Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
  • H02K17/00—Asynchronous induction motors; Asynchronous induction generators
  • H02K17/02—Asynchronous induction motors
  • H02K17/30—Structural association of asynchronous induction motors with auxiliary electric devices influencing the characteristics of the motor or controlling the motor, e.g. with impedances or switches
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
  • H02K17/00—Asynchronous induction motors; Asynchronous induction generators
  • H02K17/02—Asynchronous induction motors
  • H02K17/12—Asynchronous induction motors for multi-phase current

Definitions

• This invention relates to polyphase electric machines, being motors and generators.
• the invention is described with reference to motors, particularly three phase motors, but as indicated the invention is not so restricted.
• Another problem which is known to exist is that of designing a motor to run through its normal load range efficiently, to provide high power factor, and simultaneously to provide high starting torque and high breakdown torque when required for particular applications.
• the present invention overcomes or reduces the foregoing disadvantages of polyphase electric machines by providing a aystem in which the magnetic flux density in the stator is maintained at optimum level for requisite load conditions.
• the system permits the current in the rotor also to be maintained at an optimum magnitude for requisite load conditions relative to those permitted in conventional electric motors of the induction type. Since the force generated in a conductor is defined by the equation:
• flux density is optimized in a polyphase machine by controlling the flux density in the stator core.
• a main polyphase stator winding is wound on a magnetic core, the winding comprising a plurality of windings and each winding represnts a single phase. Capacitors are connected with each of the windings in a series circuit.
• a polyphase control winding is wound on the core and is connected to input terminals together with the respective main windings and the series connected capacitances. The control windings and the main windings are oppositely wound such that on low load the total flux density from main and control windings substantially radially adjacent each other is low and with increasing load the total flux density increases as the flux generation of the windings become additive with each other.
• the polyphase control winding wound on said core to encompass the magnetic material is connected to the input terminals and is positioned physically on the stator so that the vectorial relationship of the currents in the main windings and the currents of the control windings located substantially radially adjacent the main windings cause the vectorial sum of these respective currents to decrease as the load increases towards full load.
• the capacitors have a value such that the voltage across the capacitors will, in combination with the input voltage, periodically cause the volt-second capacity of the stator core to be exceeded with the result that the core will periodically change non-linearly from a high to a low flux density condition and back again. The average flux density in the stator core is thus maintained quite high without the danger of high input voltages resulting in extremely high input currents.
• the capacitors limit the amount of energy that can be transferred to the rotor even if the rotor has a very low impeden ⁇ e so rotor current can also be optimized.
• the rotor impedence can be made lower than in a conventional motor and the current induced at zero motor speed can be made more optimum than is conventional; yet this current will still have proper value at normal motor operating speeds and normal loads.
• the motor of the present invention can be optimized much better than conventional motors for a large number of applications or for any given application.
• the end result is a motor that can be operated at optimized flux density under most conditions of line voltage without resulting in extremely high input currents for high input voltages.
• the input current and flux density in the machine would not be extremely non-linear as a function of the line voltage as is presently the case with conventional AC induction and other motors.
• the present invention mades use of the fact that the inductances of the motor winding can only absorb so much energy before the magnetic material of the motor stator saturates and discharges the capacitors.
• the capacitors discharge through the motor winding and the power line source and charge up the capacitors in the opposite polarity.
• the current through the winding then reverses and the capacitors are then the source of energy and maintain the current flowing through the windings. This continues until the voltage of the input line changes in polarity.
• the volt-seconds of the input voltage from the line then adds to the volt-seconds that have been applied by the capacitors to the main windings. This continues until the total volt-seconds applied to the main winding exceeds the volt-second capacity of the windings and magnetic material of the motor stator, and then the magnetic material of the motor again staturates.
• the capacitors then discharge through the motor windings since they have saturated and the line power source charges up the capacitors in the opposite polarity again.
• the current then reverses once more through the main windings and the capacitors again provide the source of current through the main windings. This continues until the line voltage again changes polarity.
• As the line voltage amplitude continues to increase the volt-second of the line voltage plus that of the capacitors again are in phase and add until the volt-second capacity of the main windings and associated magnetic material are exceeded.
• the winding magnetic material again saturates and the inductance of the main winding decreases considerably again causing the capacitors to discharge through the winding, this process is repeated each half-cycle and results in the motor running at maximum flux density and thus maximum force, torque and horsepower.
• each capacitor prevents excessive currents from passing through the motor winding when the magnetic material saturates since only the energy in the capacitor, i.e., 1/2CV 2 , can be transferred through the respective winding. This limited energy transfer, as governed by the capacitor value
• control windings provided on the stator core are connected in parallel with each of the three main windings and capacitors, and can provide considerably more starting torque for the motor.
• the control windings are of greater impedance than the main windings and therefore the current through the control windings is relatively low compared, for example, with the main windings of an induction motor.
• the control windings serve to limit the input current, because as the input voltage increases, or the motor speec increases, these windings begin to act as generator windings due to the back e.m.f. exceeding the input voltage, and generate a current which counteracts some of the current drawn by the main windings.
• the main windings are the primary source of power to the motor.
• the radially adjacent windings are those which are coupled magnetically.
• the adjacent control winding current leads the corresponding main winding current at no-load and is substantially in phase, and with increasing load becomes out of phase and increasingly leads towards a maximum 180° vectorial displacement.
• the main and the control windings each define at least two magnetic poles, the centers of the poles of the main windings and the centers of the poles of the control windings magnetically overlap the respective poles.
• the centers of the poles of the control windings are physically located substantially between the poles of the main windings thereby increasing the starting torque and the breakdown torque of the motor. In such an event the electrical vectorial representation of the currents of the corresponding adjacent main and control windings remains substantially unchanged.
• the physical and mag netic change provides great symmetry.
• the mechanical slot configuration permits this physical and consequent magnetic location to be achieved only partially.
• the control winding is wound radially outside of the main winding, such that the space between the main winding and the rotor minimizes the leakage reactance of the main winding.
• Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of a single phase motor illustrative of some of the features of the present invention.
• Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of a polyphase motor according to the present invention.
• Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a second embodiment of a polyphase motor according to the present invention.
• Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a third embodiment of a polyphase motor according to the present invention.
• Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of a fourth embodiment of a polyphase motor according to the present invention.
• Figure 6 is a physical representation of a polyphase motor according to the present invention.
• Figure 7 is a linear representation of the coils of the windings of a polyphase motor according to the present invention.
• Figure 8 is a vectorial diagram of the current and voltage characteristics of physically corresponding windings of the main winding and the physically corresponding control winding.
• Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of a fifth embodiment of a polyphase motor according to the present inven tion.
• FIG. 1 illustrates in schematic form a single phase motor having some of the features of the preferred embodiment of the polyphase machine of the present invention. This is described to facilitate an understanding of the invention.
• An AC induction motor of the squirrel cage type is generally indicated at 10 and is diagrammatically shown to have a stator 12 of magnetic material and a squirrel cage rotor 14.
• the stator is shown as having four pole pieces, 16, 18, 20 and 22 although more or less pole pieces may be used if desired.
• the configuration of the pole pieces is diagrammatic only.
• the main stator winding 24 is shown as wound on poles 16 and 20 and is connected to input terminals 26 by means of a series capacitor 28.
• the capacitor 28 need have no particular value, but its capacitance must be large enough to maintain a capacitive power factor in the series circuit comprising this capacitor and the winding 24 during the motor's normal operating mode.
• An auxiliary winding 30 is wound on pole pieces 18 and 22 and is connected in parallel with winding 24 and capacitor 28.
• the winding 30 is preferably of higher inductance and impedance than the winding 24. It may, for example, have more turns of finer wire.
• a starting capacitor 32 is connected across the capacitor 28 by a centrifugal switch 34.
• the effective volt-second capacity of the winding 24 and its associated magnetic material becomes sufficiently large to permit the operation of the device in the manner described previously, i.e., the capacitor 28 will periodically charge, discharge and recharge in the opposite direction causing the magnetic material associated with the winding 24 to switch from a non-saturated to a saturated condition while maintaining the average flux density quite large.
• the current in the auxiliary winding 30 becomes less and less.
• this winding is designed to have minimum current at rated speed and load and nominal input voltage. In the event the load should increase or the speed otherwise decrease, the winding 30 will draw more current and again contribute to the driving force of the motor. This is very desirable as it provides additional torque for periods of overload, which overload, if the winding 30 was not present, might cause the capacitor 28 and winding 24 to be driven out of its operating mode and the motor to stall.
• the capacitor 32 while not necessary, is helpful for increasing starting torque by initially allowing more current to flow through the main winding 24. After the motor reaches a predetermined speed, the centrifugal switch 34 opens, removing the capacitor 32 from the circuit.
• FIG. 2 through 5 and Figure 9 illustrate in schematic form various embodiments of three phase motors according to the present invention.
• the three coils making up the main stator winding are designated 24a, 24b and 24c while the three capacitors connected in series with these coils are designated 28a, 28b and 28c, respectively.
• the auxiliary winding acts as a control winding for the reasons set out and is thus termed herein, preferably, a control winding.
• FIGS 2, 3, 4, 5 and 9 show such control windings, one winding for each phase, these windings being designated as 30a, 30b and 30c.
• the windings are shown connected to appropriate input terminals A, B, and C which correspond to the input terminals 26 in Figure 1 except, of course, that they are adapted to be connected to a source of three phase voltage rather than single phase voltage.
• terminal D is the center point of the wye configuration of the main windings.
• Figure 2 shows a three phase motor in which the main and control windings are both wound in a wye configuration
• Figure 3 shows the main stator coils 24a, 24b and 24c connected in a delta configuration with the control coils 30a, 30b and 30c connected in a wye configuration
• Figure 4 shows the main stator coils connected in a wye configuration with the control windings connected in a delta configuration
• Figure 5 shows these windings both wound in a delta configuration
• Figure 9 shows the main windings having a common center point D and the control windings having a separate common center point D', this arrangement permitting for smoother regulation or control than the Figure 2 arrangement under conditions having rapidly changing load conditions.
• FIG. 6 there is shown the relative physical disposition of twelve groups of coils which constitute the three phases of a motor, each phase having four spaced coil groupings thereby creating a 4-pole motor.
• the coil groups and poles of the main winding are depicted in clockwise rotation by numerals 1, 8A and 3 (representing phases A, B and C of the first magnetic pole); 4, 2 and 6 (representing phases A, B and C of the second magnetic pole); 7, 5 and 9 (representing phases A, B and C of the third magnetic pole); and 7A, 8 and 9A (representing phases A, B and C of the fourth magnetic pole).
• Located radially outside of the main windings are the control windings which define magnetic poles magnetically leading the main winding poles by substantially 90°.
• the order of the poles are such that the rotating fields created by the main windings and the control windings rotate in the same direction.
• the 90° magnetic leading is equivalent to an approximately 45° physical offset and the magnetic leading effect is illustrated by reading the windings in a counterclockwise sense as indicated by arrow 50.
• the coil groups and poles of the control windings viewed physically are in a clockwise sense depicted by numerals 8A', 3' and 4' (representing phases A, B and C of a first magnetic pole); 2', 6' and 7' (representing a second magnetic pole); 5' , 9' and 7A' (representing a third magnetic pole); and 8' , 9A' and 1' (representing the fourth magnetic pole).
• the numerals of the main and control windings refer to the leads from the coil groups constituting a part of each winding, there being four coil groups for each winding of each phase. This is more readily seen by reference to Figures 2 and 5 which depict the electrical connections of the four coil groups constituting the windings of each phase.
• FIG 6 there is illustrated the physical disposition of the oil groupings around the stator.
• the interconnection of the four coil groups constituting phase A of the main winding and phase A' of the control winding has been illustrated only.
• the lines interconnecting phases B and C of the main winding and B' and c' of the control winding have not been illustrated for the sake of calrity, but it would be clearly apparent to anyone skilled in the art how these windings would be connected after following the connections for phases A and A' which will now be described.
• the coil groupings of phase A which constitute the main winding between leads 1 and 7A commence with coil grouping 100 which is connected by line 101 to coil group 102, which in turn is connected by line 103 to coil group 104, which in turn is connected by line 105 to coil group 106, which has the free lead 7A'.
• Each of the coil groups in this example has three coils, and it will be seen that adjacent coil groups 100, 102, 104 and 106 are oppositely wound thereby to create opposite poles adjacent each other.
• Each of the three coils of each coil group is wound in the same sense.
• Arrows 107, 108, 109 and 110 respectively indicate the direction of the windings of each coil group.
• Line 101 connects the coil groups 100 and 102 at their trailing ends 111 and 112; line 103 connects coil groups 102 and 104 at their leading ends 113 and 114; and line 105 connects coil groups 104 and 106 at their trailing ends 115 and 116. Leads 1 and 7A leave the coil groups 100 and 106 at the leading ends 117 and 118.
• the control winding of coil groupings of phase A' is similarly connected between leads 8A' and 2'.
• the line 120 connects coil group 121; line 122 connects coil group 121 to coil group 123; line 124 connects coil group 123 to coil group 125.
• Opposite poles are adjacent each other as depicted by arrows 126, 127, 128 and 129, and a similar trailing and leading connection of the coil groupings as described above with regard to the main windings of phase A exist with regard to the control windings.
• Line 120 connects the trailing end 130 of coil group 119 with trailing end
• line 122 connects the leading end
• phase B is defined between leads 2 and 8A to the respective coil groups with lines interconnecting the other two coil groups of phase B similarly.
• Pase B' in control winding is defined between leads 9A' and 3' to the respective coil groups with lines interconnecting the other two coil groups of B' similarly.
• Phase C is defined between leads 3 and 9A to the respective coil groups with lines interconnecting the other two coil groups of phase C similarly.
• Phase C' is defined between leads 4' and 7' to the respective coil groups with lines interconnecting the other two coil groups of C ' similarly. From the description of connecting the coil groups of phases A and A', it will be obvious to anyone skilled in the art how the coil groups of phases B, B', C and C ' are connected.
• FIGs 6 and 7 the magnetic poles are indicated by the dashed lines 32a, 32b, 32c and 32d for the main windings and 34a, 34b, 34c and 34d for the control windings.
• Figure 7 illustrates linerally the relationship of the various magnetic poles, and the coils constituting such poles.
• Arrow 52 indicates the direction of viewing the poles.
• the center of each pole of the main winding passes through phase B, and the center of the control winding poles pass through the winding B'. Between the phases C and A and C and A', respectively, are the ends of each of the poles.
• the rotor for the motor is indicated by numeral 14 and it will be seen that the main windings in the stator are closer to the rotor 14 and the effect of this is to reduce the leakage reactance of the main winding and thereby minimize losses.
• the control winding is located closest to the rotor there would be higher leakage reactance and possible lower efficiency, but the starting torque and breakdown torque would be higher.
• the coils of the control windings are wound in an opposite sense to the windings of the main winding such that on no-load or low-load the fluxes generated by the winding of the main and control windings located physically below each other are opposed and the total net flux thereby produced is minimized.
• the current of the control winding begins to lead the main winding current even further and, by virtue of the counterwound effect, this causes flux of the respective main and control windings to increase as their vectors approach an additive position.
• FIG. 8 The vectorial representation of the voltage and current through the windings on one radial line is depicted in Figure 8.
• Vector 36 indicates the voltage over the main winding of phase A and vector 38 the current in the phase A winding at no-load.
• the rated load position is between vectors 38 and 40 but is not shown in the drawings.
• vector 42 depicts the voltage across this winding which is displaced 120° from the voltage of phase A. At no-load the current is substantially in phase with the vector 38 as is indicated by vector 44.
• In phase in ideal situations would mean no phase displacement at all and as such a motor would operate efficiently at close to no load.
• in-phase must be considered of wider meaning depending on the particular motor itself.
• this angle will be between 0° and 60°. Preferably this would be less than 45°, which would be for a situation of a motor operating in a range from no load to rated load. Such a motor would have combined good close to no load characteristics and good full load characteristics. If the in-phase angle were greater than 60° the no load characteristics would deteriorate but efficiencies would improve at overload conditions.
• the in-phase displacement is illustrated as 67.8° at no load.
• This optimized flux density is achieved by physically locating adjacently the windings of phases A and B', B and C', C and A' in the manner shown in Figures 6 and 7, and employing the currents in these windings as depicted and described in connection with Figure 8 to generate the consequent net flux by the adjacent windings A and B', B' and c', and C and A', respectively.
• the flux density is optimized for the particular load conditions, as is reflected in the vectorial positions of I A and I B ,. This in turn minimizes the line current for the particular loading. Thus flux density control results in minimized line currents necessary for particular loading conditions.
• the flux density is relatively independent of load and thus the line current is substantially independent of load, there being less difference between no-load and full load.
• the flux densities are more load dependent and hence at lower load points there are reduced line currents, and this produces higher efficiency over the motor operating range and not solely about the rated load point.
• the motor of the present invention is one having higher efficiency and higher power factor over a far greater range than has previously been possible.
• F-4427 three phase, one horsepower, 230 volt running at 1755 RPM at rated load and having a breakdown torque of 148 inch lbs. the following relevant data was obtained.
• a 10 microfarad capacitor was connected in series with each main winding. At low load, the motor output was .057 horsepower, and. the main windings drew some 510 watts of power while the control windings generated some 390 watts back into the system. This provided an overall efficiency of 35.4%. At 0.341 horsepower the main windings consumed 504 watts while the control windings generated 174 watts back into the system thereby giving a 76.8% efficiency.
• the motor or machine having a different number of magnetic poles, for instance, two poles or six poles the angular arrangements and vectorial representations would be different. Further the number of slots by which the windings of the motor would be moved to obtain optimum vectorial disposition would be different. Likewise the number of phases of the machine would call for different parameters.
• motors could, for instance, be wired according to dual voltage techniques of double windings.
• the invention also has application situations where existing motors are to be rewound and constructed in the manner herein described.
• the standard motor frame provides a stator which has that quantity of magnetic material necessary for operation under existing standard designs.
• the motor will be wound so that the voltage across the capacitor added to the input voltage will not cause the volt-second capacity of the core to be exceeded and not have the core operate periodically between saturated and non-saturated conditions.
• An advantage of the present invention thus is also that existing motors may be reconstructed in accordance with the invention to operate periodically between saturation and non-saturation conditions and in the manner of the invention such that standard motor -frame could now produce higher output and better power factors and higher efficiencies than has previously been possible.
• in phase has been explained above with regard to the vectorial positions of the currents in the main winding and adjacent control windings.
• out-of-phase means a change from the normal "in phase” status between the vectorial positions of these currents. Thus no limitation or value of angle can be imparted to define that vectorial position which will define "out-of- phase.”

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Power Engineering (AREA)
• Control Of Ac Motors In General (AREA)
• Windings For Motors And Generators (AREA)
• Induction Machinery (AREA)
• Permanent Magnet Type Synchronous Machine (AREA)
• Magnetic Treatment Devices (AREA)
• Electromagnets (AREA)
• Iron Core Of Rotating Electric Machines (AREA)
• Synchronous Machinery (AREA)

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