USPP32929P2

USPP32929P2 - Grapevine plant named ‘Camminare Noir’

Info

Publication number: USPP32929P2
Application number: US16/602,593
Authority: US
Inventors: Michael Andrew Walker; Alan C. Tenscher; Summaira Riaz; Ninfa Romero
Original assignee: University of California San Diego UCSD
Current assignee: University of California San Diego UCSD
Priority date: 2019-11-05
Filing date: 2019-11-05
Publication date: 2021-03-30
Anticipated expiration: 2039-11-05

Abstract

A new and distinct variety of grapevine plant named ‘Camminare Noir’, particularly selected for its high resistance to Pierce's disease, as well as quality of fruit and wines produced is disclosed.

Description

Latin name:

Botanical classification: Vitis vinifera L.

Varietal denomination: The varietal denomination of the claimed variety of grapevine plant is ‘Camminare Noir’.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Pierce's disease (PD) is common across the southern United States from Virginia to northern California. It is also common across Mexico and Central America. The disease is caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, which is hosted by a very wide range of native and ornamental plants. The bacterium is spread by xylem feeding insects as vectors, primarily sharpshooters. PD is one of the few diseases that rapidly kills wine, table, and raisin grape cultivars of the cultivated grape, Vitis vinifera. Vector populations can be limited with insecticides, but these are difficult to use near their typically riparian native habitat or in the ornamental landscapes in which they flourish. Breeding for PD resistance has been active for over 70 years, but progress has been very slow due to a poor understanding of the germplasm and the typically multigenic nature of the resistance in most of the resistant grape species. The two most commonly grown PD resistant varieties, ‘Blanc du Bois’ and ‘Lenoir’ (‘Lenoir’ is also known as ‘Black Spanish’ or ‘Jacquet’), are F₁hybrids between V. vinifera cultivars and resistant American grape species from the southern United States, and are therefore only about 50% of V. vinifera. ‘Blanc du Bois’ and ‘Lenoir’ produce wines with lower quality than V. vinifera wine grape varieties, and they are tolerant of, rather than resistant to, X. fastidiosa infection, which results in their potential to expand areas damaged by PD due to their ability to act as host plants for the bacteria and vectors. Neither ‘Blanc du Bois’ nor ‘Lenoir’ are patented.

Grapevine is an important and valuable crop. Accordingly, there is a need for new varieties of grapevine plant. In particular, there is a need for improved varieties of grapevine plant that produce high quality fruit for winemaking and are resistant to Pierce's disease.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In order to meet these needs, the present invention is directed to an improved variety of grapevine plant. In particular, the invention relates to a new and distinct variety of grapevine plant (Vitis vinifera L.), which has been denominated as ‘Camminare Noir’. Grapevine plant variety ‘Camminare Noir’ possesses very strong resistance to the bacterial causal agent of Pierce's disease (PD), and produces very high quality fruit and wines therefrom that are indistinguishable from the widely grown European wine grape cultivars. Other PD resistant cultivars are known, but their fruit and winemaking quality are poor in comparison to ‘Camminare Noir’ and their resistance is much lower.

In particular, grapevine plant variety ‘Camminare Noir’ is a red wine grape selection that is about 94% V. vinifera (including 50% ‘Petite Sirah’ and 25% ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’). In comparison, the two most commonly grown PD resistant varieties, ‘Blanc du Bois’ and ‘Lenoir’, are only about 50% of V. vinifera. ‘Camminare Noir’ is highly resistant to PD as shown in repeated tests in the greenhouse. ‘Camminare Noir’ has been established in large test plots along the Napa River, Calif. and in Ojai, Calif. ‘Camminare Noir’ is one of the earliest to break dormancy, and it also blooms and ripens early. The berries are relatively large and the well-filled clusters are medium in size. Wines made from fruit of ‘Camminare Noir’ have characteristics of both ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Petite Sirah’ and may be described as: ‘dark-red purple color’, ‘bright red fruit’, ‘raspberry’, ‘cherry’, ‘ripe’, ‘tannic’, and ‘elegant rather than dense’.

Pedigree and Breed History

The development of this new grapevine variety is in part a result of the discovery of a single dominant gene for resistance to Xylella fastidiosa, the bacterial causal agent of Pierce's disease (PD). The source of the PD resistance is a form of V. arizonica (‘b43-17’) that appears to have some V. candicans parentage and is from Monterrey, Mexico. ‘b43-17’ was crossed to the susceptible V. rupestris ‘A. de Serres’ to create the F8909 population. Neither ‘b43-17’ nor ‘A. de Serres’ are patented. The resistance from ‘b43-17’ was found to be inherited as a single dominant gene (locus), and this resistance gene, PdRl, was genetically mapped using the F8909 population by a grapevine breeding program. Tightly linked simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed and were used in marker-assisted selection to exclude susceptible plants from evaluation in each round of selection. All the progeny with PdRl were tested for PD resistance and only those with strong resistance were considered for use as parents. Potential parents were also screened for fruit quality over generations and only those with good quality fruit and that appeared like Ii. vinifera were selected.

Line ‘F8909-08’ from the F8909 population was crossed to ‘P79-101’, a highly susceptible, advanced V. vinifera table grape selection a grape breeding program. The resulting ‘F8909-08’ X ‘P79-101’ F₁generation and progeny thereof were screened with the SSR markers for resistance to X. fastidiosa under greenhouse conditions. A highly resistant selection from the ‘F8909-08’ X ‘P79-101’ cross, ‘00504-20’, was crossed to another V. vinifera table grape from the USDA grape breeding program, ‘B52-89’, to create ‘A81-138’, which was also selected for its very high resistance to PD. ‘A81-138’ was then used to cross to V. vinifera wine grapes for several generations of modified backcrossing to obtain the candidate selection ‘07355-075’, which was later named as ‘Camminare Noir’. None of the parents across the multiple backcross generations are patented. These backcrosses were modified because of the high heterozygosity and recessive load found in grapes. Hence, to avoid exposure of deleterious recessive alleles, each generation of backcrossing was to a different and unrelated high quality V. vinifera cultivar.

Accordingly, the parentage of ‘Camminare Noir’ is ‘U0505-01’ (‘A81-138’ X V. vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’) X V. vinifera ‘Petite Sirah’. ‘Camminare Noir’ was particularly selected for its high resistance to Pierce's disease, as well as the quality of its fruit and wines produced therefrom. It is distinguishable from its maternal parent, U505-01, by its leaves which appear more like its paternal parent, and from its paternal parent by its strong resistance to Xylella fastidiosa

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

This new grapevine plant variety is illustrated by the accompanying photographs. The colors shown are as true as can be reasonably obtained by conventional photographic procedures. The photographs are of plants that are five to seven years old. Colors referred to are in reference to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Charts Edition V.

FIG. 1 shows simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker data establishing a DNA fingerprint for ‘Camminare Noir’ with nine pure Vitis vinifera cultivars for comparison. Alleles for marker-assisted selection of the Xylella fastidiosa locus (PdRl) are shown in red.

FIG. 2 illustrates the upper surface of a leaf of grapevine plant variety ‘Camminare Noir’.

FIG. 3 illustrates the lower surface of a leaf of grapevine plant variety ‘Camminare Noir’.

FIG. 4 illustrates a section of a shoot tip of grapevine plant variety ‘Camminare Noir’.

FIG. 5 illustrates clusters of berries of grapevine plant variety ‘Camminare Noir’.

FIG. 6 illustrates a cluster of berries grown on a plant of grapevine plant variety ‘Camminare Noir’.

DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

The following is a detailed description of the new grapevine plant variety designated as ‘Camminare Noir’, including the key differentiating characteristics of this variety and comparisons of characteristics of ‘Camminare Noir’ to other grapevine varieties. Unless otherwise indicated, evaluation data were taken from five- to seven-year-old plants, grown in Davis, Calif.

Classification:
- - Family.—Vitaceae.
  - Botanical name.—Vitis vinifera L.
  - Common name.—Grapevine.
  - Variety name.—‘Camminare Noir’.
Parentage:
- - Female parent.—‘U0505-01’ (unpatented).
  - Male parent.—‘Petite Sirah’ (unpatented).
Plant:
- - Berries.—Medium sized, spherical, dark purple-black, blue-grey bloom.
  - Clusters.—Medium sized, conical, well-filled clusters.
  - Leaves.—Three- to five-lobed cuneiform in shape, u-shaped petiolar sinus, sinuses between the apical and lateral lobes overlap, relatively short and uniform teeth on leaf margin, mostly glabrous with short tomentum on abaxial leaf surface, red-purple petioles.
  - Shoot tips.—Upright, dark green shoot tips with bronze red highlights.
  - Production.—Very early budbreak, flowers and ripens early.
  - Method of propagation.—Vegetative propagation via woody or herbaceous cuttings, or budding and grafting to rootstock. ‘Camminare Noir’ has been asexually reproduced June 2009 at greenhouses at Orchard Park Dr. in Davis, Calif. from herbaceous cuttings. Any rootstock can be used with the variety. Most often it will be grown on rootstocks that resist grape phylloxera and or nematodes. In testing, selections were evaluated grafted on ‘1103P’ rootstock which is not patented. It was chosen for ease of propagation and because it is widely used in California. The variety has been grafted on many other rootstocks for testing in field trials as well.

‘Camminare Noir’ has the highest form of resistance to X. fastidiosa coupled with the highest wine quality of any PD resistant wine grape yet produced. ‘Camminare Noir’ is selected for very high resistance, not the more commonly found tolerance, to prevent the production of host plants capable of further spreading PD to surrounding vineyards.

‘Camminare Noir’ has a very strong PD resistance and the highest wine quality of any currently used PD resistant wine grape. PD is one of the few diseases that kill susceptible grapevines. Two most popular PD resistant wine grape varieties, ‘Blanc du Bois’ and ‘Lenoir’ (‘Lenoir’ is also known as ‘Black Spanish’ or ‘Jacquez’), were used as controls or standards in all testing so that the wine quality and resistance of the candidate variety could be compared to available PD resistant varieties used across the southern United States. It is noted that ‘Blanc du Bois’ and ‘Lenoir’ have relatively poor wine quality and are tolerant, not resistant, to PD. Neither ‘Blanc du Bois’ nor ‘Lenoir’ are patented.

‘Camminare Noir’ has far better PD resistance and wine quality when compared with ‘Blanc du Bois’ and ‘Lenoir’. In other words, ‘Camminare Noir’ combines very strong resistance to X. fastidiosa with the wine quality of internationally acclaimed wine grape cultivars. ‘Camminare Noir’ was selected as a variety that exhibits high resistance to X. fastidiosa and V. vinifera-like wine quality. The data presented below are intended to further characterize ‘Camminare Noir’. The appearance of ‘Camminare Noir’ is illustrated in FIGS. 2-6, and further characteristics of ‘Camminare Noir’ are presented in Tables 1-8.

FIG. 1 presents the DNA fingerprinting profile for ‘Camminare Noir’ and nine pure Vitis vinifera cultivars for comparison with the standard set of internationally agreed-upon genetic markers. This SSR fingerprinting profile can be used for DNA-based identification.

Table 1 presents typical phenological data for ‘Camminare Noir’. These data are for 2016, but the ranking of the selections in regard to an early cultivar (‘Pinot noir’) and a late cultivar (‘Cabernet Sauvignon’) have been typical over years. In general, ‘Camminare Noir’ is phenologically mid-season.

TABLE 1

Average phenological states for ‘Camminare Noir’. ‘Cabernet
Sauvignon’ (late) and ‘Pinot Noir’ (early) are included as
comparisons. Based on the percentage of V. vinifera in this
plant and the nature of its parents, the variety is expected to
grow in USDA Hardiness Zone 6-7.

			50%
Cultivar	Budbreak	50% bloom	veraison	24 °Brix

‘Camminare Noir’	3/8	4/24	7/8	8/5
‘Cabernet Sauvignon’	3/24	5/7	7/21	8/30
‘Pinot Noir’	3/10	4/30	7/9	8/9

Table 2 presents the average duster and berry data for ‘Camminare Noir’ and averaged over multiple years.

TABLE 2

Average cluster and berry sizes of ‘Camminare Noir’ and its
comparison varieties. Data are averages over multiple years.

	Num-	Avg.	t-test	Avg.	t-test
	ber of	Cluster	Cluster	Berry	Berry
Genotype	Years	Wt. (g)	Wt.	Wt. (g)	Wt.	Clusters

‘Camminare Noir’	8	254	bc	1.3	abc	Well-filled
‘Blanc du Bois’	6	148	d	1.5	a	Well-filled
‘Cabernet	6	132	d	1.2	c	Loose to
Sauvignon’						well-filled
‘Chardonnay’	6	196	cd	1.5	ab	Well-filled
						to compact
‘Lenoir’	6	157	d	1.3	bc	Loose

Table 3 presents the average yield per vine data taken over 2016 to 2018.

TABLE 3

Average production data for ‘Camminare Noir’ and its
comparison varieties. Data are averages from three years
(2016 to 2018).

	Avg. Yield/	Std. Dev.		Number of
Genotype	Vine (kg)	(kg)	t-test	Years

‘Camminare Noir’	10.9	2.7	a	3
‘Blanc du Bois’	12.7	1.8	a	3
‘Cabernet Sauvignon’	10.9	1.8	a	3
‘Chardonnay’	10.9	3.2	a	3
‘Lenoir’	20.0	6.8	b	3

Mean berry juice data were also taken and Table 4 presents this data over a five-year period between 2014 and 2018. These values are consistent with cultivars that produce high quality wines.

TABLE 4

Average juice data for ‘Camminare Noir’ and its comparison
varieties. Data are averages from five years (2014 to 2018).

					Avg.		Avg. L-
		t-test		t-test	titratable	t-test	malic	t-test
	Avg.	Avg.	Avg.	Avg.	acidity	Avg.	acid	Avg.
Genotype	°Brix	°Brix	pH	pH	(g/L)	TA	(g/L)	MA

‘Camminare	26.3	ab	3.51	c	6.0	c	1.6	cd
Noir’
‘Blanc du	23.5	c	3.58	bc	5.2	de	2.3	bcd
Bois’
‘Cabernet	25.8	b	3.74	abc	5.2	de	1.9	bcd
Sauvignon’
‘Chardonnay’	23.3	cd	3.68	bc	5.9	cd	2.4	bc
‘Lenoir’	21.3	e	3.96	a	9.1	a	4.5	a

Xylella fastidiosa susceptibility data are presented in Table 5, which presents the levels of X. fastidiosa in relationship to tolerant (‘Blanc du Bois’ and to a lesser extent, ‘Lenoir’) and susceptible (‘Chardonnay’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’) cultivars. These are also mean data from repeated testing over seasons and greenhouses. Because of the high variation in greenhouse conditions, at least four standards (bio-controls) were always used: ‘b43-17’, ‘Blanc du Bois’, ‘Lenoir’, and ‘Chardonnay’ (and occasionally other V. vinifera cultivars), which allows the data to be compared across greenhouses, tests and seasons. These varieties tend to be very consistent in the amounts of bacteria they support as well as the severity of their disease expression. The cut-off between resistant and susceptible is usually between 75,000 and 250,000 colony forming units per milliliter (cfu/ml).

TABLE 5

Xylella fastidiosa concentrations based on ELISA readings
and converted to colony forming units (cfu/ml). Vitis arizonica
‘b43-17’ is the source of resistance in the breeding program.

	Geometric				Number
	Mean		Least Sq.	Std.	of Times
Cultivar	cfu/ml	t-test	Mean	Error	Tested

‘b43-17’	12423	a	9.4	0.2	11
‘Camminare Noir’	78041	b	11.3	0.4	4
‘Blanc du Bois’	859096	c	13.7	0.2	11
‘Lenoir’	2421748	d	14.7	0.6	2
‘Chardonnay’	5197228	d	15.5	0.2	11
‘Cabernet Sauvignon’	6582993	d	15.7	0.8	1

Table 6 presents the phenotype of ‘Camminare Noir’. The variety has normal hermaphroditic flowers and typical floral development as is found in commercial V. vinifera wine grapes.


		‘Camminare Noir’

	Berry L, W	1.5 cm × 1.5 cm
	Berry weight, shape	1.3 g/round
	Seed number, length and	2
	width typical for V.
	vinifera wine grapes,
	but not measured
	Cluster L, W, shape,	4.0 cm × 7.0 cm,
	compactness,	conical, well-filled
	2 clusters/shoot
	Yield kg	11.95 kg
	Pruning weights	1.75 kg
	Trunk width at 30 cm	4.6 cm
	Trunk color and texture	Rough shaggy bark
		178D
	Woody shoots diameter	0.8 cm/5.0 cm
	above cluster/and
	internode length
	Woody shoot texture	First year bark
	and color	adheres but peels in
		strips in second year
		164B
	Active shoot color,	144D
	internode color above	N144D
	the cluster zone/cluster	0.8 cm/5.0 cm
	zone shoot
	diameter/internode
	length (shoots same size
	as woody canes in the
	cluster zone)
	Tendril length, diameter	12.0 cm
	Tendril color, Opposite	0.2 cm
	leaves and alternating 2	145A
	nodes skip 2 nodes skip
	Seed color	165B
	# Berries/cluster	308
	Berry color skin and	203D
	waxy bloom	190D
	Leaves L, W apex and	14.0 cm × 16.0 cm
	base shape
	Leaf arrangement, leaf	Alternate, palmate
	shape, and leaf color	with 5 lobes
	Top/Bottom	141A/143B
	Petiole L, diameter,	7.5 cm
	texture	0.3 cm smooth
	Petiole color	N78B
	Shoot tip color (first	142B
	opened leaf)
	Harvest date	Aug. 11
	Peduncle L, diam.,	3.0 cm
	color, texture	0.5 cm
		N144B
		Smooth

Flower Descriptions

The floral buds and flower clusters are formed with in the latent (dormant) bud in the year before flowering. As the pre-formed nodes on the compressed stems within the latent bud expand and the flower clusters begin developing and the individual flowers on the panicle begin forming. They are very small 2-4 mm and closer to 2 mm with wine grapes.

Leaf Descriptions

Cuneiform with broad flat basal lobes, deep open lateral sinuses, lyre shaped petiolar sinus, closed overlapping petiolar sinus, short sharp teeth on leaf margin, light tomentum on adaxial surface, red-purple color (N78B) in the petioles, but does not diffuse into the main veins.

Berry Descriptions

The variety does not have “slip-skin” type grapes. They have skin that adheres to the flesh tightly. They are not firm at ripeness and are soft compared to modern era table grapes at harvest. The pedicels have normal attachment to the berries and are not distinguishable from other V. vinifera wine grapes in this or other morphological features, nor in juice and wine analysis.

Fruit and Juice Parameters

YAN is yeast assimilable nitrogen and helps predict fermentation success. Seed color is rated as green to brown for mature seeds.

Table 7 presents the wine characteristics of ‘Camminare Noir’.


		TA		L-malic acid	Potassium
	°Brix	(g/L)	pH	(g/L)	(mg/L)

‘Camminare	27.8	6.8	3.44	1.89	1930
Noir’

				Total
	YAN	Catechin	Tannin	anthocyanins
	(mg/L, as N)	(mg/L)	(mg/L)	(mg/L)

‘Camminare	191	18	512	1382
Noir’

Table 8 presents the juice, fruit and seed phenotype of ‘Camminare Noir’.


	Juice	Juice		Skin
	Hue	Intensity	Juice Flavor	Flavor

‘Camminare	pink-red	med	fruity, straw	sweet hay
Noir’

	Skin	Seed		Seed
	Tannin	Color		Tannin
	(1 = low,	(1 = gr,	Seed	(1 = high,
	4 = high)	4 = br)	Flavor	4 = low)

‘Camminare	1	4	woody, spicy	3
Noir’

‘Camminare Noir’ has excellent PD resistance. However, it is highly susceptible to a wide range of pests and diseases in a manner similar to other V. vinifera cultivars, and thus it must be treated as a pure V. vinifera cultivar in terms of susceptibility to fungal diseases and pests. ‘Camminare Noir’ has no known tolerance to adverse weather. Plants observed were found to be true to type through successive generations of asexual reproductions.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A new and distinct variety of grapevine plant designated ‘Camminare Noir’ as shown and described herein.