USPP29279P3 - Hibiscus plant named ‘DUP-SWTP’ - Google Patents

Abstract

A new and distinct cultivar of hibiscus plant named ‘DUP-SWTP’, characterized by glossy, dark green leaves, a strongly upright habit and extremely compact growth. The flower is characterized by a medium-sized, glossy red eye zone extending roughly a third of the way to the petal edge, sharply margined against a bright orange-yellow body zone which fully extends to the petal edge. The body zone is suffused with a bright orange, the suffusion being at a maximum at approximately half way to the petal edge, and at a minimum just outside the eye zone and at the petal edge.

Description

Latin name of the genus and species: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.

Variety denomination: ‘DUP-SWTP’.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of hibiscus, botanically known as Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and hereinafter referred to by the cultivar name ‘DUP-SWTP’.

Hibiscus have been the subject of human admiration for centuries. While the ancestry of present rosa-sinensis hybrids is not precisely known, today's hybrids are thought to be the products of interspecific crosses involving Hawaiian, Polynesian and Asian species, among others, some of which may no longer be found in the wild, if they are to be found at all. It is thought that the first hibiscus identified as a rosa-sinensis was a double red form of uncertain origin found in cultivation in China, India and Polynesia, to be later introduced to Hawaii from Polynesia. It is known to have been grown in Europe during the Victorian era. Eventually, it was introduced to the continental United States where it was cultivated outdoors in the Deep South as well as in regions having subtropical or Mediterranean climates (Florida and Southern California, respectively). Indoor cultivation took place in the temperate regions of the U.S. It is speculated that the original rosa-sinensis is actually a species hybrid, possibly naturally arising, involving two or more species. Regardless, present day hybrids are descended from the original double form, and are thought to include in their ancestry Hibiscus liliiflorus, H. arnottianus, H. schizopetalus, as well as other species, particularly those native to Hawaii.

Today, after decades of extensive hybridization, the moniker “rosa-sinensis” almost certainly denotes complex interspecific hybrids. Such hybrids are usually far removed from their species ancestors in form and color. Flowers characterized by spectacular size, color intensity and, in the last several decades, ringed and spotted patterns have been produced by U.S. hybridizers in Louisiana, Florida, Hawaii, Texas and elsewhere. Other hotbeds of hibiscus-breeding activity include Australia, and more recently, Tahiti. Today's flowers are removed from their species ancestors to such an extent that it is almost impossible to unravel the species component contributions which comprise a modem hybrid hibiscus.

However, in the past, despite the fact that hybridization was giving rise to flowers of spectacular size and color intensity, very few if any early hybrids attracted the attention of large scale commercial propagators. While the flowers were truly some of the most impressive in the entire plant world, hybridizers had been selecting predominantly for bloom characteristics. As a result, many of these spectacular hybrids were weak plants which, even with the best care, were short-lived and difficult to grow. The occasional production of a spectacular bloom was enough to keep the interest of those truly dedicated to growing something rare and special, and thus new hybrids continued to be produced by hobbyists with abundant passion and small amounts of greenhouse space. As a result, more breathtaking varieties were produced each year, to be distributed via grafting among dedicated hobbyists, only to die out within a time span of 10 or 15 years. It should be noted that the majority of the varieties introduced in the 1960's, 70's and even many from the 1980's and 90's are likely to be lost to cultivation, if they are not already.

Progress toward the development of a plant which an average gardener could easily grow and enjoy was slow to non-existent. Many varieties were difficult to root from cuttings, and even if they did root, many varieties, when grown on their own roots, were extremely susceptible to fungal and bacterial root rots. Some grew acceptably only as grafted plants. However, grafted plants suffer from a serious disadvantage in that the quality of the graft generally determines the quality of the plant, making the production of uniformly vigorous plants a difficult task. Furthermore, after several years, it is common for grafted plants to develop stresses at the graft union due to the unequal growth rates of the rootstock and the scion. Such stresses can eventually lead to loss of vigor and death of the plant. Moreover, grafting does not completely cure the problem of root rot; surprisingly, the rootstock, when grafted to a root rot susceptible scion was generally still more likely to suffer rot than a plant of the rootstock variety. For example, a plant of “Seminole Pink,” a garden variety commonly used as a rootstock, is highly resistant to root rot. However, when Seminole Pink is used as a rootstock for “Romeo,” a modern hybrid which is prone to root rot, the grafted plant, while less susceptible than Romeo, is more susceptible than a plant of Seminole Pink.

Perhaps the most detrimental disadvantage of grafted plants is the introduction of viruses into the scion from the rootstock. Rootstock varieties are almost invariably old garden varieties which, over the years, have become infected with multiple viruses. While the performance of such vigorous garden varieties may be largely unaffected by virus infection, the hybrid scion of a grafted plant has generally been significantly less vigorous than the garden variety rootstock, and virus infection from the rootstock resulted in a weak plant. The problem only increased with successive generations of grafting, resulting in a rapid general weakening of a given variety over time.

Because many hybrids are shy bloomers at best, the extra stresses due to virus infection, grafting, low disease resistance, and the like generally gave sparse flower production, as well as a high number of deformed blooms. Furthermore, ordinary stresses such as over/under watering and mite/insect pests resulted in a high percentage of bud drop. The buds of large-flowered hybrids often take relatively long times to reach blooming stage, and it was not uncommon to wait with anticipation while a bud swelled day by day, only to be disappointed when the mature bud toppled from its pedicel on the day it was to open.

Moreover, because of hybridizer emphasis on the flower, the plant was often relatively slow growing and sparsely clothed in leaves. Such plants usually do not attract purchasers as they do not have the appearance of garden-worthy specimens.

It has been noted in the industry that a hybrid hibiscus seems to sell only when it is bearing a bloom. The practical effect of all of the above-mentioned issues on a retail outlet is as follows. A garden center will order a number of plants. Many of the plants will arrive either in bloom or up to several days away from blooming. The blooming plants will generally sell the first day. On several subsequent days, new blooms will open on the remaining plants, and some of them will sell as well. However, by the fourth or fifth day, the lack of perfect growing conditions begins to take a toll, and the plants begin to drop their most mature buds. From this point on, the plants essentially sit around until they are marked down or even until they decline to such a degree that they must be discarded.

Such characteristics left hibiscus with the reputation that, despite the mesmerizing beauty of the flowers, they were for collectors who had time to attend to the seemingly exacting requirements of the plants. As a result, while new varieties were produced by hobbyists yearly, propagation of modem hybrids on a commercial scale was generally rare. Common garden varieties (Seminole Pink, Brilliant, President, Painted Lady, Butterfly, Lagos, for example), which are easy to root, fast growing, and tolerant of a wide range of growing conditions were the only hibiscus widely available. The “exotics” were of little interest to commercial growers.

Many new varieties of hibiscus representing a vast improvement in rosa-sinensis hybrids, have been produced by an intense hybridizing program conducted by the Inventor at his commercial nursery in Plaquemine, La. The objective of the program has been to produce varieties of hibiscus which root easily under commercial rooting conditions, grow well on their own roots, maturing rapidly into well-leaved, salable plants under commercial greenhouse conditions. Further objectives are to produce hibiscus cultivars as aforementioned, having large flowers with unique and desirable flower characteristics, such as size, color intensity and pattern.

Asexual reproduction of the new hibiscus by hardwood, semi-hardwood, and terminal cuttings taken in a controlled environment in Plaquemine, La., has shown that the unique features of this new hibiscus are stable and reproduced true to type in successive generations.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The cultivar ‘DUP-SWTP’ has not been observed under all possible environmental variables. The phenotype may vary somewhat with variations in environment such as temperature, light intensity, nutrient and water status without, however, any variation in genotype. For example, during cooler weather, flowers of many hibiscus cultivars may demonstrate an increased intensity in pink tones. Furthermore, as with many varieties of hibiscus, cooler weather can result in a decrease in flower diameter, and a corresponding reduction in size of sepals and pistil. Moreover, as indicated below, plant characteristics vary greatly with culture, with internode spacings often increasing in warmer weather and with higher soil fixed nitrogen content. Plants grown at higher temperatures also exhibit a faster rate of growth. In general the plant used in the following description was grown at temperatures which never dipped below 55° F. Because the Inventor's one gallon pot plants are grown for an average time of about 5.5 to 6 months prior to sale, and the 10 inch pot plants are grown for an average time of about 7 to 8 months prior to sale, it is difficult to provide a precise temperature profile required to give the average plant measurements described in the below description. The growing period can span several seasons, with seasonal fluctuations in high/low temperatures as well as photo period. It is expected that the daily high temperature ranged from about 70° F. to about 95° F., and the daily low temperature, which never dipped below 55° F., ranged from about 65° F. to about 80° F.

The following traits have been repeatedly observed and are determined to be the unique characteristics of ‘DUP-SWTP’. These characteristics in combination distinguish ‘DUP-SWTP’ as a new and distinct cultivar.

• • 1. Glossy, dark green leaves which are smaller than that of standard hibiscus varieties.
  • 2. Strongly upright habit with compact growth, appropriate for container production and culture. The size of the plant and the leaf size are aesthetically proportional. The plant size at which flowers are first produced is somewhat smaller than that of standard-sized hibiscus. However, because the growth habit is more compact than standard varieties, the time needed to reach flowering stage is similar to that of standard hibiscus varieties.
  • 3. Freely flowering habit.
  • 4. A large flower characterized by a medium-sized, glossy red eye zone extending roughly a third of the way to the petal edge, sharply margined against a bright orange-yellow body zone which fully extends to the petal edge. The body zone is suffused with a bright orange, the suffusion being at a maximum at approximately half way to the petal edge, and at a minimum just outside the eye zone and at the petal edge.
  • 5. The plant differs from its pod parent, ‘DUP-LMF’ (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 24,466) in color (parent is pumpkin orange) and disposition (parent is an upright rampant grower and ‘DUP-SWTP’ remains compact). The plant differs from its pollen parent, ‘Rum Runner’, in color (parent is a combination of purples and pinks) and habit (‘Rum Runner’ is less compact).
  • 6. The plant is extremely free-flowering, generally more so than other well-known exotic-type plants such as ‘Northern Lights’, ‘Amber Suzanne’, ‘Palomino’, ‘Crossfire’, and ‘Red Cadillac’. Furthermore, the plant is much smaller than the average size for exotic varieties.
  • 7. ‘DUP-SWTP’ is from the inventor's breeding program which has, since 1998, focused on the qualities of the plant in addition to those of the flower. Seedlings with outstanding blooms are usually eliminated from his breeding program if the plant is not an improvement in form, heat performance or free-flowering nature. His program is the only one, to his knowledge, which rigorously trials large numbers of a given seedling variety under punishing conditions of high heat and humidity (southern Louisiana), generally culling of all but the best performers. Plants which meet the standards of the program, such as ‘DUP-SWTP’, generally exhibit, with respect to other exotics (i.e., non-garden variety types), one or more of the following characteristics: better plant proportions, better leaf coverage, stronger growth, a more free-flowering nature, than exotic-type varieties presently available. Such varieties include otherwise excellent exotic-type varieties such as ‘Northern Lights’, ‘Amber Suzanne’, ‘Palomino’, ‘Crossfire’ and ‘Red Cadillac’.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE PHOTOGRAPH(S)

The accompanying colored photographs illustrate the overall appearance of the new hibiscus, showing the colors as true as it is reasonably possible to obtain in colored reproductions of this type.

The photograph on the first sheet (FIG. 1) depicts a first day flower of ‘DUP SWTP’ about an hour after fully opening in March in Plaquemine, La.

The photograph on the second sheet (FIG. 2) depicts the profile of the bloom, showing the relative proportions of the pistil and bloom diameter in FIG. 1. The calyx is clearly visible.

The photograph on the third sheet (FIG. 3) depicts the reverse of the bloom in FIG. 1.

The photograph on the fourth sheet (FIG. 4) depicts one plant in a standard one-gallon nursery pot.

The photograph on the fifth sheet (FIG. 5) depicts a mature leaf.

DETAILED BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

In the following description, color references are made to The Royal Horticultural Society Colour Chart, Edition V, version 2, except where general terms of ordinary dictionary significance are used. The following observations, measurements, and values describe plants grown in Plaquemine, La., in a standard one-gallon nursery pot. Plants used for the description were approximately 26 weeks old.

• Botanical classification: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.
• Parentage:
  • • Female or seed parent.—‘DUP-LMF’ also known as Light My Fire (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 22,466).
    • Male or pollen parent.—‘Rum Runner’ (not patented).
• Propagation:
  • • Type.—‘DUP-SWTP’ has been propagated by taking hardwood, semi-hardwood and tip cuttings, with semi-hardwood preferred. It should be noted that many methods of asexual propagation, such as tissue culture and other cloning processes, can be expected to show some degree of success in the propagation of the present cultivar. However, of the methods tried by the Inventor, the use of semi-hardwood cutting has given the greatest yield of commercially salable plants. Asexual propagation has resulted in plants which have the flower and plant characteristics of the original ‘DUP-SWTP’ plant, and thus the variety is stable. Cuttings from ‘DUP-SWTP’ generally root well under commercial greenhouse conditions. While greenhouse conditions such as relative humidity and other factors such as cutting age prior to planting affect the take, it is not unusual to get a take of almost 100%. Please note that as successive generations of cuttings are raised, the raiser may experience a drop in take due to the incorporation of virus, particularly if at some point grafted plants are prepared, and cuttings are taken from such a plant.
    • Time to initiate roots.—An average time of initiation at approximately 22° C. is approximately six weeks, with slightly longer times during winter at comparable temperatures, and slightly shorter times during summer at comparable temperatures.
    • Time to develop roots.—An average time, at approximately 22° C., of development of a root system after initiation, is approximately six weeks, with slightly longer times during winter at comparable temperatures, and slightly shorter times during summer at comparable temperatures. It should be noted that root initiation and development can be affected by greenhouse conditions, biological stressors such as disease organisms, as well as environmental stressors such as low or variant relative humidity, over- and under-watering, temperature variations or high or low constant temperatures. Thus, rooting times can be shorter or longer than the times given above depending on the values of many different characteristics during the rooting process known in the art.
    • Root description.—Fibrous and well-branched.
• Plant description:
  • • Plant form and growth habits.—Perennial evergreen having strongly upright growth. The growth habit is more compact than many other varieties. As recognized by one of skill in the art, internodal distance can be dependent upon greenhouse temperature/time profile, fertilizer availability profile, and other factors.
    • Branching habit.—Moderately well-branched, developing approximately 2-4 laterals when a single stem plant is pinched back to a 4 inch height.
    • Plant height, soil level to top of flowers.—A salable plant in a standard one-gallon nursery pot can be approximately 10 inches high and 10 inches wide. Please note that cultural variables such as those mentioned under “Plant form and growth habits,” above, among others, can cause significant variation from the values given herein.
    • Lateral branch description.—The average branch characteristics of a salable plant grown in a standard one-gallon nursery pot. Average Length: Approximately 8″. Average Diameter: Approximately 0.6 cm measured at the transition from green to woody stem texture. Texture: Immature: Smooth. Mature: Woody and rough. Mature branch color: 148D. Immature branch color: 147A.
• Mature foliage description:
  • • Arrangement.—Alternate, single, numerous, symmetrical.
    • Length.—Approximately 6.9 cm.
    • Width.—Approximately 6.0 cm.
    • Shape.—Ovate to cordate.
    • Apex.—Acute.
    • Margin.—Crenate entire.
    • Upper surface.—Glabrous, rugose.
    • Lower surface.—Scabrous.
    • Color.—Young foliage, upper surface: More green than 140A; glossy. Mature foliage, upper surface: Generally darker than 140A; glossy.
    • Petiole.—Average Length: 2.5 cm. Average Diameter: 0.2 cm. Texture: Very fine pubescence on upper surface; lower surface, glabrous. It should be noted that as with other plant growth characteristics, foliage color and size can vary with nutrient availability, greenhouse temperature, day length, and other conditions of culture.
• Flower description:
  • • Natural flowering season.—Year round, with number and size reduction in extended periods of cold weather, such as daytime temperatures of less than 60° F. Extreme heat can slow growth and flower production.
    • Flower arrangement.—Flowers arranged singly at terminal leaf axils. Very free-flowering, with usually three to five developing flower buds per lateral branch, flowers generally face outward or upward.
    • Flower appearance.—Medium-sized single bloom. Flowers are open for one to two days before senescence, which is often accompanied by partial or full petal closure. Flowers persistent.
    • Flower diameter.—‘DUP-SWTP’ flowers are generally in the range of from about 5.0″ to 6.0″ when fully open, with largest flowers produced during warm weather (for example, day and night time temperatures above 73° F.).
    • Flower depth.—Flower depth was measured to average approximately 3.9 cm. Flower depth was measured after removal of a petal and a sepal to expose the base of the pistil. The measurement was taken on a fully opened flower in the direction of the pistil, from the base of the ovaries to the maximum height of the flower petal. The depth was measured by using the point of recurvature of the petal whorl. It should be noted that outermost whorl of hibiscus blossoms can flatten out during the day, or increase or decrease in curvature or degree of petal reflex during the day, and thus variance from the foregoing value is possible. ‘DUP-SWTP’ is different from most other hibiscus varieties in that it usually has a maximum recurvature of about 90 degrees (i.e., in general, no portion of the petal flexes to a point to where the petal upper surface is greater than a 90 degree angle to the main axis of the flower).
    • Flower bud (just before showing color).—Rate of opening: 1-2 days. Rate of opening is generally faster in warmer weather. Flower bud dimensions were measured on a bud which was approximately one day from opening. Bud length was measured from the tip of the bud to the abscission zone where bud and peduncle meet. The average length of a bud which is one day from opening is approximately 7.6 cm. Bud diameter was measured at the widest part of the bud, an area approximately halfway up the outside of the developing petals. The average diameter of a bud which is one day from opening is approximately 2.1 cm. It should be noted that bud dimensions can vary somewhat with cultural conditions, and variations can even be observed in buds which are at the same stage of development. Shape: Roughly conical to roughly long ovoid. Petals are often irregularly folded at ends, preventing the formation of a pointed end, particularly one or two days before opening of the bud.
    • Petals.—Upper Surface Texture: Smooth, satiny, rugose. Lower Surface Texture: smooth, rugose. Arrangement: The corolla consists of five petals arranged in a whorl, having regular partial overlap, even when the flower is fully open. Shape of a petal from the outer whorl: Roughly spatulate, with a rounded apex and a truncate base at the point of attachment of the petal to the staminal column. The margin of each petal is undulate and entire, such that the margin of the flower appears to be undulate, and the overlap is such that the flower margin appears circular, with small indentations at the point where the flower margin changes from one petal to the adjacent petal. A representative petal length was measured to be about 7.1 cm, and was taken from the base of the petal to the farthest point on the margin opposite the base. A representative width is 8.0 cm, and was measured perpendicularly to the pistil at the widest point of the petal. Petal size can vary with cultural conditions, such as temperature, and thus the flower size and shape can vary as well. Often, flowers which are produced at colder temperatures are smaller and appear more fully overlapped, giving almost a wheel-shaped appearance. As indicted above, when fully open, the edges of ‘DUP-SWTP’ flowers usually do not recurve. The color of a warm weather flower is described below. It has been observed that variations in temperature can effect the stronger or weaker expression of certain pigments, changing the balance of color, and thus variations in color intensity and pattern can occur with temperature. Cold weather may intensify pink coloration. Thus, zones of the flower which are not what one would describe as visibly pink, but, say, orange in the case of the body zone of the present variety, may experience slightly intensified production of pink color, enough to change the perceived color of the zone to a pinkish orange. It should be noted that the colors of hibiscus are among the most changeable of all flowers. A newly opening morning bloom generally has the most intense coloration, but as the flower flattens out and is exposed to the sun, many pigments begin to fade immediately, resulting in a flower which can look like a different variety altogether. While the flower of ‘DUP-SWTP’ fades less than those of many other varieties, exposed to strong sun, it can fade to a soft pink with a uniform soft yellow-orange by the end of the first day. The morning colors are described below. Color: Upper surface: Medium sized 59A eye which extends 25 percent of petal length, sharply margined with a 24D intermediate zone whish grades quickly into a 14C intermediate zone which is suffused with 25B, the suffusion generally not present on the venation, and reaching a maximum at two thirds petal length, and falling to nearly zero at the petal margin. Lower surface: Uniform 24D, grading to 11B on overlapping side of petal.
    • Sepals.—Unlike the petals, sepals are relatively invariant in color. Their size can be affected by the same cultural conditions which affect flower size. They are generally smooth and elongated oblong with acute apices (pointed tips). They are fused at the long edges into a cupped calyx bearing at its brim the five pointed tips. When the petals of the flower spread open, the five pointed tips, which are flush with the backs of the opening petals, are forced into a radiating five point star-shaped configuration, which can be observed on the profile and reverse pictures. A representative width, which is measured perpendicularly to the long axis of the sepal at the position on the sepal at which the oblong edges transition from fused to unfused, is approximately 1.0 cm. A representative length, measured on the sepal from the free point to the fused point is approximately 2.5 cm. Color: Upper surface: Close to 146A. Lower surface: Close to 147A.
    • Peduncle.—Length: 3.7 cm. Angle: Approximately 45 degrees from branch. Strength: Strong, flexible. Texture: Smooth.
    • Reproductive organs.—Androecium: Stamen number: Approximately 80. Anther shape: Crescent. Anther color: 27C. Amount of pollen: Moderate. Pollen color: 8A. Gynoecium: Pistil number: 1. Pistil length (from base of ovaries to top of stigma): 8.2 cm. Style length (from base of ovaries to stigma branching point): 7.8 cm. Style diameter, at base: 0.8 cm. Style color: Base of 59A, vertically striped on style to lowest anthers, over 27C. Stigma number: 5. Stigma color: 31A. The epicalyx is situated below the calyx and bears an average of about 6 to about 9 slender projections, although sometimes more or less, which are generally shorter than the tepals, and which radiate from a common point. The color is approximately 140A. It should be noted that the dimensions of a hibiscus blossom generally change not only during bud development, but also during opening, as well as during the life of the opened flower. For instance, upon opening, the petals generally gain in length. Furthermore, after opening, the pistil continues to grow in length while the anther filaments which hold the pollen sacs increase in length, the pollen sacs open and the stigmas separate, each at the tip of a branched style structure. Toward the end of the flower life, possibly due to a reduction in turgor pressure, the pistil may shrink in length and the petals may slightly decrease in area. Usually, the senescing petals of the flower fold toward the pistil to some degree, in some cases, completely enfolding it. In Baton Rouge, and likely, all locations, seed pods are generally not produced unless the flower is hand pollinated, regardless of whether the plant is outside or in the greenhouse. Even if hand pollinated, the “take” depends upon the pollen parent, with cooler periods of the year (Fall, Spring) giving the greatest probability of success. Under most conditions and care regimens, the formation of a seed pod is unlikely, even if hand pollinated, but it can occur. In general, the rosa-sinensis seed pod is a five-chambered okra-type fruit with the long seed chambers disposed along the main axis of the flower. Up to about 50 viable seeds can be produced, but the typical yield is usually about 15 or fewer.
• Disease resistance: ‘DUP-SWTP’ has not been observed to be resistant to pathogens common in hibiscus. However, it has been observed in the green house to have a higher resistance to root rot than that of many existing hybrid varieties grown on their own roots. If desired, and if the risk of virus infection is of no concern, the present variety can be grafted onto a rootstock and be grown as a grafted plant. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is not frost hardy, although occasionally, established plants may come back from the roots and stem bases after exposure to overnight temperatures as low as about 20° F. Garden varieties are more reliable than the exotic types in this regard. However, most exotic varieties will be severely damaged by several hours of exposure to about 28° F. Baton Rouge is in USDA Hardiness Zone 9 and exotic hibiscus which have been in the ground for several years often survive average winters by regrowing from stem bases.

Claims (1)

It is claimed:

1. A new and distinct hibiscus plant named ‘DUP-SWTP’, either grafted or on its own roots, as illustrated and described.

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