USRE32477E - Ice melter and method of making same - Google Patents
Ice melter and method of making same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- USRE32477E USRE32477E US06/918,140 US91814086A USRE32477E US RE32477 E USRE32477 E US RE32477E US 91814086 A US91814086 A US 91814086A US RE32477 E USRE32477 E US RE32477E
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- salt
- composition
- urea
- amide
- weight
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 7
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium chloride Inorganic materials [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 238000004513 sizing Methods 0.000 claims abstract 3
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 claims description 54
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 2
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- BUKHSQBUKZIMLB-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium;sodium;dichloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-].[Cl-].[K+] BUKHSQBUKZIMLB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011833 salt mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011232 storage material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- -1 urea Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001963 alkali metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012080 ambient air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002528 anti-freeze Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011089 carbon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100001261 hazardous Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008635 plant growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012266 salt solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K3/00—Materials not provided for elsewhere
- C09K3/18—Materials not provided for elsewhere for application to surfaces to minimize adherence of ice, mist or water thereto; Thawing or antifreeze materials for application to surfaces
- C09K3/185—Thawing materials
Definitions
- This invention relates to compositions for melting ice and more particularly for melting ice on driveways, sidewalks, and the like.
- the invention also contemplates the method of making the composition.
- Unrefined rock salt has long been used to melt ice on driveways, sidewalks and the like; however, the wide variation in particle size makes it nearly impossible to spread uniformly. Moreover, the impurities in the salt leave an unsightly coating on the melted surface which, when tracked indoors, is damaging to floors and carpeting. Vegetation is also vulnerable to damage from salt. Sodium builds up in the soil and ultimately can result in the soil becoming completely toxic to plant growth.
- the salt i.e., sodium chloride and/or potassium chloride, used in the composition of this invention is completely soluble and virtually free of calcium sulfate and other materials forming white deposits on melted surfaces.
- a predetermined size range of solid materials that are most effective in reducing hazardous conditions has been determined for sodium chloride and/or potassium chloride to be approximately 94% between 1.19-2.36 millimeters. Since potassium chloride is included as a substantial component, the danger of damage to vegetation is reduced to near zero.
- the hygroscopicity of sodium chloride and potassium chloride is low; however, by coating the two materials with an amide such as urea, the melting action of the composition is greatly enhanced.
- Urea being very hygroscopic, goes into solution at once when exposed to ice or snow, thus providing an aquatic solution to speed the dissolution of the sodium and potassium chloride.
- the present invention provides an ice melting composition designed primarily for use on driveways, sidewalks and the like, which is in a dry, stable form that lends itself readily to application.
- the invention relates to a chemical composition including a salt such as sodium chloride and/or potassium chloride and an amide such as urea, which is characterized by an enhanced ice melting capability.
- an ice melter composition which is simple to use and harmless to the user and wherein the composition includes a salt, preferably a mixture of sodium and/or potassium chloride together with an amide which is preferably urea.
- the urea is coated on the sodium chloride/potassium chloride combination from about 1% to about 4% by weight of the salt.
- the sodium chloride/potassium chloride combination is present by weight in about three parts of sodium chloride to one part of potassium chloride.
- the lowest freezing temperature was obtained on the 3:1 sodium chloride/potassium chloride solution with 3% urea. It was recorded as 0.5° F. All other temperatures ranged from 7° F. to 0.5° F.
- the salt mixture is screened to a uniform size, i.e., +8 -14 Tyler mesh, and is fed into a rotating drum mixer.
- the drum is approximately five feet in diameter and six feet in length. It has a perpherial speed of 149-154 feet per minute.
- a six inch dam on the discharge end of the inclined drum mixer retains a rolling bed of the mixed salts.
- a flat fan spray nozzle (Spraying Systems H.25 VV8003 or equivalent) at pressures between 25 and 40 PSIG is used to coat the urea solution on the salt mixture. Water solutions of urea with varying concentrations of from 40% to 70% by weight are used. Urea solutions can be stabilized or unstabilized depending on ambient conditions.
- the rolling action of the bed in the mixer acts to pass each particle of salt through the spray solution resulting in uniform coating.
- the material from the mixer acts to pass each particle of salt through the spray solution resulting in uniform coating.
- the material from the mixer is discharged into a rotary dryer, 5 feet in diameter and 30 feet long, for removal of water and crystallization of the urea.
- the dryer is heated with a gas burner to give the material exiting the dryer a temperature of between 140° F.-180° F.
- Product material is discharged from the dryer into a cooler through a closed chute that is also a counterair plenum for both dryer and cooler.
- Air flow control through the cooler is by means of adjustable valves in the discharge plenum. Ambient air is drawn into the discharge end of the cooler, thereby flowing counter current to material flow at approximately 2000 cubic feet per minute.
- moisture removal by surface evaporation tends to control final product moisture content at about 0.05%.
- evaporative cooling tends to stabilize and harden the urea coating to prevent phase changes as environmental conditions fluctuate.
- an ice melter composition which is simple to use and harmless to the user and wherein the composition includes a salt, more particularly sodium chloride and/or potassium chloride and preferably a mixture of sodium chloride and potassium which is coated with an amide, more particularly urea.
- the method of making the ice melting composition is also disclosed.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Applied To Surfaces To Minimize Adherence Of Mist Or Water (AREA)
- Fertilizers (AREA)
Abstract
This invention relates to a composition for melting ice, particularly for melting ice from driveways, sidewalks and the like.
The composition includes a salt, more particularly sodium and/or potassium chloride and an amide such as urea.
The method of making the composition includes the steps of (1) sizing the salt, (2) spraying a liquid amide thereon, and (3) drying the resultant composition.
Description
.Iadd.This application is a reissue of application Ser. No. 577,257 filed Feb. 6, 1984, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,512,907. .Iaddend.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to compositions for melting ice and more particularly for melting ice on driveways, sidewalks, and the like.
The invention also contemplates the method of making the composition.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Unrefined rock salt has long been used to melt ice on driveways, sidewalks and the like; however, the wide variation in particle size makes it nearly impossible to spread uniformly. Moreover, the impurities in the salt leave an unsightly coating on the melted surface which, when tracked indoors, is damaging to floors and carpeting. Vegetation is also vulnerable to damage from salt. Sodium builds up in the soil and ultimately can result in the soil becoming completely toxic to plant growth.
Examples of patents which relate to compositions for melting ice are U.S. Pat. No. 2,626,219 which deals with a sawdust sprayed with a salt solution; U.S. Pat. No. 3,108,075 which deals with the use of urea; U.S. Pat. No. 3,227,654 which deals with a urea-alkali-metal nitrate composition; U.S. Pat. No. 2,988,509 which deals with a mixture of sodium chloride and calcium chloride; U.S. Pat. No. 2,980,620 which does not use any chlorides at all: U.S. Pat. No. 4,283,297 which does not use any salts; U.S. Pat. No. 2,158,854 which deals with an aluminum chloride, sodium chloride and potassium chloride composition; U.S. Pat. No. 3,772,202 which does not use urea; U.S. Pat. No. 4,081,256 which does not use sodium chloride; U.S. Pat. No. 4,119,556 which is a thermal energy storage material that does not use urea; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,175,613 which is an energy storage material which is not pertinent at all.
None of these references shows the composition of this invention.
The salt, i.e., sodium chloride and/or potassium chloride, used in the composition of this invention is completely soluble and virtually free of calcium sulfate and other materials forming white deposits on melted surfaces. A predetermined size range of solid materials that are most effective in reducing hazardous conditions has been determined for sodium chloride and/or potassium chloride to be approximately 94% between 1.19-2.36 millimeters. Since potassium chloride is included as a substantial component, the danger of damage to vegetation is reduced to near zero.
The hygroscopicity of sodium chloride and potassium chloride is low; however, by coating the two materials with an amide such as urea, the melting action of the composition is greatly enhanced. Urea, being very hygroscopic, goes into solution at once when exposed to ice or snow, thus providing an aquatic solution to speed the dissolution of the sodium and potassium chloride.
The present invention provides an ice melting composition designed primarily for use on driveways, sidewalks and the like, which is in a dry, stable form that lends itself readily to application. The invention relates to a chemical composition including a salt such as sodium chloride and/or potassium chloride and an amide such as urea, which is characterized by an enhanced ice melting capability.
From the foregoing, it can be seen that an ice melter composition has been provided which is simple to use and harmless to the user and wherein the composition includes a salt, preferably a mixture of sodium and/or potassium chloride together with an amide which is preferably urea. The urea is coated on the sodium chloride/potassium chloride combination from about 1% to about 4% by weight of the salt. The sodium chloride/potassium chloride combination is present by weight in about three parts of sodium chloride to one part of potassium chloride.
The peculiar combination of ingredients in the ice melter of this invention produces a synergistic action which causes the mixture to perform better in combination than it would in its component parts. For example, the application of sodium chloride or potassium chloride by itself to an ice-coated surface will not give the same results as will the combination of the chemicals of this invention. In the following table, it will be noted that a 3:1 ratio by weight of sodium chloride to potassium chloride produces a eutectic temperature which is lower than that of other combinations of sodium chloride and potassium chloride. In particular, a 3:1 ratio of sodium chloride to potassium chloride with 3% by weight of the salt of urea provides a 0.5° F. freezing point which is lower than all other combinations of sodium chloride/potassium chloride and urea.
______________________________________
FREEZING POINT ANALYSES
Wt. Ratio 2% Urea 3% Urea
NaCl/KCL
0% Urea 1% Urea Freezing Points
4% Urea
______________________________________
1:1 70 F. 75 F. 52 F. 40 F. 39 F.
2:1 20 F. 55 F. 20 F. 40 F. 45 F.
3:1 26 F. 10 F. 18 F. 05 F. 36 F.
4:1 25 F. 35 F. 30 F. 20 F. 20 F.
______________________________________
It will be seen from the table that 20 separate samples were made up in the ratio as shown in the table of results. The mixtures were all on a weight/weight basis. A portion of each mixture was used to make a 20% solution in deionized water. Each of these was then placed in an acetone/dry ice bath and stirred vigorously with a Teflon coated stir bar. The temperature was monitored with an antifreeze thermometer with a range of 35° F. to -35° F. The freezing point temperature was recorded just as the solution turned to slush.
The lowest freezing temperature was obtained on the 3:1 sodium chloride/potassium chloride solution with 3% urea. It was recorded as 0.5° F. All other temperatures ranged from 7° F. to 0.5° F.
In the method of making the ICE MELTER composition of this invention, the salt mixture is screened to a uniform size, i.e., +8 -14 Tyler mesh, and is fed into a rotating drum mixer. The drum is approximately five feet in diameter and six feet in length. It has a perpherial speed of 149-154 feet per minute. A six inch dam on the discharge end of the inclined drum mixer retains a rolling bed of the mixed salts. A flat fan spray nozzle (Spraying Systems H.25 VV8003 or equivalent) at pressures between 25 and 40 PSIG is used to coat the urea solution on the salt mixture. Water solutions of urea with varying concentrations of from 40% to 70% by weight are used. Urea solutions can be stabilized or unstabilized depending on ambient conditions. The rolling action of the bed in the mixer acts to pass each particle of salt through the spray solution resulting in uniform coating. The material from the mixer acts to pass each particle of salt through the spray solution resulting in uniform coating. The material from the mixer is discharged into a rotary dryer, 5 feet in diameter and 30 feet long, for removal of water and crystallization of the urea. The dryer is heated with a gas burner to give the material exiting the dryer a temperature of between 140° F.-180° F.
Product material is discharged from the dryer into a cooler through a closed chute that is also a counterair plenum for both dryer and cooler. Air flow control through the cooler is by means of adjustable valves in the discharge plenum. Ambient air is drawn into the discharge end of the cooler, thereby flowing counter current to material flow at approximately 2000 cubic feet per minute. Continued moisture removal by surface evaporation tends to control final product moisture content at about 0.05%. Also, evaporative cooling tends to stabilize and harden the urea coating to prevent phase changes as environmental conditions fluctuate.
From the foregoing, it can be seen that an ice melter composition has been provided which is simple to use and harmless to the user and wherein the composition includes a salt, more particularly sodium chloride and/or potassium chloride and preferably a mixture of sodium chloride and potassium which is coated with an amide, more particularly urea. The method of making the ice melting composition is also disclosed.
Claims (3)
1. An ice melter composition for use on driveways, sidewalks and the like comprising:
a salt combination and an amide,
said salt combination comprising a mixture of sodium and potassium chloride and said amide is urea,
said sodium chloride being present in the ratio by weight of 3 to 1 of said potassium chloride.
2. An ice melter composition for use on driveways, sidewalks and the like comprising:
a salt combination and an amide,
said salt combination comprising a mixture of 3 parts by weight of sodium chloride to 1 part by weight of potassium chloride and said amide being urea which is present and coated on said salt combination in from about 1% to about 4% by weight of said salt combination.
3. The method of making an ice melter composition comprising the steps of:
(1) sizing the salt portion of said composition,
(2) spraying the sized salt with a liquid amide, and
(3) drying said composition,
said salt being a mixture of sodium and potassium .[.choride.]. .Iadd.chloride.Iaddend.,
said amide being urea, which is present in from about 1% to about 4% by weight of said salt,
said urea being present in from about 1% to about 4% by weight of said sodium-potassium chloride mixture. .Iadd.4. An ice melter composition for use on driveways, sidewalks, and the like comprising:
a salt combination and an amide,
said salt combination comprising a soluble mixture of sodium chloride and potassium chloride, of which mixture each said chloride is a substantial component by weight,
said salt combination being in particulate form sized to substantially lie in the range of from about 1.19 millimeters to about 2.36 millimeters,
and said amide comprising urea which is present and coated on the particulate material making up said salt combination in the range of from about 1 percent to about 4 percent by weight of said salt combination. .Iaddend. .Iadd.5. The method of making an ice melter composition comprising steps of:
(1) sizing the salt portion of said composition,
(2) spraying the sized salt with a liquid amide, and
(3) drying said composition,
said salt being a soluble mixture of sodium and potassium chloride in particulate form sized to substantially lie in the range of from about 1.19 millimeters to about 2.36 millimeters,
said amide being urea which is present in said composition in from about 1 percent to about 4 percent by weight of said salt.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/918,140 USRE32477E (en) | 1984-02-06 | 1986-10-14 | Ice melter and method of making same |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/577,257 US4512907A (en) | 1984-02-06 | 1984-02-06 | Ice melter and method of making same |
| US06/918,140 USRE32477E (en) | 1984-02-06 | 1986-10-14 | Ice melter and method of making same |
Related Parent Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/577,257 Reissue US4512907A (en) | 1984-02-06 | 1984-02-06 | Ice melter and method of making same |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| USRE32477E true USRE32477E (en) | 1987-08-18 |
Family
ID=27077197
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US06/918,140 Expired - Lifetime USRE32477E (en) | 1984-02-06 | 1986-10-14 | Ice melter and method of making same |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | USRE32477E (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4960531A (en) * | 1989-05-05 | 1990-10-02 | Koos, Inc. | Ice melter comprising an alpha-methyl glucoside and method of making same |
| US5482639A (en) * | 1994-06-08 | 1996-01-09 | Vigoro Industries, Inc. | Ice melter with coating of alpha-methyl glucosine mixture and method of making same |
| US5683619A (en) * | 1995-09-15 | 1997-11-04 | Ossian, Inc. | De-icing composition and method for making same |
| US5733590A (en) * | 1995-11-17 | 1998-03-31 | Holladay; Wayland | Slow release non-protein nitrogen source for ruminant feed and process of making |
| US6416684B1 (en) | 2001-06-26 | 2002-07-09 | Grain Processing Corp | Anti-freezing and deicing composition and method |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2979463A (en) * | 1956-03-21 | 1961-04-11 | Carl S Ferguson | Refrigerant composition |
| GB1070169A (en) * | 1964-12-11 | 1967-06-01 | Standard Oil Co | A process for de-icing surfaces |
| GB1111936A (en) * | 1966-01-28 | 1968-05-01 | Distillers Co Yeast Ltd | De-icer composition |
| DE1534176A1 (en) * | 1966-08-03 | 1969-07-17 | Rheinpreussen Ag | Spreading material for roughening and thawing icy roads |
| US3833504A (en) * | 1971-06-28 | 1974-09-03 | Great Salt Lake Minerals | Moist road salt composition and process for making the same |
| US4431558A (en) * | 1981-07-21 | 1984-02-14 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Heat accumulating material |
-
1986
- 1986-10-14 US US06/918,140 patent/USRE32477E/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2979463A (en) * | 1956-03-21 | 1961-04-11 | Carl S Ferguson | Refrigerant composition |
| GB1070169A (en) * | 1964-12-11 | 1967-06-01 | Standard Oil Co | A process for de-icing surfaces |
| GB1111936A (en) * | 1966-01-28 | 1968-05-01 | Distillers Co Yeast Ltd | De-icer composition |
| DE1534176A1 (en) * | 1966-08-03 | 1969-07-17 | Rheinpreussen Ag | Spreading material for roughening and thawing icy roads |
| US3833504A (en) * | 1971-06-28 | 1974-09-03 | Great Salt Lake Minerals | Moist road salt composition and process for making the same |
| US4431558A (en) * | 1981-07-21 | 1984-02-14 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Heat accumulating material |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| Mohanty et al., "Viscosity of Potassium Chloride and Sodium Chloride in Aqueous Urea Solutions at 30° and 35°", J. Indian Chem. Soc., 1983, 60(11), 1059-61. |
| Mohanty et al., Viscosity of Potassium Chloride and Sodium Chloride in Aqueous Urea Solutions at 30 and 35 , J. Indian Chem. Soc., 1983, 60(11), 1059 61. * |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4960531A (en) * | 1989-05-05 | 1990-10-02 | Koos, Inc. | Ice melter comprising an alpha-methyl glucoside and method of making same |
| US5482639A (en) * | 1994-06-08 | 1996-01-09 | Vigoro Industries, Inc. | Ice melter with coating of alpha-methyl glucosine mixture and method of making same |
| US5683619A (en) * | 1995-09-15 | 1997-11-04 | Ossian, Inc. | De-icing composition and method for making same |
| US5733590A (en) * | 1995-11-17 | 1998-03-31 | Holladay; Wayland | Slow release non-protein nitrogen source for ruminant feed and process of making |
| US6416684B1 (en) | 2001-06-26 | 2002-07-09 | Grain Processing Corp | Anti-freezing and deicing composition and method |
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