USRE30831E - Electric discharge devices - Google Patents
Electric discharge devices Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- USRE30831E USRE30831E US05/965,278 US96527878A USRE30831E US RE30831 E USRE30831 E US RE30831E US 96527878 A US96527878 A US 96527878A US RE30831 E USRE30831 E US RE30831E
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- halide
- alkali metal
- lamp
- iaddend
- iadd
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- -1 aluminium halide Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 229910001508 alkali metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 150000008045 alkali metal halides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract 3
- FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium iodide Inorganic materials [Na+].[I-] FVAUCKIRQBBSSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 20
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 16
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 16
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000009518 sodium iodide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 2
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical compound [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims 1
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910001507 metal halide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000005309 metal halides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- CECABOMBVQNBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium iodide Chemical compound I[Al](I)I CECABOMBVQNBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000295 emission spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000005350 fused silica glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002366 halogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J61/00—Gas-discharge or vapour-discharge lamps
- H01J61/02—Details
- H01J61/12—Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature
- H01J61/18—Selection of substances for gas fillings; Specified operating pressure or temperature having a metallic vapour as the principal constituent
Definitions
- the present invention relates to high-pressure metal halide electrical discharge devices.
- metal halide lamps the discharge takes place in a gas atmosphere comprising a rare gas, mercury vapour and the halide of one or more elements.
- the rare gas is present to make the discharge easier to start.
- the mercury pressure is usually in the range of 0 to 30 atmospheres.
- Metal halide discharges comprising aluminium chloride, mercury and a rare gas (as described for example in British Pat. No. 1 190 833 and 1 253 984) are known to have high efficacies and spectral power distributions that are continuous or quasi-continuous. They therefore have desirable colour rendering properties.
- Other aluminium halides afford similar spectra although with lower efficacies.
- the aluminium halide discharges suffer from having undesirable colour appearance, being either on the green side of white or having too high a colour temperature. Their arcs also tend to be constricted and this causes instability.
- halides of one or more alkali metals are added to aluminium halide discharges in the presence of mercury and a rare gas.
- the alkali halides introduced into the discharge filling modify the colour appearance, notably by lowering the colour temperature, whilst maintaining and in some cases increasing the efficacy, increasing the stability and maintaining adequate colour rendering properties.
- Typical practical embodiments of the present invention are metal halide discharge lamps having a discharge vessel, usually made of fused silica, the wall of which is power loaded at 10-100 Wcm -2 , which contains a low partial pressure of rare gas, from 0 to 30 mg.cm -3 of mercury, an aluminium halide and an alkali metal halide such that the ratio of the number of molecules of alkali metal halide to aluminium halide (assumed for this purpose to be in the form of trihalide) is in the range 0.1 to 1.5.
- Such embodiments normally contain sufficient aluminium and alkali metal halide in the discharge vessel for unevaporated aluminium halide and alkali metal halide to be present in the vessel during the operation of the lamp so that the vapours of the halides in the discharge are saturated. It is sometimes advantageous to add additional aluminium metal to prolong electrode life (as described in British Pat. No. 1 253 948).
- FIG. 1 is an emission spectrum of one example of a lamp according to the invention containing sodium chloride and aluminium chloride;
- FIG. 2 shows one type of discharge tube embodying the invention
- FIG. 3 shows a second type of discharge tube embodying the invention mounted in a suitable lamp form.
- sodium chloride and aluminium chloride are used in the discharge lamp, which also contains mercury and rare gas.
- the total number of atoms of aluminium and sodium is preferably larger than the total number of chlorine atoms, since where the total number of metal atoms (aluminium and alkali metal) is greater than the number of chlorine atoms electrode erosion is reduced.
- One effect of sodium additions can be seen in he spectrum shown in FIG. 1 in which the sodium D lines are apparent. Similar spectra are observed, for example, with sodium iodide and aluminium chloride or with sodium iodide and aluminium iodide discharges. A further effect is that discharge stability is increased and 50 Hz flicker is reduced to negligible proportions.
- the preferred ranges for the constituents are: mercury 10-30 mg cm -3 , aluminium trihalide 5-100 ⁇ mol cm -3 , alkali metal halide 0.5-150 ⁇ mol cm -3 , with the preferred range for the ratio of the number of molecules of alkali metal halide to the number of molecules of aluminium chloride is 0.1 to 1.5 (all molecules being regarded as in the monomeric form).
- a silica discharge tube 11 is closed at either end by pinches 12 which make hermetic seals around current leads 13. These current leads are connected to tungsten electrodes 14 which may incorporate an emitter material. The discharge takes place between these electrodes.
- the discharge vessel has a length of 35 mm, an internal diameter of 10 mm and a volume of 2 cm 3 . The electrode separation is 27 mm.
- a similar discharge tube shown in FIG. 3, has a volume 4.3 cm 3 , internal diameter 15 mm, length 35 mm and electrode separation 20 mm, and is mounted in an outer envelope 15 made from hard glass with a frame of a type that is known to inhibit migration of alkali atoms through the silica.
- An auxiliary electrode 16 is provided for ease of starting. In both cases the temperature of the discharge tube ends may be increased by coating with zirconia or by any other suitable means.
- the dosing components for the discharge tubes of this invention may be introduced into the tubes in any convenient form.
- the halogen may be dosed as a compound of mercury, e.g., Hg 2 Cl 2 , or directly as the metal salt, e.g., AlCl 3 , or separately as metal and halogen, or in any other convenient way.
- Alkali metals may be dosed directly, as the metal, or as halogen compounds e.g. NaCl, NaI, CaI.
- This lamp was operated at a power of 400 W when the light efficacy was 106 lm W -1 and the lamp had a warm colour appearance.
- the colour temperature of this lamp was 3100 K and the colour rendering obtained therewith was satisfactory.
- the efficacy was 100 lm W -1 .
- the colour temperature of the lamp was 2,450 K and the lamp had a warm colour appearance.
- a discharge tube similar to that shown in FIG. 2 but having a 6 mm bore, an electrode separation of 27 mm and a volume of 1 cm 3 was dosed with
- the lamp at 200 W gave a light efficacy of 90-100 lm W -1 .
- the discharge was stable and had no perceptible flicker.
- a discharge tube have a volume of 0.65 cm 3 with an electrode separation of 10 mm and a fill of
Landscapes
- Discharge Lamp (AREA)
Abstract
The inclusion of an alkali metal halide in the gas fill of a high pressure mercury and aluminium halide discharge lamp improves the color appearance of the lamp; notably by lowering the color temperature, while maintaining or even increasing the efficacy and stability of the discharge. Preferred contents are 10 to 30 mg cm-3 mercury, 5 to 100 μmol cm-3 aluminium halide and 0.5 to 150 μmol cm3 alkali metal halide, with the molar ratio of alkali metal halide to aluminium halide in the range 0.1 to 1.5 and the total number of aluminium and alkali metal atoms preferably greater than the total number of halogen atoms.
Description
The present invention relates to high-pressure metal halide electrical discharge devices. In metal halide lamps the discharge takes place in a gas atmosphere comprising a rare gas, mercury vapour and the halide of one or more elements. The rare gas is present to make the discharge easier to start. At the operating temperature of the lamp, the mercury pressure is usually in the range of 0 to 30 atmospheres.
Metal halide discharges comprising aluminium chloride, mercury and a rare gas (as described for example in British Pat. No. 1 190 833 and 1 253 984) are known to have high efficacies and spectral power distributions that are continuous or quasi-continuous. They therefore have desirable colour rendering properties. Other aluminium halides afford similar spectra although with lower efficacies. The aluminium halide discharges suffer from having undesirable colour appearance, being either on the green side of white or having too high a colour temperature. Their arcs also tend to be constricted and this causes instability.
According to the present invention, halides of one or more alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb, .[.Ca.]. .Iadd.Cs.Iaddend.) are added to aluminium halide discharges in the presence of mercury and a rare gas. The alkali halides introduced into the discharge filling modify the colour appearance, notably by lowering the colour temperature, whilst maintaining and in some cases increasing the efficacy, increasing the stability and maintaining adequate colour rendering properties.
Typical practical embodiments of the present invention are metal halide discharge lamps having a discharge vessel, usually made of fused silica, the wall of which is power loaded at 10-100 Wcm-2, which contains a low partial pressure of rare gas, from 0 to 30 mg.cm-3 of mercury, an aluminium halide and an alkali metal halide such that the ratio of the number of molecules of alkali metal halide to aluminium halide (assumed for this purpose to be in the form of trihalide) is in the range 0.1 to 1.5. Such embodiments normally contain sufficient aluminium and alkali metal halide in the discharge vessel for unevaporated aluminium halide and alkali metal halide to be present in the vessel during the operation of the lamp so that the vapours of the halides in the discharge are saturated. It is sometimes advantageous to add additional aluminium metal to prolong electrode life (as described in British Pat. No. 1 253 948).
The invention will be further described, by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is an emission spectrum of one example of a lamp according to the invention containing sodium chloride and aluminium chloride;
FIG. 2 shows one type of discharge tube embodying the invention; and
FIG. 3 shows a second type of discharge tube embodying the invention mounted in a suitable lamp form.
In a preferred form of the present invention, sodium chloride and aluminium chloride are used in the discharge lamp, which also contains mercury and rare gas. The total number of atoms of aluminium and sodium is preferably larger than the total number of chlorine atoms, since where the total number of metal atoms (aluminium and alkali metal) is greater than the number of chlorine atoms electrode erosion is reduced. One effect of sodium additions can be seen in he spectrum shown in FIG. 1 in which the sodium D lines are apparent. Similar spectra are observed, for example, with sodium iodide and aluminium chloride or with sodium iodide and aluminium iodide discharges. A further effect is that discharge stability is increased and 50 Hz flicker is reduced to negligible proportions.
The preferred ranges for the constituents are: mercury 10-30 mg cm-3, aluminium trihalide 5-100 μmol cm-3, alkali metal halide 0.5-150 μmol cm-3, with the preferred range for the ratio of the number of molecules of alkali metal halide to the number of molecules of aluminium chloride is 0.1 to 1.5 (all molecules being regarded as in the monomeric form).
By way of example only, the lamps illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3 will now be described.
In the lamp shown in FIG. 2, a silica discharge tube 11 is closed at either end by pinches 12 which make hermetic seals around current leads 13. These current leads are connected to tungsten electrodes 14 which may incorporate an emitter material. The discharge takes place between these electrodes. The discharge vessel has a length of 35 mm, an internal diameter of 10 mm and a volume of 2 cm3. The electrode separation is 27 mm.
A similar discharge tube, shown in FIG. 3, has a volume 4.3 cm3, internal diameter 15 mm, length 35 mm and electrode separation 20 mm, and is mounted in an outer envelope 15 made from hard glass with a frame of a type that is known to inhibit migration of alkali atoms through the silica. An auxiliary electrode 16 is provided for ease of starting. In both cases the temperature of the discharge tube ends may be increased by coating with zirconia or by any other suitable means.
The dosing components for the discharge tubes of this invention may be introduced into the tubes in any convenient form. By way of example, the halogen may be dosed as a compound of mercury, e.g., Hg2 Cl2, or directly as the metal salt, e.g., AlCl3, or separately as metal and halogen, or in any other convenient way. Alkali metals may be dosed directly, as the metal, or as halogen compounds e.g. NaCl, NaI, CaI.
The discharge space of a lamp as shown in FIG. 2 was dosed with
40.2 mg Hg2 Cl2
11.3 mg Hg
3.3 mg Al
2.3 mg NaCl
and filled with 20 torr of argon at room temperature. This lamp was operated at a power of 400 W when the light efficacy was 106 lm W-1 and the lamp had a warm colour appearance. The colour temperature of this lamp was 3100 K and the colour rendering obtained therewith was satisfactory.
By way of comparison an aluminium chloride lamp with similar dosing but no sodium chloride has similar efficacy but a colour temperature of 7,000 K and greenish white colour appearance but the same colour rendering index of 65.
The discharge space of a lamp as shown in FIG. 2 was dosed with
38.6 mg Hg2 Cl2
10.9 mg Hg
3.8 mg Al
10.2 mg NaI
At a power of 350 W, the efficacy was 100 lm W-1. The colour temperature of the lamp was 2,450 K and the lamp had a warm colour appearance.
A discharge tube similar to that shown in FIG. 2 but having a 6 mm bore, an electrode separation of 27 mm and a volume of 1 cm3 was dosed with
17.2 mg Hg2 Cl2
9.7 mg Hg
3.8 mg Al
0.7 mg NaCl
and filled with argon to 50 torr at room temperature. The lamp at 200 W gave a light efficacy of 90-100 lm W-1. The discharge was stable and had no perceptible flicker.
A discharge tube have a volume of 0.65 cm3 with an electrode separation of 10 mm and a fill of
9.3 mg Hg2 Cl2
8.5 mg Hg
1.45 mg Al
0.52 mg NaCl
had a light efficacy of 70-80 lm W-1 at 200 W and a colour temperature of about 3,200 K, again with good stability and no perceptible flicker.
Claims (3)
- and alkali metal halides are present during operation of the lamp..]. 3. A discharge lamp as claimed in claim .[.2.]. .Iadd.9.Iaddend., in which the total number of aluminium and alkali metal atoms is greater than the total
- number of halogen atoms. 4. A discharge lamp according to claim .[.2.]. .Iadd.9 .Iaddend.wherein said gas fill comprises mercry in the range 10 to 30 mg cm-3, aluminium chloride or iodide in the range 5 to 100 μmol cm-3 and sodium chloride or iodide in the range 0.5 to 150
- μmol cm-3. 5. A discharge lamp according to claim 4 in which the total number of aluminium and alkali metal atoms is greater than the total number of halogen atoms. .Iadd. 6. A high-pressure electrical discharge lamp comprising:a light-transmitting discharge vessel;spaced electrodes in said vessel;and a gas fill in said vessel comprising mercury vapour, rare gas, aluminum halide and at least one alkali metal halide, the molar ratio of the alkali metal halide to the aluminum halide varying from 0.1 to 1.5. .Iaddend..Iadd. 7. The lamp of claim 6 where the alkali metal halide is selected from the group of a sodium halide and lithium halide. .Iaddend..Iadd. 8. The lamp of claim 7 where the sodium halide is sodium iodide. .Iaddend..Iadd. 9. A high-pressure electrical discharge vessel comprising:a light-transmitting discharge vessel having a wall power loaded at between 10 and 100 Wcm-2 during operation;spaced electrodes in said vessel;and a gas fill in said vessel comprising a rare gas, mercury in amount up to 30 mg cm-3, aluminum halide and an alkali metal halide selected from the group of halides of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium and mixtures thereof, said alkali metal and aluminum halides being present in such quantities that the molar ratio of alkali metal halide to aluminum halide is from 0.1 to 1.5 and unevaporated aluminum and alkali metal halides are present during the operation of the lamp. .Iaddend..Iadd. 10. The lamp of claim 9 where the alkali metal halide is selected from the group of a sodium halide and a lithium halide. .Iaddend..Iadd. 11. The lamp of claim 10 where the sodium halide is sodium iodide. .Iaddend.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/965,278 USRE30831E (en) | 1973-01-23 | 1978-12-01 | Electric discharge devices |
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB3469/73 | 1973-01-23 | ||
| GB346973A GB1444023A (en) | 1973-01-23 | 1973-01-23 | Electric discharge lamps |
| US05/965,278 USRE30831E (en) | 1973-01-23 | 1978-12-01 | Electric discharge devices |
Related Parent Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US434927A Reissue US3867664A (en) | 1973-01-23 | 1974-01-21 | Electric discharge devices |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| USRE30831E true USRE30831E (en) | 1981-12-22 |
Family
ID=26238329
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US05/965,278 Expired - Lifetime USRE30831E (en) | 1973-01-23 | 1978-12-01 | Electric discharge devices |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | USRE30831E (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5714839A (en) * | 1996-03-01 | 1998-02-03 | Osram Sylvania Inc. | Metal halide lamp with reduced quartz devitrification comprising sodium, scandium, lithium and cesium iodides |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2102866A5 (en) | 1970-08-27 | 1972-04-07 | Eclairage Lab | |
| US3771009A (en) * | 1971-12-27 | 1973-11-06 | Gte Laboratories Inc | Electrode discharge device with electrode-activating fill |
-
1978
- 1978-12-01 US US05/965,278 patent/USRE30831E/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2102866A5 (en) | 1970-08-27 | 1972-04-07 | Eclairage Lab | |
| GB1327343A (en) | 1970-08-27 | 1973-08-22 | Itt | High pressure mercury vapour discharge electric lamp |
| US3771009A (en) * | 1971-12-27 | 1973-11-06 | Gte Laboratories Inc | Electrode discharge device with electrode-activating fill |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5714839A (en) * | 1996-03-01 | 1998-02-03 | Osram Sylvania Inc. | Metal halide lamp with reduced quartz devitrification comprising sodium, scandium, lithium and cesium iodides |
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