USRE49610E1 - Heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification and method of preparing same - Google Patents

Heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification and method of preparing same Download PDF

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USRE49610E1
USRE49610E1 US17/019,903 US202017019903A USRE49610E US RE49610 E1 USRE49610 E1 US RE49610E1 US 202017019903 A US202017019903 A US 202017019903A US RE49610 E USRE49610 E US RE49610E
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transesterification
catalyst
alkyl ester
range
glycerin
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Umakant Pravinchandra Joshi
Peter Gregory Ham
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Crystaphase International Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
    • C07C67/02—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by interreacting ester groups, i.e. transesterification
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
    • B01J21/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
    • B01J21/066—Zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
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    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/02—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the alkali- or alkaline earth metals or beryllium
    • B01J23/04—Alkali metals
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    • B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
    • B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
    • B01J27/16—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof containing oxygen, i.e. acids, anhydrides and their derivates with N, S, B or halogens without carriers or on carriers based on C, Si, Al or Zr; also salts of Si, Al and Zr
    • B01J27/18—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof containing oxygen, i.e. acids, anhydrides and their derivates with N, S, B or halogens without carriers or on carriers based on C, Si, Al or Zr; also salts of Si, Al and Zr with metals other than Al or Zr
    • B01J27/1802—Salts or mixtures of anhydrides with compounds of other metals than V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, e.g. phosphates, thiophosphates
    • B01J27/1806—Salts or mixtures of anhydrides with compounds of other metals than V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, e.g. phosphates, thiophosphates with alkaline or alkaline earth metals
    • B01J35/1014—
    • B01J35/1057—
    • B01J35/1061—
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/61—Surface area
    • B01J35/613—10-100 m2/g
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/64—Pore diameter
    • B01J35/643—Pore diameter less than 2 nm
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
    • B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
    • B01J35/64—Pore diameter
    • B01J35/647—2-50 nm
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
    • C07C67/03—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reacting an ester group with a hydroxy group
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C69/00—Esters of carboxylic acids; Esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
    • C07C69/52—Esters of acyclic unsaturated carboxylic acids having the esterified carboxyl group bound to an acyclic carbon atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
    • C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
    • C10M105/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
    • C10M105/32—Esters
    • C10M105/34—Esters of monocarboxylic acids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
    • C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
    • C11C3/00—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom
    • C11C3/003—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom by esterification of fatty acids with alcohols
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/03—Precipitation; Co-precipitation
    • B01J37/031—Precipitation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
    • B01J37/03—Precipitation; Co-precipitation
    • B01J37/036—Precipitation; Co-precipitation to form a gel or a cogel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/04—Mixing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/08—Heat treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
    • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
    • C10L2200/0461—Fractions defined by their origin
    • C10L2200/0469—Renewables or materials of biological origin
    • C10L2200/0476—Biodiesel, i.e. defined lower alkyl esters of fatty acids first generation biodiesel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
    • C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
    • C10L2270/026—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for diesel engines, e.g. automobiles, stationary, marine
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
    • C10L2290/54—Specific separation steps for separating fractions, components or impurities during preparation or upgrading of a fuel
    • C10L2290/543—Distillation, fractionation or rectification for separating fractions, components or impurities during preparation or upgrading of a fuel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
    • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
    • C10L2290/54—Specific separation steps for separating fractions, components or impurities during preparation or upgrading of a fuel
    • C10L2290/547—Filtration for separating fractions, components or impurities during preparation or upgrading of a fuel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
    • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/582—Recycling of unreacted starting or intermediate materials

Definitions

  • the presently disclosed subject matter relates to a heterogeneous catalyst and use of the heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification.
  • Transesterification is the reversible chemical reaction process of exchanging the organic group of an ester with the organic group of an alcohol. Transesterification processes became commercially popular in the 1940s as researchers explored ways to more readily produce glycerol (also called glycerin, glycerine and propanetriol) used in explosives manufacture during World War II. Currently, transesterification is an important step in industrial processes such as production of: acrylates from methymethacrylate, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer manufacturing from ethylene glycol and either dimethyl terephthalate or terephthalic acid, and alkyl esters.
  • PET polyethylene terephthalate
  • esters contained in oils and fats (primarily vegetable oils and animal fats) to form fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerin. These esters find commercial use as biodiesel fuel and biolubricants.
  • Catalysts known to facilitate the transesterification reaction include mineral acids and bases, metal alkoxides, non-ionic bases and lipase enzymes. These catalysts include homogeneous species which are soluble in reactants and/or products and heterogeneous species which are solids and insoluble in reactants or products.
  • Alkaline metal alkoxides e.g., CH 3 ONa for methanolysis
  • alkaline metal hydroxides NaOH and KOH
  • These catalysts are soluble in reactants and products and thus require extensive post-reaction treatment including product neutralization, salt removal and water wash to produce commercially acceptable products. These are non-trivial processes and costly to install, maintain and operate.
  • Homogeneous enzymatic transesterification using lipase has been utilized for conversion of triglycerides to biodiesel, since the byproduct glycerin can be purified by flashing off the excess alcohol from the products.
  • processing time can be lengthy for acceptable conversion of triglycerides and product clean-up costs are high to make commercial grade products.
  • Improvements in this field of technology are desired to reduce the operating severity and costs of the transesterification reaction regime as well as the subsequent process clean-up and product purification steps. Improvements are also desired which allow use of new technology in existing or readily modified commercial facilities.
  • the presently disclosed transesterification catalyst is a solid, heterogeneous compound having the general formula ZxQy(PO 4 )nH 2 O, where Z is selected from Group 1 metals including potassium, sodium and lithium, Q is selected from Group 2 metals including calcium, magnesium and barium, x is a rational number in the range from 0.5 to 4, y is a rational integer in the range from 2 to 8, and n is a rational integer in the range from 4 to 8, M can be any ceramic substrate such as, for example, zirconia, alumina, or combinations thereof on which the catalyst is supported.
  • the Group 1 and Group 2 alkali metals form a double metal salt catalyst, the phosphate (PO 4 ) n , makes it insoluble and the ceramic provides the solid support, in certain illustrative embodiments.
  • the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can be used in a variety of transesterification reactor configurations including CSTR (continuous stirred tank reactors), ebullated (or ebullating) beds or any other fluidized bed reactors, and PFR (plug flow, fixed bed reactors).
  • CSTR continuous stirred tank reactors
  • ebullated (or ebullating) beds or any other fluidized bed reactors and PFR (plug flow, fixed bed reactors).
  • PFR plug flow, fixed bed reactors.
  • the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can be used for manufacturing commercial grade biodiesel, biolubricants and glycerin.
  • a compound in certain illustrative embodiments, can have the formula ZxQy(PO 4 )nH 2 O, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium and lithium, Q is selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium and barium, x is a rational number in the range from 0.5 to 4, y is a rational integer in the range from 2 to 8, n is a rational integer in the range from 4 to 8, and M is a ceramic substrate on which the catalyst is supported, and wherein the compound is a transesterification catalyst.
  • the total surface area of the compound can be greater than 20 square meters per gram.
  • the active surface area of the compound can be greater than 20 square meters per gram.
  • the average diameter of the pores in the compound can be in the range from 1-10 nanometers,
  • the compound can be active at a temperature in the range from 40 to 70 degrees C.
  • the compound can also be active at a temperature in the range from 40 to 130 degrees C.
  • a method of preparing a transesterification catalyst is provided.
  • a metal hydro xide with the metal selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium and lithium can be mixed with a metal hydroxide with the metal selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium and barium.
  • the components can be mixed in a ratio of approximately 1:10 by weight to form a component mixture, in certain illustrative embodiments.
  • the component mixture can be dissolved in phosphoric acid and heated to a temperature in the range from 60-90 degrees C.
  • a solid compound can be precipitated and washed.
  • the precipitate can be mixed with ceramic substrate powder in a ratio of approximately 2:10 by weight and washed with water.
  • the precipitate/ceramic substrate mixture can be calcined. Calcination can occur at a temperature in the range from 400-500 degrees C. for 4 hours or greater.
  • a method of preparing an alkyl ester using a transesterification catalyst is provided.
  • the alkyl ester can be suitable for use as biodiesel fuel, as a biodiesel additive to conventional diesel fuel, or as a biolubricant additive to conventional lubricants.
  • the alkyl ester can also be suitable for use as a biolubricant.
  • a transesterification catalyst can be provided.
  • the catalyst can have the formula ZxQy(PO 4 )nH 2 O, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium and lithium, Q is selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium and barium, x is a rational number in the range from 0.5 to 4, y is a rational integer in the range from 2 to 8, n is a rational integer in the range from 4 to 8, and M is a ceramic substrate on which the catalyst is supported.
  • Triglycerides and alcohol can be reacted in the presence of said catalyst to convert the triglycerides and alcohol to alkyl ester and glycerin.
  • the triglycerides can be triglyceride-containing fats and/or oils. The conversion can be essentially complete conversion of triglycerides.
  • the glycerin can be separated from the reaction mixture.
  • the reaction mixture can be filtered to recover the catalyst.
  • the unreacted alcohol can be distilled from the alkyl ester and the glycerin.
  • the method can be at least partially performed in a continuous stirred tank reactor.
  • the method can also be at least partially performed in a fixed bed reactor.
  • the method can also be at least partially performed in a fluidized bed reactor.
  • the alkyl ester is capable of being used as biodiesel fuel, a biodiesel additive to conventional diesel fuel, a biolubricant additive to other lubricants or as a biolubricant.
  • FIGS. 1 A and 1 B show an illustrative embodiment of a transesterification reaction.
  • FIG. 2 is a line graph comparing reaction conversion at different methanol molar ratios at 1 weight % of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts in an illustrative embodiment.
  • FIG. 3 is a line graph comparing reaction conversion at different temperatures at 1 weight % of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts in an illustrative embodiment.
  • FIG. 4 is a line graph comparing reaction conversion at different weights of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts at a fixed temperature of 60 degrees C. in an illustrative embodiment.
  • FIG. 5 is a line graph comparing biodiesel (i.e., alkyl ester) yield using the same presently disclosed transesterification catalysts for repeat trials in an illustrative embodiment.
  • UMAKAT is a porous, solid, heterogeneous compound having the general formula Z x Q y PO n MH 2 0, where Z is selected from Group 1 metals including potassium, sodium and lithium, Q is selected from Group 2 metals including calcium, magnesium and barium, x is a rational number in the range from 0.5 to 4, y is a rational integer in the range from 2 to 8, and n is a rational integer in the range from 4 to 8.
  • M can be any ceramic substrate such as, for example, zirconia, silica, alumina, or combinations thereof.
  • the Group 1 and Group 2 alkali metals form a double metal salt catalyst, the phosphate (PO n ) makes it insoluble and the ceramic provides the solid support, in certain illustrative embodiments.
  • UMAKAT's porous structure includes nanometer-sized pores which result in the material having substantial surface area.
  • FIGS. 1 A and 1 B The generic process for the transesterification reaction is shown in FIGS. 1 A and 1 B .
  • FIG. 1 A represents the overall transesterification reaction
  • FIG. 1 B represents not only the overall reaction but also the stepwise chemical reactions where the triglyceride (TG) ester is first converted to alkyl ester and diglyceride (DG) ester, then the DG ester is converted to alkyl ester and monoglyceride (MG) ester, and then the MG ester is converted to alkyl ester and glycerin.
  • TG triglyceride
  • DG diglyceride
  • MG monoglyceride
  • the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can have a total surface area greater than 20 m2/gm and an active surface area greater than 20 m2/gm.
  • total surface area means surface area totally available
  • active surface area means surface area available for reaction.
  • the active surface area of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts is significant because the higher the active surface area, the greater the availability of active catalyst sites.
  • the heterogeneous compound can be porous.
  • the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can have an average pore diameter in the range from 1-10 nanometers (Nm). Pore diameter is measured by nitrogen adsorption. The pore diameter of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts is sufficient to allow migration or diffusion of reactant molecules into and out of the pores of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts, in certain illustrative embodiments. This will determine the rate and extent of absorption of reactant molecules at the catalyst surfaces.
  • the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can form a slurry with triglyceride-containing oils and/or fats rather than alcohol for a better reaction conversion and easier separation of reactants and catalyst at the end of the reaction.
  • a catalyst slurry can be made with any oil/fat rather than methanol/ethanol solution (or any other alcohol) for CSTR type reactions.
  • the presently disclosed transesterification catalyst provides a uniform suspension throughout the reaction media. By comparison, a heterogeneous catalyst suspension in methanol/ethanol is not uniform and the catalyst particles settle at the bottom of the reactor vessel.
  • the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can be active at significantly less severe conditions than other heterogeneous catalyst systems.
  • other methanolysis transesterification heterogeneous catalysts require temperatures from 150 to 250 degrees C. and pressures of 300to 400 psi. These operating conditions require that other processes using heterogeneous catalysts are carried out in fixed bed reactors.
  • transesterification using the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts to manufacture biodiesel requires temperatures in the range from 40 to 70 degrees C. and atmospheric pressure conditions, in certain illustrative embodiments.
  • transesterification using the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts to react, for example, dodecanol or other higher alcohols and triglycerides to manufacture biolubricants requires temperatures up to and slightly above 100degrees C. and atmospheric pressure conditions, in certain illustrative embodiments.
  • the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can be used in CSTR, fluidized bed and PFR reactor systems.
  • alcohol is added in excess of stoichiometric requirements, for instance 2 to 4 times that required to ensure the complete conversion of triglycerides to alkyl ester, in certain illustrative embodiments.
  • the presently disclosed transesterification catalyst is an efficient catalyst in that it can be reusable.
  • the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can also be used in existing transesterification process equipment without major revamping.
  • transesterification catalysts can be used for manufacturing ASTM D 6751 biodiesel and Technical Grade glycerin as well as biolubricants. Also, the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts do not need water wash for post reaction treatment and does not require steps such as pH neutralization to cleanse products.
  • UMAKAT preparation is illustrated as a double metal salt catalyst with ceramic base support of zirconium oxide.
  • 3 moles of Group 1 metal hydroxide, in this Example potassium hydroxide is mixed with 1 mole of a Group 2 metal hydroxide, in this Example calcium hydroxide, and dissolved in dilute phosphoric acid.
  • the reaction of the metal hydroxides and the acid produces a double metal salt.
  • This is then heated in a temperature range from 60 to 90 degrees C.
  • a white precipitate is formed which is then washed with water and mixed with 4 moles of zirconium oxide powder.
  • This material is calcined at 400-500 degrees C. for a minimum of 4 hours.
  • the resulting material is porous, solid and heterogeneous with nanometer-sized pores with a structure that has significant surface area.
  • This example describes the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters by transesterification of soybean oil with methanol using the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts.
  • commercial soybean oil 100gms
  • methanol oil to methanol molar weight ratio of 1:6
  • the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts 2 to 6 wt % of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts in oil
  • the the presently disclosed transesterification catalyst was separated by filtration from the mixture of reaction products.
  • the product mixture included unreacted methanol plus an upper layer of methyl ester and a lower layer of glycerin. Then, unreacted methanol was separated from each layer by distillation. The methyl ester was tested in a gas chromatograph.
  • the methyl ester analysis report is summarized in Table 1 below along with the ASTM spec for biodiesel.
  • Table 1 generally shows: no water and sediments are present in the alkyl ester product, only trace amounts of metals solids are present, and, as measured by the amount of glycerin in the product, the reaction is essentially complete conversion to methyl ester.
  • the biodiesel made with the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts was also assessed via the Cold Soak Filtration Test. In this test, a biodiesel liquid sample is chilled to below 32 degrees F. for 16 hours, restored to room temperature and passed thru a 0.5 micron filter. This ASTM test is passed if the filtration is complete within 300 seconds. The biodiesel of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts passed thru the filter in 90 seconds.
  • Table 2 shows that the presently disclosed transesterification catalyst is effective for a wide variety of oils and fats.
  • FIGS. 2 thru 5 are heterogeneous catalytic kinetics graphs showing how the reaction proceeds at different temperatures, methanol ratios, and catalyst weight concentrations.
  • the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can be easily separated from reactants and products and reused, no leaching of metal ions into the reactant mixture was observed, and processing temperature and pressure of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts are at moderate conditions which are significantly less severe than other heterogeneous catalytic transesterification processes.
  • the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can be used to process low cost/unrefined oils and/or fats containing impurities that, for example, cause discoloration of the feedstock. Further, post reaction process waste is reduced as neutralization and water wash of products are not required. Relative to other catalysts and processes, the presently disclosed transesterification catalyst is highly active at comparatively low temperature and pressure. Also, the presently disclosed transesterification catalyst produces much fewer impurities in the alkyl ester and glycerin products and thus the products are much cleaner at the end of the reaction. Further, no pH neutralization water wash is required and salts from glycerin neutralization do not end up in the alcohol distillation column. Finally, transesterification facilities of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts are comparatively lower in cost to install, maintain and operate.

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Abstract

A transesterification catalyst that is heterogeneous and a method for preparing said transesterification catalyst are provided. The catalyst can be used in a variety of transesterification reactor configurations including CSTR (continuous stirred tank reactors), ebullated (or ebullating) beds or any other fluidized bed reactors, and PFR (plug flow, fixed bed reactors). The catalyst can be used for manufacturing commercial grade biodiesel, biolubricants and glycerin.

Description

RELATED APPLICATIONS
This present application is a reissue application of U.S. Pat. No. 10,144,696 and claims the benefit, and priority benefit, of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/149,138, filed Apr. 17, 2015; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/155,970, filed May 1, 2015 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/320,104, filed Apr. 8, 2016 the contents of each of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
BACKGROUND
1. Field of the Invention
The presently disclosed subject matter relates to a heterogeneous catalyst and use of the heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification.
2. Description of the Related Art
Transesterification is the reversible chemical reaction process of exchanging the organic group of an ester with the organic group of an alcohol. Transesterification processes became commercially popular in the 1940s as researchers explored ways to more readily produce glycerol (also called glycerin, glycerine and propanetriol) used in explosives manufacture during World War II. Currently, transesterification is an important step in industrial processes such as production of: acrylates from methymethacrylate, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymer manufacturing from ethylene glycol and either dimethyl terephthalate or terephthalic acid, and alkyl esters. Of particular current commercial interest is the transesterification of alcohol with triglyceride esters contained in oils and fats (primarily vegetable oils and animal fats) to form fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerin. These esters find commercial use as biodiesel fuel and biolubricants.
Catalysts known to facilitate the transesterification reaction include mineral acids and bases, metal alkoxides, non-ionic bases and lipase enzymes. These catalysts include homogeneous species which are soluble in reactants and/or products and heterogeneous species which are solids and insoluble in reactants or products.
Alkaline metal alkoxides (e.g., CH3ONa for methanolysis) and alkaline metal hydroxides (NaOH and KOH) are catalysts for the homogeneous transesterification reaction. These catalysts are soluble in reactants and products and thus require extensive post-reaction treatment including product neutralization, salt removal and water wash to produce commercially acceptable products. These are non-trivial processes and costly to install, maintain and operate. Homogeneous enzymatic transesterification using lipase has been utilized for conversion of triglycerides to biodiesel, since the byproduct glycerin can be purified by flashing off the excess alcohol from the products. However, processing time can be lengthy for acceptable conversion of triglycerides and product clean-up costs are high to make commercial grade products.
Replacement of the homogeneous catalyst with heterogeneous catalyst has been commercialized notably with the Esterfip-H® process licensed by Axens and the ENSEL® process licensed by Benefuel. These heterogeneous catalyst processes can reduce post-reaction processing, but require reaction operating temperatures of 150 degrees C. to 250 degrees C. and alcohol partial pressure as high as 300 to 400 psi for the manufacture of biodiesel alkyl esters. These heterogeneous catalyst reactions must be carried out in fixed bed reactors due to the severity of the process conditions.
Improvements in this field of technology are desired to reduce the operating severity and costs of the transesterification reaction regime as well as the subsequent process clean-up and product purification steps. Improvements are also desired which allow use of new technology in existing or readily modified commercial facilities.
SUMMARY
According to the various illustrative embodiments provided herein, the presently disclosed transesterification catalyst is a solid, heterogeneous compound having the general formula ZxQy(PO4)nH2O, where Z is selected from Group 1 metals including potassium, sodium and lithium, Q is selected from Group 2 metals including calcium, magnesium and barium, x is a rational number in the range from 0.5 to 4, y is a rational integer in the range from 2 to 8, and n is a rational integer in the range from 4 to 8, M can be any ceramic substrate such as, for example, zirconia, alumina, or combinations thereof on which the catalyst is supported. The Group 1 and Group 2 alkali metals form a double metal salt catalyst, the phosphate (PO4)n, makes it insoluble and the ceramic provides the solid support, in certain illustrative embodiments.
In certain illustrative embodiments, the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can be used in a variety of transesterification reactor configurations including CSTR (continuous stirred tank reactors), ebullated (or ebullating) beds or any other fluidized bed reactors, and PFR (plug flow, fixed bed reactors). The presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can be used for manufacturing commercial grade biodiesel, biolubricants and glycerin.
In certain illustrative embodiments, a compound is provided. The compound can have the formula ZxQy(PO4)nH2O, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium and lithium, Q is selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium and barium, x is a rational number in the range from 0.5 to 4, y is a rational integer in the range from 2 to 8, n is a rational integer in the range from 4 to 8, and M is a ceramic substrate on which the catalyst is supported, and wherein the compound is a transesterification catalyst. The total surface area of the compound can be greater than 20 square meters per gram. The active surface area of the compound can be greater than 20 square meters per gram. The average diameter of the pores in the compound can be in the range from 1-10 nanometers, The compound can be active at a temperature in the range from 40 to 70 degrees C. The compound can also be active at a temperature in the range from 40 to 130 degrees C.
In certain illustrative embodiments, a method of preparing a transesterification catalyst is provided. A metal hydro xide with the metal selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium and lithium can be mixed with a metal hydroxide with the metal selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium and barium. The components can be mixed in a ratio of approximately 1:10 by weight to form a component mixture, in certain illustrative embodiments. The component mixture can be dissolved in phosphoric acid and heated to a temperature in the range from 60-90 degrees C. A solid compound can be precipitated and washed. The precipitate can be mixed with ceramic substrate powder in a ratio of approximately 2:10 by weight and washed with water. The precipitate/ceramic substrate mixture can be calcined. Calcination can occur at a temperature in the range from 400-500 degrees C. for 4 hours or greater.
In certain illustrative embodiments, a method of preparing an alkyl ester using a transesterification catalyst is provided. The alkyl ester can be suitable for use as biodiesel fuel, as a biodiesel additive to conventional diesel fuel, or as a biolubricant additive to conventional lubricants. The alkyl ester can also be suitable for use as a biolubricant. A transesterification catalyst can be provided. The catalyst can have the formula ZxQy(PO4)nH2O, wherein Z is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium and lithium, Q is selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium and barium, x is a rational number in the range from 0.5 to 4, y is a rational integer in the range from 2 to 8, n is a rational integer in the range from 4 to 8, and M is a ceramic substrate on which the catalyst is supported. Triglycerides and alcohol can be reacted in the presence of said catalyst to convert the triglycerides and alcohol to alkyl ester and glycerin. The triglycerides can be triglyceride-containing fats and/or oils. The conversion can be essentially complete conversion of triglycerides. The glycerin can be separated from the reaction mixture. The reaction mixture can be filtered to recover the catalyst. The unreacted alcohol can be distilled from the alkyl ester and the glycerin. The method can be at least partially performed in a continuous stirred tank reactor. The method can also be at least partially performed in a fixed bed reactor. The method can also be at least partially performed in a fluidized bed reactor. The alkyl ester is capable of being used as biodiesel fuel, a biodiesel additive to conventional diesel fuel, a biolubricant additive to other lubricants or as a biolubricant.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIGS. 1A and 1B show an illustrative embodiment of a transesterification reaction.
FIG. 2 is a line graph comparing reaction conversion at different methanol molar ratios at 1 weight % of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts in an illustrative embodiment.
FIG. 3 is a line graph comparing reaction conversion at different temperatures at 1 weight % of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts in an illustrative embodiment.
FIG. 4 is a line graph comparing reaction conversion at different weights of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts at a fixed temperature of 60 degrees C. in an illustrative embodiment.
FIG. 5 is a line graph comparing biodiesel (i.e., alkyl ester) yield using the same presently disclosed transesterification catalysts for repeat trials in an illustrative embodiment.
While certain preferred illustrative embodiments will be described herein, it will be understood that this description is not intended to limit the subject matter to those embodiments. On the contrary, it is intended to cover all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents, as may be included within the spirit and scope of the subject matter as defined by the appended claims.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
For the purposes of this disclosure, the transesterification catalysts of the various illustrative embodiments will hereinafter be referred to as UMAKAT. Various means for transesterification using UMAKAT are also provided. According to the various illustrative embodiments provided herein, UMAKAT is a porous, solid, heterogeneous compound having the general formula ZxQyPOnMH20, where Z is selected from Group 1 metals including potassium, sodium and lithium, Q is selected from Group 2 metals including calcium, magnesium and barium, x is a rational number in the range from 0.5 to 4, y is a rational integer in the range from 2 to 8, and n is a rational integer in the range from 4 to 8. M can be any ceramic substrate such as, for example, zirconia, silica, alumina, or combinations thereof. The Group 1 and Group 2 alkali metals form a double metal salt catalyst, the phosphate (POn) makes it insoluble and the ceramic provides the solid support, in certain illustrative embodiments. UMAKAT's porous structure includes nanometer-sized pores which result in the material having substantial surface area.
The generic process for the transesterification reaction is shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B. FIG. 1A represents the overall transesterification reaction, while FIG. 1B represents not only the overall reaction but also the stepwise chemical reactions where the triglyceride (TG) ester is first converted to alkyl ester and diglyceride (DG) ester, then the DG ester is converted to alkyl ester and monoglyceride (MG) ester, and then the MG ester is converted to alkyl ester and glycerin.
In certain illustrative embodiments, the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can have a total surface area greater than 20 m2/gm and an active surface area greater than 20 m2/gm. As used herein, the term “total surface area” means surface area totally available, and the term “active surface area” means surface area available for reaction. The active surface area of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts is significant because the higher the active surface area, the greater the availability of active catalyst sites.
In certain illustrative embodiments, the heterogeneous compound can be porous. For example, the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can have an average pore diameter in the range from 1-10 nanometers (Nm). Pore diameter is measured by nitrogen adsorption. The pore diameter of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts is sufficient to allow migration or diffusion of reactant molecules into and out of the pores of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts, in certain illustrative embodiments. This will determine the rate and extent of absorption of reactant molecules at the catalyst surfaces.
Other homogeneous transesterification processes call for the catalyst being dissolved in an alcohol, for example, methanol or ethanol, which needs to be removed post reaction. Further, the homogeneous catalyst is soluble in reactants and products, which requires steps to cleanse the alkyl ester and glycerin products. In contrast, in certain illustrative embodiments the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can form a slurry with triglyceride-containing oils and/or fats rather than alcohol for a better reaction conversion and easier separation of reactants and catalyst at the end of the reaction. In general, a catalyst slurry can be made with any oil/fat rather than methanol/ethanol solution (or any other alcohol) for CSTR type reactions. Further, in certain illustrative embodiments the presently disclosed transesterification catalyst provides a uniform suspension throughout the reaction media. By comparison, a heterogeneous catalyst suspension in methanol/ethanol is not uniform and the catalyst particles settle at the bottom of the reactor vessel.
In certain illustrative embodiments, the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can be active at significantly less severe conditions than other heterogeneous catalyst systems. For example, other methanolysis transesterification heterogeneous catalysts require temperatures from 150 to 250 degrees C. and pressures of 300to 400 psi. These operating conditions require that other processes using heterogeneous catalysts are carried out in fixed bed reactors.
In contrast, methanolysis transesterification using the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts to manufacture biodiesel requires temperatures in the range from 40 to 70 degrees C. and atmospheric pressure conditions, in certain illustrative embodiments. Similarly, transesterification using the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts to react, for example, dodecanol or other higher alcohols and triglycerides to manufacture biolubricants requires temperatures up to and slightly above 100degrees C. and atmospheric pressure conditions, in certain illustrative embodiments. For these services, the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can be used in CSTR, fluidized bed and PFR reactor systems.
To ensure complete conversion of triglycerides, alcohol is added in excess of stoichiometric requirements, for instance 2 to 4 times that required to ensure the complete conversion of triglycerides to alkyl ester, in certain illustrative embodiments.
Furthermore, the presently disclosed transesterification catalyst is an efficient catalyst in that it can be reusable. The presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can also be used in existing transesterification process equipment without major revamping.
The presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can be used for manufacturing ASTM D 6751 biodiesel and Technical Grade glycerin as well as biolubricants. Also, the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts do not need water wash for post reaction treatment and does not require steps such as pH neutralization to cleanse products.
In order to facilitate a better understanding of the presently disclosed subject matter, the following examples of certain aspects of certain embodiments are given. In no way should the following examples be read to limit, or define, the scope of the presently disclosed subject matter.
EXAMPLE 1
UMAKAT preparation is illustrated as a double metal salt catalyst with ceramic base support of zirconium oxide. In a typical catalyst preparation, 3 moles of Group 1 metal hydroxide, in this Example potassium hydroxide, is mixed with 1 mole of a Group 2 metal hydroxide, in this Example calcium hydroxide, and dissolved in dilute phosphoric acid. The reaction of the metal hydroxides and the acid produces a double metal salt. This is then heated in a temperature range from 60 to 90 degrees C. As a result, a white precipitate is formed which is then washed with water and mixed with 4 moles of zirconium oxide powder. This material is calcined at 400-500 degrees C. for a minimum of 4 hours. The resulting material is porous, solid and heterogeneous with nanometer-sized pores with a structure that has significant surface area.
EXAMPLE 2
This example describes the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters by transesterification of soybean oil with methanol using the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts. In a typical reaction, commercial soybean oil (100gms) and methanol (oil to methanol molar weight ratio of 1:6) and the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts (2 to 6 wt % of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts in oil) were charged to a 500 ml glass beaker and stirred at a speed of 300 to 500 rpm at a temperature of 60-80 degrees C. for about 10 to 30 minutes. It was then allowed to cool.
The the presently disclosed transesterification catalyst was separated by filtration from the mixture of reaction products. The product mixture included unreacted methanol plus an upper layer of methyl ester and a lower layer of glycerin. Then, unreacted methanol was separated from each layer by distillation. The methyl ester was tested in a gas chromatograph.
The methyl ester analysis report is summarized in Table 1 below along with the ASTM spec for biodiesel.
TABLE 1
UMAKAT ASTM SPEC
Water & Sediment 0.000 .05 max
Cetane Number 47.8 47 min
Cold Soak Filtration 90 seconds for 300 ml 300 sec max
Free glycerin 0.005% .02 max
Total glycerin 0.191% .24 max
Calcium, ppm <1 —
Magnesium, ppm <1  
Sodium, ppm <1  
Potassium, ppm <2  
Table 1 generally shows: no water and sediments are present in the alkyl ester product, only trace amounts of metals solids are present, and, as measured by the amount of glycerin in the product, the reaction is essentially complete conversion to methyl ester. The biodiesel made with the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts was also assessed via the Cold Soak Filtration Test. In this test, a biodiesel liquid sample is chilled to below 32 degrees F. for 16 hours, restored to room temperature and passed thru a 0.5 micron filter. This ASTM test is passed if the filtration is complete within 300 seconds. The biodiesel of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts passed thru the filter in 90 seconds.
Different oils and fats were tested for oil conversion to methyl ester using UMAKAT and the results are tabulated in the following table:
TABLE 2
Test % Oil
No. Oil/Fat Alcohol conversion Notes
2 Canola Oil Methanol 97.7  
3 Yellow grease Methanol 96.8  
4 Coconut Oil Methanol 98.2  
5 Cottonseed Oil Methanol 97.5  
6 Chicken Fat Methanol 97.2 High Free Fatty Acid
(“FFA”) Oil first
esterified with acid
catalyst
Table 2 shows that the presently disclosed transesterification catalyst is effective for a wide variety of oils and fats.
FIGS. 2 thru 5 are heterogeneous catalytic kinetics graphs showing how the reaction proceeds at different temperatures, methanol ratios, and catalyst weight concentrations.
In certain illustrative embodiments, the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can be easily separated from reactants and products and reused, no leaching of metal ions into the reactant mixture was observed, and processing temperature and pressure of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts are at moderate conditions which are significantly less severe than other heterogeneous catalytic transesterification processes.
Additionally, in certain illustrative embodiments the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts can be used to process low cost/unrefined oils and/or fats containing impurities that, for example, cause discoloration of the feedstock. Further, post reaction process waste is reduced as neutralization and water wash of products are not required. Relative to other catalysts and processes, the presently disclosed transesterification catalyst is highly active at comparatively low temperature and pressure. Also, the presently disclosed transesterification catalyst produces much fewer impurities in the alkyl ester and glycerin products and thus the products are much cleaner at the end of the reaction. Further, no pH neutralization water wash is required and salts from glycerin neutralization do not end up in the alcohol distillation column. Finally, transesterification facilities of the presently disclosed transesterification catalysts are comparatively lower in cost to install, maintain and operate.
As used herein, the term “in the range from” and like terms is inclusive of the values at the high and low end of said ranges, as well as reasonable equivalents.
While the disclosed subject matter has been described in detail in connection with a number of embodiments, it is not limited to such disclosed embodiments. Rather, the disclosed subject matter can be modified to incorporate any number of variations, alterations, substitutions or equivalent arrangements not heretofore described, but which are commensurate with the scope of the disclosed subject matter.
Additionally, while various embodiments of the disclosed subject matter have been described, it is to be understood that aspects of the disclosed subject matter may include only some of the described embodiments. Accordingly, the disclosed subject matter is not to be seen as limited by the foregoing description, but is only limited by the scope of the appended claims.

Claims (12)

What is claimed is:
1. A method of preparing alkyl ester using a transesterification catalyst, the method comprising:
providing a transesterification catalyst having the formula ZxQy(PO4)nH2O, wherein:
Z is selected from the group consisting of sodium and lithium,
Q is selected from the group consisting of calcium and barium,
x is a rational number in the range from 0.5 to 4,
y is a rational integer in the range from 2 to 8, and
n is a rational integer in the range from 4 to 8; and wherein the transesterification catalyst having the formula ZxQy(PO4)nH2O is supported on a ceramic substrate; and
reacting one or more triglycerides and an alcohol in the presence of the catalyst and converting the triglycerides and alcohol to alkyl ester and glycerin.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the triglycerides comprise triglyceride-containing fats and/or oils.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the converting of triglycerides comprises producing essentially complete conversion of the triglycerides to alkyl ester and glycerin.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
separating the glycerin from the alkyl ester and catalyst;
iltering the alkyl ester to recover the catalyst; and
distilling the unreacted alcohol from the alkyl ester and the glycerin.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is at least partially performed in a continuous stirred tank reactor.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is at least partially performed in a fixed bed reactor.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is at least partially performed in a fluidized bed reactor.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkyl ester is capable of being used as biodiesel fuel.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkyl ester is capable of being used as biodiesel additive to conventional diesel fuel.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkyl ester is capable of being used as a biolubricant additive to other lubricants.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the alkyl ester is capable of being used as a biolubricant.
12. A method of facilitating a transesterification reaction comprising:
using a reusable transesterification catalyst in the transesterification reaction,
wherein the reusable transesterification catalyst is recovered from a transesterification product comprising an alkyl ester,
and wherein the reusable transesterification catalyst is supported on a ceramic substrate,
and wherein the reusable transesterification catalyst comprises a double metal salt having the formula ZxQy(PO4)nH2O, wherein:
Z consists of potassium,
Q consists of calcium,
x is a rational number in the range from 0.5 to 4,
y is a rational integer in the range from 2 to 8, and
n is a rational integer in the range from 4 to 8.
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