WO1985000266A2 - Conversion of molecular energy into power - Google Patents

Description

The Description.

The title of the invention:

Conversion of molecular energy into power.

Technical field of the invention: This invention relates to the generation of power by the heat. It introduces the novel method of conversion of heat into work and also introduces the novel kind of power generators carrying this method into practical effect.

The background art of the invention: This invention is, in the applicants opinion, a basic invention and no reference to the related prior art can be made and instead, for the better clarity of the description, the concept on which this invention is based and its relation to the existing laws of physics is hereafter presented. It is known that fluids consist of molecules which possess kinetic energy by being in constant movement. The pressure of a fluid acting upon a solid area is caused by the molecules hitting the area and rebounding from it. When this area is stationary, the mean velocity and the kinetic energy of the molecules which approach the area and those which have rebounded from it will be theoretically unchanged. This condition will change when the area is not stationary: When the area moves away from it approaching molecules, the mean velocity of the rebounded molecules will be smaller and when the area moves against it approaching molecules the mean velocity of the rebounded molecules will be higher than the mean original velocity of the approaching molecules. Similar, to some extent, phenomenon can be noticed when an elastic ball, like a rubber ball, reboundes from a solid wall. Kinetic energy of the ball can be increased or decreased depending in which direction the wall moves. In the case of the ball, the change of velocity changes only the kinetic energy of the ball and in the case of the molecules any change of kinetic energy of molecules is felt as the change of the temperature of the fluid. Consequently, when a solid area is moved in a fluid, the temperature of the fluid will decrease at the trailing side, which moves away from the approaching molecules, and will increase at the leading side, which moves toward approaching molecules. When this area moves, force acting upon the trailing side performs work which is covered by the molecular energy, felt as heat extracted at this side, and, at the same time, moving area acts against the force acting upon the leading side and returns here work performed as heat. Because opposing forces, caused by fluid pressure acting upon the leading and trailing sides, are equal, net gain in work or heat, when the losses are neglected, is zero.

At such method of conversion, molecular energy of fluids of the environment, like air or water, can also be converted into work, providing an apparatus can be made by means of which the opposing forces caused by the static pressure of fluid acting on a body, which normally are equal like in the case of said solid area, can be made unequal. The force formed in this way, as a resultant force of two unequal opposing forces, would have the following two distingtive properties: Firstly, it would be a force without the perceivable reaction thus it would appear as a reactionless force. Secondly, it would have the ability to convert molecular energy of fluids including fluids of the environment, like atmosphere or water, into useful work.

The object of this invention is to provide an apparatus by means of which static pressure of fluid can generate a force. Further object of this invention is to employ this by static pressure generated force as the driving force in power generators to generate power.

Since, according to the at present prevailing view, the existence of the reactionless force seems to disagree with the Third Law of Newton and also the conversion of molecular energy of fluids of the environment into work seems to disagree with the Second law of Thermodynamics and it is obvious that the object of this invention can only be achieved when the concept on which this invention is based does not contradict the existing laws of physics, said consept will be now explained in relation to the applicable laws of physics and in relation to the analogous phenomena occurring in nature. When a body submerged in a fluid is moved slowly horizontally, because the opposing forces, caused by the static pressure, acting on it are equal, fluid will be cooled at the trailing end and heated at the leading end by the same amount and the final fluid temperature will be unchanged, when the losses are neglected.

Completely different effect emerges when the body is moved in a fluid vertically. Because of the action of gravity on the fluid, fluid placed in the gravity field obtains its own weight and consequently, the pressure prevailing in a fluid diminishes with the increased distance from the centre of gravity. Thus, the pressure acting upon a body submerged in a fluid is smaller at its top, farther from the centre of gravity, than at its bottom. The two unequal pressures, smaller pressure acting downward from the top and higher pressure acting upward from the bottom, form the force acting upward. Consequently, as stated by the law of Archimedes, a body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of displaced fluid. This Archimedean force, acting upward, has two remarkable properties: Firstly, its Newtonian reaction is not perceivable thus it appears as a reactionless force. But it does not violate the Third Law of Newton which states that any action must have an equal and opposite directed reaction. The Law of Newton can be applied separately to the top and the bottom parts of the body and each part has the Newtonian reaction of molecular nature which is not perceivable. The velocity of rebounding molecules from each part can be determined with the aid of the Third Law of Newton. Thus, the reactionless force formed by the static pressure as a resultant force of the two reactionless forces, like the forces acting on the top and the bottom of said body, will appear as a reactionless force without violating the Newtonian. Law.

Second property of this reactionless Archimedean force is its ability to convert molecular energy of the fluid in which the body is submerged directly into work. The work performed by this reactionless force by lifting the weight of the body is drawn from molecular energy, commonly also known as heat energy, of the fluid in which it is submerged.

When a body ascends, molecules rebounding from its bottom, which moves away from approaching molecules, will be cooled and molecules rebounding from the top, which moves against approaching molecules, will be heated. But, because the force acting on the bottom is larger than the force acting on the top, more molecules will be cooled at the bottom than heated at the top. As an end result, fluid will be cooled by the amount of work, in heat equivalent, performed by the reactionless Archimedean force, converting directly heat of the fluid of the environment, like air or water, into work. The proof that it must be so can be provided by the Law of Preservation of Energy which states that the energy can neither be created no destroyed it can only be converted from one form into another. When the reactionless force lifting a body, like an air ship or a submarine, is suddenly destroyed, say by an explosion, and the body will plunge downward, in one piece or in fragments, the work performed by the reactionless force lifting the body, contained by the mass of the body in form of potential and kinetic energy, will return to the fluid, atmosphere or water respectively, in form of heat caused by the friction of falling body or its fragments and the heat generated by its final impact on the ground.

Consequently, converting heat energy of the environmental fluids, like atmosphere or water, into work which can be achieved by the reactionless force, since such phenomenon occurs in nature, does not violate the Second Law of Thermodynamics or any other law of physics which may be regarded as here relevant.

Reactionless force can be defined as a force generated by the static pressure of fluid in such a way that its Newtonian reaction is not perceivable and this force appears as being without such reaction.

While the reactionless Archimedean force can act only upward, the reactionless force generated by means of this invention can act in such a way that it can generate power. The method of conversion of molecular energy into work, as devised by this invention, in general involves the generation of the reactionless force and facilitating it to perform work. At present power is generated by the forces which have the perceivable Newtonian reaction and for this reason present powergenerators have the reaction to the torque generated on the output shaft. This reaction is mostly transmitted to the stationary housing. Such reaction will not be present in power generators driven by the reactionless force, as devised by this invention.

Having now explained the concept on which this invention is based and the relation between the objects of this invention and the relevant laws of physics, I shall now proceed with the description of this invention.

The disclosure of the invention.

In brief summary, the novelty and the essence of this invention is the apparatus by means of which static pressure of a fluid can generate the reactionless force, as herein specified and defined, which, when employed as the driving force in power generators can convert molecular energy of employed fluid into work incorporating in this conversion the herein specified method by means of which molecular energy, commonly also known as heat energy, contained by the fluids, including fluids of the environment, like air or water, can be utilised for practical applications as an energy source.

According to this invention, the apparatus generating the reactionless force will have the form of a rotor, being a powers generating element in a power generator, which will comprise the desired number of conduits shaped and located in such a way that static pressure of fluid, flowing in the conduits, will form the reactionless force which will drive the rotor and generate power. The expression "conduit" has here a broad meaning and includes the synonymic expressions like channel, passage, nozzle, duct.

The meaning of "molecule" being here also extended on atoms when the fluid consists of single atoms instead of molecules.

Brief description of the drawings.

Following constructions of power generators, in accordance with this invention, will now be described by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

Fig.l shows longitudinal section A-A and Fig.2 shows half of cross section B-B of a power generator. Fig.3 shows the developed section of rotor 3 and the blade arrangement of turbine 5, indicating how the conduits 4 are formed and how the fluid flows. Fig.4 Top part shows the geometry of one conduit and the forces acting on it. Bottom part shows the polygon of forces which act on the conduit.

Fig.5 is a velocity diagram, shown in Cartesian coordinates, indicating how the dynamic forces act on the cδnduit. Fig.6 shows longitudinal section C-C and Fig.7 shows cross sections of a multistage power generator. Left hand side of. cross section shows section D-D and right hand side shows section E-E. Fig.8 shows longitudinal section G- G and Fig.9 shows half of cross section H-H of a two speed power generator. Fig.10 shows longitudinal section K-K and Fig.11 shows half of cross section L-L of a power generator working with fluid enclosed in its housing. Fig.12 shows longitudinal section M-M and Fig.13 shows cross section N-N of a single stage power generator introducing and exhausting fluid axially.

Fig.15 shows longitudinal section P-P and Fig.14 shows cross section S-S of a single stage power generator introducing and exhausting fluid radially.

The novel and common feature for all herein illustrated power generators is the rotor which generates power by the reactionless force. Conventional technology is employed to deliver fluid as required to the rotor and also to remove fluid efficiently from the generator. In this specific description the expression "channel" may be more depictive and it will be here used instead of the expression "conduit".

Specification of power generator shown on Fig.1 and Fig.2. Fluid, like the air from the atmosphere or water in which the generator may be submerged, enters the generator through the fan intake 1 and passes: fan 2, rotor 3, turbine 5 and the diffuser 6 from where it is exhausted. Spin imparted to the fluid by the fan 2 is further increased when fluid passes free space between fan 2 and rotor 3 and then fluid enters the channels 4, formed in rotor 3, possessing the desired prespin in the same direction as the rotation. Fig.3 shows in the developed projection how the channels 4 are formed at the periphery of rotor 3 showing also the diverting blades of turbine 5 between which fluid passes and is diverted in backward direction. Arrow u indicating the direction of rotation and arrow v indicating the direction of prespin of fluid.

When fluid is flowing, normally on channel 4 are acting two kinds of forces: Force caused by the static pressure and force caused by the dynamic pressure. There is a basic difference between these two forces: Force caused by the static pressure has a not perceivable Newtonian reaction and static pressure is normally equal on the areas of leading and trailing sides of channel located symmetrically about the centre line of channel; dynamic force, being caused by the forced change of momentum of fluid, has a perceivable Newtonian reaction and dynamic pressure can act either upon the leading or the trailing side of channel in addition to there already prevailing static pressure. In order to distinguish static and dynamic forces, Fig.4 and Fig.5 are drawn of which Fig.4 deals with the static and Fig.5 deals with the dynamic forces.

One of the channels 4, top part of Fig.4, is divided into three parts formed by the lines drawn at each end of channel perpendicularly to the centre line of channel indicating also three forces, m, p and n, acting on each part. Force p being the force acting on the conical part and forces m and n being the forces acting on the ends of the channel which have the triangular shape. Polygon of forces, bottom part of Fig.4, combines all three forces into a resultant force R which is divided into two components, the axial X and the tangential Y. Force R and its components X and Y are the reactionless forces. Dotted lines on the polygon indicate how the polygon will change when the fluid is stationary. In this case the force Y is zero. In practical applications, force X can provide an axial thrust and force Y can generate power, providing the other forces which may also be acting on the rotor, static and dynamic forces, do not counterbalance either or the both of said forces.

When fluid flows in the channel, due to the interaction of the velocity and the pressure, the faster the fluid flows the more diminished are the forces p and n in relation to the force m and force Y will correspondingly increase. In practice, said increase may be limited by the sonic velocity, when the fluid is a gas, or by the cavitation when the fluid is a liquid. When fluid is a liquid or a gas flowing with the subsonic velocity in the channel, force Y will act always in the same direction regardless from which end fluid enters the channel. The magnitude of force Y can be influenced by the velocity of fluid in the channel, the geometry of the channel and the kind of the fluid. Dynamic forces, being determined by the change of the momentum of fluid stream, can be influenced by the shape of the rotor, they can be reduced to zero or reversed.

Referring to Fig.5, shown vectors depicting fluid velocities in the channel: o-a = velocity at outlet, o-b = velocity at inlet, o-c = absolute velocity at inlet, o-d = absolute velocity at outlet, a-d, b-c and a-e = rotational speed of the channel. Since the tangential component of the absolute velocity is greater at the inlet, ordinate of the point c, than at the outlet, ordinate of point d, angular momentum, caused by the dynamic force only, will act in the direction of rotation, forming from the rotor 3 a turbine. By increasing rotational speed of the rotor at the outlet, by increasing the diameter of rotor at the outlet thus forming a conical rotor, say from point d to point e, due to the increased diameter at the outlet, angular momentum and it causing dynamic force will act in the opposite to the rotation direction, forming from such αonical rotor a fan. Dynamic force can also be reduced to zero when instead increasing rotational speed to the point e some lower speed, on the vector between points e and d is selected.

By increasing the diameter of rotor at the outlet, at extreme, rotational speed can be increased until the channels are located on a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation, forming a rotor resembling known impellers employed in the present fans and compressors. However, as thereafter will be shown, the application of such rotors in this invention has a different purpose: mainly to form the reactionless force and to perform by it work. Static and dynamic forces can also be influenced by the formation of the eddies in the entry of the channel. This formation can be controlled by the spin imparted to the fluid before it enters the channel.

Static pressure acting upon the ends of rotor 3 forms an axial force which can totally balance the component X acting on each channel but it can not change the component Y.

Tangential force Y being formed by the static pressure is a reactionless force and as such it has the ability to convert the molecular energy into work. The existence of the force Y implies that more molecules rebound from the leading than from the trailing side of the channel, when referring to the direction of rotation shown by the arrow u on Pig.3, and since the leading side moves away from the approaching molecules and the trailing side moves against the approaching molecules, more molecules, after rebounding, will lose their velocity and are cooled at the leading side than gain the velocity and are heated at the trailing side. As an end result, fluid will emerge from the rotor 3 cooled by the amount of work, in heat value, performed by the reactionless force Y. Power consumed by the fan 2 is contained by the fluid, at the outlet of fan, in form of pressure and kinetic energy and at efficient utilisation of dynamic forces this power can be to great extend recovered. Dynamic force acting on the rotor 3 and the blades of turbine 5 recovers greater portion of this power. Further recovery may take place in the diffuser 6. Energy contained by the fluid issuing from the diffuser 6 represents the difference between the power consumed by the fan 2 and the total power recovered. Energy still contained by the fluid issuing from the diffuser 6 is a loss which must be covered by the power generated by the reactionless force Y.

Since in this power generator power available on the output shaft 7 is generated by the reactionless force, power generated or consumed by the dynamic forces being here of the internal nature only, the generator has no reaction opposite to the generated torque, except the reaction of the momentum of issuing fluid, and for this reason it is not necessary to provide an arrangement to take up such reaction as is essential in the present power generators. This power generator appears as a rotating structure rigidly connected to the shaft 7 and rotating in the bearings 9 and 10. Power output and the speed of the generator is controlled by the disc 8 which is arranged axially movable to effect closing and opening of the fan intake 1. Disc 8 can also close completely the fan intake and stop the generator. Axial movement of disc 8 can be controlled by a conventional governor or can be made manually. Power output can also be controlled by the variation of the spinning velocity of the fluid at the entry of rotor 3.

Power generator will be started by an external force imparting rotation to the shaft 7. At the sufficient high rotation, static force becomes high enough to overcome all resistance and accelerates the rotor to the desired and controllable speed.

The generator can be modified to suit particular requirements. Pan 2 can be arranged to rotate indepedently, being driven by a separate motor. Also turbine 5 can be arranged to rotate indepedently of rotor 3. Diffuser 6 can rotate together with rotor 3 or it can be made stationary. If desired, there can be more than one rotor arranged on the common shaft.

Because of the simplicity in construction, the best mode may be the generator as shown on Fig.l and Fig.2 in which all components are arranged to rotate as one unit.

Specification of the multistage power generator as shown on

Fig.6 and Fig.7.

Fluid, like air from the atmosphere or water in which the generator may be submerged, enters through the fan intake 11, passes the fan 12 and is then diverted through the free space 13 to enter the first stage 14 from its centre. Spin imparted to the fluid by the fan 12 is further increased in the space 13 to the desired level before fluid enters the first stage 14. Each stage consists of a rotor and to it attached turbine. Rotor 15 of the first stage into which fluid enters from the centre is formed by the desired number of diverging channels resembling the channel shown and described on Fig.4. As already described and illustrated on Fig.4 and Fig.5, on such rotor are acting two kind of forces: the reactionless force acting in the direction of rotation and the dynamic force which here resists the rotation. Power consumed to overcome the dynamic moment is contained by the fluid at the outlet .of rotor in form of presure and kinetic energy and in order to maintain the desired spin of fluid at the entry of the subsequent stage, portion of this energy has to be removed. This is done by the turbine 16, which being attached to the rotor 15 transmits this energy as power back to the rotor 15. Fluid after issuing from the turbine 16 flows toward the centre increasing its spin as required and enters the rotor 18 of the second stage 17. Second stage, like the first, consists of the rotor 18 and the turbine 19 and it works similarly as the already described first stage. Prom the second stage fluid enters with the spin, adjusted to the required level by the turbine 19, the rotor 21 of the .third stage 20 from where, after passing the turbine 22, fluid is exhausted from the generator. Turbine 22 of the final stage 20 is designed to convert into power the maximun of the energy contained by the fluid before it is exhausted. At efficient utilisation of dynamic forces, power consumed by fan 12 and by dynamic moments acting on rotors 15, 18 and 21 can be to a great extent recovered by the turbines 16, 19 and 22 leaving the energy still contained by fluid, issuing from the generator, as a loss.

Power generated by the reactionless force in the rotors 15, 18 and 21 less losses, like friction and exhaust losses, is the power available on the output shaft 25. Dynamic forces and their effect being here of the internal nature and as a by-product.

The geometry of the channels of rotors 15, 18 and 21 are similar as already described and illustrated on Fig.4 except that the force component X instead acting in the axial here acts in the radial direction, toward the centre of rotor. The tangential force component Y acts here in the direction of rotation shown by the arrow 28.

Since the net power available on the output shaft is here generated by the reactionless force, this generator has no reaction opposing the generated torque and, for this reason, the stator, which is essential in present power generators to take up such reaction, is here superfluous. The generator is designed as a drum like structure rotating in the bearings 24, outer shell 26, fan 12 and all rotors and the turbines being rigidly connected to the shaft 25.

Disc 23 controls the power output and the speed of the generator by the axial movement, restricting or opening the fan intake 11. It can also close completely fan intake and stop the generator. Axial movement of disc 23 can be effected by a conventional governor or can be made manually.

Conversion of molecular energy into power takes place in the rotors 15, 18 and 21 in the manner as herebefore described and fluid issues from the generator with the temperature reduced in corresondence to the generated power. The generator can be modified to suit a particular requirement: Rotors 15, 18 and 21 are shown with the channels formed so that both opposite pairs of walls diverge as shown on Fig.6 and Fig.7. If desired, the divergence shown on Fig.6 can be omitted and channels can be made in this longitudinal section parallel or converging. Also the channels, shown on Fig.7 as straight channels, if desired can be made curved. The turbines 16 and 19 could be eliminated when the rotors are made unequal in such a way that the angular momentum of fluid issuing from one rotor is equal the angular momentum of fluid required at the inlet of the subsequent rotor.

Since the rotors 15, 18 and 21 work not only as turbine, being driven by the reactionless force, but also as a fan, increasing the angular momentum of fluid between the inlet and the outlet of rotor, the rotors can be arranged in such a way that the combined effect of all rotors can force the fluid to flow through the generator without the aid of the fan 12 so that the fan can be eliminated. The generator will be started by setting it into rotation by an external power.

Because of the simplicity in construction, the best mode may be the generator as is shown on Fig.6 and Fig.7, all components being arranged to rotate as one unit. Also, depending on particular requirement, prefered mode may be when the rotors are so designed that the rotation induces the fluid to flow through the generator so that the fan can be eliminated and the construction may be still more simplified.

Specification of a two speed power generator shown on Fig.8 and Fig.9.

Fluid, like the air from atmosphere or water, enters the generator through the space formed between the controllable blades 30, is diverted to flow through the rotor 31 and the turbine 32 from which it is exhausted.

Rotor 31 performs here the work as a power generator, being driven by the reactionless force, and as a fan, forcing the fluid to flow through the generator. Basically, rotor 31 is similar in the design and the performance as the already described rotor 15. Power consumed by the dynamic moment, forming the fan effect, is contained by the fluid at the outlet of rotor 31 and this energy is here recovered as power by the turbine 32. In order to facilitate an efficient recovery of this power, turbine 32 has to rotate, preferably, slower than the rotor 31. For this reason, power generated by the turbine 32 is in this arrangement transmitted back to the rotor 31 through the gear box 33 and the shaft 34. At efficient working, this power will equal nearly the total power consumed by the rotor 31, recovering its work performed as a fan. Power generated in rotor 31 by the reactionless force, after covering all losses, is available on the output shaft 34. Blades 30 can close or open the area through which fluid enters and by this action the spin, the pressure and the volume of entering fluid can be controlled. This, in turn, will control the power output and the speed and also can stop the generator by completely closing the entering area. This power generator will be started by imparting the rotation to the shaft 34 by an external power. Conversion of molecular energy into power, in the manner as already described, takes place when the fluid passes the diverging channels formed in the rotor 31. Rotor 31 can be modified to suit particular requirement, similarly as already described rotor 15, shown on Fig.6. This power generator can work in combination with the already described multistage generator shown on Fig.6 and Fig.7: The arrangement accommodating the blades 30 can substitute the fan 12 and turbine 32 can substitute the turbine 22.

Depending on particular requirement, there are many possible combinations in the arrangement of this power generator, but basically the best mode contemplated may be as is shown on Fig.8 and Fig.9.

Specification of power generator shown on Fig.10 and Fig.11. Main parts of this power generator are the rotor 40,rigidly connected with the shaft 41, and the housing 42 in which the bearings 43 for the shaft 41 are provided. In this arrangement, rotor 40 is submerged in the fluid enclosed by the housing 42. Fluid, if desired, can be under increased pressure and seals 47 prevent it escaping from the enclosure. Fluid, enclosed in the housing 42, enters the wider ends of the channels 44, formed in rotor 40, from the centre of rotor. The outlets of channels are diverted in the direction backward to the direction of rotation. Fluid issuing from the channels 44 flows through the space 45 toward the centre of rotor and enters the channels again, repeating continuously this circulation. Absolute velocity of fluid issuing from the channels has normally a relatively small tangential component in the direction of rotation and in order to prevent that this component forms the vortex, while flowing toward the centre in space 45, and reduces pressure of fluid to such extent that fluid will be unable to enter the channels, this component must be destroyed or its magnitude controlled. Stationary blades 48 have the purpose to destroy the tangential component of velocity of fluid so that fluid returns to the channels without forming vortex in space 45. If desired, blades 48 can be made adjustable in such a way that they do not destroy completely said tangential velocity and fluid returns through space 45 having the desired spin at the entries of channels 44. In this way the quantity of circulating fluid and, in turn, power output and the speed of the generator can be controlled.

Power generated by the reactionless force, formed by static pressure in channels 44, is drawn from molecular energy of fluid enclosed in the housing 42, in the manner as herebefore described, and for this reason this energy, in form of heat, must be continuously supplied to the fluid from outside. This can be done either by the heat transfer through the housing 42 or by extracting a portion of fluid, heat it externally and deliver it back to the housing. Since liquids transfer heat better than the gases, fluid enclosed will be, preferably, a liquid.

Power generator of this type can be modified to work also in an open cycle: Rotor 40 provided with the shaft and the bearings can work also efficiently submerged in a fluid, like water, without enclosing housing 42. In this case fluid will be directed to enter the rotor and after passing the rotor cooled fluid will be directed away from the rotor so that always new not cooled fluid enters the rotor. Axially movable disc 46 controls the quantity of circulating fluid, controlling power output and the speed of generator. Axial movement of disc 46 can be effected by a conventional governor or can be made manually.

In order to eliminate the axial thrust, the rotor is made, preferably, from two symmetrical parts. The generator will be started by imparting rotation to the shaft 41 by an external power.

Depending on particular requirement, when heat will be preferably supplied to the enclosed fluid from outside, then the power generator working in a clo.sed cycle as shown on Fig.10 and Fig.11 may be a preferable mode. When prefered instead of supplying heat to the fluid, heat already contained by the fluid is utilised, then prefered mode of power generator will be an arrangement working in an open cycle, as herebefδre described.

Specification of power generator shown on Fig.12 and Fig.13. This power generator consists of a fan or a pump 50, turbine 51, outside casing 52 and the shaft 53 which rotates in the bearings 55. All said parts being rigidly connected with the shaft 53 and rotate as one unit.

When the generator is set into rotation, fluid, like air from the atmosphere or water, enters the fan 50 from which it is directed through the turbine 51 and is then exhausted through the duct formed around the shaft 53. After leaving fan 50, fluid, possessing spin and increased pressure, passing through the turbine 51 exerts dynamic and static pressure upon the blades of turbine 51, both forming forces acting in the direction of rotation. Dynamic pressure here generates power which to great extent covers the power consumed by the fan 50 and static pressure forms the reactionless force, as herebefore defined, which generates power by lowering the temperature of fluid, in the manner as herebefore described. In this power generator, total power generated by the reactionless force is divided into two portions: First portion which, after covering not completely recovered power consumed by fan 50 and the losses, is available on the output shaft 53 and the second portion which is contained by the issuing fluid as kinetic energy. If desired, this kinetic energy can be converted by conventional means into power or the momentum of issuing fluid can be utilised to form the thrust which can perform work,like propelling a vehicle. Disc 56 can by an axial movement throttle the entering fluid and control power output and the speed of generator.

Power generator shown on Fig.12 and Fig.13 represents the prefered mode of the generator of this kind.

Specification of power generator shown on Fig.14 and Fig.15. This power generator consists of the turbine 61, the fan or the pump 60 and the shaft 62 which rotates in the bearings

64. The fan and the turbine being rigidly connected with the shaft and rotate as one unit.

When the generator rotates, fluid is induced by the fan 60 and by the ramming effect, formed by the rotating inlet, to enter the converging channels, formed between the blades of turbine 61, is directed to pass the fan 60 and is then exhausted. Fluid passing through the converging channels exerts static and dynamic pressure upon the blades of turbine 61. Static pressure forms the reactionless force which acts in the direction of rotation and performs work drawing energy, to cover this work, from the molecular energy of the fluid which passes through the channel, in the manner as herebefore described. Combined dynamic force, acting upon the turbine 61 and the fan 60, acts against the rotation consuming work which is contained as energy by the fluid issuing from the fan 60. This energy can be converted into power by a conventional turbine or the momentum of issuing fluid can be utilised to form the thrust.

Since the power generated by the reactionless force is drawn from the molecular energy of the fluid, the temperature of the fluid issuing from the fan 60 will be lower than the initial temperature of the fluid entering the turbine 61. Wall 66 prevents the cooled fluid, issuing from fan 60, to enter the generator again.

Power output and the speed of the generator is here controlled by the ring 65 which can be axially moved to close fully or partially the entry into the turbine 61. This generator and also the generator shown on Fig.12 and Fig.13 will be started by imparting the rotation to the shaft by an external power. The power generator may be modified to suit a particular requirement. If desired, a circularly arranged guide blades can be added at the entry, directing the fluid to enter the turbine 61 at the desired angle. Similar guide blades can by also arranged, if desired, at the outlet so that fluid will issue from the generator in the desired direction.

Although all herein illustrated power generators may be modified to suit particular requirement, in general the illustrated and herein described power generators represent the best mode contemplated by the applicant to carry this invention into practical effect.

The reactionless force formed in the rotor of illustrated power generators can not only be employed to generate power and to cool fluid, in the manner as herebefore described, but also it can be employed to absorb work and heat fluid. Such effect will take place when an external force is employed to overcome and rotate the rotor against the reactionless force. Then the described effect will be reversed: Work performed by said external force, which must be at least equal the overcomed reactionless force, will be absorbed by the fluid and fluid will issue from the channel heated by the corresponding amount. Consequently, not only work but also cooled and heated fluid can be utilised as the product of this invention.

Summing up: In all examples of the illustrated power generators the rotor, made in accordance with this invention, is the power generating element which is driven by the reactionless force. The rotor can have a cylindrical, conical or a disc like form. Each rotor comprises a desired number of conduits, being identical with synonymic expressions like channel, passage,nozzle, duct, which, by their shape and location, facilitate the generation of the reactionless force. Each of such conduits has at least two opposite longitudinal sides not parallel to each other forming a conduit of which the cross section area changes along its length and one of its ends is wider than the other; is arranged in the rotor so that its wider end is in more forward position, in relation to the direction of rotation at which power is generated, than the narrower end and one of said longitudinal sides becomes the leading and the other the trailing side. In this arrangement and when the conduits are separated by a common longitudinal wall, the ends of conduits become obliquely finished, as shown on Fig.3 and in cross sections of all illustrated rotors. Static pressure acting on the extended sides, formed by the obliquely cut ends, forms the forces m and n, shown on Fig.4. However, if desired, conduits can be made separately and assembled to form the rotor. Also, if desired, the ends of conduits can be squarely, perpendicularly to the centre line of conduit, instead obliquely finished. When such conduits are located as required and illustrated, wider end being in more forward position than the narrower end, then they are arranged staggered, in relation to each other, and static pressure acting on the staggered sides will form also the force components m and n, as shown on Fig.4, producing similar effect as the conduits with obliquely cut ends. Since fluid, employed as a working medium in the generators, can be a gas or a liquid, the meaning of term "fan" being here extended to mean also a centrifugal pump, when employed fluid is a liquid. Both, fan and centrifugal pump, can also be presented, in this context, by the same picture. The fan in all arrangements is shown as having blades with the radial outlets. If desired and to suit particular requirement the form of blades can be changed, blades can be forwardly or backwardly curved. Also the conduits in which the reactionless force is generated, if desired and to suit particular requirement, can be made curved instead as shown straight. If desired, the elements of construction of illustrated power generators can be made interchangeable. For instance controllable guide ring 30, shown on Fig.8 and Fig.9 can be employed in power generator shown on Fig.14 and Fig.15 so that it will guide fluid to enter turbine 61 and power output and the speed of generator can be controlled by the guide ring 30 instead as shown by the ring 65. Power generators can also be employed to absorb work, like forming an effective brake at which the force formed by the braking acts against the reactionless force, which drives the generator, and the work performed by it to overcome the reactionless force, is absorbed by the fluid which passes through the generator and fluid is correspondingly heated.

The application of this invention in industry. This invention shows the way how the immence energy source, stored as the heat in the fluids like the atmospheric air or the water of rivers, seas and oceans, can be utilised for the practical applications as an energy source. Since the energy is today scarce and expensive, this invention may become widely used, gradually replacing the present power generators in nearly all fields. Present thermal electricity generating power plants are expensive to run and they pollute the atmosphere. Future such power plants, employing this invention, can be located near the consumer of electricity, eliminating the expensive transmission lines. Possibly the individual houses and factories will have their own electricity generating plants, providing a large market for this invention. Where the generation of power by cooling the air will not be desired, power will be generated by cooling the water.

This invention facilitates to utilise for power generation the fall in water temperature instead, as at present, the height of the water fall. Since the reduction of water temperature by one degree Celsius is equivalent of approximately 427 metres of water fall, water power plants devised by this invention may become effective and widely used. Further application of this invention will be in the transport, land, sea and air, eliminating nearly totally the atmospheric pollution, both chemical and also to some degree the acoustical.

The manufacture of the power generators devised by this invention can be made with the presently available means of production. Also, because the working temperature of the power generators will be in the vicinity of the ambient temperature, not the special, expensive, materials are required. They can be made from the metals like aluminium or from the artificially made materials like the suitable plastic material, strong enough to withstand the stresses.

Claims

The Claims.

1. A propulsion apparatus providing the rotary propulsion characterized in that, that the force providing said rotary propulsion, defined herein as the reactionless force, is generated by the static pressure of a fluid acting upon the walls of a tapered conduit (4), defined herein as having an identical meaning as the synonymic expressions like channel, duct, passage, nozzle, which: is arranged so that a fluid can flow through it changing along its path its velocity and pressure so that the static pressure prevailing in the flowing fluid is different at each end of the conduit; is located, in relation to the direction of said propulsion, so that the static pressure of the fluid acting upon the walls of the conduit, during the flow of fluid, forms the reactionless force which provides the said propulsion.

2. A propulsion apparatus according to Claim 1 characterized in that the said conduit: has at least two opposite longitudinal sides arranged not parallel to each other so that the cross section areas of the conduit are not constant along its length and one of its two ends is wider than the other; is arranged, in relation to the direction of said propulsion, so that one of the said opposite longitudinal sides becomes the leading side and the other the trailing side and the wider end of the conduit is located in the more forward position than the other end; is arranged so that a fluid can enter it through the one end, flow along and issue from the other end and static pressure of the fluid acting upon the walls of the conduit, during the flow of fluid, forms the reactionless force which provides the said propulsion. The Claims continued.

3. A power generator characterized by the power generating rotor which is driven by the force which is generated by the static pressure of a fluid, such force being herein defined as the reactionless force, and the said rotor (3, 15, 18, 21, 40, 51, 61) comprises a conduit (4), defined herein as having an identical meaning as the synonymic expressions like duct, channel, passage, nozzle, which: has at least two opposite longitudinal sides arranged not parallel to each other so that the cross section areas of the conduit are not constant along its length and one of its two ends is wider than the other; is arranged, in relation to the direction in which the reactionless force drives the rotor, so that one of the said longitudinal sides becomes the leading side and the other the trailing side and the wider end of the conduit is located in the more forward position than its other end; is arranged so that the fluid can enter it through the one end, flow along and issue from the other end and the static pressure of fluid acting upon the walls of the conduit, during the flow of the fluid, forms the reactionless force which drives said rotor and generates power.

4. A power generator according to Claim 3 characterized in that the work performed by the said reactionless force, driving the rotor, is utilised to increase the energy of the fluid which passes through the said conduit. (3, 31, 51, 61)

5. A power generator according to Claim 4 characterized in that the momentum of the fluid issuing from the power generator is utilised to form the thrust. (51)

6. A power generator according to Claim 3 characterized in that, that the said reactionless force driving the rotor forms the torque without forming the perceivable reaction to the said torque. (3, 15, 18, 21, 31, 40, 51, 61) The Claims continued.

7. A power generator according to Claim 3 characterized in that the said conduit is arranged in the rotor so that the fluid enters it through the narrower end (3, 15, 18, 21, 31) and the fluid before it enters the conduit is induced into rotation in the same direction as the direction of rotation of the rotor when driven by the said reactionless force.

8. A power generator according to Claim 3 characterized in that the said conduit is arranged in the rotor so that the fluid enters it through the wider end (40, 51, 61) and the fluid after issuing from the narrower end is diverted in the direction backward to the direction of rotation of the rotor (40) when driven by the said reactionless force.

9. A power generator according to Claim 3 characterized in that, that suitable means is employed to induce the fluid to flow through the said conduit (2, 12, 50, 60) and also suitable means is employed to utilise for power generation the energy contained by the fluid issued from the conduit. (5, 16, 22, 32)

10. A power generator according to Claim 3 characterized in that the said rotor is formed so that the fluid is forced to enter the conduit, arranged in the rotor, by the rotation of the rotor (31, 40) and suitable means is employed to utilise for the generation of power the energy contained by the fluid issued from the conduit. ( 5 , 6, 32)

11. A power generator according to Claim 3 characterized in that it comprises more than one rotor and in which: the rotors are arranged so that the fluid issued from one rotor is directed to enter the subsequent rotor; the angular momentum of the fluid issued from the rotor is adjusted to equal the desired angular momentum of the fluid at the entry of the subsequent rotor by means arranged so that fluid passes through it prior to entering the said subsequent rotor. (16, 19) The Claims continued.

12. A power generator according to Claim 3 characterized in that the said rotor is located in a housing which: forms the peripheral enclosure for the fluid which passes through said conduit; is arranged to rotate together with the rotor. ( 26, 52)

13. A power generator according to Claim 3 characterized in that the fluid is enclosed in the power generator (40) and is directed to enter repeatedly the said conduit (44) and the heat is introduced to the enclosed fluid to cover the heat consumed to generate power by the reactionless force.

14. A power generator according to Claim 3 characterized in that the said rotor comprises the plural number of the said conduits arranged around the centre of rotation of the rotor (3, 15, 31) so that the two adjacent conduits are separated by a common wall which forms, when relating to the said direction of rotation, for the one, of said two conduits, the leading side and for the other the trailing side.

15. The method of effecting the change of temperature of a fluid characterized in that, that the said change of temperature is effected by the movement of the surfaces upon which the pressure of the fluid acts, which comprises: inducing a fluid to flow and exert pressure upon the opposite and not parallel to each other arranged surfaces; arranging the said surfaces in such a way that the forces, caused by the static pressure of fluid when it flows, acting upon each of the said surfaces have the unequal components acting in opposite to each other direction so the said components form, as a resultant force, a force of which the Newtonian reaction is not perceivable so that it appears as a reactionless force, being also herein so defined; performing work and effecting cooling of the fluid by allowing the said surfaces to move in such direction that the reactionless force performs work. (4, 15, 31, 40) The Claims continued.

16. The method of effecting the change of temperature of a fluid according to Claim 15 characterized in that, that the said surfaces are moved by a separate force against the said reactionless force so that the work performed by the said separate force, overcoming the reactionless force, is absorbed as the heat by the said fluid.

17. The generation of power by a power generator characterized in that: that it generates power by the reactionless force, as herein defined, which is formed when a fluid flows through a tapered conduit arranged in a power generating rotor of the power generator in such a way that the static pressure of the fluid acting upon its walls forms the said reactionless force; that it generates power by the heat extracted from the fluid which flows through the conduit.

18. The generation of power by a power generator according to Claim 17 characterized in that the fluid is introduced into the power generator and is caused to flow through the said tapered conduit and after the heat is extracted from it to cover the generated power fluid is exhausted from the power generator.

19. The generation of power by a power generator according to Claim 17 characterized in that the said fluid is enclosed in the power generator entering repeatedly the said tapered conduit and the heat extracted from the fluid to cover the generated power is replenished by the addition of the heat to the fluid.