USPP6378P - Geranium plant "Calypso" - Google Patents

Geranium plant "Calypso" Download PDF

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USPP6378P
USPP6378P US06/881,922 US88192286V US6378P US PP6378 P USPP6378 P US PP6378P US 88192286 V US88192286 V US 88192286V US 6378 P US6378 P US 6378P
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color
cultivar
geranium
kaempferol
diglucoside
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US06/881,922
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Richard Craig
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RESEARCH Corp A NEW YORK NOT-FOR-PROFIT CORP
Research Corp
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Research Corp
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  • the present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of geranium Pelargonium ⁇ hortorum called "Calypso".
  • the cultivar is particularly well adapted to both commercial greenhouse production and garden performance.
  • the novel characteristics of this cultivar are double flowers and clear floral color.
  • the cultivar is further characterized by unique biochemical fingerprint profiles.
  • the cultivar was developed from an organized, scientifically designed breeding program carried out at the Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 and specifically resulted from selection of the progeny of the selfing of geranium cultivar "Graeffin Mariza”. The selection was asexually propagated by cuttings and the reproductions ran true.
  • test plant was grown in a glass greenhouse in full natural light, at a night temperature of 60° F., and a day temperature of 75° F. Soilless medium was fertilized constantly with 300 ppm N-K. Color readings were taken under cool white fluorescent light at 220 foot candles and color identification was by reference to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Charts, except where common terms of color definition are employed.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates in color the cultivar including foliage and flowers.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the anthocyanin profile obtained from HPLC. Quantitative values are found in the tables. Analyses included a single peak that represented both pelargonidin and petunidin 3,5-diglucosides. Corrections were made in accompanying tables.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the flavonol profile obtained from HPLC. Quantitative values are found in the tables.
  • Form Semi-dwarf; free basal branching; comparatively compact growth habit; flowers close to foliage; free flowering; early.
  • Petioles Fan 3, green group, 143-C (RHSCC).
  • Shape Upright, hemispherical.
  • Blooming habit Continuous, upright, double, non-shattering, hemispherical.
  • Color.--Top Variable with inner "V” of darker color and outer "V” of lighter.
  • Inner ⁇ V ⁇ : Fan 1, red group, 55-A (RHSCC).
  • Outer ⁇ V ⁇ : Fan 1, red group, 52-C (RHSCC).
  • Base ⁇ V ⁇ : Fan 1, red group, 41-C (RHSCC).
  • Petals.--20-25 (including petaloids) irregular, twisted and upright; reflexed.
  • Pedicel 4.0-5.0 cm in length.
  • Peduncle Arises from node; opposed to leaf petiole.
  • Lasting quality Excellent; 3 weeks or longer.
  • Staminodes Up to 5 in number; some fused and some petal-like.
  • Style.--1 2.0 mm long; reddish-purple.
  • Ovaries 1: 6.0 mm long; green; pubescent; 5-lobed.
  • the sample size for flavonoid identification consisted of the petals from six florets just after anthesis. Three different samples were collected from each cultivar and handled separately for analysis. The petals were weighed, ground in 20 ml of 1% HCl-MeOH with a mortar and pestle, filtered through one layer of Whatman #1 filter paper, and washed with 1% HCl-MeOH. The volume was adjusted to 90 ml and 2-15 ml aliquots were removed for the analysis and handled separately. Each aliquot was taken to dryness at 40° C. in vacuo. All traces of HCl were removed by azeotropic distillation with MeOH.
  • One of the dried extracts was reconstituted in 2 ml of 1% HCl-MeOH and was used for anthocyanin analysis.
  • the other was reconstituted in 2 ml of MeOH and was used for flavonol analysis.
  • Each sample was stored at -34° C. until analyzed.
  • the flavonoids were quantified by injecting standards and comparing their peak areas with those from the plant samples. The results are expressed as ⁇ g of flavonoid/g fresh weight of plant material.
  • Kaempferol 3-rhamnoside could not be quantitated for several cultivars and is designated as ND (not determined).
  • the chromatograms showed a small, wide peak in the region of elution for this compound. If a substantial amount of this compound were present, a distinct peak appeared but minute quantities, if present, were masked.

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Abstract

This invention relates to a new distinct cultivar of geranium, substantially as illustrated and described, characterized as being particularly well adapted to both commercial greenhouse production and garden performance, and possessing unique flavonol and anthocyanin profiles, double flowers and clear floral color.

Description

The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of geranium Pelargonium×hortorum called "Calypso". The cultivar is particularly well adapted to both commercial greenhouse production and garden performance. The novel characteristics of this cultivar are double flowers and clear floral color. The cultivar is further characterized by unique biochemical fingerprint profiles.
The cultivar was developed from an organized, scientifically designed breeding program carried out at the Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 and specifically resulted from selection of the progeny of the selfing of geranium cultivar "Graeffin Mariza". The selection was asexually propagated by cuttings and the reproductions ran true.
With reference to the detailed description of the cultivar which follows, the test plant was grown in a glass greenhouse in full natural light, at a night temperature of 60° F., and a day temperature of 75° F. Soilless medium was fertilized constantly with 300 ppm N-K. Color readings were taken under cool white fluorescent light at 220 foot candles and color identification was by reference to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Charts, except where common terms of color definition are employed.
DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 illustrates in color the cultivar including foliage and flowers.
FIG. 2 illustrates the anthocyanin profile obtained from HPLC. Quantitative values are found in the tables. Analyses included a single peak that represented both pelargonidin and petunidin 3,5-diglucosides. Corrections were made in accompanying tables.
Peak No.
1. Delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside
2. Cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside
3. Pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside
4. Peonidin 3,5-diglucoside
5. Malvidin 3,5-diglucoside
FIG. 3 illustrates the flavonol profile obtained from HPLC. Quantitative values are found in the tables.
Peak No.
1. Quercetin 3-rhamnosylgalactoside
2. Quercetin 3-rutinoside
3. Quercetin 3-galactoside
4. Quercetin 3-glucoside
5. Kaempferol 3-rhamnosylgalactoside
6. Kaempferol 3-galactoside
7. Kaempferol 3-rutinoside
8. Kaempferol 3-glucoside; Kaempferol 7-glucoside; Quercetin 3-rhamnoside
9. Kaempferol 3-xyloside
10. Kaempferol 3-arabinoside
11. Kaempferol 3-rhamnoside
THE PLANT
Classification:
Botanical.--Pelargonium×hortorum.
Tradename.--#712 (80-205-3)="Calypso".
Form: Semi-dwarf; free basal branching; comparatively compact growth habit; flowers close to foliage; free flowering; early.
Height: 24.0-30.0 cm.
Growth: Relatively short internodes, self branching from base; faster growth than standard.
Leaves:
Size.--8.0-14.0 cm.
Shape.--Reniform, variously lobed.
Margin.--Crenate.
Texture.--Pubescent, dull; veins recessed and prominent.
Color.--Top: Dark zone band; Fan 3, yellow-green group 143-A (RHSCC); Fan 3, yellow-green group 144-A (RHSCC). Bottom: Fan 3, green group, 143-C (RHSCC).
Ribs and veins.--Palmate veins.
Petioles: Fan 3, green group, 143-C (RHSCC).
Stem:
Color. --Same as petioles.
Internodes.--2.0-3.0 cm.
THE BUD
Shape: Upright, hemispherical.
Size: 2.0-3.0 cm diameter.
INFLORESCENCE
Blooming habit: Continuous, upright, double, non-shattering, hemispherical.
Size: 11.0-14.0 cm across.
Borne: Umbel; florets on pedicel; pedicels on peduncle.
Florets:
Forms.--Petals irregular, twisted and upright, full double.
Color.--Top: Variable with inner "V" of darker color and outer "V" of lighter. Inner `V`:=Fan 1, red group, 55-A (RHSCC). Outer `V`:=Fan 1, red group, 52-C (RHSCC). Base `V`:=Fan 1, red group, 41-C (RHSCC). Bottom of Petal: Quite variable; top half mottled=Fan 1, red group 49-A and C (RHSCC); base=Fan 1, red group, 41-C.
Petals.--20-25 (including petaloids) irregular, twisted and upright; reflexed.
Size.--3.0-4.0 cm.
Texture and appearance.--Irregular surface, full reflexed.
Petaloids:
Quantity.--Not distinguishable from petals.
Shape.--Not distinguishable from petals.
Color.--Not distinguishable from petals.
Pedicel: 4.0-5.0 cm in length.
Color.--Fan 3, green group 143-C (RHSCC).
Peduncle: Arises from node; opposed to leaf petiole.
Length.--20.0-24.0 cm.
Color.--Fan 3, yellow-green group 143-C (RHSCC).
Persistence: Persistent, non-shattering.
Disease resistance: Not known; favorable in outdoor trials.
Lasting quality: Excellent; 3 weeks or longer.
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
Stamens: 2-5.
Anthers.--Some are fertile; some are not; some are partially developed; tan or light brown in color.
Filaments.--Flat or semi-flat, some ribbon-like, some petal-like; 0.5 cm long.
Pollen.--Light orange.
Staminodes. --Up to 5 in number; some fused and some petal-like.
Pistils:
Number.--1 with 5-parted stigma.
Length.--1.0 cm.
Stigma.--5-parted; reddish-purple, reflexed.
Style.--1: 2.0 mm long; reddish-purple.
Ovaries: 1: 6.0 mm long; green; pubescent; 5-lobed.
Fruit: None.
BIOCHEMICAL PROFILES
In recent years, biochemical analysis has played an increasing role in plant systematics and taxonomy. In order to further characterize the cultivar, flavonols and anthocyanins were extracted from the florets and subjected to analysis by high pressure liquid chomatography (HPLC). Background information supporting the validity of the HPLC technique can be found in an article by Asen & Griesbach ("High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Flavonoids in Geranium Florets as an Adjunct for Cultivar Identification", S. Asen and R. Griesbach, J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 108(5):845-850 (1983)), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Briefly, the method for performing the analysis was carried out as follows:
Flavonoid extraction.
The sample size for flavonoid identification consisted of the petals from six florets just after anthesis. Three different samples were collected from each cultivar and handled separately for analysis. The petals were weighed, ground in 20 ml of 1% HCl-MeOH with a mortar and pestle, filtered through one layer of Whatman #1 filter paper, and washed with 1% HCl-MeOH. The volume was adjusted to 90 ml and 2-15 ml aliquots were removed for the analysis and handled separately. Each aliquot was taken to dryness at 40° C. in vacuo. All traces of HCl were removed by azeotropic distillation with MeOH. One of the dried extracts was reconstituted in 2 ml of 1% HCl-MeOH and was used for anthocyanin analysis. The other was reconstituted in 2 ml of MeOH and was used for flavonol analysis. Each sample was stored at -34° C. until analyzed.
HPLC.
Samples were analyzed on a Waters High Performance Liquid Chromatograph equipped with an automatic injection system (Waters Assoc. Wisp 71OA), dual pumps (Waters Assoc. Model 6000A), solvent programmer (Waters Assoc. Model 600), data module (Waters Assoc.), variable wavelength detector (Waters Assoc. Model 480), and a C18 column (25 cm×0.46 cm and 5 μm particle size, Supelco).
Most of the flavonol compounds were separated by a linear gradient of 8% to 23% pump B over 55 min (pump A=1% triethylamine buffered to pH 3.0 with H3 PO4 (TEAP); pump B=CH3 CN) at a flow rate of 1.2 ml/min and a chart speed of 0.5 cm/min. Detector was at 340 nm.
The anthocyanins were resolved by a linear gradient of 30% to 50% pump B over 40 min (pump A=1.5% H3 PO4 ; pump B=20% HOAc+25% CH3 CN+55% of 1.5% H3 PO4) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and a chart speed of 0.5 cm/min. Detection was at 546 nm utilizing a fixed wavelength detector.
The flavonoids were quantified by injecting standards and comparing their peak areas with those from the plant samples. The results are expressed as μg of flavonoid/g fresh weight of plant material.
Results
Chromatographic profiles for anthocyanins and flavonols are presented in FIGS. 2 and 3, respectively; quantification of these profiles by comparison to standards is presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
The anthocyanins petunidin and pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside were not resolved by the solvent system used. Past research has shown only negligible amounts of petunidin 3,5-diglucoside to be present in geranium florets compared to pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside. In light of this, the peak corresponding to petunidin and pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside was quantified as pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside.
Kaempferol 3-rhamnoside could not be quantitated for several cultivars and is designated as ND (not determined). The chromatograms showed a small, wide peak in the region of elution for this compound. If a substantial amount of this compound were present, a distinct peak appeared but minute quantities, if present, were masked.
Other barriers to quantitation of several flavonols existed. Kaempferol 3-glucoside, kaempferol 7-glucoside, and quercetin 3-rhamnoside all had the same retention time under these conditions. If these compounds are needed to distinguish between cultivars, they would have to be separated by other solvents or column types. Quercetin 3-xyloside appeared in several of the comparisons, but standards were not available to quantify this compound.
              TABLE 1                                                     
______________________________________                                    
Anthocyanin concentration in petals of geranium florets                   
μg anthocyanidin 3,5-diglucoside/g fresh wt.                           
                          Pelar-       Mal- To-                           
Cultivar                                                                  
       Delphinidin                                                        
                 Cyanidin gonidin                                         
                                Peonidin                                  
                                       vidin                              
                                            tal                           
______________________________________                                    
712    --.sup.z  27       595   505    t.sup.y                            
                                            1132                          
______________________________________                                    
 .sup.z -- = not detected                                                 
 .sup.y t = trace <10 μg.                                              

                                  TABLE 2                                 
__________________________________________________________________________
Flavonol concentration in petals of geranium florets                      
μg/g fresh wt.                                                         
     Qu3-.sup.z                                                           
         Qu3-                                                             
            Qu3-                                                          
               Qu3-                                                       
                  Km3-                                                    
                      Km3-                                                
                          Km3-                                            
                              Km3-                                        
                                  Km3-                                    
                                      Km3-                                
Cultivar                                                                  
     rhagal                                                               
         rut                                                              
            gal                                                           
               glu                                                        
                  rhagal                                                  
                      gal rut xyl arab                                    
                                      rha Total                           
__________________________________________________________________________
712  t.sup.y                                                              
         t  t  15 19  70  84  10  64  ND.sup.x                            
                                          277                             
__________________________________________________________________________
 .sup.z Abbreviations: Km = Kaempferol; Qu = Quercetin; arab = arabinoside
 gal = galactoside; glu = glucoside; rha = rhamnoside; rhagal =           
 rhamnosylgalactoside; rut = rutinoside; xyl = xyloside.                  
 .sup.y t = trace <10 μg.                                              
 .sup.x ND = not determined.

Claims (1)

What is claimed is:
1. A new distinct cultivar of geranium, substantially as illustrated and described, characterized as being particularly well adapted to both commercial greenhouse production and garden performance, and possessing unique flavonol and anthocyanin profiles, double flowers and clear floral color.
US06/881,922 1986-07-03 1986-07-03 Geranium plant "Calypso" Expired - Lifetime USPP6378P (en)

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US06/881,922 USPP6378P (en) 1986-07-03 1986-07-03 Geranium plant "Calypso"

Publications (1)

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Owner name: RESEARCH CORPORATION, 25 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NEW Y

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:CRAIG, RICHARD;REEL/FRAME:004575/0684

Effective date: 19860625