GB2214300B (en) * 1988-01-07 1991-11-27 Kyoto Electronics Mfg Method of detection of oscillation period for oscillatory densimeter

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
AU4212885A (en) 1985-11-01
ZA852502B (en) 1986-11-26
CA1232152A (en) 1988-02-02
ZA852503B (en) 1985-11-27
JPS61502163A (en) 1986-10-02
GB8408527D0 (en) 1984-05-16
EP0175741A1 (en) 1986-04-02
US4796468A (en) 1989-01-10
CA1261163A (en) 1989-09-26

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