USH212H - Displacement and force measurement by means of optically-generated moire fringes - Google Patents

Displacement and force measurement by means of optically-generated moire fringes Download PDF

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Publication number
USH212H
USH212H US06/686,767 US68676784A USH212H US H212 H USH212 H US H212H US 68676784 A US68676784 A US 68676784A US H212 H USH212 H US H212H
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United States
Prior art keywords
displacement
fringes
mirrors
light
pair
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Abandoned
Application number
US06/686,767
Inventor
James D. Holder
Walter L. Hales
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US Department of Army
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US Department of Army
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Priority to US06/686,767 priority Critical patent/USH212H/en
Assigned to UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY OF ARMY, THE reassignment UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SECRETARY OF ARMY, THE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: HALES, WALTER L., HOLDER, JAMES D.
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01L—MEASURING FORCE, STRESS, TORQUE, WORK, MECHANICAL POWER, MECHANICAL EFFICIENCY, OR FLUID PRESSURE
    • G01L1/00—Measuring force or stress, in general
    • G01L1/24—Measuring force or stress, in general by measuring variations of optical properties of material when it is stressed, e.g. by photoelastic stress analysis using infrared, visible light, ultraviolet
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D5/00—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable
    • G01D5/26—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
    • G01D5/32—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light
    • G01D5/34—Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light with attenuation or whole or partial obturation of beams of light the beams of light being detected by photocells
    • G01D5/36—Forming the light into pulses
    • G01D5/38—Forming the light into pulses by diffraction gratings

Definitions

  • Moire fringe a resultant larger regular pattern is formed due to the periodic summation of periodic patterns which will vary from place to place if the two patterns are slightly displaced from identical overlap or are of slightly different geometry. If the patterns move with respect to one another the resultant Moire fringe will be seen to move at a faster rate than the relative pattern motion.
  • the Moire fringe effect has been used to make possible displacement measurements with instruments of limited resolution by virtue of the size and speed magnification effects.
  • These systems use either systems of grating transparencies or slotted plates for the reference patterns. Since there are limitations to the physical characteristics and definition of such devices, a purely optical system can be of advantage. With the advent of inexpensive laser diodes, a practical source of monochromatic light is available.
  • Apparatus for displacement and force measurement by means of optically-generated Moire fringes A pair of optical sensors and an associated counting device is used to measure the number of fringes passing the sensors as well as their phase relationship. The total displacement is proportional to the number of fringes passing a given photodetector. Measurement of the phase relationship of the fringes determines whether the net displacement is (+) or (-).
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view illustrating typical apparatus for interference fringe generation.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view illustrating a pair of relatively movable mirrors for reflecting light beams to a translucent screen and optical sensors for detecting fringe patterns.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view illustrating apparatus for interference fringe generation using a fixed and a movable mirror and optical sensors for detecting fringe patterns.
  • FIG. 1 which illustrates a typical interference fringe generation
  • a beam of monochromatic light 10 is projected simultaneously onto a screen 12 and a mirror 13, and the beam reflected from the mirror overlaps the direct beam 14, an interference fringe will be generated on the screen 12 at the location 16 on the screen. This fringe is due to the constructive and destructive interference of the wavefronts of the monochromatic light.
  • FIG. 2 it is seen that if the screen 12 is translucent, and another light beam 17 and mirror 18 is placed, two interference patterns will be overlapping at the region 19 on the screen. This overlapping of these patterns will result in the Moire fringes being generated in the region 19. The fringe will move with great sensitivity to the relative positioning of the two mirrors 13 and 18. If suitably-focused electro-optical sensors 20 and 23 are positioned so as to view screen 12, then as the Moire fringe shifts in response to physical movement of the mirrors 13 and 18 a varying electrical signal will be generated as each fringe passes the viewing position. A measure of displacement can be made by counting the number of light-dark transitions as the fringes shift by a counter 21.
  • a complication to the counting of fringe passage for displacement measurement is that if the motion reverses, the count must subtract rather than add.
  • This problem has been solved by the use of two optic sensors placed at a 90-degree phase relationship (quadrature) with the Moire period. In this case, the two sensor's outputs are compared for lead or lag relationship and the counting device is set to count up and down accordingly.
  • Other implementations of this design are available which will enhance the performance such as desensitizing to vibration.
  • FIG. 3 A system for accomplishing this is shown in FIG. 3. As shown in FIG. 3, a movable mirror 22 and a fixed mirror 24 is provided to reflect portions of the monochromatic light beams 26 and 28 respectively. The reflected beams, together with their direct portion, all arrive at the interference region 30 where the fringes are generated by the interaction of the light wavefronts. In this region a pair of optic sensors 32 and 34 are placed so as to detect the light and dark patterns of the Moire fringe.
  • the spacing between 32 and 34 is at the quadrature of the Moire period as discussed above. If an external force 36 is applied to the movable mirror 22, the fringe will shift due to the changing interference patterns in a very sensitive manner. In this situation a displacement of the mirror and its attachment can be very precisely measured. If the movable mirror 22 is restrained by a springy medium 38, then a quite sensitive force measurement may be made knowing the displacement against a known spring rate.
  • the system described can be made to measure with great accuracy limited only by the light wavelengths and diffraction effects.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Length Measuring Devices By Optical Means (AREA)

Abstract

Apparatus for measuring force and displacement by measuring Moire fringe fts in response to relative movement between a pair of mirrors which reflect light beams therefrom to an interaction region. A pair of electro-optical sensors is positioned to view the interference region and detect fringe shifts responsive to relative movement between the mirrors.

Description

DEDICATORY CLAUSE
The invention described herein may be manufactured, used, and licensed by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment to us of any royalties thereon.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
It is well known that when two or more regular patterns such as parallel strips are overlaid at a random orientation that a resultant larger regular pattern is formed called the Moire fringe. This pattern is formed due to the periodic summation of periodic patterns which will vary from place to place if the two patterns are slightly displaced from identical overlap or are of slightly different geometry. If the patterns move with respect to one another the resultant Moire fringe will be seen to move at a faster rate than the relative pattern motion.
The Moire fringe effect has been used to make possible displacement measurements with instruments of limited resolution by virtue of the size and speed magnification effects. These systems use either systems of grating transparencies or slotted plates for the reference patterns. Since there are limitations to the physical characteristics and definition of such devices, a purely optical system can be of advantage. With the advent of inexpensive laser diodes, a practical source of monochromatic light is available.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Apparatus for displacement and force measurement by means of optically-generated Moire fringes. A pair of optical sensors and an associated counting device is used to measure the number of fringes passing the sensors as well as their phase relationship. The total displacement is proportional to the number of fringes passing a given photodetector. Measurement of the phase relationship of the fringes determines whether the net displacement is (+) or (-).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view illustrating typical apparatus for interference fringe generation.
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic view illustrating a pair of relatively movable mirrors for reflecting light beams to a translucent screen and optical sensors for detecting fringe patterns.
FIG. 3 is a diagrammatic view illustrating apparatus for interference fringe generation using a fixed and a movable mirror and optical sensors for detecting fringe patterns.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Referring to FIG. 1 which illustrates a typical interference fringe generation, if a beam of monochromatic light 10 is projected simultaneously onto a screen 12 and a mirror 13, and the beam reflected from the mirror overlaps the direct beam 14, an interference fringe will be generated on the screen 12 at the location 16 on the screen. This fringe is due to the constructive and destructive interference of the wavefronts of the monochromatic light.
In FIG. 2, it is seen that if the screen 12 is translucent, and another light beam 17 and mirror 18 is placed, two interference patterns will be overlapping at the region 19 on the screen. This overlapping of these patterns will result in the Moire fringes being generated in the region 19. The fringe will move with great sensitivity to the relative positioning of the two mirrors 13 and 18. If suitably-focused electro- optical sensors 20 and 23 are positioned so as to view screen 12, then as the Moire fringe shifts in response to physical movement of the mirrors 13 and 18 a varying electrical signal will be generated as each fringe passes the viewing position. A measure of displacement can be made by counting the number of light-dark transitions as the fringes shift by a counter 21.
A complication to the counting of fringe passage for displacement measurement is that if the motion reverses, the count must subtract rather than add. This problem has been solved by the use of two optic sensors placed at a 90-degree phase relationship (quadrature) with the Moire period. In this case, the two sensor's outputs are compared for lead or lag relationship and the counting device is set to count up and down accordingly. Other implementations of this design are available which will enhance the performance such as desensitizing to vibration.
The interference patterns and the resulting Moire fringes are generated regardless of the presence of a screen. Omitting the screen will not only lower the cost of such a system, but will enhance the performance since the light scattering of the screen is eliminated. This will result in sharper Moire fringes and better performance of the optic detectors. A system for accomplishing this is shown in FIG. 3. As shown in FIG. 3, a movable mirror 22 and a fixed mirror 24 is provided to reflect portions of the monochromatic light beams 26 and 28 respectively. The reflected beams, together with their direct portion, all arrive at the interference region 30 where the fringes are generated by the interaction of the light wavefronts. In this region a pair of optic sensors 32 and 34 are placed so as to detect the light and dark patterns of the Moire fringe. The spacing between 32 and 34 is at the quadrature of the Moire period as discussed above. If an external force 36 is applied to the movable mirror 22, the fringe will shift due to the changing interference patterns in a very sensitive manner. In this situation a displacement of the mirror and its attachment can be very precisely measured. If the movable mirror 22 is restrained by a springy medium 38, then a quite sensitive force measurement may be made knowing the displacement against a known spring rate.
The system described can be made to measure with great accuracy limited only by the light wavelengths and diffraction effects. Using the present-day semiconductor laser devices and photodetectors and the counting techniques already developed, a very sensitive, accurate, and economical method of displacement and force measurement can be produced.

Claims (3)

We claim:
1. Apparatus for displacement and force measurement by means of optically-generated Moire fringe patterns comprising:
a. a movable mirror and a fixed mirror positioned in spaced relation;
b. a pair of light sources disposed for directing separate light beams to said mirrors; said mirrors disposed to reflect portions of said light beams to an interference region where fringes are generated by interaction of the light wavefronts; and,
c. a pair of optic sensors positioned in said interference region to detect light and dark patterns of said fringes.
2. Apparatus as in claim 1 wherein said optical sensors are photodetectors.
3. Apparatus as in claim 2 wherein said movable mirror is moved by an external force and restrained by a springy medium.
US06/686,767 1984-12-27 1984-12-27 Displacement and force measurement by means of optically-generated moire fringes Abandoned USH212H (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/686,767 USH212H (en) 1984-12-27 1984-12-27 Displacement and force measurement by means of optically-generated moire fringes

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/686,767 USH212H (en) 1984-12-27 1984-12-27 Displacement and force measurement by means of optically-generated moire fringes

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
USH212H true USH212H (en) 1987-02-03

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Country Status (1)

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US (1) USH212H (en)

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Owner name: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, AS REPRESENTED BY THE SE

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Effective date: 19841210

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