USRE34511E - Method of radiologically scanning the spine for measuring bone density - Google Patents
Method of radiologically scanning the spine for measuring bone density Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- USRE34511E USRE34511E US07/843,512 US84351292A USRE34511E US RE34511 E USRE34511 E US RE34511E US 84351292 A US84351292 A US 84351292A US RE34511 E USRE34511 E US RE34511E
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- scanning
- bone density
- source
- angle
- iadd
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- 230000037182 bone density Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 96
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims 79
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 210000000988 bone and bone Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 238000001739 density measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000002308 calcification Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 claims 3
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 claims 3
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 9
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 5
- 210000004705 lumbosacral region Anatomy 0.000 description 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 3
- 206010017076 Fracture Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 238000005115 demineralization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002328 demineralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000326 densiometry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000004872 soft tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 208000001132 Osteoporosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000001519 tissue Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
- A61B6/00—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment
- A61B6/50—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment specially adapted for specific body parts; specially adapted for specific clinical applications
- A61B6/505—Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis; Apparatus or devices for radiation diagnosis combined with radiation therapy equipment specially adapted for specific body parts; specially adapted for specific clinical applications for diagnosis of bone
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/161—Applications in the field of nuclear medicine, e.g. in vivo counting
- G01T1/164—Scintigraphy
- G01T1/166—Scintigraphy involving relative movement between detector and subject
Definitions
- This invention relates to radiologic measuring devices, and more particularly, to the use of radiation in measuring bone structure.
- Dual photon absorptiometry enables non-invasive quantitative analysis of bone mineral in regions of the body that were previously inaccessable using single photon absorptiometry.
- the use of two photon energies minimizes errors that result from irregular body contour and soft tissue inhomogeneities. Essentially, two photon energies are necessary to allow discrimination of two substances of a given system. In this case between bone mineral and soft tissue.
- the most commonly used photon energies in dual photon scanning are 44 and 100 KeV. The measurements of the attenuation of this radiation as it passes through the body yields the bone mineral density.
- the present invention involves the multidirectional measurement of human bone densities of diagnostic purposes.
- a radiation source, and a detector used for measuring the radiation transmitted through the object being measured are rigidly aligned by a bracket or arm.
- This detector is mounted in a telescoping mechanism to permit control over the source/detector distance.
- the arm and the attached source and detector are mounted on an "x-y" table that permits scanning of objects over a predetermined planar area.
- This apparatus is mounted so that the source, detector, and scanning mechanism can be rotated to view a stationary object from different angles.
- the pivot axis about which the arm rotates is displaceable so that the source will clear the table upon rotation.
- the rotating apparatus may be mounted in a drawer with guides or rails that telescope out to support the system during rotation.
- the rotating elements are weighted so that very little pressure is necessary to rotate the system. The weight is distributed so that if the mechanism is stopped at any point during rotation, it will at most slowly accelerate under its own weight. If the center of gravity of the rotating mechanism is approximately along the pivot axis, this condition will be met.
- One weight is placed in the detector to vertically adjust the center of gravity.
- a second weight is placed adjacent the scanning assembly to horizontally adjust the center of gravity.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the bone densitometer.
- FIG. 2 is a side view of the radiation source and detector in the interior position.
- FIG. 3 is a side view of the apparatus rotated to the lateral position.
- FIG. 4 is a top view of the saddle and drawer assembly.
- FIG. 1 A dual photon bone densitometer used in diagnosing osteoporosis is illustrated generally in FIG. 1.
- a table 10 on which the patient lies has a drawer assembly 11 which is pulled out from under the table on the side from which a bracket 12 protrudes.
- the bracket 12 extends in a "C" shape from the drawer assembly 11 to a detecting apparatus 13.
- FIG. 2 shows, in a cross-sectional view, the relationship between the detector 13 and the contents of the drawer assembly 11.
- a radiation source 14 is mounted on a moveable platform 15.
- the source 14 is rigidly aligned with the detector 13 by bracket 12 to insure that radiation emitted from the source is received by the detector regardless of the angle to which the source-detector axis is rotated.
- the entire rotatable apparatus is mounted on a tray or "saddle" 17.
- the saddle 17 is rotatably mounted onto the assembly plates 19.
- the plates 19 in one embodiment constitute the side walls of a drawer which compactly houses the source and scanning apparatus.
- the following steps must be taken.
- the user releases a locking mechanism and pulls the arm horizontally to one side of the table so that the saddle 17 and plates 19 slide the source from under the center of the table to avoid contact with the table during rotation.
- the source is approximately one inch below the table during anterior scanning and thus cannot be rotated without lateral movement.
- Source proximity to the table is desirable, as the source and detector are preferably as close to one another as possible to yield the best possible image.
- the drawer assembly plates 19 telescope out along the glides 20 until the pivot point 18 is astride the table 10. The plates 19 are then locked in position by a locking mechanism (not shown).
- the arm 12 and the attached source and saddle assembly 17 are rotated manually by the user about the axis 18 to the desired position.
- the pivot axis location must be chosen so that the source and scanning apparatus are rotated into a position just above the plane of the table. This insures that objects positioned on the table can be fully scanned laterally.
- the pivot location also affects the adjustment of the center of gravity as discussed below.
- the lateral movement of the drawer assembly and/or the rotation may be automatically controlled by adding the necessary motor and control systems.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 also illustrate the presence of weights 21 and 24.
- the center of gravity of the rotating elements must be adjusted to assure ease of manual rotation.
- the center of gravity of the rotating elements is located along the pivot axis 18. When the center of gravity is so situated the rotating elements will not accelerate under their own weight when the bracket 12 is rotated to any chosen angle, stopped and released.
- FIG. 4 shows a top view of the drawer assembly 11 and illustrates the location of the pivot axis 18, the glides 20 for displacement of the plates 19, and the tracks 26 on which the platform 15 rides.
- the platform 15, as well as the attached source 14, bracket 12, and detector 13, are moved in a plane perpendicular to the source-detector axis.
- the driving mechanism for the scanning motion is a so-called "x-y" table 16.
- the scanning mechanism is comprised of threaded bars, one running along the longitudinal or "y" axis 26 of the table, the second 25 running perpendicular to the first across the width or "x" axis of the table.
- the platform 15 has threaded housings which receive, and are driven by, the two threaded bars.
- the threaded "x" bar 25 is rotated by a motor 13 and the threaded "y” bar 26 is rotated by the motor 22.
- the scanning assembly is rotated along with the source and detector, this insures full scanning capability at any angle.
- the scanning mechanism is controlled automatically feeding by the scanning rate and the size of the area to be scanned into a computer, which then triggers the radiation source and coordinates the desired scan.
- the weight of the saddle and enclosed elements controls the balancing of the bracket 12 and the attached components.
- the weights 24 are added to the front wall of the saddle to adjust the center of gravity in the horizontal plane.
- the weight 21 is added to the detector system to adjust the center of gravity in the vertical plane. As the system is rotated through larger angles from the vertical (e.g. 45°90°), the correct weight of the bracket and detector by weight 21 becomes more important to maintain ease of manual rotation.
- Performing the lateral image as the first study may enable the physician to observe extra-osseous calcification in tissue overlying the lumbar spine.
- extra-osseous calcification cannot be distinguished from bone, and could therefore interfere with accurate bone density measurements in that projection.
- the bone being studied may be examined in real time by amplifying the signal output from the detector and displaying it on a C-T screen.
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Medical Informatics (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
- Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
- Dentistry (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Surgery (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Apparatus For Radiation Diagnosis (AREA)
- Analysing Materials By The Use Of Radiation (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (29)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US07/843,512 USRE34511E (en) | 1987-05-15 | 1992-02-28 | Method of radiologically scanning the spine for measuring bone density |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US5072687A | 1987-05-15 | 1987-05-15 | |
US07/391,387 US4986273A (en) | 1989-08-07 | 1989-08-07 | Method of radiologically scanning the spine for measuring bone density |
US07/843,512 USRE34511E (en) | 1987-05-15 | 1992-02-28 | Method of radiologically scanning the spine for measuring bone density |
Related Parent Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US5072687A Continuation | 1987-05-15 | 1987-05-15 | |
US07/391,387 Reissue US4986273A (en) | 1987-05-15 | 1989-08-07 | Method of radiologically scanning the spine for measuring bone density |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
USRE34511E true USRE34511E (en) | 1994-01-18 |
Family
ID=27367818
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US07/843,512 Expired - Lifetime USRE34511E (en) | 1987-05-15 | 1992-02-28 | Method of radiologically scanning the spine for measuring bone density |
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US (1) | USRE34511E (en) |
Cited By (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5762608A (en) * | 1987-05-15 | 1998-06-09 | Hologic, Inc. | Scanning x-ray imaging system with rotating c-arm |
WO2001030635A1 (en) * | 1999-10-26 | 2001-05-03 | John Galando | Improved motorized support for imaging means and methods of manufacture and use thereof |
NL1013865C2 (en) | 1999-12-16 | 2001-06-21 | Haarman Innovation Man Bvba | Method for determining at least one material in an object, and devices for its implementation. |
US6282258B1 (en) | 1997-02-03 | 2001-08-28 | Hologic, Inc. | Method of assessing bone characteristics using digital 2-dimensional x-ray detector |
US20030002089A1 (en) * | 2001-05-04 | 2003-01-02 | Vadnais Timothy W. | Automated scanning system and method |
US20030215120A1 (en) * | 2002-05-15 | 2003-11-20 | Renuka Uppaluri | Computer aided diagnosis of an image set |
US20040077088A1 (en) * | 2000-11-08 | 2004-04-22 | Charles Jr Harry K. | Techniques for deriving tissue structure from multiple projection dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry |
US20100135458A1 (en) * | 2003-07-18 | 2010-06-03 | Neeraj Agrawal | X-Ray Apparatus for Bone Density Assessment and Monitoring |
US20100284515A1 (en) * | 2009-05-08 | 2010-11-11 | Neeraj Agrawal | Apparatus for Bone Density Assessment and Monitoring |
US9044186B2 (en) | 2012-06-25 | 2015-06-02 | George W. Ma | Portable dual-energy radiographic X-ray perihpheral bone density and imaging systems and methods |
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Cited By (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5762608A (en) * | 1987-05-15 | 1998-06-09 | Hologic, Inc. | Scanning x-ray imaging system with rotating c-arm |
US6282258B1 (en) | 1997-02-03 | 2001-08-28 | Hologic, Inc. | Method of assessing bone characteristics using digital 2-dimensional x-ray detector |
US6374937B1 (en) * | 1998-05-29 | 2002-04-23 | John Galando | Motorized support for imaging means and methods of manufacture and use thereof |
WO2001030635A1 (en) * | 1999-10-26 | 2001-05-03 | John Galando | Improved motorized support for imaging means and methods of manufacture and use thereof |
NL1013865C2 (en) | 1999-12-16 | 2001-06-21 | Haarman Innovation Man Bvba | Method for determining at least one material in an object, and devices for its implementation. |
WO2001043639A1 (en) | 1999-12-16 | 2001-06-21 | Haarman Innovation Management Bvba | Determination of at least one material in an object |
US20040077088A1 (en) * | 2000-11-08 | 2004-04-22 | Charles Jr Harry K. | Techniques for deriving tissue structure from multiple projection dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry |
US6816564B2 (en) * | 2000-11-08 | 2004-11-09 | The Johns Hopkins University | Techniques for deriving tissue structure from multiple projection dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry |
US20030002089A1 (en) * | 2001-05-04 | 2003-01-02 | Vadnais Timothy W. | Automated scanning system and method |
US7349130B2 (en) * | 2001-05-04 | 2008-03-25 | Geodigm Corporation | Automated scanning system and method |
US20030215120A1 (en) * | 2002-05-15 | 2003-11-20 | Renuka Uppaluri | Computer aided diagnosis of an image set |
US7295691B2 (en) | 2002-05-15 | 2007-11-13 | Ge Medical Systems Global Technology Company, Llc | Computer aided diagnosis of an image set |
US20080031507A1 (en) * | 2002-11-26 | 2008-02-07 | General Electric Company | System and method for computer aided detection and diagnosis from multiple energy images |
US7796795B2 (en) | 2002-11-26 | 2010-09-14 | General Electric Co. | System and method for computer aided detection and diagnosis from multiple energy images |
US20100135458A1 (en) * | 2003-07-18 | 2010-06-03 | Neeraj Agrawal | X-Ray Apparatus for Bone Density Assessment and Monitoring |
US20100284515A1 (en) * | 2009-05-08 | 2010-11-11 | Neeraj Agrawal | Apparatus for Bone Density Assessment and Monitoring |
US8085898B2 (en) | 2009-05-08 | 2011-12-27 | Osteometer Meditech, Inc. | Apparatus for bone density assessment and monitoring |
US9044186B2 (en) | 2012-06-25 | 2015-06-02 | George W. Ma | Portable dual-energy radiographic X-ray perihpheral bone density and imaging systems and methods |
US9211100B2 (en) | 2012-06-25 | 2015-12-15 | George W. Ma | Portable radiographic X-ray peripheral bone density and imaging systems and methods |
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