USRE35829E - Binary phase shift keying modulation system and/or frequency multiplier - Google Patents

Binary phase shift keying modulation system and/or frequency multiplier Download PDF

Info

Publication number
USRE35829E
USRE35829E US08/560,304 US56030495A USRE35829E US RE35829 E USRE35829 E US RE35829E US 56030495 A US56030495 A US 56030495A US RE35829 E USRE35829 E US RE35829E
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
leg
transformer
induction means
mod
carrier
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US08/560,304
Inventor
Hugh Britton Sanderford, Jr.
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BNP Paribas SA
Sensus Spectrum LLC
Noxa Holdings LLC
Original Assignee
Axonn Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US07/572,468 external-priority patent/US5119396A/en
Application filed by Axonn Corp filed Critical Axonn Corp
Priority to US08/560,304 priority Critical patent/USRE35829E/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of USRE35829E publication Critical patent/USRE35829E/en
Assigned to AXONN, LLC reassignment AXONN, LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AXONN CORPORATION, DAVIS, ROBERT J., ROUQUETTE, ROBERT E., SANCONIX, INC., SANDERFORD, H. BRITTON
Assigned to AXONN, LLC reassignment AXONN, LLC RELEASE AGREEMENT Assignors: SCHLUMBERGER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SERVICES, INC.
Assigned to MIRANT FUND 2001, LLC reassignment MIRANT FUND 2001, LLC SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AXONN, L.L.C.
Assigned to WHITNEY NATIONAL BANK reassignment WHITNEY NATIONAL BANK SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AXXON, L.L.C.
Assigned to WHITNEY NATIONAL BANK reassignment WHITNEY NATIONAL BANK RE-RECORD TO CORRECT THE SPELLING OF THE NAME OF THE ASSIGNOR, PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 012937 FRAME 0615. Assignors: AXONN, L.L.C.
Assigned to AXONN, L.L.C. reassignment AXONN, L.L.C. RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST Assignors: MIRANT FUND 2001, LLC
Assigned to AXONN, L.L.C. reassignment AXONN, L.L.C. RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST Assignors: WHITNEY NATIONAL BANK
Assigned to ADVANCED METERING DATA SYSTEMS, L.L.C. reassignment ADVANCED METERING DATA SYSTEMS, L.L.C. LICENSE AGREEMENT Assignors: AXONN, L.L.C.
Assigned to BIZCAPITAL BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, INC. reassignment BIZCAPITAL BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, INC. SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: ADVANCED METERING DATA SYSTEMS, L.L.C.
Assigned to ADVANCED METERING DATA SYSTEMS, L.L.C. reassignment ADVANCED METERING DATA SYSTEMS, L.L.C. RELEASE OF COMMERCIAL SECURITY AGREEEMNT AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: BIZCAPITAL BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, INC.
Assigned to M&FC HOLDING, LLC reassignment M&FC HOLDING, LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ADVANCED METERING DATA SYSTEMS, L.L.C.
Assigned to CREDIT SUISSE, CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH, AS COLLATERAL AGENT reassignment CREDIT SUISSE, CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH, AS COLLATERAL AGENT SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: M&FC HOLDING, LLC, SENSUS METERING SYSTEMS (BERMUDA 2) LTD., SENSUS METERING SYSTEMS INC., SENSUS METERING SYSTEMS IP HOLDINGS, INC., SENSUS PRECISION DIE CASTING, INC., SMITH - BLAIR, INC.
Assigned to NOXA HOLDINGS LLC reassignment NOXA HOLDINGS LLC CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AXOM L.L.C.
Assigned to NOXA HOLDINGS LLC reassignment NOXA HOLDINGS LLC CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE CONVEYING PARTY DATA SHOULD READ AXONN L.L.C. PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 023957 FRAME 0445. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE CHANGE OF NAME. Assignors: AXONN L.L.C.
Assigned to SPOT LLC reassignment SPOT LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NOXA HOLDINGS LLC (F/K/A AXONN, L.L.C.)
Assigned to GLOBALSTAR, INC. reassignment GLOBALSTAR, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SPOT LLC
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Assigned to BNP PARIBAS, AS SECURITY AGENT reassignment BNP PARIBAS, AS SECURITY AGENT SECURITY INTEREST Assignors: GLOBALSTAR, INC.
Assigned to SENSUS USA INC., INVENSYS METERING SYSTEMS--NORTH AMERICA INC. (TO BE RENAMED SENSUS METERING SYSTEMS--NORTH AMERICA INC.), M&FC HOLDING, LLC (N/K/A SENSUS SPECTRUM LLC), AXONN, L.L.C., SMITH BLAIR, INC. reassignment SENSUS USA INC. RELEASE OF PATENT SECURITY INTEREST Assignors: CREDIT SUISSE AG, CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH (F/K/A CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON), AS COLLATERAL AGENT
Assigned to CREDIT SUISSE AG, AS FIRST LIEN COLLATERAL AGENT reassignment CREDIT SUISSE AG, AS FIRST LIEN COLLATERAL AGENT SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: M&FC HOLDING LLC (N/K/A SENSUS SPECTRUM LLC), SENSUS USA INC.
Assigned to CREDIT SUISSE AG, AS SECOND LIEN COLLATERAL AGENT reassignment CREDIT SUISSE AG, AS SECOND LIEN COLLATERAL AGENT SECURITY AGREEMENT Assignors: M&FC HOLDING LLC (N/K/A SENSUS SPECTRUM LLC), SENSUS USA INC.
Assigned to SENSUS USA INC., SENSUS SPECTRUM LLC, SMITH-BLAIR, INC. reassignment SENSUS USA INC. RELEASE AGREEMENT Assignors: CREDIT SUISSE AG, CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH, AS COLLATERAL AGENT
Assigned to SENSUS USA INC., SENSUS SPECTRUM LLC, SMITH-BLAIR, INC. reassignment SENSUS USA INC. RELEASE AGREEMENT Assignors: CREDIT SUISSE AG, CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH, AS COLLATERAL AGENT
Assigned to BNP PARIBAS, AS SECURITY AGENT reassignment BNP PARIBAS, AS SECURITY AGENT CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE ASSIGNMENT DOCUMENT PREVIOUSLY RECORDED AT REEL: 025609 FRAME: 0048. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE ASSIGNMENT. Assignors: GLOBALSTAR, INC.
Assigned to GLOBALSTAR, INC. reassignment GLOBALSTAR, INC. RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BNP PARIBAS
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
    • H03C—MODULATION
    • H03C1/00—Amplitude modulation
    • H03C1/52—Modulators in which carrier or one sideband is wholly or partially suppressed
    • H03C1/54—Balanced modulators, e.g. bridge type, ring type or double balanced type
    • H03C1/542—Balanced modulators, e.g. bridge type, ring type or double balanced type comprising semiconductor devices with at least three electrodes
    • H03C1/545—Balanced modulators, e.g. bridge type, ring type or double balanced type comprising semiconductor devices with at least three electrodes using bipolar transistors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B1/00—Details of transmission systems, not covered by a single one of groups H04B3/00 - H04B13/00; Details of transmission systems not characterised by the medium used for transmission
    • H04B1/69—Spread spectrum techniques
    • H04B1/707—Spread spectrum techniques using direct sequence modulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
    • H04L27/18—Phase-modulated carrier systems, i.e. using phase-shift keying
    • H04L27/20—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits
    • H04L27/2032—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits for discrete phase modulation, e.g. in which the phase of the carrier is modulated in a nominally instantaneous manner
    • H04L27/2053—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits for discrete phase modulation, e.g. in which the phase of the carrier is modulated in a nominally instantaneous manner using more than one carrier, e.g. carriers with different phases
    • H04L27/2057—Modulator circuits; Transmitter circuits for discrete phase modulation, e.g. in which the phase of the carrier is modulated in a nominally instantaneous manner using more than one carrier, e.g. carriers with different phases with a separate carrier for each phase state

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to modulators, and more particularly to an improved spread spectrum BPSK, or Binary Phase Shift Keying, Modulation system designed for providing gain, low cost and suppressed carrier output, as well as compatibility with CMOS low power logic modulation drive circuitry.
  • the present invention also teaches a Frequency Multiplier circuit, which is much less costly than traditional designs currently known.
  • the present system teaches a new, superior, and less costly BPSK modulator and/or frequency multiplier than that contemplated by the prior art, providing a less complicated system while outputting increased gain over prior art modulators.
  • Previous spread spectrum BPSK modulators required conventional balance mixers to produce carrier suppression. These conventional modulators utilized either 1) a complex transistor array in conjunction with a transformer tunable with a potonciometer or 2) two center tapped transformers and four diodes, which arrangement required a high level drive circuit to modulate it, typically +7 to +15 dBM.
  • the prior art modulators typically produced on the order of six dB of signal loss, resulting in considerably less satisfactory overall performance when compared to the present invention.
  • a low cost spread spectrum modulator is an essential component of a commercially viable spread spectrum communications system. While a low cost, high performance modulator has not been contemplated until now, the present invention describes the ideal modulator, designed specifically for Binary Phase Shift Keying or BPSK.
  • the present invention is designed to provide a low cost, efficient, quality and reliable modulation system having sufficiently high BPSK modulation rate, coupled with the suppressed carrier output needed in spread spectrum communication systems and the like.
  • the present invention provides a BPSK modulator utilizing only one transformer having the capability of adjusting for maximum carrier suppression, in conjunction with two bipolar transistors, which allows the modulator to be driven from the low power logic levels found in CMOS circuitry -10 dBM.
  • the present invention in its preferred embodiment produces eight dB of gain, much superior in performance over the prior art, which performs at a six dB signal loss.
  • the preset invention is not limited to utilizing two bipolar transistors as discussed supra and may utilize in an equivalent fashion any device which provides sufficient gain at the desired frequency or operation, as well as having sufficiently fast switching capabilities.
  • FET field effect transistors
  • digital logic gates which are biased into a linear region utilizing common techniques.
  • FET's field effect transistors
  • These devices may be incorporated into the system of the present invention, replacing in effect the transistors, utilizing common engineering techniques.
  • the present invention in an alternative use, may be utilized as a frequency multiplier.
  • the transistor, or its equivalent is adequately fast, for example, F t >1 GHZ, the system may be utilized to create at its output a higher frequency harmonic.
  • the modulation transistor arrangement When the modulation transistor arrangement is additionally utilized in the present invention in the frequency modulation capacity, less subsequent stages are required. This serves to lower both the cost and complexity of a frequency multiplier system, when compared to the prior art systems.
  • FIG. 1 is a Schematic Illustration of the preferred embodiment of the BPSK Modulator of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is Schematic Illustration of an alternative, less costly embodiment of the BPSK Modulator of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a Schematic Illustration of an alternative embodiment of the BPSK Modulator having transistors precede a phase shifting transformer
  • FIG. 4 is a Schematic Illustration of an alternative embodiment of the BPSK Modulator replacing transistors with very high speed logic gates.
  • the described modulator uses only one transformer which also adjusts for carrier suppression and two transistors, and as such can be driven from low power CMOS logic levels producing a full eight dB of gain.
  • BPSK modulation seeks to alternate a carrier between a 0 degree phase shift and a 180 degree phase shift, the phase shift of the carrier providing the modulation.
  • the outputs of the transformer "A”, when the center tap "B" is grounded are inherently at opposite phases, 0 degrees and 180 degrees.
  • Transistor C and D can then be alternately selected by biasing the MOD + or MOD - inputs to on.
  • either the 0 degree phase shift or 180 degree phase shift can be selected, which provides BPSK modulation with 8 dB of gain.
  • An alternative embodiment to the present invention obviates with the need for the costly center tap in the transformer, further simplifying the present design.
  • This circuit is based upon the premise that an inductor at resonance has outputs 180 degrees out of phase, producing 0 and 180 degrees outputs. The 0 degree and 180 degree outputs are selected using the same MOD -, MOD + biasing as described above.
  • both capacitors G and F must be configured to resonate in conjunction with the carrier frequency to be modulated.
  • the resonate point in this circuit may be fine adjusted by varying the transformer's inductance, by turning the tunable core or slug of transformer E.
  • capacitor G can be eliminated and transformer E must be only resonate with capacitor F. Fine tuning is again achieved by adjusting the slug or core of transformer E. The value of capacitor F must be such that it resonates with transformer E at the frequency to be modulated.
  • Both embodiments of the invention perform identically when properly configured and can produce excellent BPSK spread spectrum modulation with adjustable carrier suppression.
  • the value of the resonate capacitors to be frequency.
  • practical resonate capacitor values are 2.2 to 6.8 pf for G & E.
  • the series coupling capacitors must be relatively small to minimize coupling of transistor base to collector capacitance. Practical values are from 2.2 to 8.2 pf.
  • the transformer turns ratio is selected to match the impedance of the driving carrier CKT to the input impedance of the gain/phase selection transistors.
  • FIG. 2 Since FIG. 2 must be in resonance to function, the overall Q of the CKT and transformer coupling can be chosen to optimize performance as a tuned filter. Q is primarily effected by the transformer slug loss. Further loosely coupled transformers provide optimum filtering characteristics. This function can filter out undesirable harmonics from previous RF stages, eliminating otherwise required additional filter components.
  • the overall 8 dB of gain realized is a product of sums of both gain and losses of the entire circuit.
  • the transformer produces 2 to 4 dB of loss
  • the coupling capacitors produce 1 dB of loss
  • the transistors provide 12 to 13 dB of gain.
  • the present invention's design is not limited to use in BPSK modulation.
  • the present invention in an alternative use, may be utilized as a frequency multiplier.
  • the transistor(s), or their equivalents, as utilized in the present invention is adequately fast, for example. F t >1 GHZ, the system may be utilized to create at its output a higher frequency harmonic.
  • the circuit layout, and implementation of this alternative embodiment would remain substantively the same as set forth in the figures shown.
  • the modulation transistor arrangement When the modulation transistor arrangement is additionally utilized in the present invention in the frequency modulation capacity, less subsequent stages are required. This serves to lower both the cost and complexity of a frequency multiplier system, when compared to the prior art systems.
  • FET field effect transistor
  • DRAM digital logic gate
  • the topological dual of the described circuits is also practicable, having the gain or frequency multiplication precede the phase shifting transformer.
  • a frequency f IN is introduced at 501, so that the frequency f IN is AC coupled and present on both transistors 502 and 503.
  • BPSK data is generated in complement via inverter 508, thereby selecting, via base bias resistors, transistors 502 or 503.
  • the collectors are connected via the opposite center tapped primary windings of transformer 506.
  • the center tap provides DC power and AC bypass.
  • the selection of transistor 502 or 503 thereby forces a 0° or 180° phase relationship on f OUT 509.
  • Capacitors 504, 505, and 507 can be used to effect single or double pole filtering depending on the coupling of transformer 506. Frequency multiplication can also be achieved with transistors 502 and 503 by adjusting bias and drive levels for nonlinear output, as well as tuning transformer 506 to the target harmonic.
  • FIG. 4 An additional alternate embodiment of the present invention, illustrated in FIG. 4, has very high speed logic gates 403, 405 biased into a linear region and replacing transistors 502, 503 of FIG. 3.
  • a frequency is introduced via f IN in 401.
  • Bias network means embodied as a DC bias device 402, is used to force logic elements 403, 405 into a linear region of operation. Either AND gates or OR gates can be made to function in this circuit.
  • the inverter 404 provides complementary BPSK data thereby selecting either gate 403 or gate 405. The outputs then drive the primary of a transformer 407 causing either a 0° or a 180° phase shift on the output of the transformer 407 at f OUT 409.
  • the transformer 407 can be used as a one or two pole filter in conjunction with capacitors 406, 408, depending on the coupling coefficient of the transformer 407.
  • gates 403, 405 can be used as frequency multipliers by adjusting the DC offset and drive levels on the inputs of gates 403, 405, and tuning transformer 407 to the desired harmonic output.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Amplitude Modulation (AREA)

Abstract

A low cost spread spectrum modulator for BPSK, or Binary Phase Shift Keying capable of outputting the high modulation rate and suppressed carrier output needed in spread spectrum systems. The present invention provides high quality BPSK modulation without the double balance mixers as required in the prior art, thereby dispensing with the necessity of complex transistor/potonciometer or diode/transformer arrangements. The present invention provides BPSK modulation utilizing only one transformer, which can be adjusted for carrier suppression and two transistors. FET's, or digital logic gates or the like, allowing the present system to be driven from low power CMOS logic levels, yet producing eight db of gain. The present invention may also be utilized as a frequency multiplier, with the utilization of the appropriately high frequency transistor, FET, digital logic gate, or the like.

Description

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
The present application is a continuation-in-part of patent application Ser. No. 07/572,468 filed Aug. 27, 1990, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,119,396, issued Jun. 2, 1992.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to modulators, and more particularly to an improved spread spectrum BPSK, or Binary Phase Shift Keying, Modulation system designed for providing gain, low cost and suppressed carrier output, as well as compatibility with CMOS low power logic modulation drive circuitry. The present invention also teaches a Frequency Multiplier circuit, which is much less costly than traditional designs currently known.
The present system teaches a new, superior, and less costly BPSK modulator and/or frequency multiplier than that contemplated by the prior art, providing a less complicated system while outputting increased gain over prior art modulators.
2. Prior Art & General Background
Previous spread spectrum BPSK modulators required conventional balance mixers to produce carrier suppression. These conventional modulators utilized either 1) a complex transistor array in conjunction with a transformer tunable with a potonciometer or 2) two center tapped transformers and four diodes, which arrangement required a high level drive circuit to modulate it, typically +7 to +15 dBM.
Besides the greater expense, increased complexity thereby contributing the probability of failure, and incompatibility with low power -10 dB CMOS logic drive circuitry, the prior art modulators typically produced on the order of six dB of signal loss, resulting in considerably less satisfactory overall performance when compared to the present invention.
3. General, Summary Discussion of the Invention
A low cost spread spectrum modulator is an essential component of a commercially viable spread spectrum communications system. While a low cost, high performance modulator has not been contemplated until now, the present invention describes the ideal modulator, designed specifically for Binary Phase Shift Keying or BPSK.
The present invention is designed to provide a low cost, efficient, quality and reliable modulation system having sufficiently high BPSK modulation rate, coupled with the suppressed carrier output needed in spread spectrum communication systems and the like.
Unlike the prior art, which required balance mixers of the sort discussed in the background section supra, the present invention provides a BPSK modulator utilizing only one transformer having the capability of adjusting for maximum carrier suppression, in conjunction with two bipolar transistors, which allows the modulator to be driven from the low power logic levels found in CMOS circuitry -10 dBM. The present invention in its preferred embodiment produces eight dB of gain, much superior in performance over the prior art, which performs at a six dB signal loss.
Further, the preset invention is not limited to utilizing two bipolar transistors as discussed supra and may utilize in an equivalent fashion any device which provides sufficient gain at the desired frequency or operation, as well as having sufficiently fast switching capabilities.
For example, other acceptable, equivalent devices which may be utilized in place of the two transistors in the present invention may include high frequency field effect transistors (FET's), or digital logic gates, which are biased into a linear region utilizing common techniques. These devices may be incorporated into the system of the present invention, replacing in effect the transistors, utilizing common engineering techniques.
The present invention, in an alternative use, may be utilized as a frequency multiplier. For example, if the transistor, or its equivalent, is adequately fast, for example, Ft >1 GHZ, the system may be utilized to create at its output a higher frequency harmonic.
As is known in the art, it is a common radio design practice to utilize a non-linear device such as a diode, transistor, or the like to perform frequency multiplication. This is desirable because only lower frequency crystals are readily available, and as such, the lower frequency must then be translated into the higher, desired frequency.
When the modulation transistor arrangement is additionally utilized in the present invention in the frequency modulation capacity, less subsequent stages are required. This serves to lower both the cost and complexity of a frequency multiplier system, when compared to the prior art systems.
It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a low cost, high quality BPSK modulator compatible for use in spread spectrum-type communications systems.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a BPSK modulation system which is compatible with low power logic input, such as that driven by CMOS circuitry.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a BPSK modulator which utilizes a single transformer and two transistors, adjusts for carrier suppression, and provides eight db+ of gain.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a further understanding of the nature and objects of the present invention, reference should be had to the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like parts are given like reference numerals, and wherein:
FIG. 1 is a Schematic Illustration of the preferred embodiment of the BPSK Modulator of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is Schematic Illustration of an alternative, less costly embodiment of the BPSK Modulator of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a Schematic Illustration of an alternative embodiment of the BPSK Modulator having transistors precede a phase shifting transformer; and
FIG. 4 is a Schematic Illustration of an alternative embodiment of the BPSK Modulator replacing transistors with very high speed logic gates.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT(S)
The described modulator uses only one transformer which also adjusts for carrier suppression and two transistors, and as such can be driven from low power CMOS logic levels producing a full eight dB of gain.
BPSK modulation seeks to alternate a carrier between a 0 degree phase shift and a 180 degree phase shift, the phase shift of the carrier providing the modulation. As illustrated in FIG. 1 of the present invention, the outputs of the transformer "A", when the center tap "B" is grounded, are inherently at opposite phases, 0 degrees and 180 degrees.
Transistor C and D can then be alternately selected by biasing the MOD + or MOD - inputs to on. Thus, either the 0 degree phase shift or 180 degree phase shift can be selected, which provides BPSK modulation with 8 dB of gain.
An alternative embodiment to the present invention obviates with the need for the costly center tap in the transformer, further simplifying the present design. This circuit is based upon the premise that an inductor at resonance has outputs 180 degrees out of phase, producing 0 and 180 degrees outputs. The 0 degree and 180 degree outputs are selected using the same MOD -, MOD + biasing as described above.
Through extensive experimentation, the present inventor has determined that either tight (>0.6 coupling coefficient) or loose (<0.3 coupling coefficient) coupling of the transformer windings can be used to product suitable 0 degree and 180 degree phase shifts for BPSK modulation.
As illustrated in FIG. 2, in the embodiment implementing the loosely coupled transformer, both capacitors G and F must be configured to resonate in conjunction with the carrier frequency to be modulated. The resonate point in this circuit may be fine adjusted by varying the transformer's inductance, by turning the tunable core or slug of transformer E.
In a tightly coupled transformer, capacitor G can be eliminated and transformer E must be only resonate with capacitor F. Fine tuning is again achieved by adjusting the slug or core of transformer E. The value of capacitor F must be such that it resonates with transformer E at the frequency to be modulated.
Both embodiments of the invention perform identically when properly configured and can produce excellent BPSK spread spectrum modulation with adjustable carrier suppression.
As discussed above, the value of the resonate capacitors to be frequency. In the present invention, if a 11/2 primary turn to 2 1/2 secondary turn transformer is used with a carrier frequency of 300 MHz, then practical resonate capacitor values are 2.2 to 6.8 pf for G & E. The series coupling capacitors must be relatively small to minimize coupling of transistor base to collector capacitance. Practical values are from 2.2 to 8.2 pf.
The transformer turns ratio is selected to match the impedance of the driving carrier CKT to the input impedance of the gain/phase selection transistors.
Since FIG. 2 must be in resonance to function, the overall Q of the CKT and transformer coupling can be chosen to optimize performance as a tuned filter. Q is primarily effected by the transformer slug loss. Further loosely coupled transformers provide optimum filtering characteristics. This function can filter out undesirable harmonics from previous RF stages, eliminating otherwise required additional filter components.
The overall 8 dB of gain realized is a product of sums of both gain and losses of the entire circuit. The transformer produces 2 to 4 dB of loss, the coupling capacitors produce 1 dB of loss, the transistors provide 12 to 13 dB of gain. The average circuit gain is determined as the minimum overall gain (12-4-1)=7 dB to a maximum overall gain of (13-2-1)=10 dB of gain.
As discussed infra, the present invention's design is not limited to use in BPSK modulation. The present invention, in an alternative use, may be utilized as a frequency multiplier.
For example, if the transistor(s), or their equivalents, as utilized in the present invention, is adequately fast, for example. Ft >1 GHZ, the system may be utilized to create at its output a higher frequency harmonic. The circuit layout, and implementation of this alternative embodiment would remain substantively the same as set forth in the figures shown.
As is known in the art, it is a common radio design practice to utilize a non-linear device such as a diode, transistor, or the like to perform frequency multiplication. This is desirable because only lower frequency crystals are readily available, and as such, the lower frequency must then be translated into the higher, desired frequency.
When the modulation transistor arrangement is additionally utilized in the present invention in the frequency modulation capacity, less subsequent stages are required. This serves to lower both the cost and complexity of a frequency multiplier system, when compared to the prior art systems.
The embodiment(s) described herein in detail for exemplary purposes are of course subject to many different variations in structure, design, application and methodology. Because many varying and different embodiments may be made within the scope of the inventive concept(s) herein taught, and because many modifications may be made in the embodiment(s) herein detailed in accordance with the descriptive requirements of the law, it is to be understood that the details herein to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.
As a further example, other acceptable, equivalent devices may be utilized in place of the two transistors in the present invention. These may include high frequency field effect transistors (FET's), or digital logic gates, which are biased into a linear region utilizing common techniques. These devices may be incorporated into the system of the present invention, replacing in effect the transistors, utilizing common engineering techniques.
For example, the topological dual of the described circuits is also practicable, having the gain or frequency multiplication precede the phase shifting transformer. In an alternate embodiment of the present invention, as shown in FIG. 3, a frequency fIN is introduced at 501, so that the frequency fIN is AC coupled and present on both transistors 502 and 503. BPSK data is generated in complement via inverter 508, thereby selecting, via base bias resistors, transistors 502 or 503. The collectors are connected via the opposite center tapped primary windings of transformer 506. The center tap provides DC power and AC bypass. The selection of transistor 502 or 503 thereby forces a 0° or 180° phase relationship on f OUT 509. Capacitors 504, 505, and 507 can be used to effect single or double pole filtering depending on the coupling of transformer 506. Frequency multiplication can also be achieved with transistors 502 and 503 by adjusting bias and drive levels for nonlinear output, as well as tuning transformer 506 to the target harmonic.
An additional alternate embodiment of the present invention, illustrated in FIG. 4, has very high speed logic gates 403, 405 biased into a linear region and replacing transistors 502, 503 of FIG. 3. As shown in FIG. 4, a frequency is introduced via fIN in 401. Bias network means, embodied as a DC bias device 402, is used to force logic elements 403, 405 into a linear region of operation. Either AND gates or OR gates can be made to function in this circuit. The inverter 404 provides complementary BPSK data thereby selecting either gate 403 or gate 405. The outputs then drive the primary of a transformer 407 causing either a 0° or a 180° phase shift on the output of the transformer 407 at f OUT 409. In addition, the transformer 407 can be used as a one or two pole filter in conjunction with capacitors 406, 408, depending on the coupling coefficient of the transformer 407.
Furthermore, gates 403, 405 can be used as frequency multipliers by adjusting the DC offset and drive levels on the inputs of gates 403, 405, and tuning transformer 407 to the desired harmonic output.

Claims (32)

What is claimed is:
1. A BPSK Modulator circuit, comprising:
a transformer, said transformer further comprising first induction means having a carrier input leg and an output leg, second induction means having first and second leg outputs, said transformer configured such that said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means modulates at opposite phases of 180 and 0 degrees, forming "MOD +" and "MOD -", respectively, relative a carrier signal supplied to said carrier input of said first induction means;
first and second phase selection means configured to modulate via input of said of said first and second outputs of said second induction means, said first and second phase selection means further comprising first and second load transistors or their equivalent, respectively, each having an emitter, and a base or the equivalent, said base of said first transistor in circuit with said first output of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD +", said base of said second transistor in circuit with said second output of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD -".
2. A BPSK Modulator circuit having a tunable slug or core to adjust carrier suppression in a spread spectrum system, comprising:
a transformer, said transformer further comprising first induction means having a carrier input leg and an output leg, second induction means having first and second leg outputs, and a tunable slug or core in communication with said first and second induction means, said transformer configured such that said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means modulates at opposite phases of 180 and 0 degrees, forming "MOD +" and "MOD -", respectively, relative a carrier signal supplied to said carrier input of said first induction means;
first and second phase selection means configured to modulate via input of said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means, said first and second phase selection means further comprising first and second load transistors, respectively, each having an emitter, a collector, and a base, said base of said first transistor in circuit with said first output leg of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD +", said base of said second transistor in circuit with said second output leg of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD -".
3. A BPSK Modulator circuit utilizing a loosely coupled transformer to adjust carrier suppression in a spread spectrum system, comprising:
a transformer, said transformer further comprising first induction means having a carrier input leg and an output leg, second induction means loosely coupled with said first induction means, said second induction means having first and second leg output, said transformer configured such that said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means modulates at opposite phases of 180 and 0 degrees, forming "MOD +" and "MOD -", respectively, relative a carrier signal supplied to said carrier input of said first induction means;
first and second capacitors, said first capacitor in parallel circuit with said carrier input leg and grounded output leg of said first induction means, said second capacitor in parallel circuit with said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means,
first and second phase selection means configured to modulate via input of said first and second outputs of said second induction means, said first and second phase selection means further comprising first and second load transistors, respectively, each having an emitter, a collector, and a base, said base of said first transistor in serial circuit with said first leg output of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD +", said base of said second transistor in serial circuit with said second leg output of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD -".
4. The BPSK Modulation System of claim 3, wherein there is further included a tunable slug or core is in communication with said first and second inductors.
5. The BPSK Modulation System of claim 4, wherein there is further included resonator capacitor means in parallel circuit with said first and said second leg outputs of said second induction means, said resonator capacitor transformer coupling means configured to provide band pass filtering for previous stage harmonic suppression.
6. A BPSK Modulator circuit having a tightly coupled transformer having no center tap and a single parallel resonate capacitor on the secondary to provide BPSK modulation, comprising:
a transformer, said transformer further comprising first induction means having a carrier input leg and an output leg, second induction means tightly coupled to said first induction means, said second induction means having first and second leg outputs, said transformer configured such that said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means modulates at opposite phases of 180 and 0 degrees, forming "MOD +" and "MOD -", respectively, relative a carrier signal supplied to said carrier input of said first induction means;
band pass filter means for filtering harmonic suppression from said transformer, said band pass filter means further comprising a resonate capacitor in parallel circuit with said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means;
first and second phase selection means configured to modulate via input of said of said first and second outputs of said second induction means, said first and second phase selection means further comprising first and second load transistors, respectively, each having an emitter, a collector, and a base, said base of said first transistor in circuit with said first leg output of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD +", said base of said second transistor in circuit with said second output of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD -".
7. The BPSK Modulation System of claim 6, wherein said system further comprises adjustment means for adjusting carrier suppression, said adjustment means further comprising a tunable slug or core in communication with said first and second induction means.
8. The BPSK Modulation System of claim 6, wherein there is further included resonator capacitor means in parallel circuit with said first and said second leg outputs of said second induction means, said resonator capacitor means configured to provide band pass filtering for previous stage harmonic suppression. . .9. A frequency multiplier circuit, comprising:
a transformer, said transformer further comprising first induction means having a carrier input leg and an output leg, second induction means having first and second leg outputs, said transformer configured such that said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means modulates at opposite phases of 180 and 0 degrees, forming "MOD +" and "MOD -", respectively, relative a carrier signal supplied to said carrier input of said first induction means;
phase selection means configured to modulate via input of said of said first and second outputs of said second induction means, said phase selection means having a Ft >1 GHZ, and further comprising an emitter, and first and second bases or the equivalent, said first base in circuit with said first output of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD +", said second base in circuit with said second output or said second inductor, receiving said "MOD -"..!.. .10. A frequency multiplier circuit, comprising:
a transformer, said transformer further comprising first induction means having a carrier input leg and an output leg, second induction means having first and second leg outputs, said transformer configured such that said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means modulates at opposite phases of 180 and 0 degrees, forming "MOD +" and "MOD -", respectively, relative a carrier signal supplied to said carrier input of said first induction means;
phase selection means configured to modulate via input of said of said first and second outputs of said second induction means, said phase selection means having a Ft >1 GHZ, and further comprising an emitter, and first and second bases or the equivalent, said first base in circuit with said first output of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD +", said second base in circuit with said second output of said
second inductor, receiving said "MOD -"..!.11. A frequency multiplier circuit utilizing a loosely coupled transformer to adjust carrier suppression, comprising:
a transformer, said transformer further comprising first induction means having a carrier input leg and an output leg, second induction means loosely coupled with said first induction means, said second induction means having first and second leg output, said transformer configured such that said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means modulates at opposite phases of 180 and 0 degrees, forming "MOD +" and "MOD -", respectively, relative a carrier signal supplied to said carrier input of said first induction means;
first and second capacitors, said first capacitor in parallel circuit with said carrier input leg and grounded output leg of said first induction means, said second capacitor in parallel circuit with said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means,
phase section means configured to modulate via input of said of said first and second outputs of said second induction means, said phase selection means having a Ft >1 GHZ, and further comprising an emitter, and first and second bases or the equivalent, said first base in circuit with said first output of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD +", said second base in circuit with said second output of said second inductor,
receiving said "MOD -". 12. The method of modulating a carrier between a 0 degree phase shift and a 180 degree phase shift, comprising the following steps:
a. providing a transformer, said transformer further comprising first induction means having a carrier input leg and an output leg, and second induction means having first and second leg outputs, and a tunable slug or core in communication with said first and second induction means;
b. tuning said slug or core such that said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means modulates at opposite phases of 180 and 0 degrees, forming "MOD +" and "MOD -", respectively, relative a carrier signal supplied to said carrier input of said first induction means;
c. providing first and second phase selection means configured to modulate via input of said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means, said first and second phase selection means further comprising first and second load transistors, respectively, each having an emitter, a collector, and a base;
d. configuring said base of said first transistor in circuit with said first output leg of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD +", said base of said second transistor in circuit with said second output leg of
said second inductor, receiving said "MOD -". 13. The method of utilizing a loosely coupled transformer to adjust carrier suppression, modulating a carrier signal between a 0 degree phase shift and a 180 degree phase shift, comprising the following steps:
a. providing a transformer, said transformer further comprising an inductor having first induction means having a carrier input leg, an output leg, and windings, and second induction means having first and second leg outputs and windings;
b. coupling said windings of said first and second induction means to a >0.6 and <0.3 coupling coefficient;
c. modulating said inductor at opposite phases of 180 and 0 degrees, forming "MOD +" and "MOD -", respectively, relative a carrier signal supplied to said carrier input of said first induction means;
d. providing first and second phase selection means configured to modulate via input of said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means, said first and second phase selection means further comprising first and second load transistors, respectively, each having an emitter, a collector, and a base;
e. configuring said base of said first transistor in circuit with said first output leg of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD +", said base of said second transistor in circuit with said second output leg of
said second inductor, receiving said "MOD -". 14. The method of claim 13, wherein there is included the further step of providing first and second capacitors, said first capacitor in parallel circuit with said carrier input leg and grounded output leg of said first induction means, said second capacitor in parallel circuit with said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means. . .15. The method of multiplying a carrier to provide a higher frequency harmonic, comprising the following steps:
a. providing a transformer, said transformer further comprising first induction means having a carrier input leg and an output leg, and second induction means having first and second leg outputs, and a tunable slug or core in communication with said first and second induction means;
b. tuning said slug or core such that said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means modulates at opposite phases of 180 and 0 degrees, forming "MOD +" and "MOD -", respectively, relative a carrier signal supplied to said carrier input of said first induction means;
c. providing phase selection means configured to modulate via input of said of said first and second outputs of said second induction means, said phase selection means having a Ft >1 GHZ, and further comprising an emitter, and first and second bases or the equivalent, said first base in circuit with said first output of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD +", said second base in circuit with said second output of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD -",
d. configuring said first base in circuit with said first output leg of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD +", and said second base in circuit with said second output leg of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD -", multiplying the carrier to provide a higher frequency harmonic..!.. .16. The method of utilizing a loosely coupled transformer to adjust carrier suppression, modulating a carrier signal between a 0 degree phase shift and a 180 degree phase shift, and multiplying a carrier to provide a higher frequency harmonic, comprising the following steps:
a. providing a transformer, said transformer further comprising an inductor having first induction means having a carrier input leg, an output leg, and windings, and second induction means having first and second leg outputs and windings;
b. coupling said windings of said first and second induction means to a >0.6 and <0.3 coupling coefficient;
c. modulating said inductor at opposite phases of 180 and 0 degrees, forming "MOD +" and "MOD -", respectively, relative a carrier signal supplied to said carrier input of said first induction means;
d. providing phase selection means configured to modulate via input of said of said first and second outputs of said second induction means, said phase selection means having a Ft >1 GHZ, and further comprising an emitter, and first and second bases or the equivalent, said first base in circuit with said first output of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD +", said second base in circuit with said second output of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD -".
e. configuring said first base in circuit with said first output leg of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD +", and said second base in circuit with said second output leg of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD -", multiplying the carrier to provide a higher frequency
harmonic..!.17. The method of claim . .16.!. .Iadd.28.Iaddend., wherein there is included the further step of providing first and second capacitors, said first capacitor in parallel circuit with said carrier input leg and grounded output leg of said first induction means, said second capacitor in parallel circuit with said first and second leg
outputs of said second induction means. 18. A BPSK modulator comprising:
a center tapped transformer having first and second primary legs, said center tapped transformer having a secondary;
amplification means coupled to both first and second primary legs of said center tapped transformer;
selection means, coupled through said amplification means to said center tapped transformer, said selection means driven by a BPSK data input, for enabling one of the first and second primary legs of said center tapped transformer; and
coupling means attached to said secondary of said center tapped transformer
to yield BPSK carrier modulation. 19. The BPSK modulator as set forth in claim 18, wherein said center tapped transformer is turned to a resonance frequency by at least one capacitor, thereby providing low cost filtering.
0. The BPSK modulator as set forth in claim 18, wherein said amplification
means provides frequency multiplication. 21. A BPSK modulator comprising:
a plurality of logic gates, each logic gate coupled to a primary leg of a transformer, to provide amplification;
selection means, responsive to a BPSK data input, to enable one of said plurality of logic gates; and
coupling means to yield a BPSK modulating carrier signal on a secondary of
the transformer. 22. The BPSK modulator as set forth in claim 21 wherein the transformer is tuned to a resonance frequency by a plurality of
capacitors, thereby providing low cost filtering. 23. The BPSK modulator as set forth in claim 21 wherein each of said plurality of logic gates
provides frequency multiplication. 24. A frequency multiplier circuit, comprising:
a transformer, said transformer further comprising first induction means having a carrier input leg and an output leg, second induction means having first and second leg outputs, said transformer configured such that said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means modulate at opposite phases of 180 degrees and 0 degrees, forming "MOD +" and "MOD -", respectively, relative to a carrier signal supplied to said carrier input of said first induction means; and
phase selection means configured to modulate via input of said first and second outputs of said second induction means, said phase selection means having a Ft >1 GHz, and further comprising an emitter, and first and second bases or the equivalent, said first base in circuit with said first leg output of said second induction means, receiving said "MOD +", said second base in circuit with said second leg output of said second induction means, receiving said "MOD -". . .25. A frequency multiplier circuit, comprising:
a transformer, said transformer further comprising first induction means having a carrier input leg and an output leg, second induction means having first and second leg outputs, said transformer configured such that said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means modulate at opposite phases of 180 degrees and 0 degrees forming "MOD +" and "MOD -", respectively, relative to a carrier signal supplied to said carrier input of said first induction means; and
phase selection means configured to modulate via input of said first and second outputs of said second induction means, said phase selection means having a Ft >1 GHz, and further comprising an emitter, and first and second bases or the equivalent, said first base in circuit with said first output of said second induction means, receiving said "MOD +", said second base in circuit with said second output of said second induction means,
receiving said "MOD -"..!.26. A frequency multiplier circuit utilizing a loosely coupled transformer to adjust, carrier suppression, comprising:
a transformer, said transformer further comprising first induction means having a carrier input leg and an output leg, second induction means loosely coupled with said first induction means, said second induction means having first and second leg outputs, said transformer configured such that said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means modulate at opposite phases of 180 degrees and 0 degrees forming "MOD -" and "MOD -", respectively, relative to a carrier signal supplied to said carrier input of said first induction means;
first and second capacitors, said first capacitor in parallel circuit with said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means; and
phase selection means configured to modulate via input of said first and second outputs of said second induction means, said phase selection means having a Ft >1 GHz, and further comprising an emitter, and first and second bases or the equivalent, said first base in circuit with said first output of said second induction means, receiving said "MOD +", said second base in circuit with said second output of said second induction means,
receiving said "MOD -". 27. The method of multiplying a carrier to provide a higher frequency harmonic, comprising the following steps:
a. providing a transformer, said transformer further comprising first induction means having a carrier input leg and an output leg, and second induction means having first and second leg outputs, and a tunable slug or core in communication with said first and second induction means;
b. tuning said slug or core such that said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means modulates at opposite phases of 180 and 0 degrees, forming "MOD +" and "MOD -", respectively, relative a carrier signal supplied to said carrier input of said first induction means;
c. providing phase selection means configured to modulate via input of said . .of said.!. first and second outputs of said second induction means, said phase selection means having a Ft >1 GHZ, and further comprising an emitter, and first and second bases or the equivalent, said first base in circuit with said first output of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD +", said second base in circuit with said second output of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD -"; and
d. configuring said first base in circuit with said first output leg of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD +", and said second base in circuit with said second output leg of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD -", multiplying the carrier to provide a higher frequency
harmonic. 28. The method of utilizing a loosely coupled transformer to adjust carrier suppression, modulating a carrier signal between a 0 degree phase shift and a 180 degree phase shift, and multiplying a carrier to provide a higher frequency harmonic, comprising the following steps:
a. providing a transformer, said transformer further comprising an inductor having first induction means having a carrier input leg, an output leg, and windings, and second induction means having first and second leg outputs and windings;
b. coupling said windings of said first and second induction means to a >0.6 and <0.3 coupling coefficient;
c. modulating said inductor at opposite phases of 180 degrees and 0 degrees, forming "MOD +" and "MOD -", respectively, relative to a carrier signal supplied to said carrier input of said first induction means;
d. providing phase selection means configured to modulate via input of said . .of said.!. first and second outputs of said second induction means, said phase selection means having a Ft >1 GHZ, and further comprising an emitter, and first and second bases or the equivalent, said first base in circuit with said first output of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD +", said second base in circuit with said second output of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD -".
e. configuring said first base in circuit with said first output leg of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD +", and said second base in circuit with said second output leg of said second inductor, receiving said "MOD -", multiplying the carrier to provide a higher frequency
harmonic. 29. A BPSK Modulator circuit having a fixed transformer and a variable tuning capacitor, the fixed transformer and variable tuning capacitor to adjust carrier suppression in a spread spectrum system, comprising:
a transformer, said transformer further comprising first induction means having a carrier input leg and an output leg, second induction means having first and second leg outputs, a fixed transformer, and a variable tuning capacitor, the fixed transformer in communication with said first and second induction means, said transformer configured such that said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means modulate at opposite phases of 180 degrees and 0 degrees, forming "MOD +" and "MOD -", respectively, relative to a carrier signal supplied to said carrier input of said first induction means; and
first and second phase selection means configured to modulate via input of said first and second outputs of said second induction means, said first and second phase selection means further comprising first and second load transistors, respectively, each having an emitter, a collector, and a base, said base of said first transistor in circuit with said first output let of said, second induction means, receiving said "MOD +", said base of said second transistor in circuit with said second output of said second
induction means, receiving said "MOD -". 30. The BPSK modulation System as set forth in claim 3, further including a fixed transformer and a variable tuning capacitor, said fixed transformer in communication with said first
and second induction means. 31. The BPSK modulation system as set forth in claim 6, further comprising adjustment means for adjusting carrier suppression, said adjustment means including a fixed transformer and a variable tuning capacitor, said fixed transformer in communication with
said first and second induction means. 32. The method of multiplying a carrier to provide a higher frequency harmonic, comprising the following steps:
a. providing a fixed transformer, said transformer further comprising first induction means having a carrier input leg and an output leg, and second induction means having first and second leg outputs, and a variable tuning capacitor, said fixed transformer in communication with said first and second induction means;
b. tuning fixed transformer and variable tuning capacitor such that said first and second leg outputs of said second induction means modulates at opposite phases of 180 degrees and 0 degrees, forming "MOD +" and "MOD -", respectively, relative a carrier signal supplied to said carrier input of said first induction means;
c. providing phase selection means configured to modulate via input of said of said first and second outputs of said second induction means, said phase selection means having a Ft >1 GHZ and further comprising an emitter, and first and second bases or the equivalent, said first base in circuit with said first output of said second induction means, receiving said "MOD +", said second base in circuit with said second output of said second induction means, receiving said "MOD -"; and
d. configuring said first base in circuit with said first output leg of said second induction means, receiving said "MOD +", and said second base in circuit with said second output leg of said second induction means, receiving said "MOD -", multiplying the carrier to provide a higher
frequency harmonic. .Iadd.33. A binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulator comprising:
a transformer including a primary and a secondary, said primary having two legs for receiving a carrier signal via each of two logic gates, respectively and said secondary outputting a BPSK modulated carrier; and
selection means responsive to a BPSK input signal, for alternately enabling the two logic gates to pass said carrier signal via each of said two legs to said secondary. .Iaddend..Iadd.34. A BPSK modulator according to claim 33, wherein the two logic gates are biased to operate in a linear region. .Iaddend..Iadd.35. A BPSK modulator according to claim 33, wherein the two logic gates are transistors each of which is biased to operate in a non-linear region. .Iaddend..Iadd.36. A BPSK modulator according to claim 33, wherein the two logic gates are selectively enabled to produce a harmonic of the carrier signal. .Iaddend..Iadd.37. A BPSK modulator according to claim 36, wherein each of the two logic gates is biased to
produce a predetermined harmonic of said carrier. .Iaddend..Iadd.38. A BPSK modulator according to claim 33, wherein the transformer further comprises:
means for tuning the transformer to select a predetermined output carrier frequency, including at least one of a capacitor in parallel with the primary and a capacitor in parallel with said secondary. .Iaddend..Iadd.39. A BPSK modulator according to claim 36, wherein each of said two logic gates provides amplification of said carrier signal. .Iaddend..Iadd.40. A BPSK modulator according to claim 33, wherein the transformer is loosely coupled and tuned to produce a predetermined output carrier frequency. .Iaddend..Iadd.41. A BPSK modulator according to claim 33, further comprising amplification means for providing amplification of the enabled gate logic carrier signal. .Iaddend..Iadd.42. A BPSK modulator according to claim 33, wherein the selection means is enabled to source or sink current. .Iaddend..Iadd.43. A BPSK modulator according to claim 33,
wherein the primary further includes a center tap. .Iaddend..Iadd.44. A BPSK modulator according to claim 33, wherein a first leg and a second leg of said two legs are 180° out of phase with one another. .Iaddend..Iadd.45. A method for modulating a carrier frequency signal by using a transformer to produce a zero degree phase shift and a 180 degree phase shift of the carrier frequency signal, said method comprising the steps of:
selectively enabling a zero degree input leg of the transformer in response to a first binary phase shift keying (BPSK) signal;
selectively enabling a 180 degree input leg of the transformer in response to a second BPSK signal; and
supplying a carrier signal to the transformer via said zero degree input leg and said 180 degree input leg, wherein the zero degree input leg and the 180 degree input leg are alternately selected by said first and second BPSK signals to produce BPSK modulation of said carrier frequency signal at an output of the transformer. .Iaddend..Iadd.46. The method according to claim 45, wherein the steps of selectively enabling each include a step of:
biasing a selection means into a linear region of operation. .Iaddend..Iadd.47. The method according to claim 45, wherein each of the steps of selectively enabling each produce a harmonic of the carrier
frequency signal. .Iaddend..Iadd.48. The method according to claim 47, wherein the steps of selectively enabling each include a step of:
biasing a selection means to produce a predetermined harmonic. .Iaddend..Iadd.49. The method according to claim 45, further comprising the step of:
tuning the transformer to a predetermined output carrier frequency. .Iaddend..Iadd.50. The method according to claim 49, wherein said step of tuning is performed using at least one of a capacitor on a primary of the transformer and a capacitor on a secondary of the transformer. .Iaddend..Iadd.51. The method according to claim 45, further comprising the step of:
amplifying the carrier frequency signal within each of said zero degree input leg and said 180 degree input leg. .Iaddend..Iadd.52. The method according to claim 45, further comprising the step of:
loosely coupling and tuning the transformer to a predetermined output carrier frequency. .Iaddend..Iadd.53. The method according to claim 45, further comprising the step of:
amplifying the selectively enabled carrier signal. .Iaddend..Iadd.54. The method according to claim 45, wherein the selection means is enabled to source or sink current. .Iaddend..Iadd.55. The method according to claim 45, wherein the zero degree input leg and the 180° input leg are included in a primary of the transformer, said primary having a center tap leg. .Iaddend..Iadd.56. The method, according to claim 45, wherein the steps of selectively enabling each include a step of:
biasing a selection means into a non-linear region of operation. .Iaddend.
US08/560,304 1990-08-27 1995-11-17 Binary phase shift keying modulation system and/or frequency multiplier Expired - Lifetime USRE35829E (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/560,304 USRE35829E (en) 1990-08-27 1995-11-17 Binary phase shift keying modulation system and/or frequency multiplier

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US07/572,468 US5119396A (en) 1990-08-27 1990-08-27 Binary phase shift keying modulation system
US07/850,692 US5265120A (en) 1990-08-27 1992-03-11 Binary phase shift keying modulation system and/or frequency multiplier
US08/560,304 USRE35829E (en) 1990-08-27 1995-11-17 Binary phase shift keying modulation system and/or frequency multiplier

Related Parent Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US07/572,468 Continuation-In-Part US5119396A (en) 1990-08-27 1990-08-27 Binary phase shift keying modulation system
US07/850,692 Reissue US5265120A (en) 1990-08-27 1992-03-11 Binary phase shift keying modulation system and/or frequency multiplier

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
USRE35829E true USRE35829E (en) 1998-06-23

Family

ID=27075844

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US08/560,304 Expired - Lifetime USRE35829E (en) 1990-08-27 1995-11-17 Binary phase shift keying modulation system and/or frequency multiplier

Country Status (1)

Country Link
US (1) USRE35829E (en)

Cited By (46)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6049706A (en) 1998-10-21 2000-04-11 Parkervision, Inc. Integrated frequency translation and selectivity
US6061551A (en) 1998-10-21 2000-05-09 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for down-converting electromagnetic signals
US6061555A (en) 1998-10-21 2000-05-09 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for ensuring reception of a communications signal
US6091940A (en) 1998-10-21 2000-07-18 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for frequency up-conversion
US6370371B1 (en) 1998-10-21 2002-04-09 Parkervision, Inc. Applications of universal frequency translation
US6542722B1 (en) 1998-10-21 2003-04-01 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for frequency up-conversion with variety of transmitter configurations
US6560301B1 (en) 1998-10-21 2003-05-06 Parkervision, Inc. Integrated frequency translation and selectivity with a variety of filter embodiments
US20030231008A1 (en) * 2002-06-14 2003-12-18 Funing Wu Phase-shift modulation resonant inverter
US6694128B1 (en) 1998-08-18 2004-02-17 Parkervision, Inc. Frequency synthesizer using universal frequency translation technology
US6704549B1 (en) 1999-03-03 2004-03-09 Parkvision, Inc. Multi-mode, multi-band communication system
US6704558B1 (en) 1999-01-22 2004-03-09 Parkervision, Inc. Image-reject down-converter and embodiments thereof, such as the family radio service
US6813485B2 (en) 1998-10-21 2004-11-02 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for down-converting and up-converting an electromagnetic signal, and transforms for same
US20060165044A1 (en) * 2004-12-03 2006-07-27 Advanced Metering Data Systems, L.L.C. Method, system, apparatus, and computer program product for communications relay
US20070071114A1 (en) * 2001-03-30 2007-03-29 Advanced Metering Data Comm. Systems, L.L.C. Enhanced wireless packet data communication system, method, and apparatus applicable to both wide area networks and local area networks
US20080071930A1 (en) * 2006-09-01 2008-03-20 Holbrook Kenneth J Native network transport
US20080069013A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2008-03-20 Fabrice Monier Beacon requests and RS bit resolving circular routes
US20080068215A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2008-03-20 Stuber Michael T G Home area networking (HAN) with low power considerations for battery devices
US20080068216A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2008-03-20 Vladimir Borisov RF local area network antenna design
US20080092132A1 (en) * 2006-08-31 2008-04-17 Stuber Michael T G Firmware download
US7653145B2 (en) 1999-08-04 2010-01-26 Parkervision, Inc. Wireless local area network (WLAN) using universal frequency translation technology including multi-phase embodiments and circuit implementations
US7653158B2 (en) 2001-11-09 2010-01-26 Parkervision, Inc. Gain control in a communication channel
US7693230B2 (en) 1999-04-16 2010-04-06 Parkervision, Inc. Apparatus and method of differential IQ frequency up-conversion
US7724845B2 (en) 1999-04-16 2010-05-25 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for down-converting and electromagnetic signal, and transforms for same
US7773688B2 (en) 1999-04-16 2010-08-10 Parkervision, Inc. Method, system, and apparatus for balanced frequency up-conversion, including circuitry to directly couple the outputs of multiple transistors
US7822401B2 (en) 2000-04-14 2010-10-26 Parkervision, Inc. Apparatus and method for down-converting electromagnetic signals by controlled charging and discharging of a capacitor
US7847536B2 (en) 2006-08-31 2010-12-07 Itron, Inc. Hall sensor with temperature drift control
US20100327931A1 (en) * 2009-06-29 2010-12-30 Saad Mohammad Al-Shahrani Wideband programmable phase shifting circuit
US7865177B2 (en) 1998-10-21 2011-01-04 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for down-converting an electromagnetic signal, and transforms for same, and aperture relationships
US7894789B2 (en) 1999-04-16 2011-02-22 Parkervision, Inc. Down-conversion of an electromagnetic signal with feedback control
US7991815B2 (en) 2000-11-14 2011-08-02 Parkervision, Inc. Methods, systems, and computer program products for parallel correlation and applications thereof
US8019291B2 (en) 1998-10-21 2011-09-13 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for frequency down-conversion and frequency up-conversion
US8049642B2 (en) 2006-09-05 2011-11-01 Itron, Inc. Load side voltage sensing for AMI metrology
US8055461B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2011-11-08 Itron, Inc. Distributing metering responses for load balancing an AMR network
US8138944B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2012-03-20 Itron, Inc. Home area networking (HAN) with handheld for diagnostics
US8160196B2 (en) 2002-07-18 2012-04-17 Parkervision, Inc. Networking methods and systems
US8212687B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2012-07-03 Itron, Inc. Load side voltage sensing for AMI metrology
US8233855B2 (en) 1998-10-21 2012-07-31 Parkervision, Inc. Up-conversion based on gated information signal
US8295406B1 (en) 1999-08-04 2012-10-23 Parkervision, Inc. Universal platform module for a plurality of communication protocols
US8312103B2 (en) 2006-08-31 2012-11-13 Itron, Inc. Periodic balanced communication node and server assignment
US8384558B2 (en) 2006-10-19 2013-02-26 Itron, Inc. Extending contact life in remote disconnect applications
US8385964B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2013-02-26 Xone, Inc. Methods and apparatuses for geospatial-based sharing of information by multiple devices
US8407061B2 (en) 2002-07-18 2013-03-26 Parkervision, Inc. Networking methods and systems
US8787210B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2014-07-22 Itron, Inc. Firmware download with adaptive lost packet recovery
US9419888B2 (en) 2011-12-22 2016-08-16 Itron, Inc. Cell router failure detection in a mesh network
US10200476B2 (en) 2011-10-18 2019-02-05 Itron, Inc. Traffic management and remote configuration in a gateway-based network
US10833799B2 (en) 2018-05-31 2020-11-10 Itron Global Sarl Message correction and dynamic correction adjustment for communication systems

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3479616A (en) * 1966-08-01 1969-11-18 Us Army Differential modulator
US4468784A (en) * 1980-05-17 1984-08-28 Rockwell International Corporation Three-state digital mixer-driver circuit
US4979183A (en) * 1989-03-23 1990-12-18 Echelon Systems Corporation Transceiver employing direct sequence spread spectrum techniques
US5029180A (en) * 1989-03-23 1991-07-02 Echelon Systems Corporation Transceiver providing selectable frequencies and spreading sequences
US5045816A (en) * 1990-03-20 1991-09-03 Scientific-Atlanta, Inc. Binary phase shift key modulator with programmable level control
US5119396A (en) * 1990-08-27 1992-06-02 Axonn Corporation Binary phase shift keying modulation system

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3479616A (en) * 1966-08-01 1969-11-18 Us Army Differential modulator
US4468784A (en) * 1980-05-17 1984-08-28 Rockwell International Corporation Three-state digital mixer-driver circuit
US4979183A (en) * 1989-03-23 1990-12-18 Echelon Systems Corporation Transceiver employing direct sequence spread spectrum techniques
US5029180A (en) * 1989-03-23 1991-07-02 Echelon Systems Corporation Transceiver providing selectable frequencies and spreading sequences
US5045816A (en) * 1990-03-20 1991-09-03 Scientific-Atlanta, Inc. Binary phase shift key modulator with programmable level control
US5119396A (en) * 1990-08-27 1992-06-02 Axonn Corporation Binary phase shift keying modulation system

Cited By (159)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6694128B1 (en) 1998-08-18 2004-02-17 Parkervision, Inc. Frequency synthesizer using universal frequency translation technology
US6421534B1 (en) 1998-10-21 2002-07-16 Parkervision, Inc. Integrated frequency translation and selectivity
US6091940A (en) 1998-10-21 2000-07-18 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for frequency up-conversion
US7693502B2 (en) 1998-10-21 2010-04-06 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for down-converting an electromagnetic signal, transforms for same, and aperture relationships
US6266518B1 (en) 1998-10-21 2001-07-24 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for down-converting electromagnetic signals by sampling and integrating over apertures
US6353735B1 (en) 1998-10-21 2002-03-05 Parkervision, Inc. MDG method for output signal generation
US6370371B1 (en) 1998-10-21 2002-04-09 Parkervision, Inc. Applications of universal frequency translation
US8233855B2 (en) 1998-10-21 2012-07-31 Parkervision, Inc. Up-conversion based on gated information signal
US6542722B1 (en) 1998-10-21 2003-04-01 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for frequency up-conversion with variety of transmitter configurations
US6560301B1 (en) 1998-10-21 2003-05-06 Parkervision, Inc. Integrated frequency translation and selectivity with a variety of filter embodiments
US6580902B1 (en) 1998-10-21 2003-06-17 Parkervision, Inc. Frequency translation using optimized switch structures
US6647250B1 (en) 1998-10-21 2003-11-11 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for ensuring reception of a communications signal
US7936022B2 (en) 1998-10-21 2011-05-03 Parkervision, Inc. Method and circuit for down-converting a signal
US6687493B1 (en) 1998-10-21 2004-02-03 Parkervision, Inc. Method and circuit for down-converting a signal using a complementary FET structure for improved dynamic range
US6061551A (en) 1998-10-21 2000-05-09 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for down-converting electromagnetic signals
US8340618B2 (en) 1998-10-21 2012-12-25 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for down-converting an electromagnetic signal, and transforms for same, and aperture relationships
US6061555A (en) 1998-10-21 2000-05-09 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for ensuring reception of a communications signal
US7865177B2 (en) 1998-10-21 2011-01-04 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for down-converting an electromagnetic signal, and transforms for same, and aperture relationships
US6798351B1 (en) 1998-10-21 2004-09-28 Parkervision, Inc. Automated meter reader applications of universal frequency translation
US6813485B2 (en) 1998-10-21 2004-11-02 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for down-converting and up-converting an electromagnetic signal, and transforms for same
US6836650B2 (en) 1998-10-21 2004-12-28 Parkervision, Inc. Methods and systems for down-converting electromagnetic signals, and applications thereof
US7937059B2 (en) 1998-10-21 2011-05-03 Parkervision, Inc. Converting an electromagnetic signal via sub-sampling
US8019291B2 (en) 1998-10-21 2011-09-13 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for frequency down-conversion and frequency up-conversion
US8160534B2 (en) 1998-10-21 2012-04-17 Parkervision, Inc. Applications of universal frequency translation
US8190108B2 (en) 1998-10-21 2012-05-29 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for frequency up-conversion
US6049706A (en) 1998-10-21 2000-04-11 Parkervision, Inc. Integrated frequency translation and selectivity
US7826817B2 (en) 1998-10-21 2010-11-02 Parker Vision, Inc. Applications of universal frequency translation
US8190116B2 (en) 1998-10-21 2012-05-29 Parker Vision, Inc. Methods and systems for down-converting a signal using a complementary transistor structure
US7697916B2 (en) 1998-10-21 2010-04-13 Parkervision, Inc. Applications of universal frequency translation
US6704558B1 (en) 1999-01-22 2004-03-09 Parkervision, Inc. Image-reject down-converter and embodiments thereof, such as the family radio service
US6704549B1 (en) 1999-03-03 2004-03-09 Parkvision, Inc. Multi-mode, multi-band communication system
US8223898B2 (en) 1999-04-16 2012-07-17 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for down-converting an electromagnetic signal, and transforms for same
US8224281B2 (en) 1999-04-16 2012-07-17 Parkervision, Inc. Down-conversion of an electromagnetic signal with feedback control
US7894789B2 (en) 1999-04-16 2011-02-22 Parkervision, Inc. Down-conversion of an electromagnetic signal with feedback control
US8036304B2 (en) 1999-04-16 2011-10-11 Parkervision, Inc. Apparatus and method of differential IQ frequency up-conversion
US8077797B2 (en) 1999-04-16 2011-12-13 Parkervision, Inc. Method, system, and apparatus for balanced frequency up-conversion of a baseband signal
US8594228B2 (en) 1999-04-16 2013-11-26 Parkervision, Inc. Apparatus and method of differential IQ frequency up-conversion
US7773688B2 (en) 1999-04-16 2010-08-10 Parkervision, Inc. Method, system, and apparatus for balanced frequency up-conversion, including circuitry to directly couple the outputs of multiple transistors
US7929638B2 (en) 1999-04-16 2011-04-19 Parkervision, Inc. Wireless local area network (WLAN) using universal frequency translation technology including multi-phase embodiments
US7693230B2 (en) 1999-04-16 2010-04-06 Parkervision, Inc. Apparatus and method of differential IQ frequency up-conversion
US8229023B2 (en) 1999-04-16 2012-07-24 Parkervision, Inc. Wireless local area network (WLAN) using universal frequency translation technology including multi-phase embodiments
US7724845B2 (en) 1999-04-16 2010-05-25 Parkervision, Inc. Method and system for down-converting and electromagnetic signal, and transforms for same
US7653145B2 (en) 1999-08-04 2010-01-26 Parkervision, Inc. Wireless local area network (WLAN) using universal frequency translation technology including multi-phase embodiments and circuit implementations
US8295406B1 (en) 1999-08-04 2012-10-23 Parkervision, Inc. Universal platform module for a plurality of communication protocols
US7822401B2 (en) 2000-04-14 2010-10-26 Parkervision, Inc. Apparatus and method for down-converting electromagnetic signals by controlled charging and discharging of a capacitor
US8295800B2 (en) 2000-04-14 2012-10-23 Parkervision, Inc. Apparatus and method for down-converting electromagnetic signals by controlled charging and discharging of a capacitor
US7991815B2 (en) 2000-11-14 2011-08-02 Parkervision, Inc. Methods, systems, and computer program products for parallel correlation and applications thereof
US9112515B2 (en) 2001-03-30 2015-08-18 Sensus Spectrum Llc Geographic locating remote endpoint monitor device, system, and methodology thereof
US20090103509A1 (en) * 2001-03-30 2009-04-23 Sanderford Jr H Britton Enhanced wireless packet data communication system, method, and apparatus applicable to both wide area networks and local area networks
US7705777B2 (en) 2001-03-30 2010-04-27 M&Fc Holding, Llc Mobile multifrequency transmitter transmitting on frequencies based on geographic locations and a method thereof
US8374228B2 (en) 2001-03-30 2013-02-12 M&Fc Holding, Llc Geographic locating remote endpoint monitor device, system, and methodology thereof
US9094022B2 (en) 2001-03-30 2015-07-28 Sensus Spectrum Llc Geographic locating remote endpoint monitor device, system, and methodology thereof
US20070071114A1 (en) * 2001-03-30 2007-03-29 Advanced Metering Data Comm. Systems, L.L.C. Enhanced wireless packet data communication system, method, and apparatus applicable to both wide area networks and local area networks
US7477694B2 (en) 2001-03-30 2009-01-13 M&Fc Holding, Llc Enhanced wireless packet data communication system, method, and apparatus applicable to both wide area networks and local area networks
US7653158B2 (en) 2001-11-09 2010-01-26 Parkervision, Inc. Gain control in a communication channel
US8446994B2 (en) 2001-11-09 2013-05-21 Parkervision, Inc. Gain control in a communication channel
US6759834B2 (en) * 2002-06-14 2004-07-06 Funing Wu Phase-shift modulation resonant inverter
US20030231008A1 (en) * 2002-06-14 2003-12-18 Funing Wu Phase-shift modulation resonant inverter
US8160196B2 (en) 2002-07-18 2012-04-17 Parkervision, Inc. Networking methods and systems
US8407061B2 (en) 2002-07-18 2013-03-26 Parkervision, Inc. Networking methods and systems
US7706745B2 (en) 2004-12-03 2010-04-27 M&Fc Holding, Llc Method, system, apparatus, and computer program product for communications relay
US20060165044A1 (en) * 2004-12-03 2006-07-27 Advanced Metering Data Systems, L.L.C. Method, system, apparatus, and computer program product for communications relay
US8798645B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2014-08-05 X One, Inc. Methods and systems for sharing position data and tracing paths between mobile-device users
US9749790B1 (en) 2005-04-04 2017-08-29 X One, Inc. Rendez vous management using mobile phones or other mobile devices
US11778415B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2023-10-03 Xone, Inc. Location sharing application in association with services provision
US11356799B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2022-06-07 X One, Inc. Fleet location sharing application in association with services provision
US10856099B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2020-12-01 X One, Inc. Application-based two-way tracking and mapping function with selected individuals
US10791414B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2020-09-29 X One, Inc. Location sharing for commercial and proprietary content applications
US10750309B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2020-08-18 X One, Inc. Ad hoc location sharing group establishment for wireless devices with designated meeting point
US10750311B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2020-08-18 X One, Inc. Application-based tracking and mapping function in connection with vehicle-based services provision
US10750310B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2020-08-18 X One, Inc. Temporary location sharing group with event based termination
US10341808B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2019-07-02 X One, Inc. Location sharing for commercial and proprietary content applications
US10341809B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2019-07-02 X One, Inc. Location sharing with facilitated meeting point definition
US10313826B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2019-06-04 X One, Inc. Location sharing and map support in connection with services request
US10299071B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2019-05-21 X One, Inc. Server-implemented methods and systems for sharing location amongst web-enabled cell phones
US10200811B1 (en) 2005-04-04 2019-02-05 X One, Inc. Map presentation on cellular device showing positions of multiple other wireless device users
US10165059B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2018-12-25 X One, Inc. Methods, systems and apparatuses for the formation and tracking of location sharing groups
US10149092B1 (en) 2005-04-04 2018-12-04 X One, Inc. Location sharing service between GPS-enabled wireless devices, with shared target location exchange
US9967704B1 (en) 2005-04-04 2018-05-08 X One, Inc. Location sharing group map management
US9955298B1 (en) 2005-04-04 2018-04-24 X One, Inc. Methods, systems and apparatuses for the formation and tracking of location sharing groups
US9942705B1 (en) 2005-04-04 2018-04-10 X One, Inc. Location sharing group for services provision
US9883360B1 (en) 2005-04-04 2018-01-30 X One, Inc. Rendez vous management using mobile phones or other mobile devices
US9854394B1 (en) 2005-04-04 2017-12-26 X One, Inc. Ad hoc location sharing group between first and second cellular wireless devices
US9854402B1 (en) 2005-04-04 2017-12-26 X One, Inc. Formation of wireless device location sharing group
US9736618B1 (en) 2005-04-04 2017-08-15 X One, Inc. Techniques for sharing relative position between mobile devices
US9654921B1 (en) 2005-04-04 2017-05-16 X One, Inc. Techniques for sharing position data between first and second devices
US9615204B1 (en) 2005-04-04 2017-04-04 X One, Inc. Techniques for communication within closed groups of mobile devices
US9584960B1 (en) 2005-04-04 2017-02-28 X One, Inc. Rendez vous management using mobile phones or other mobile devices
US9467832B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2016-10-11 X One, Inc. Methods and systems for temporarily sharing position data between mobile-device users
US9253616B1 (en) 2005-04-04 2016-02-02 X One, Inc. Apparatus and method for obtaining content on a cellular wireless device based on proximity
US9185522B1 (en) 2005-04-04 2015-11-10 X One, Inc. Apparatus and method to transmit content to a cellular wireless device based on proximity to other wireless devices
US9167558B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2015-10-20 X One, Inc. Methods and systems for sharing position data between subscribers involving multiple wireless providers
US9031581B1 (en) 2005-04-04 2015-05-12 X One, Inc. Apparatus and method for obtaining content on a cellular wireless device based on proximity to other wireless devices
US8831635B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2014-09-09 X One, Inc. Methods and apparatuses for transmission of an alert to multiple devices
US8798593B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2014-08-05 X One, Inc. Location sharing and tracking using mobile phones or other wireless devices
US8798647B1 (en) 2005-04-04 2014-08-05 X One, Inc. Tracking proximity of services provider to services consumer
US8750898B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2014-06-10 X One, Inc. Methods and systems for annotating target locations
US8712441B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2014-04-29 Xone, Inc. Methods and systems for temporarily sharing position data between mobile-device users
US8538458B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2013-09-17 X One, Inc. Location sharing and tracking using mobile phones or other wireless devices
US8385964B2 (en) 2005-04-04 2013-02-26 Xone, Inc. Methods and apparatuses for geospatial-based sharing of information by multiple devices
US8312103B2 (en) 2006-08-31 2012-11-13 Itron, Inc. Periodic balanced communication node and server assignment
US20110068785A1 (en) * 2006-08-31 2011-03-24 Itron, Inc. Hall sensor with temperature drift control
US8024724B2 (en) 2006-08-31 2011-09-20 Itron, Inc. Firmware download
US7847536B2 (en) 2006-08-31 2010-12-07 Itron, Inc. Hall sensor with temperature drift control
US20080092132A1 (en) * 2006-08-31 2008-04-17 Stuber Michael T G Firmware download
US8299778B2 (en) 2006-08-31 2012-10-30 Itron, Inc. Hall sensor with temperature drift control
US20080071930A1 (en) * 2006-09-01 2008-03-20 Holbrook Kenneth J Native network transport
US8049642B2 (en) 2006-09-05 2011-11-01 Itron, Inc. Load side voltage sensing for AMI metrology
US9354083B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2016-05-31 Itron, Inc. Home area networking (HAN) with low power considerations for battery devices
US20100271945A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2010-10-28 Itron, Inc. Downlink routing mechanism
US20080068216A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2008-03-20 Vladimir Borisov RF local area network antenna design
US20080068217A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2008-03-20 Hartman Van Wyk Outage notification system
US20080084833A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2008-04-10 Gilles Picard Real time clock distribution and recovery
US8488482B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2013-07-16 Itron, Inc. Downlink routing mechanism
US8787210B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2014-07-22 Itron, Inc. Firmware download with adaptive lost packet recovery
US8462015B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2013-06-11 Itron, Inc. Real time clock distribution and recovery
US20080084330A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2008-04-10 Gilles Picard Traffic load control in a mesh network
US20080068989A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2008-03-20 Wyk Hartman V Cell size management
US20080069118A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2008-03-20 Fabrice Monier Broadcast acknowledgement in a network
US8848571B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2014-09-30 Itron, Inc. Use of minimal propagation delay path to optimize a mesh network
US8907812B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2014-12-09 Itron, Inc. Uplink routing without routing table
US8284107B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2012-10-09 Itron, Inc. RF local area network antenna design
US20080069013A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2008-03-20 Fabrice Monier Beacon requests and RS bit resolving circular routes
US8441987B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2013-05-14 Itron, Inc. Beacon requests and RS bit resolving circular routes
US9129514B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2015-09-08 Itron, Inc. Number of sons management in a cell network
US8270910B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2012-09-18 Itron, Inc. Embedded RF environmental evaluation tool to gauge RF transceivers performance need
US20080224889A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2008-09-18 Hartman Van Wyk Uplink routing without routing table
US7756078B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2010-07-13 Itron, Inc. Cell size management
US8391177B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2013-03-05 Itron, Inc. Use of minimal propagation delay path to optimize a mesh network
US7965758B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2011-06-21 Itron, Inc. Cell isolation through quasi-orthogonal sequences in a frequency hopping network
US7756030B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2010-07-13 Itron, Inc. Downlink routing mechanism
US7764714B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2010-07-27 Itron, Inc. Crystal drift compensation in a mesh network
US8212687B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2012-07-03 Itron, Inc. Load side voltage sensing for AMI metrology
US8494792B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2013-07-23 Itron, Inc. Distributing metering responses for load balancing an AMR network
US7827268B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2010-11-02 Itron, Inc. Number of sons management in a cell network
US7929916B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2011-04-19 Itron, Inc. Embedded RF environmental evaluation tool to gauge RF transceivers performance need
US7826398B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2010-11-02 Itron, Inc. Broadcast acknowledgement in a network
US7843834B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2010-11-30 Itron, Inc. Use of minimal propagation delay path to optimize a mesh network
US8138944B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2012-03-20 Itron, Inc. Home area networking (HAN) with handheld for diagnostics
US7843391B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2010-11-30 Itron, Inc. RF local area network antenna design
US8059011B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2011-11-15 Itron, Inc. Outage notification system
US8059009B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2011-11-15 Itron, Inc. Uplink routing without routing table
US8055461B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2011-11-08 Itron, Inc. Distributing metering responses for load balancing an AMR network
US8054821B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2011-11-08 Itron, Inc. Beacon requests and RS bit resolving circular routes
US7986718B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2011-07-26 Itron, Inc. Discovery phase in a frequency hopping network
US8442029B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2013-05-14 Itron, Inc. Traffic load control in a mesh network
US8045537B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2011-10-25 Itron, Inc. Traffic load control in a mesh network
US8437378B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2013-05-07 Itron, Inc. Cell isolation through quasi-orthogonal sequences in a frequency hopping network
US20080068215A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2008-03-20 Stuber Michael T G Home area networking (HAN) with low power considerations for battery devices
US7848362B2 (en) 2006-09-15 2010-12-07 Itron, Inc. Real time clock distribution and recovery
US20100309021A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2010-12-09 Itron, Inc. Real time clock distribution and recovery
US20110182326A1 (en) * 2006-09-15 2011-07-28 Itron, Inc. Embedded rf environmental evaluation tool to gauge rf transceivers performance need
US8384558B2 (en) 2006-10-19 2013-02-26 Itron, Inc. Extending contact life in remote disconnect applications
US20100327931A1 (en) * 2009-06-29 2010-12-30 Saad Mohammad Al-Shahrani Wideband programmable phase shifting circuit
US7893745B2 (en) 2009-06-29 2011-02-22 King Fahd University Of Petroleum And Minerals Wideband programmable phase shifting circuit
US10200476B2 (en) 2011-10-18 2019-02-05 Itron, Inc. Traffic management and remote configuration in a gateway-based network
US9419888B2 (en) 2011-12-22 2016-08-16 Itron, Inc. Cell router failure detection in a mesh network
US10833799B2 (en) 2018-05-31 2020-11-10 Itron Global Sarl Message correction and dynamic correction adjustment for communication systems
US11146352B2 (en) 2018-05-31 2021-10-12 Itron Global Sarl Message correction and dynamic correction adjustment for communication systems

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
USRE35829E (en) Binary phase shift keying modulation system and/or frequency multiplier
US5265120A (en) Binary phase shift keying modulation system and/or frequency multiplier
US7400865B2 (en) Variable bandwidth envelope modulator for use with envelope elimination and restoration transmitter architecture and method
CN102237853B (en) Power control of reconfigurable outphasing chireix amplifiers and methods
US7095454B2 (en) Broadband single conversion tuner integrated circuits
US5345189A (en) Vectorial signal combiner for generating an amplitude modulated carrier by adding two phase modulated constant envelope carriers
CN100578915C (en) Two point phase modulator and method for controlling pressure-control oscillator gain in modulator
US10686474B1 (en) Dual-mode frequency multiplier
GB2249679A (en) Mixer for direct conversion receiver
US6111477A (en) Microwave phase shifter including a reflective phase shift stage and a frequency multiplication stage
US5339048A (en) Radio frequency amplifier
US4710970A (en) Method of and apparatus for generating a frequency modulated ultrahigh frequency radio transmission signal
CN100550873C (en) Use the communication transmitter of offset phase-locked-loop
CN101292420A (en) Polar modulation apparatus and method using FM modulation
US7444122B2 (en) Communications system with variable load and related method
US2925563A (en) Frequency modulation system
US3883809A (en) Superregenerative mixers and amplifiers
US11626893B2 (en) Agile harmonic filtering
US5859869A (en) Low cost binary phase shift keying modulation transmitter system
WO2009089478A1 (en) Commutating amplifier with wide dynamic range
CA2063229C (en) Binary phase shift keying modulation system and/or frequency multiplier
JPH04339478A (en) High-frequency signal addition circuit
CN1069007C (en) Broadboard low-noise low intermodulation distortion receiver
EP0821470B1 (en) Voltage-controlled oscillator circuit
JP6211325B2 (en) Quadrature modulator

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
FEPP Fee payment procedure

Free format text: ENTITY STATUS SET TO SMALL (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: SMAL); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY

FEPP Fee payment procedure

Free format text: PAYOR NUMBER ASSIGNED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: ASPN); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY

AS Assignment

Owner name: AXONN, LLC, LOUISIANA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:SANDERFORD, H. BRITTON;DAVIS, ROBERT J.;ROUQUETTE, ROBERT E.;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:011027/0809

Effective date: 20000731

FEPP Fee payment procedure

Free format text: PAT HLDR NO LONGER CLAIMS SMALL ENT STAT AS SMALL BUSINESS (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: LSM2); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY

FPAY Fee payment

Year of fee payment: 8

AS Assignment

Owner name: AXONN, LLC, LOUISIANA

Free format text: RELEASE AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:SCHLUMBERGER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SERVICES, INC.;REEL/FRAME:012631/0001

Effective date: 20020225

AS Assignment

Owner name: MIRANT FUND 2001, LLC, GEORGIA

Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:AXONN, L.L.C.;REEL/FRAME:012721/0795

Effective date: 20020305

AS Assignment

Owner name: WHITNEY NATIONAL BANK, LOUISIANA

Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:AXXON, L.L.C.;REEL/FRAME:012937/0615

Effective date: 20020515

AS Assignment

Owner name: WHITNEY NATIONAL BANK, LOUISIANA

Free format text: RE-RECORD TO CORRECT THE SPELLING OF THE NAME OF THE ASSIGNOR, PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 012937 FRAME 0615.;ASSIGNOR:AXONN, L.L.C.;REEL/FRAME:013184/0652

Effective date: 20020515

AS Assignment

Owner name: ADVANCED METERING DATA SYSTEMS, L.L.C., LOUISIANA

Free format text: LICENSE AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:AXONN, L.L.C.;REEL/FRAME:014215/0253

Effective date: 20030521

Owner name: AXONN, L.L.C., LOUISIANA

Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MIRANT FUND 2001, LLC;REEL/FRAME:014215/0216

Effective date: 20030529

Owner name: AXONN, L.L.C., LOUISIANA

Free format text: RELEASE OF SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:WHITNEY NATIONAL BANK;REEL/FRAME:014215/0229

Effective date: 20030604

Owner name: BIZCAPITAL BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT COR

Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:ADVANCED METERING DATA SYSTEMS, L.L.C.;REEL/FRAME:014215/0767

Effective date: 20030603

FPAY Fee payment

Year of fee payment: 12

AS Assignment

Owner name: ADVANCED METERING DATA SYSTEMS, L.L.C., LOUISIANA

Free format text: RELEASE OF COMMERCIAL SECURITY AGREEEMNT AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:BIZCAPITAL BUSINESS AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, INC.;REEL/FRAME:017794/0195

Effective date: 20060603

AS Assignment

Owner name: M&FC HOLDING, LLC,PENNSYLVANIA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ADVANCED METERING DATA SYSTEMS, L.L.C.;REEL/FRAME:018148/0444

Effective date: 20060706

Owner name: M&FC HOLDING, LLC, PENNSYLVANIA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:ADVANCED METERING DATA SYSTEMS, L.L.C.;REEL/FRAME:018148/0444

Effective date: 20060706

AS Assignment

Owner name: CREDIT SUISSE, CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH, AS COLLATERA

Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNORS:SENSUS METERING SYSTEMS (BERMUDA 2) LTD.;SENSUS METERING SYSTEMS INC.;M&FC HOLDING, LLC;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:018711/0716

Effective date: 20061108

AS Assignment

Owner name: NOXA HOLDINGS LLC,LOUISIANA

Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:AXOM L.L.C.;REEL/FRAME:023957/0445

Effective date: 20091231

AS Assignment

Owner name: NOXA HOLDINGS LLC,LOUISIANA

Free format text: CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE CONVEYING PARTY DATA SHOULD READ AXONN L.L.C. PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 023957 FRAME 0445. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:AXONN L.L.C.;REEL/FRAME:023973/0954

Effective date: 20091231

AS Assignment

Owner name: SPOT LLC, CALIFORNIA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:NOXA HOLDINGS LLC (F/K/A AXONN, L.L.C.);REEL/FRAME:024823/0087

Effective date: 20100803

AS Assignment

Owner name: GLOBALSTAR, INC., CALIFORNIA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SPOT LLC;REEL/FRAME:024915/0605

Effective date: 20100820

AS Assignment

Owner name: BNP PARIBAS, AS SECURITY AGENT, FRANCE

Free format text: SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GLOBALSTAR, INC.;REEL/FRAME:025609/0048

Effective date: 20100909

AS Assignment

Owner name: INVENSYS METERING SYSTEMS--NORTH AMERICA INC. (TO

Free format text: RELEASE OF PATENT SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CREDIT SUISSE AG, CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH (F/K/A CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON), AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:026426/0431

Effective date: 20110509

Owner name: SMITH BLAIR, INC., ARKANSAS

Free format text: RELEASE OF PATENT SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CREDIT SUISSE AG, CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH (F/K/A CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON), AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:026426/0431

Effective date: 20110509

Owner name: AXONN, L.L.C., LOUISIANA

Free format text: RELEASE OF PATENT SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CREDIT SUISSE AG, CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH (F/K/A CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON), AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:026426/0431

Effective date: 20110509

Owner name: SENSUS USA INC., NORTH CAROLINA

Free format text: RELEASE OF PATENT SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CREDIT SUISSE AG, CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH (F/K/A CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON), AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:026426/0431

Effective date: 20110509

Owner name: M&FC HOLDING, LLC (N/K/A SENSUS SPECTRUM LLC), NOR

Free format text: RELEASE OF PATENT SECURITY INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:CREDIT SUISSE AG, CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH (F/K/A CREDIT SUISSE FIRST BOSTON), AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:026426/0431

Effective date: 20110509

AS Assignment

Owner name: CREDIT SUISSE AG, AS FIRST LIEN COLLATERAL AGENT,

Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNORS:SENSUS USA INC.;M&FC HOLDING LLC (N/K/A SENSUS SPECTRUM LLC);REEL/FRAME:026429/0487

Effective date: 20110509

AS Assignment

Owner name: CREDIT SUISSE AG, AS SECOND LIEN COLLATERAL AGENT,

Free format text: SECURITY AGREEMENT;ASSIGNORS:SENSUS USA INC.;M&FC HOLDING LLC (N/K/A SENSUS SPECTRUM LLC);REEL/FRAME:026429/0896

Effective date: 20110509

AS Assignment

Owner name: SENSUS SPECTRUM LLC, NORTH CAROLINA

Free format text: RELEASE AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:CREDIT SUISSE AG, CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH, AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:038474/0418

Effective date: 20160405

Owner name: SMITH-BLAIR, INC., ARKANSAS

Free format text: RELEASE AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:CREDIT SUISSE AG, CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH, AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:038474/0258

Effective date: 20160405

Owner name: SENSUS SPECTRUM LLC, NORTH CAROLINA

Free format text: RELEASE AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:CREDIT SUISSE AG, CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH, AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:038474/0258

Effective date: 20160405

Owner name: SMITH-BLAIR, INC., ARKANSAS

Free format text: RELEASE AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:CREDIT SUISSE AG, CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH, AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:038474/0418

Effective date: 20160405

Owner name: SENSUS USA INC., NORTH CAROLINA

Free format text: RELEASE AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:CREDIT SUISSE AG, CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH, AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:038474/0258

Effective date: 20160405

Owner name: SENSUS USA INC., NORTH CAROLINA

Free format text: RELEASE AGREEMENT;ASSIGNOR:CREDIT SUISSE AG, CAYMAN ISLANDS BRANCH, AS COLLATERAL AGENT;REEL/FRAME:038474/0418

Effective date: 20160405

AS Assignment

Owner name: BNP PARIBAS, AS SECURITY AGENT, FRANCE

Free format text: CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE ASSIGNMENT DOCUMENT PREVIOUSLY RECORDED AT REEL: 025609 FRAME: 0048. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE ASSIGNMENT;ASSIGNOR:GLOBALSTAR, INC.;REEL/FRAME:047887/0001

Effective date: 20100909

AS Assignment

Owner name: GLOBALSTAR, INC., LOUISIANA

Free format text: RELEASE BY SECURED PARTY;ASSIGNOR:BNP PARIBAS;REEL/FRAME:058220/0028

Effective date: 20211108