USRE21761E - ashley - Google Patents

Description

AP 8, 1941; c. M. ASHLEY Re. 21,761

AIR C'ONDITIGNING SYSTEM FRl VEHICLES EMPLOYING STEAM EJECTORS v origipl Filed Aug. 12 1932 i 2 sheefspsneei 1 INVENTOR- l v CARLYLEMASHLEY' -BY- Y L Dl/- ATTORNEY April 8, 1941. c. MQ ASHLEY Y Re- 21,761

AIR CDNDITIGNINGYSTEI FOR VEHICLES `EMPLDYING STEAM EJECTORS Original Filed Aug. 12, 1932 n 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 MJ. v [w1 l Z "'23 VfL I nl" o n ra i w I INVENTOR.

Fig-3. I CARLYLB MAsHLEY l BY @LJ ATTORNEY Ressued Apr. 1 941 s* PATENT OFFICE sm conm'noimro srsm ron vauxcuia surnoms swam morons Carlyle 'sa Ashley. snmgnit N. J.,

meme assignments; to A Newark. N. .Isacol'poratien ofDelaware adam'. br Corporatie-1.

No. z,os1,995, lated :one 1, 1997. sum No. 29.111, snm 1s, 19in. museum m- -nme .im 29, 1991,serai No. 149,919

20Claims- This invention relates to sir conditioning systems for passenger cars. and more particularly.`

to methods of and means for controlling the' temperature and relative humidity of a car enclosure by a combinationl of apparatus usingA steam' for producingdesiredrefrigeration eifeet. l The general object ofthe invention is` to condition the atmosphere of -a series of cars of a i train by utilizing a steam supply from a central y source. The steam supply may be primarily employed forpurposes other than the production of desired refrigeration edect for air conditioning purposes, and ordinarily itschief purpose will be for driving locomotive and steam auxil- 'Ihe pressure of theisteam supply will.` dependingl upon the character ,of the boiler, ask well as the demands of the iaries. therefore, vary,

f interiors.

- (ci. ez-ti caused to produce desired refrigeration and dehumidication eilect in the conditioning of car Due to the safety of water over refrigerants, such as ammonia, for example,` no hazards are invited. nor are ers exposed to injury from the eifeet of a dangerous refrigerant as might readily occur in theI event of leakage orrtrain wreck. It is obvious that water is always universally available and is generally inexpensive, so thaty the system may be realy replenished. with very little trouble.

A feature of the invention resides in the provision of an evaporator for cooling a supply of liquid for conditioning a railroad car, and supplying steam to an ejector 'serving the evaporator at desired pressure. regardless of the pressure of the steam supplied to the car wherein the locomotive to be driven, without regard to the relatively lower pressures required for producing refrigeration eiIect in car conditioning systems remote from the locomotive.

A further object is to arrange for distributing `steam from acentral source to a plurality of Y points remote from said source, the pressure of the steam at each vof said points differing from each other and from the pressure at the source.

' The refrigeration eil'ect resulting from the use of steam at each of said points will, however, be substantially the same at. each of the cars, or may vary, as desired, so that fordiilerent pur-V pes; some cars of the-same train may be afforded greater' refrigeration eifect than willbe afforded to other cars in the train. A further object of the invention is to af-` an air conditioning apparatus for a passenger car adapted to control the temperature and relative humidityoi'air within the car responsive t9 hnges in heat load affecting the atmosphere of the car." The control of outdoor air voluines and `return air volumes, as well as the continued` circulation of desired quantities'of air at "predetermined temperatures and dewpoints isV afforded under manual land automatic control. so

jthroughout the car area, regardless oi' variation in climaticconditions outside the car. i Another object Vis to provide refrigeration' equipment which ,does not require the use of a evaporator is Another feature provides for the'operation of an evaporator when steam is supplied to an ejector in combination therewith at a desired pressure, and for cutting oif the steam to theejector when the pressure thereof falls below a predetermined limit.

Another feature provides for supplying steam to an ejector nozzle for causing evaporation to take place in an evaporator, said steam being adapted lto entrain vapor from the evaporator and discharge within acondenser. This. feature embraces the use of a common passage connecting the evaporator and condenser, within which vthe steam is discharged.

A further featureresides in the provision of a combination cooling tower and condenser,

Y 35" -ford a" system of regulation in combination with ns may be produced and maintained having meanafor spraying water over the condenser to maintain its surface in a' wetted condition, and means for intaking a volume of air at one side of the car and discharging it at the other side or through the top in suchmanner ask to dissipatethe heat resulting from condensation of vapors within the condenser.

Another feature provides means for collecting sir and excess condensate within the condenser and means for'supplying liquid to the surface of the condenserin such a manner as to cause ,the liquid'to entrain and discharge the air and excess 'condensate substantially at ,atmospheric pressure.

Another feature provides a plurality of closed water circuits, water from one of said circuits being subiect to evaporation, saidevaporated `water being delivered to another of the'circuits after passing through the condenser.`

refrigerant other water. The 'employ'- 'Another feature resides in' the provision of an evaporator in one water circuit, the. provisiony of mined limit.

a condenser in another water circuit. and shifting liquid from one circuit to the other circuit while maintaining ydesired water level in the evaporator.

Another feature provides a seriesof closed iluid Plc. 2 is a diagrammatic control arrangement adapted to bc applied to the assembly of apparatus illustrated-in Fig. l; and

circuits in an air conditioning system, one of said circuits including an evaporator, another of the vcircuits including a condenser, and a third of the circuits including both the evaporator and condenser.

Another vfeature vgoverns the operation of a pumping device for supplying water to a condenser. the pumping device being operative only when steam is supplied to an ejector for causing evaporation in an associated evaporator.

' Still another feature governs the supply of steam to an ejector only when atmospheric contemperature limits.

V Another feature provides the combination o! aV pump for supplying water to a condenser anda fan for causing circulation of air lto cool said water. the pump and fan being arranged to oper- .ate onlywhen atmospheric conditions in an en closure to be conditioned require amelioration.

Another feature of the invention residesinthe provision of means for accumulating condensate and gases. whereupon the gases will be purged ditions within a car are beyond predetermined` from the system and part of the condensate delivered to the evaporator. the remainder o f the condensate being used to augment ay supply of condenser water.

Another feature covers the use ofa reservoir and means in combination therewith for withzr drawing liquid from the reservoir for condensing purposes and also for purging a condenser.

Another feature makes vprovision for an evaporator,.a conditioning device and means for feeding a conditioning medium from the evaporator to the conditioning device only when the temperature of said medium is below a predeter- -of bypassed air from the Fig. 3 is a representation of a series of pas- I l senger cars, each equipped with a steam ejector systan of car conditioning, served by..a .common source of steam.

Considering the? drawings. similar designations referring to similar parts; numeral l represents. generally. an air conditioning unit forming part of aoomplete system of air conditioning. As illustrated, it is adapted tofbe mounted within the upper area of a railroad car adjacent to and between the upper deck and the half deck. The

unit equipment includes a fan I which draws outside alr through an intake opening l. the free area of which may be variably controlled by dampers i. In addition to drawing outside air. the fan may also drawreturn air from. the interior of the car through openings l under thecontrol of dempers il. The outside air or mixture of outside and return. air passes through a series of heating coils Il, which `are normally operated under winter conditions. and through a series of cooling coils I! which are normally operated under summer conditions. before entering fan for Adistribution within the car interior. Under summer conditiona-withwhich this invention is primarily concer ed.' the-'air passing 'through cooling coils I2 wil have its temperature lowered to a predetermined dewpoint and, in general, will leave the cooling coils in cold. saturatedcondition.- For purposes o f raising the dry bulb temperature and lowering the reiatl'vefhumidity of this cold. conditioned valrpa volume be admitted through openings I l under control of 'dampers Il. This bypassed air. in practice. will mix with and augment e volume of conditioned air, s0 that a nal tion requirements, and at acomfortable temperature and relative humidity. be discharged by Another feature provides for controlling the circulation of `fluid between an evaporator and an air conditioning unit. the control being dependent upon the temperaturein the evaporator and the temperature within theenclosure to be conditioned.

u Another feature provides for governing the Y temperature of an enclosure between predetermined temperature-limits. yet assuring desired circulation of air regardless of degree of fluctuation of temperature in the enclosure.

Another feature c'o'v'ersthe use voi' an ejector. means for supplying steam to said ejector whereby liquid in an evaporator may be cooled. and a condenser in combination with -the evaporator.

y the now of steam to the elector. and hence.l the operation of the evaporator being dependent upon the maintenance of desired pressures within Further objects and features providing advantages in construction and .assembly of applicant's system. as woll as' makingfor ciilciency and Aeconomy in the operation thereof. will be more apparent from the iciicwing detailed description the condenser. Further. the flow of steamto the elector may also be.under the control of means lresponsive to changes in temperature of confan l vto a series of ducts' and outlets serving .the

enclosure to'be conditioned. Dampers Il and Il are preferably interconnected by link mechanism Il under control of damper motor Il. This damper motor will operato the link mechanism responsive to a control instrument 'such as a thermostat il, positioned within the conditioned .ax-ea. Thus. when the temperature in the conditioned area rose above a predetermined limit. the thermostat would cause the damper motor to operato, lwhereupon Vmore a'ir would be admitted through dempers Il and less through l0. As a result. a greater volume of air would be' dehumidisd and less bypassed air utilised for 4reheatinlr purposes. On the other band. if'thc required more heat temperature in the enclosure in order to maintain desired conditions. damper. Il would tend to close and dampen Il. tendto open, whereupon. less: air would be" conditioned and more bypassed. to supply greater rehcating effect. Dampers rIl and Il. as illustrated. are

.differentially connected. so that when `one series tends to close. the'cther tends to open.'

Under winter operating conditions. or whenfever it is desired to use heating coils I|.'steam Y ci one form c: the invention, appucd to a railroad car, to be read in'connectionwith the accompanying illustrativedrawings. in which:

Fig. l. is a schematic drawing. partly in l tion, of a system incorporating-thein'vention; i

may be admitted through pipe i8 under' control ci' valve Il which may be suitably regulated by athermostatic device not shown. in the usual manner. Drain pipe "removes condensate from the heater for disposition as may be desired. As

` under summer operating conditions. outside air;

or a combination of outside-and return air.

interior of the car may'.

ure. adequate for circula'- Y '20. will produce an area surrounding the nozzle at lower pressure thanthatin the evaporator, re-

pass through the heater coils and raise toa de'- sired high temperature. Bypassed air may then be employed to augment the volume of intensely heated air and modify its condition prior to discharge by the fan within the car interior.

Cooling coils I2 are supplied with a. cooling fluid, ordinarily cold water, by pump Il from a source of supply within evaporator Il forming part of a system of refrigeration hereinafter more fully described. Supply line 2| feeds the cold water to the coils which is returned to the evapo. rator through line 22, and discharged therewithin preterablyin the formo! spray, after having removed heat from air passing over the coils.

In carrying Aon a refrigeratins process, it is header 2l, connected by a series of`tubes 29. The tubes are preferably provided with finned or other extended surface to promote increased heat transfer. l

To remove the heat of condensation, pump 2l l withdraws water from storage tatnk 2| which is generally considered essential to employ (l) amedium which will be vaporized by the absorpdensed, thereby giving up the absorbed heat; (2) a source of power for the purpose of compressing thev vapor. and (3) a second medium forremoving and dissipating theheatabsorbed by the tlrst medium. In contrast to the accepted form of devices for carrying out such a refrigeration cycle, the present invention provides an arrangement which luses the same agency for all three purposes, namely, waterin liquid and vaporous form.

Evaporator I5 has an outlet, as illustrated, in communication with converging nozzle 22, joining diverging nozzle 24, connecting by suitable fittings 24 may be generallydesignated as adiifuser. In the vhead of converging nozzle 22 is suitably positioned a nozzle 26. The combination of the diffuser and nozzle 26 is generally termed an ejector. In operation, a iluid, suchas steam, will be supplied to the nozzle 26 and expanded therein to a predetermined pressure which, for example, in practice, may correspond to the boil- .tion of heat, then compressed, and finally con- 'to condensing device 25. The elements 2l and ing p oint of water at F. Lowering the pressure at the discharge of nozzle 2B will cause the pressure vwithin evaporator I5 to be lowered. and consequently, the water will 'boil or evaporate.

This action will result in absorption of the latent heat of evaporation necessary to carry on .such boiling action, from the remaining water in the evaporator, thereby cooling it. To aid the evaporation action, liquid is returned to the evaporator, as already noted, and. as illustrated, in the form of spray, thereby providing a maximum area of liquid surface and evaporation. The liquid'is discharged within the evaporator, preferably through spray header 40, and suitable nozzles may be provided for creating desired vaporizer or atomizer action, so that maximum evaporation,

and hence, maximum cooling eifect, may be accomplished, since the temperature `oi' all spray droplets in their course to the reservoir Il at the bottom of the evaporator, is substantially the same. The water vapor resulting from the boiling action will be removed from the evaporator l5 due to the operation-of high velocity ejector In eifectfthe steam expanded in the nozzle ture. The compressed mixture then passesintoj condenser 28. .This becooled in any deof the water and air with tubes 29 causes the.

desired condensing action. Opening 4| is provided with a series of dampers arranged to permit the discharge of air therethrough whenever the fan is in operation; but when the fan is inoperative, and no air pressure is exerted against the dampers, they lwill fall back into closed posil tion' and preventi rain, cinders or other foreign matter from entering. Such'condensing water as is not evaporated and falls into the condenser well or pan 42 will drain through outlet 42 into a storage tank 3|.

entering the ian compartment.

In connection with replenishing the water supply oi' storage tank 3|, it should be remembered that this system was primarily designed to be incorporated in a railroad car. It would be entirely possible to place a tank on the car large enough to carry sumcient' water for make-up purposes. However, economy of weight and space are'of prime importance. Applicant provides a novel system whereby all the water needed for continuous operation oi' the system is obtained from the steam supplied to the system. Not only does the steam supply requisiteenergy for compression, but it further supplies the refrigerant'` and the necessary condenser water.

From the bottom of the separator 45, a pipe/46 leads to the tank 2|. Hence, any water which is f separated from the steam in the trap will be forced through pipe I6 (by steam pressure) into i tank 2|. To prevent live steam from blowing into tank 1|, a thermostatic trap 15 is placed in the line 4l. The trap 16 is of the type in which a thermostatic. element controls the opening and closing of a valve. The thermostat is so arranged that as long as there is condensate in l5, the valve will remain open, but as soon as steam strikes thethermostat, the valve willclose. A second source of make-up water is the steam utilized by `nozzle 20. This steam, with the vapor removed from the system and discharged into the condenser water system hereinafter described.

During the slimmer season. it is apparent that.

considerable quantities oi'l water will be condensed from the air passing over coo -coils. l2.v This condensaterthroughthe pi 2', is drained into tank 2| as an additional source of make-upwater. 1 "i All! deficient! in condenser water not taken Partition M denes the extremity of the condenser well and prevents water in a manner to be pipe 14'. A thermostatic trap Il, similar to trap 15, previously described. Joins the end o! 1l to the line Il leading to tank Il. Obviously, when steam is supplied tosnonle Il. it will be simultaneously supplied to the tubing 1l. Air' ilowing over the tube will cause condensation in Il which condensate will be delivered through trap 'Il to the tank 3|.

` The quantities oi water which are drawn trom siasi example, under some operating conditions. the

water from Il added to the water i'rom the con# vided in tank Il to prevent denser 2l would be sumcient vto supply all makeup requirements. However, under other condi:- tions, all the water available from the condenser Il, from separator Il, condensate from coils I2. plus the steam condensed in the auxiliary lcondenser 13 is'required. Since the supply and demand is so variable. a'n overflow pipe I1 is pro- It is apparent that by utilizing condensed steam throughout the system. troubles due to boiler scale areavoided. Except in rare cases, the water used in the locomotive is soi't water naturally or by artinciai means. Further, the

water used in the cooling tower is. in eil'ect, distilled water.V Hence. the occurrence oi troublesome boiler scale is avoided. y

The system operates at a high vacuum, and in order to assure ei'iective condenser action. provi- `sion is made for purging. Air which will be brought in by the steam and any other air which may leak in will tend to collect in the upper tubes and discharge header Il of the condenser Il. Upper tube I1 connects with the uppermost part oi' discharge header Il where air and other gases to be purged normally collect. lube Il connects wlthairdischargevipe". 'I'hecondensatein the bottom o! discharge header 28 is led through trap Il and Joins pipe 4l.` The air and water then proceed to separating chamber Il which separates and returns parto! the water to the evaporator in a manner hereinafter described.

.The remainder oi the'water and air are drawn through pipe Il by the combined action o! the aspirators Il and 31 in communication therewith to a second separator I2. The water and some airthenpassesintotheaspiratorllandisdischarged with the condenser water through Pipo Il and spray header Il. The ai! il drawn- -through pipe I8 into aspirator and is limi-f larly discharged with condenser water through spray header 8l. Pump Il. as already described. supplies water from tank Il to pipes I2 and Il. andthe water quantities are adequate to make eiiec'tive the aspirator action. 'The system is," therefore. continually purged vas long as its operation-is carried on.

Separator l. may take the simple i'orm of a T-connection Joining pipe Il with the Acondenser leg of ll-shaped trap I1. This connection may v be placed at any pointabove the normal liquid level inthe condenser leg oi' trap l1, so that there is always a vapor connection tor and the condenser. The condenser is preferably mounted 'in an between the separadespite change in level oil the car during ascent.

descent, or operation around curves.

Some of the water collected in separating chamber Il is returned tothe evaporator through U connection I1. ior the purpose o! maintaining an adequate supply oi' water in-the evaporator.

whenever diminution'resulting from. evaporation lowers the level beyond a predetermined minimum. The evaporator is divided into chambers It and Il by a weir It. The chamber Il serves as a reservoir for collecting water and suri'ace evaporation thereiromis continually carried on during the operation of the evaporator. The u connection Il discharges into chamber". Duetotheiactthatwaterisconstantlybeing evaporated yfrom evaporator il, it is obvious that in time there will be no overflow from chamber Il into I4. Since water is continually being withdrawn in constant volume from chamber Il by pump Il, the level in chamber Il will tali. The U lconnection' is so designed that a certain height oi water in chamber Il plus the height oi water in the evaporator les oi trap I1, plus the evaporator pressure will balance the condenser pressure plus the pressure of a 'certain height o! water in the condenser leg oi' trap I'I. As the height o! water in I4 decreases, water will now through the U connection from separator Il to chamber I4 untilthe'level in Il rises to a point suiilcient again to -equaliae the pressures. Thus, the supply of water in evaporator Il is automatically replenished, depending upon the rate of evaporation therein.

While the reservoir portion of the evaporator issliowndividedinto two chambergitisobvious that only one chamber may be provided. Applicant prefers to divide the evaporator into two chambers to provide a storage oi' cold water whichmsybeutiliaediorsometimeatterthe 4 elector action has been discontinued.

Topreventairiromiorcingitsway spruheadersandaspiratorsbackintothe Il is not operating. valve Il pipe Il.. 'i'hisvalveisofth positive, simple and inexpensive.

providesrrcm s miracle wes., m train operl'oroperatingthesystemasupplyotsteamis meslbe combined with thev system, but.' in the car arrangement illustrated. wherein a plurality 'of air-conditioning systems are employed, each of the cars 1l, as shown in'Fig. 3, obtains its steam supply from the common source or locomotive boiler 1|. Steam enters pipe l0, which is suitably connected to o supply une leading fromy the locomotive. The steam then passes through regulating valve 00, blowofl valve l! and pressure switch Il before entering steam separator Il. 'I'he valve 0I is of the diaphragm type. op-

erative responsive to steam pressure, as shown by dotted line I and adapted to reduce the pressure of incoming steam to a predetermined point. Thus, steam may be supplied at pressures very much greater than that desired and valve 00 will .tend to maintain the pressure entering the system at a constant value. If the pressure is above said value, the valve will tend to close, whereas. if it falls below a certain value, itwiil allow the passage of steam at full pressure. Safety valve Il operates in the usual manner, and will blow oifif for any reason steam enters beyond valve 0l above a desired pressure. Pressure switch I8,

operated responsive to steam pressure changes whereby a drop in steam pressure below a p redetermined minimum causes the switch to function-to cut oil the supply of steam and makelinoperative the refrigeration apparatus. When the steam pressurev again rises to a desired point, it

will function to admit steam and'if refrigeration is then desired, the apparatus will again become operative.

spring will cause the closure member to assume a closed position against the seat. `While an electrical arrangement is employed for causing pilot l'l to control valve Il, it is obvious that an ,air pressure system, for example, could be used with like effect to control valve l5. s e

The operation of the system depends upon the functioning of the components thereof, as individual umts or systems of apparatus, and upon their cooperative interrelation responsivev to any suitable system of control. Such control may be manual, partly. automatic, or fully automatic.

i For purposes of illustration, the following de- -scription sets forth an illustrative method voi operation under a control adapted foruse in air 'conditioning an enclosure such as a railroad pasposts |0| connect to a suitable battery source.

- battery or generator sources, and may intercorr-A Bteam separator Il removes entrained .water from lthe steamin theusual manner, thereby allowing only dry and saturated steam to proceed to ejector nomle 20. Pipe 0l conveys the steam -I from separator Il to nozzle 20, under control of valve Il. Thisvalve is of the type in which 'a diaphragm operates the closure member in response to pressure exerted thereon. Further, the diaphragm is so constructed that at predetermined pressure, it will operate with a quick or snapv action. That isthe valve, normally held closed by a spring, is adapted to be opened when a predetermined fluid pressure is exerted on the' diaphragm. The diaphragm of valve Il is connected by means of conduit 00 tothe pipe Il at a point between valve Bland separator 4l. Pilot valve l'l is adapted, among other things, to operate' under the control of pressure switch 00 to Switch I02-enables connection to either of the nect the two. Switches |03, I04'arid"|05 connect `respective circuits to various parts ofthe systm,

as will be hereinafter described. i

Upon closing switch |03, a ,circuit will'obviously be completed for operating air conditioning fan 0. It is always desirable to have fan 0- operating whenever the car enclosure is being occupied. Al

circulation of air is desirable regardless of .the

necessity for air cooling or conditioning?. lAs a result, even if the air conditioning apparatus becomes inoperative, or when the cooling apparatus is closed down, as under winter conditions, a circulation of air will still'be maintained. This air mayY be drawn from outdoors through dampers 8 or may be a combinationof outdoor air and air from the enclosure admitted through dampers I0 and/or I9.

Assuming that the temperature in the enclosure is above a predetermined point, and air cool- 1 ing and conditioning is desired, the system will enable valve Il to function. Whenthe pressure of the'entering g steam falls vbelow a predetermined minimum, the pressure switch Il will cause pilot 01 to cut ofi' the pressure against the diaphragm of valve 06 land simultaneously loperi the pipe 08 to the atmosphere at 02, whereby steam trapped between valves 01 and may escape, whereupon valve 0l will close and Vsteam prevented from entering the system. When the steam pressure risesabove the desired point, the pressure switch will cause pilot 01 to enable 0l to admit steam, provided the system is calling for refrigeration. More particularly, valve I1 is adapted to be opened or closed in response to the y expansion or contraction of a fluid contained in be placed in operation provided lt is ready to function safely and eiilciently. Thus, thermostat 80, responsive to temperature changes in the enclosure, will first cause dampers III to open widely and dampers I9 to approach closed position. If the combination of fresh and return air is not suiiiciently cool to lower the air ltemperature in the car, damper motor 20, under control` of thermostat 69, will then close` connection |06. Assuming that steam pressure in the pipe 59 is suillciently liigh lto close pressure switch 63, .the

following circuits win be completed. switch ina,

push button switch l |01, which is closed by the conductor, in railroad operation, during the cooling and air conditioning season, connection |08 of damper motor 20, thermostat |00, located in .the evaporator, pressure switch 63, winding of relay III, terminal ||2 and back to the switch.

The energization of the winding' of relay III will cause its associated armature to be lpulled up and make contact at IMIS, thereby closing the following circuits, Iassuming that hand switches III and IIB are in closed position. Switch |05.

contact IIS, motor ofan 38, serving the cooling tower, switch III and back to switch |05. The other circuit under control of the relay III follows a patch from switch |05 to contact IIS,

Considering the cortrol arrangement, blnding posts |00 connect-toa suitable source of generator current and binding motor of condenser pinnp 3l,v switch III and toswitch Ill. 'Ihe completion of this circuit places pump 3l in operation, whereuponv the aspirators 3l and Il operate to purge the condenser of any accumulated gases in a manner hereinbetore described. W'hen the pressure in the condenser 2l has been reduced -to a predetermined point (assuming that the system has been inoperative for some time), the pressure switch I" will close, whereuponv the following circuit will be completediswitch N3, push' button switch Ill, connection IIII oi' damper motor Il, thermostat ill located in the evaporator, pressure switch Il, condenser pressure switch I", thermostat III (in di'user 24 or condenser Il), pilot valve I'I and back toswitch III.'

Another circuit dependent upon the operation of dampermotor Il and the closing of connection lill is as follows: switch i, push button switch lill, connection I", thermostat lil in the evaporator, winding oi relay Ill, terminals ill and I I2, and back to switchllll.

The energization ofthe winding of relay III causes its associated armature to pull up, thereby making contact'at III and completing a circuit for the air conditioning pumpas follows: switch IM, contact Ill, motor of the air condltionin pump IB and back to switch Ill. y

It is evident, therefore, that the plurality of circuits hereinabove described controls the operation of the system so that it will give desired refrigeration service only when temperature conditions are within predetermined limits and then. l

only if the various devices forming part ot or ppertaining to the system are in condition to lower portion of Fig. l, it may be noted that steam vwill not be admitted to elector nozzle Il unless certain prerequisites are met. First', it

willbe reduced to a desired pressure under control oi' valve". 'Ii' valve Il' does not properly function, the pressure will still be lowered to the proper point by safety valve l2. Then, steam pressurecswitch Il makes sure that the steam pressure is above the effective point sumcient to assure desiredV ejector action. and unless this pressure is above the prescribed point',- pilot Jvalve,

01 will not open; consequently, steam valve il Assuming, however that the steam pressure is below the blow-oi! point and above the minimum" nozzles. The elector action causes evaporation in evaporatorA il and the passage of steam will cause water; vapor to be sucked from the evap orator andentrained yand compressed bythe steam. This mixture o! .steam and, vapor then proceeds to the condenser. -the elector nozzle and dii'iuser being so designed that emcient transit is assured, with no-sacriiice to maximum evaporative or cooling eilect upon the water in the evaporator. The mixture oi' steam and vapor is then liqueiied'in lthe condenser, the liquid condensate draining to trap Il and then to separator Il. `As already-pointed outair and other gases will rise to the upper tube l1 of the conseparator Il. As already noted. some ofthe condensate lwill now to the evaporator for maker-up purposes; and the balance. plus the purged gases,

y'iimction properly Thus, by reference` to the back. denser water-supplied by pump 3l' from storage The condenser water not evaporatedtank 3|. during the condensing and cooling tower process will drain from condenser well l2 into storage f tank 8|. and the cycle will be repeated.

The cooled water in the evaporator iscon veyed to cooling and dehumldincation coils I2 by pump il and then returned to the evaporator in the simple cycle illustrated in Fig. l. As already noted, outside air and/or return air will be 'cooled and dehumidied in passing, over the cooling coils, and will then be discharged to the interior to' be conditioned keither, alone or in combination with bypassed air. While the above is the normal method oi' operation during periods requiring cooling and conditioning, the

control arrangement shown more particularly in Pig. 2 illustrates the manner in which auch operation is brought about and regulated.l Thus.

in starting the system.` push button switch Ill is iirst set in closed position. It will usually be .re` tained'in closed position during the whole of the cooling season. Assumingl then that thermostat Il is calling for a cooler .temperature and has operated the damper motor 20 to close connection I 0l, the cooling tower fan 3l and condenser pump Il will be placed in operation responsive to completion oi' their respective circuits hereinbefore described.l Included in this circuit is thermostat Il., located within evaporator Il, which -will maintain a closed connection so long as the temperature oi the cooling water in the evaporator is above a predetermined temperature. Ii' the cooling water falls below the predetermined point, say 40 lIli.. the thermostat will operate to break the electrical connection and hence, open the circuit. Further, pressure switch I3 is also included in the said circuit arrangement andwlll not allow the circuit to b'e completed unless steam at or above a minimum d desired pressure is available. The energiz'ation of relay III is dependent .upon closure of the' .connections under control oi' thermostat IIB and pressure switch II. so that as soon as the relay becomes energized, the cooling tower fan and the condenser pump-will start to operate and purging operations will immediately commence to clear the system. The

i'an will not be cut in unless hand switch Ill is in closed position and need not be cut in until the system is suiiiciently purged. As soon as the condenser pressure has been reduced below a predetermined maximum, condenser pressure i 4switch i" will operate to close electrical contacts controlled thereby as will thermostat ill located in diiiuser Il, ii' the temperature of condenser is below a predetermined maximum. It desired, thermostat III may be located in the condenser well.

rPilot valve Il is directly under control of thermostat il. in the evaporator. pressure switch Il, pressure switch I in the condenser. and l thermostatv I Il in the diii'user,

Ir the temperature and Apressure in the condenser are within desired predetermined limits,

the pilot valve Il will allowl valve Il to admit steam to the system, whereas, if one of these instruments records unfavorable conditions. the

vdenser and also proceed with the condensate to 70,

will be drawn by the action ofaspirators Il 'and pilot .valve will cause valve il to cut oi! the stea and make the system inoperative.

' The air conditioner pump for circulating cooling-water from the evaporator Il to the` cooling f coils I! is under primary control of the circuit whose completion is dependent upon the ener-V .gisation or III. This relay wlllbe to energize only when thermostat I,l u in the evaporator records a temperature below a predetermined maximum. Obviously, it is -not desirable to permit, the circulation of warm water. It is only when the water temperature is below a certain point that Vcooling could be carried on f and hence, thermostat III will break the circuit wheny the temperatur-crises above a desired level, but will permit circulation to be carried on as long Vasthe temperature is favorable to cooling.

The circuits are closely interrelated, so that a fault affecting one ofthem will'innuence the action of the others. For example, 'should ian Il become inoperative, the temperature of the condenser water would soon rise to an undesirable level'. Thermostat lil would thenrespond to break the circuit, including pilot valve l1 and steam would be cut oil', thus making the system inoperative. As a result, the ejector action would cease and the'temperature in the evaporator quickly rise, especially under summer fconditions, so that thermostat lit 4would respond and break the circuit for the -air condi- Vtioner pump, thereby* preventing circulation Aof l hot'water to the cooler, and preventing unduly heating up the water of the evaporator. If the fault were repaired,` and the system restarted, the ejector action would be carried on` with the air conditioner pump inoperative until the water was 'coled Vto a sufficient degree, and then only would thermostat Il. complete the circuit `for the air conditioner pump and allow circulation oi' cooling water.

Assuming, further, that` the condenser pump .became inoperative, the pressure in the condenser would soon cause switch It! to break the circuit including'` pilot valve, and thus cut ofi' steam from the system. So also, if the condenser water fed by the pump rose to an abnormal level, due to any cause, condenser thermostat III would break the circuit and cause pilot 'I1 to cut oi! the steam from the system. Assurning the air conditionerpump broke down, the temperature of the water in the evaporator would tend to fall below the predetermined low limit, whereupon thermostat Ill! would break all circuits except that for the air conditioner fan, and steam would be cut of! from the system, as well as cooling tower fan and condenser pump become inoperative.

Of course, ii' the temperature in the enclosure fell below the desired level, thermostat Il would cause motor 2li to break connectionJN, whereupon all of the circuits, with the exception of the air conditioner fan circuit, would be broken and the system become wholly inoperative', It is of note that ii' the temperature in the enclosure still remained below the desired limit, the

ingly exacting in that it is highly desirable to retain the orthodox interior appearance loi.'- thel nation of heating coils, and aixconditioning fan may be positioned at.

oneendofthecarinanupperareathereof-adjacent the roof and will similarly be out of the way and not aect the conventional appearance of the car interior. The evaporator, pumps and diffuser may be'suitably arranged in the upper deck area .of the car or may be suitably positioned in one ot the service or lavatory spaces. If desired, some of the equipment, such as the pumps and motors therefor, may be installed beneath'the car.

No reservation is made as to the arrangement of the parts, their interconnection, or their method of operation, application, or intcrreiation.

Since certain changes in carrying out the above process and in the constructions set forth, which embody the invention, may be made without departing from its scope, it is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying. drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. f

Having described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by `Letters Patent of the United States is:

1. In a system of the character described, an evaporator, a condenser, steam ejector apparatus for lowering the pressure in the evaporator, said steam ejector apparatus discharging within the condenser, the condenser normally operating at sub-atmospheric pressure. vmeans for'` removing condensate from the condenser,` means for feeding a portion 'of the condensate to the evaporator and another portion of the condensate to a circuit supplying liquid at atmospheric pressure over the outer surfaces of the condenser', and means for passing air in contact with the outer surfacesv liquid over the surfaces of said condenser, a rst passageway for conveying uid from said condenser to said evaporator, a second passageway for conveying fluid from said first passageway to said circulating system, and means operative responsive to the cessation of flow oi' liquid in said circulating system for closing said second passageway. 1

3. In an air conditioning system, an air conditioning unit, an evaporator serving the unit, a

regulating device operative responsive to ternperature changes` in the evaporator, a second regulating device operative responsive to changes in temperature within the area served by the air conditioning unit, and a pump under control of said devices, said pump being -operative to supply a cold fluid from said evaporator to said unit only when the temperature in the evaporator is below a desired value, and the temvperature within the area served by the unit is car and utilize a minimum of useful space in g the passenger and service areas. As a result, the combined condenser and cooling tower arrangement, including the cooling tower fan, is posi- Vtioned in the upper area of'the car adjacent the rooiv with air inletand outlet so arranged that' the installation is neither noticeable nor detracts from the utility of the floor or passenger accommodation areas. So also,l the combiabove a desired value.

4. In an air conditioning system, means for supplying a fluid to an ejector, an evaporatorfin combination with the ejector, a condenser for receiving said iiuid from the ejector and vapor from the4 evaporator, a regulating device operative responsiver to changes in pressure within the evaporator, another regulating device operative responsive to" temperature changes in the condenser, means operative responsive to said regulating devices for controlling the ow of uid for controlling the pressure'of steam supplied to the ejector responsive to changes in pressure of steam supplied from said source, and means for cutting Lci! the steam to the ejector when the pressure falls below a predetermined point.

6. In-,a system of the character described. an evaporator, a condenser, a steam ejector between said evaporator and condenser. means for discharging liquid over the outer surfaces of said condenser, a rst passageway for conveying liquid from said condenser to said evaporator, a

second passageway between said means and said ilrst peway, and means for closing said secyond. passageway whenever said mst-mentioned means is inoperative.

7. lIn a system oi' the character described. an evaporator, a-condenser, a steam ejector between said `evaporator and said condenser, a circulating system for discharging liquid over the outer surfaces of said condenser, a water ejector in said 'circulating system, a first passageway 'for conveying liquid from saidv condenser to said evaporator, a second passageway for. conveying liq- Vuid from said rst pay to said water ejector, and means operative responsive to the cessation of liquid flow in said-circulating system for closing said second passageway.

8. In a system of the character described, an evaporator, a condenser. a steam ejector between said evaporator and said condenser, a circulating systemfor discharging liquid over the outer surfaces of said condenserl therebyto e'ect `a condensation of vapors therein.- a separating chamber, a eway for conveying condensate and non-condensable gases from said condenser to said chamber. means for supplying a portion of condensate from said chamber to said evaporator, and means for supplying the remaining portion of said liquid and said non-condensable gases from said chambers to said circulating system. .f

9. In a system of the character described, an evaporator, a conductor, a steam elector interposed between said evaporator and said condenser, a circulating system for discharging liquid over the outer surfaces of said condenser, thereby to eifect a condensation of vapors therein, a separating chamber, means for conveying condensate and non-condensable gases from said condenser to said chamber, a trap between said chamber and said evaporator for supplying liquid to said evaporator in response to changes in liquid level therein. and means operative re-l sponsive to the ow of liquid in said circulating system for withdrawing liquid and non-condensable gases from said chamber, said withdrawn liquid being utilized to augment the liquid discharged over the surfaces of said condenser.

10. In asystem of the character described, an

i evaporator, a condenser, a steam ejector interposedbetween said evaporator and saidfcon- ,deugen a circulating system for discharging liquid over the outer surfaces of said condenser to eifect a condensation of vapors therein, a separating chamber, means for conveying liquid and non-condensable' gases from said condenser to said chamber, means for supplying a portion of liquid fromA nid chamber to' nis suppl-amr. swater 'ejector in said circulating system. a sageway communicating with said clialnberauli'l said ejector, and means operative responsive t'o a cessation of liquid iiow in said circulating sys.- tem for closing said passageway.

il. In a system of air conditioning a source 9i steam, an evaporator, an ejector, means proviriing communication between said ejector andsaid source of steam for supplying steam fromv saidsource to said ejector, means providing communication between said evaporator and Vsaid ejector, means for controlling the pressure otsteam supplied to the ejector responsive to changes in pres-1 sureof steam supplied from said source. means for interrupting the supply of steam to'v the ejector when the steamprqsure of said source fails' below a predetermined point. v

4 12. In a system ot the character described, an'.

evaporator, a condenser, a steam ejector intel posed between said evaporator and saidfconv denser, a source of steam serving said ejector. a. circulating System for dischargingdiquid over:

the vvouter surfaces of said condenser to elect a condensation of vapors therein, and means includin'g a second condenser for condensing steam from said source and for supplying the resultant condensate to said-circulating system.

1s. m 's system/oi the shammi-.described an evaporator, a condenser, s.` steam ejector in terposed between said evaporator `and said condenser, a source of steam; a circulating system for discharging liquid over4 the outer surfaces of said condenser to eiiecta condensation of vapors therein. means for supplying to said evaporator a portion of the condensate, means for supplying to said circulating system another portion of the condensate, and means including another condenser for condensing steam from said source and tor supplying the resultant condensate to said circulating system.

i4. In a system of the character described,ari

evaporator, a rst condenser, a steam'ejector in terposed between said evaporator and said condenser, a source of steam serving said ejector, a circulating system for discharging liquid over the outer surfaces of said condenser to eifect a. condensation of vapors therein, and means including a second condenser vfor condensing steam from said source and for supplying the resultant condensate to 1 said circulating system, and

means for supplying to said circulating system moisture evaporated in said evaporator and condensed in said first condenser.

l5. In a system of the character described, an evaporator, a condenser, a steam ejector interposed between said evaporator and said condenser, a source of steam serving said ejector, a circulating system for discharging liquid over the outersurfaces of said condenser to effect a con- Ydensation of vapors therein, and means including a second condenser for condensing steam from said source and lfor ysupplying at least a portion of the resultant condensate to the outer surfaces of said first-mentioned condenser.

16. In a refrigerating system including a condenser, a source of steam. means for utilizing steam from said source for operating said reirigerating system.' means including an auxiliary.

condenser for condensing steam and for utilising.v

at least a portion ofthe resultant condensate in removing heat Iroin said mst-mentioned condenser.

i7. In apparatus of the character described, an evaporator. a condenser. a steam sii'roi elector disposed between and connecting said evaporator and said condenser, a liquid circulatingsystemior'swpiying liquid to the outer ysurfaces oi said condenser. and means incbiding aseoondeiectorinsaid circulatingsystem for withdrawing condensate condensed in said condenser and for supplying saidv withdrawn condensate to said circulating system.

18. In an appantus of the character described. including an evaporator. a condenser. and a steam ejector interposed between said evaporator'and said condenser: the combination of a liquid circulating systemadapted to supply liquid to said condenser ior neat exchange with vapors to be condensed therein, means for forcibly `circulating liquid through said circulatin! system, an ejector interposed in said circulating l for t0 sa-Id` circulating system at least system. and means including a liquid supplyl line communicating with the throat oi said ejector duits for utilizing a portion of the fluid condensed in said condenser. v A

19, In a system of the character described an evaporator. a,I condenser, a steam ejector interposed between said evaporator-,and said condenser, a cooler yoperatively associated with said evaporator, means for passing air through said cooler to reduce the temperature of the air lbe.-

lr.circulatingsysteuiiordischargix'igliquid low in aewpcint whereby maman-formed.

theoutersuriacesoisaidcondensertoeiiect condensation ci' vapors therein to' form condensate, meansior appcrtioning said other, condensate so that-"a required portion is supplied to said evaporator suppliedto said circulating und` means for suppiyinl said condensate from the cooler-to means in within nrst of said cona portion oi for removing heat from said condenser and means in combination with the other ot said conduits for supvlyinl another l portionoisaidcondensateto saidevaporatonanaircooling means operatively dissociatedv with said evaporator for dehumidilying air whereby condensate yis `formed means ior supplying said last mentioned confleuristev to one oi said conduits. Y

omnia MQ andthe remainder thereof

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