USH1388H - Polyolefin polymer and method of making same - Google Patents
Polyolefin polymer and method of making same Download PDFInfo
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- USH1388H USH1388H US07/997,303 US99730392A USH1388H US H1388 H USH1388 H US H1388H US 99730392 A US99730392 A US 99730392A US H1388 H USH1388 H US H1388H
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G61/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carbon-to-carbon link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G61/02—Macromolecular compounds containing only carbon atoms in the main chain of the macromolecule, e.g. polyxylylenes
- C08G61/04—Macromolecular compounds containing only carbon atoms in the main chain of the macromolecule, e.g. polyxylylenes only aliphatic carbon atoms
- C08G61/06—Macromolecular compounds containing only carbon atoms in the main chain of the macromolecule, e.g. polyxylylenes only aliphatic carbon atoms prepared by ring-opening of carbocyclic compounds
- C08G61/08—Macromolecular compounds containing only carbon atoms in the main chain of the macromolecule, e.g. polyxylylenes only aliphatic carbon atoms prepared by ring-opening of carbocyclic compounds of carbocyclic compounds containing one or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds in the ring
Definitions
- the present invention pertains to processes for the polymerization of olefins, notably strained ring polycyclic olefins, particularly dicyclopentadiene, as well as to the corresponding polymeric reaction product.
- the invention utilizes metathesis polymerization in combination with one or more of a variety of other catalysts selected from the group consisting of: a Lewis acid catalyst and cocatalyst, an anionic catalyst, a free radical initiator, and a hydrosilation catalyst.
- the processes of the present invention are particularly suited to manufacturing plastic articles via reaction injection molding (i.e. "RIM").
- thermoset cycloolefin polymers via metathesis catalysis is a relatively recent development in the polymer art.
- Klosiewicz in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,400,340 and 4,520,181, teaches preparation of cycloolefins via a twostream reaction injection molding technique wherein a first stream, comprising a metathesis polymerizable olefin (such as dicyclopentadiene) in admixture with a metathesis catalyst, and a second stream, comprisihg a metathesis polymerizable olefin (such as dicyclopentadiene) in admixture with metathesis catalyst activator, are combined in a mix head and immediately injected into a mold where, within a matter of seconds, polymerization and molding to a permanently fixed shape take place simultaneously.
- a metathesis polymerizable olefin such as dicyclopentadiene
- Klosiewicz also teaches the use of a reaction rate moderator in the activator stream to delay the catalyst activation until the reaction mass is totally within the mold.
- the catalyst can be a tungsten halide or a tungsten oxyhalide, and that the activator can be tetrabutyl tin, or an alkylaluminum compound, and that the reaction rate moderator can be an ester, ether, ketone or nitrile.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,835,230 (to N.P. KHASAT et al.) relates to the use of a cationic polymerization initiator in the preparation of a thermoset polymer.
- Cationic polymerization initiators disclosed include protonic acids, Lewis acids and other cation generators such as alkyl perchlorates and ionizing radiation, and it is further disclosed that the cationic polymerization initiator can be used alone or in conjunction with a cocatalyst.
- KHASAT et al. utilizes a plurality of reactant streams in the polymerization of dicyclopentadiene, especially for RIM.
- thermoset polydicyclopentadiene states that the number of applications for thermoset polydicyclopentadiene has been somewhat limited because of the distinctive odor of the residual dicyclopentadiene monomer.
- KHASAT et al. states that the use of a cationic polymerization initiator can increase the glass transition temperature (T g ) and polymer heat deflection temperature (HDT) of thermoset dicyclopentadiene polymers and copolymers, and reduce residual monomer content without reducing impact strength.
- T g glass transition temperature
- HDT polymer heat deflection temperature
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,481,344, to Newburg relates to a method for making thermoset poly(dicyclopentadiene), and to the product so produced.
- NEWBURG states that although thermoset poly(dicyclopentadiene) is well suited for a wide variety of applications, particularly as an engineering plastic, there are a number of applications in which its use has been somewhat limited due to the distinctive odor of the residual dicyclopentadiene monomer.
- NEWBURG describes a twopart metathesis catalyst system in which the first part comprises a metathesis catalyst, and the second part comprises an activator, and wherein at least one part comprises a halogen-containing hydrocarbyl additive.
- the hydrocarbyl additive contains at least one trihalogen-substituted atom or at least one activated halogen atom.
- NEWBURG's Table I discloses various hydrocarbyl additives, and Table II provides results in terms of residual dicyclopentadiene monomer in various poly(dicyclopentadiene) products produced using various hydrocarbyl additives.
- European Patent Application 0,374,997 relates to the polymerization of cyclic olefins in the presence of a catalyst comprising (a) a transition metal compound, (b) a co-catalyst, and (c) a boron halide compound.
- a catalyst comprising (a) a transition metal compound, (b) a co-catalyst, and (c) a boron halide compound.
- the present invention relates to a composition
- a composition comprising: (A) a polyolefin comprising repeating units of a metathesis polymerizable olefin; (B) a metathesis polymerization procatalyst and a metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator; and (c) at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
- a Lewis acid catalyst and a Lewis acid cocatalyst effective to obtain a residual metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer level of from about 0 to 0.25 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin;
- a hydrosilation polymerization catalyst and a monomer comprising a hydrosilane (.tbd.Si--H) group.
- the present invention also relates to a method for making the composition of the present invention.
- the method comprises combining a metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer with a metathesis polymerization procatalyst, a metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, and at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
- a Lewis acid catalyst and a Lewis acid cocatalyst effective to obtain a residual metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer level of from 0 to 0.25 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin;
- a hydrosilation polymerization catalyst and a monomer comprising a hydrosilane (.tbd.Si--H) group.
- the method is preferably carried out by providing a plurality of reactant streams which are mixed together to form a reaction mixture.
- the reaction mixture is formed into a desired shape before the polymerization of the metathesis polymerizable olefin.
- the present invention relates to the polymerization of olefins in general, and more particularly to the polymerization of cycloolefins
- the present invention is concerned with achieving one or more of a variety of effects.
- One of the most significant effects is achieving a low level of residual metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer in a polymeric reaction product comprising repeating units of a metathesis polymerizable olefin.
- Other effects include increasing polymer T g , increasing polymer impact strength, improving polymer stiffness, improving polymer heat distortion temperature, improving polymer oxidative heat stability, and reducing polymer odor.
- the metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer may be any monomer which can be polymerized in the presence of one or more metathesis catalysts.
- Cycloolefins comprise a preferred group of metathesis polymerizable olefinic monomers.
- Metathesis-polymerizable, strained-ring, non-conjugated polycyclic cycloolefins comprise a group of still more preferred olefins useful in the process of the present invention. Most strained-ring, non-conjugated, polycyclic cycloolefins are metathesis polymerizable.
- preferred metathesis polymerizable monomers include cycloolefins of the norbornene type, defined by the following formulas: ##STR1## where R and R 1 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl groups of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon cyclic groups formed by R and R 1 together with the two ring carbon atoms. R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl groups containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- the metathesis polymerizable olefin comprises a norbornene group.
- Preferred monomers include, for example, dicyclopentadiene, higher cyclopentadiene oligomers (such as trimers and higher oligomers of cyclopentadiene), norbornenes, norbornadiene, 4-alkylidene norbornene, dimethanooctahydronaphthalene, and dimethanohexahydronaphthalene, as well as substituted derivatives of these compounds.
- the most preferred cyclic olefin monomer for use in the present invention is dicyclopentadiene, i.e. most preferably the polyolefin comprises repeating units of dicyclopentadiene.
- the polyolefin comprises repeating units of dicyclopentadiene in an amount of from about 1 to 100 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin. Still more preferably, repeating units of dicyclopentadiene are present in an amount of from about 10 to 100 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin. Most preferably, repeating units of dicyclopentadiene are present in an amount of from about 75 to 100 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin.
- Dicyclopentadiene may be used as the sole monomer in the polymerization, or the polymerization may be carried out using a mixture of dicyclopentadiene with other strained-ring hydrocarbons in ratios of 1 to 99 mole percent of either monomer, preferably about 75 to 100 mole percent dicyclopentadiene.
- the most preferred dicyclopentadiene for preparing polymers according to the process of the present invention is commercially available endo-dicyclopentadiene (i.e., 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methano-1H-indene).
- the exo-isomer while not commercially available, can be used just as well. In fact, it is present in commercially-available dicyclopentadiene at a relatively low level, e.g. 0.5% by weight.
- the preferred commercially available monomer normally has a purity of at least 97 weight percent and preferably at least 99 weight percent.
- the preferred commercially available monomer further comprises tricyclopentadiene (i.e.
- cyclopentadiene trimer in an amount of from about 0 to 2 weight percent, as well as from about 0 to 2 weight percent of still other norbornene-group containing cycloolefins.
- the exo-isomer of dicyclopentadiene is generally present in commercially available dicyclopentadiene at a relatively low level, e.g. about 0.5 weight percent, based on the weight of the dicyclopentadiene.
- dicyclopentadiene should have a purity high enough to prevent impurities from inhibiting the polymerization.
- the low boiling fraction should be removed. This can be done by stripping away several percent of the unsaturated four to six carbon atom volatiles, i.e., the volatiles distilled below 100° C. at about 90 ⁇ 3 torr absolute pressure. It is often desirable to purify the starting material even further by treatment with an absorbent such as molecular sieves, alumina or silica gel. Additionally, the water content of the starting material should be below about 100 ppm. The presence of water interferes with polymerization by hydrolysis of both the catalyst and the activator components of the catalyst system. Water can be removed by azeotropic distillation under reduced pressure.
- the metathesis polymerizable olefin alone or in combination with other monomers present in the reaction mixture, polymerizes to form one or more polymers.
- the resulting polyolefin preferably comprises repeating units of the metathesis polymerizable olefin in an amount of from about 1 weight percent to 100 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin. More preferably, repeating units of the metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer are present in the polyolefin in an amount of from about 10 weight percent to 100 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin. Most preferably, repeating units of the metathesis polymerizable monomer are present in the polyolefin in an amount of from about 75 to 100 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin.
- the process of the present invention may also be carried out by the polymerization of a plurality of monomers.
- Each of the monomers may be metathesis polymerizable, or only one of the monomers may be metathesis polymerizable.
- the additional monomer (or monomers) may polymerize to form a copolymer, a graft copolymer, a homopolymer, and/or an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN).
- IPN interpenetrating polymer network
- any one or more of the following cycloolefins may be used as additional monomers, e.g. monomers used in combination with dicyclopentadiene.
- Such monomers include: norbornene-type comonomers such as norbornene, methylnorbornene, vinylnorbornene, ethylidenenorbornene, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, as well as m-diisopropenylbenzene, polyisoprene, styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, ⁇ -pinene, p-diisopropenyl-benzene, diisobutylene, polyindane, dimethanohexahydronaphthalene, tetracyclododecene(1,4,5,8-dimethano-1,2,4a,5,8,8a-octahydronaphthalene), methyltetracyclodode
- the additional monomer is at least one member selected from the group consisting of: tricyclopentadiene, norbornene, 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene, 1,4-diisopropenylbenzene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, pinene, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, ⁇ -pinene, polyisoprene, diisobutylene, polyindane, acenaphthylene, 5,5'-sulfonyl-bis(2-norbornene), hexamethylene-bis(5-norbornene-2-carboxylate), 1,4,5,8-dimethano-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene, hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, 4-methylstyrene, and poly(vinylbenzyl
- the additional monomer is 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene.
- Any metathesis polymerizable olefin may also be polymerized alone or in combination with any one or more additional metathesis polymerizable olefins, whether listed above or not.
- additional polymerization may be utilized, such as: styrenes, vinyl-substituted aromatic compounds, and methacrylates, which are subject to free radical polymerization; caprolactone, hexaalkylcyclotrisiloxane, methacrylates, and styrenes, which are subject to anionic polymerization; styrenes, divinylbenzene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, terpenes (such as ⁇ -pinene), diisopropenyl-benzenes, diisobutylene, polyisoprene, polybutadienes, polystyrenes, copolymers of styrene and dienes, polyindanes, which are subject to poly
- the additional monomer is used in the process of the present invention (hence present in the composition) in an amount of from about 1 to 99 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin. More preferably, the additional monomer is used in the process in an amount of from about 1 to 50 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin. Most preferably, the additional monomer is present used in the process in an amount of from about 1 to 25 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin.
- Suitable metathesis polymerization procatalysts include molybdenum halides and tungsten halides, and their corresponding oxyhalides, especially those having two valences satisfied by oxygen rather than halogen. Such procatalysts are herein referred to as "standard procatalysts”. Halides and oxyhalides of still other transition metals such as rhenium, tantalum, and niobium are also suitable for use as metathesis polymerization procatalysts.
- Tungsten halides and oxyhalides are among the preferred procatalysts. Still more preferred are mixtures or complexes of tungsten hexachloride (WCl 6 ) and a tungsten oxytetrachloride (WOCl 4 ) in a molar ratio of WOCl 4 to WCl 6 of about 1:9 to 2:1. Such mixtures or complexes can be prepared by contacting essentially pure WCl 6 with a controlled portion of an oxygen donor.
- Useful oxygen donors include, e.g., a hydrated salt, water, a wet molecular sieve and alkyl alcohols. The most preferred oxygen donor is t-butanol.
- the tungsten or molybdenum compound is not normally soluble in the methathesis polymerizable olefin monomer, but can be solubilized by complexing it with a phenolic compound.
- the tungsten or molybdenum compound is first suspended in a small amount of an inert diluent such as benzene, toluene, xylene or chlorinated benzene, to form a 0.1 to 1 mole per liter slurry.
- the phenolic compound is added to the slurry in a molar ratio of about 1:1 to 1:3 catalyst compound to phenolic compound, followed by passing a stream of dry inert gas through the agitated solution to remove hydrogen chloride gas that is formed.
- a phenolic salt such as a lithium or sodium phenoxide
- a phenolic salt can be added to a tungsten compound/organic solvent slurry, the mixture stirred until essentially all of the tungsten compound is dissolved, and the precipitated inorganic salt removed by filtration or centrifugation.
- phenolic compounds include phenol, alkyl phenols, halogenated phenols or phenolic salts such as lithium or sodium phenoxide.
- the most preferred phenolic compounds are t-butyl phenol, t-octyl phenol and nonyl phenol.
- a particularly preferred procatalyst complex is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,981,931, to Bell, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety, by reference thereto.
- This patent describes a tungsten catalyst complex having the formula: ##STR2## where X is Cl or Br, n is 2 or 3, R 1 is H, a Cl, an alkyl group having 1-10 carbons, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbons, or a phenyl group; R 2 is H, a halogen, or an alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms; and R 3 is a H, or an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms together with a tin activator compound having the formula R 3 SnH, where R is an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group.
- the alkoxy groups R 1 can correspond to the following formulas: ##STR3## wherein m is between 0 and 7, n 1 , n 2 , and n 3 are integers, equal or different, between 0 and 5, wherein the sum of the three integers is between 0 and 5 inclusive, ##STR4## wherein the numbers n 4 , n 5 , n 6 , and n 7 are equal or different, between 0 and 4 inclusive and the sum of the four numbers is between 0 and 4 inclusive.
- the bulky alkyl groups of R 2 can be for example isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, iso-amyl, tert-amyl or similar groups.
- the structure may be for example: ##STR5## where n 8 , n 9 , and n 10 represent integers, equal or different between 0 and 6 with the sum of the three numbers no greater than 6.
- R 2 may be represented by the formula: ##STR6## wherein n 11 , n 12 , n 13 , and n 14 are integral numbers the sum of which is no greater than 5.
- the two R 2 groups are generally bulky but do not have to be identical.
- the R 2 be methyl groups.
- the tungsten catalyst complex can be prepared in a manner similar to the method disclosed by Bassett et al. in The Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 26, No. 25, pp. 4272-4277, (1987) and European Patent Appl. EP No. 259,215, Mar. 9, 1988, both of which are hereby incorporated, in their entireties, by reference thereto.
- tungsten catalyst complexes that may be employed in this invention are WCl 2 (4-ethoxyphenoxy) 4 , WCl 2 (4-butoxyphenoxy) 4 , WCl 3 (2,6-di-tertbutylphenoxy) 3 , WCl 2 (phenoxy) 4 , WCl 2 (3-methylphenoxy) 4 , WCl 2 (4-methylphenoxy), WCl 2 (3,5-dimethylphenoxy) 4 , WCl 2 (4-butylphenoxy) 4 , WCl 2 (4-chlorophenoxy) 4 , WCl 3 (2,6-dimethylphenoxy) 3 , WCl 3 (2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy) 3 , WCl 2 (4-phenylphenoxy) 4 , WCl 2 (4-methoxyphenoxy) 4 , and WCl 3 (2,6-diisopropylphenoxy) 3 .
- the "Bell-type" procatalyst acts to delay gelation and polymerization of the metathesis-polymerizable cycloolefins, for a time sufficient to at least charge the reaction mixture to a mold.
- Both the Bell-type procatalyst and the procatalyst activator have good stability, with resistance to oxygen and moisture. As reported in the '931 patent, the Bell-type procatalyst and the procatalyst activator are easily isolated, without requiring the addition of a rate moderator compound to obtain the desired delay in gel and cure time.
- a Lewis base or a chelating agent can be added per mole of procatalyst compound.
- Preferred chelatants include acetylacetones, dibenzoyl methane and alkyl acetoacetates, where the alkyl group contains from 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- Preferred Lewis bases are nitriles and ethers such as benzonitrile and tetrahydrofuran.
- the molar ratio of the procatalyst to metathesis polymerizable monomer (e.g. dicyclopentadiene) in the reaction mixture is generally from about 1:500 to 1:15,000, more preferably from about 1:2000 to 1:5,000. Still more preferably, the molar ratio of the procatalyst to monomer is from about 1:1000 to 1:3000, most preferably from about 1:1500 to 1:3000.
- a lower amount of procatalyst not only results in a cost savings, but also a lower amount of procatalyst in the final product. It has been found that the lower amount of procatalyst in the final product provides a polymer which has less color and is less corrosive than its non-additive containing counterpart.
- Metathesis polymerization procatalyst activators include alkylaluminum compounds, alkylzinc compounds, alkyltin compounds, alkylmagnesium compounds, alkyllithium compounds, and tin hydrides.
- Alkylaluminum compounds such as trialkylaluminum compounds and dialkylaluminum halides, are preferred.
- Particularly preferred activators include dialkylaluminum halides containing an alkyl moiety of from 1 to 12 carbon atoms and iodide as the halide.
- Exemplary procatalyst activators include trialkylaluminum compounds, a dialkylaluminum halide, an alkylaluminum dihalide wherein the alkyl groups contain from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, triethylaluminum, diethylaluminum chloride, ethylaluminum dichloride, ethylaluminum chloride n-propoxide, a mixture of tri-n-octylaluminum:dioctyl-aluminum iodide:diglyme, tributyltin hydride, and tetrabutyl tin.
- the most preferred procatalyst activator is an 85:15:100 mixture (molar basis) of tri-n-octylaluminum: dioctylaluminum iodide:diglyme, in toluene.
- the procatalyst activator can be prepared by mixing, for example, an alkyl aluminum compound or mixture of alkyl aluminum compounds with a Lewis base or chelating agent at a 1:1 to 1:5 molar ratio. While either order of addition, i.e., Lewis base to alkyl aluminum compound or alkyl aluminum compound to Lewis base, can be used, it is preferred to add the Lewis base to the alkyl aluminum compound, with agitation.
- the reaction is highly exothermic, and it is desirable to control the rate of Lewis base addition to the alkyl aluminum compound so as to maintain the temperature at less than approximately 50° C. to prevent decomposition of the rate moderator complex.
- the base in the case of solid Lewis bases, can be added as the solid or dissolved in a suitable nonreactive solvent such as toluene.
- the activator can also be prepared by dissolving or suspending the Lewis base in the cycloolefin and adding the alkyl aluminum component. Diglyme [i.e. bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether], may also be added to the activator solution.
- the procatalyst activator is readily soluble in the cycloolefin, and is preferably in solution with the metathesis polymerizable olefin, which is preferably dicyclopentadiene.
- the solution of procatalyst activator and dicyclopentadiene monomer is storage stable (unlike the tungsten compound/monomer solution), and therefore needs no additives to prolong its shelf life, unlike the tungsten compound/monomer solution. If, however, an unmodified activator/monomer solution is mixed with the procatalyst/monomer solution, the polymerization reaction would initiate instantaneously, and the polymer could then set up in the mixing head.
- the amount of procatalyst activator to be used differs with the particular procatalyst being used.
- the molar ratio of Al:W is generally from about 2:1 to 4:1, and is preferably from about 2.5:1 to 3.5:1, and is most preferably from about 2.75:1 to 3.25:1.
- the molar ratio of Sn:W is generally from about 1.5:1 to 9:1, preferably from about 2:1 to 6:1, and most preferably from about 2:1 to 3:1.
- the onset of gelation or viscosity build-up of metathesis polyymerizable cycloolefins can be delayed by the addition one or more reaction rate moderators.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,882,401, to Bell which is hereby incorporated in its entirety, by reference thereto, discloses the use of alkylzinc activators instead of the alkylaluminum compounds usually used as activators in metathesis polymerization.
- the alkylzinc activators also serve to significantly increase gel and cure times, and may be used in conjunction with tungsten or molybdenum compounds to which a phenolic compound has been added.
- the nitrogen compounds which can be employed include anilines, N-alkylanilines, alkyl arylamines, and related compounds. These nitrogen compounds may be represented by the general formula: ##STR7## wherein X represents aryl, alkaryl or haloaryl groups, Y represents hydrogen or an alkyl group, and Z represents alkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl groups or hydrogen. When neither Y nor Z represents hydrogen, X, Y and Z all must represent an alkyl group.
- Useful compounds include aniline, N-ethylaniline, indoline, triethylamine, ethylpiperidine, and methylpiperidine.
- Preferred additives include N-ethylaniline and indoline. These preferred additives have been chosen as being readily available in the commercial marketplace, and as being effective in lower concentrations, thus minimally affecting the properties of the polymer being produced.
- Sterically unhindered or partially unhindered nucleophilic Lewis bases which can be employed as moderators include unsaturated cyclic amines such as, e.g., pyridine, 2-,3-,4-, or 3,4-disubstituted pyridines, 2-,2,3,-di-, or 2,5-di-substituted pyrazines, quinoline and quinoxaline and cyclic saturated polycyclic amines such as hexamethylene tetramine and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, as well as still other nucleophilic Lewis bases including phenanthridine, pyrimidine, isoquinoline and substituted derivatives of these materials.
- unsaturated cyclic amines such as, e.g., pyridine, 2-,3-,4-, or 3,4-disubstituted pyridines, 2-,2,3,-di-, or 2,5-di-sub
- the sterically unhindered or partially unhindered nucleophilic Lewis bases can be employed in conjunction with conventional metathesis catalysts to polymerize any metathesis polymerizable olefin.
- a cycloolefin reaction mixture moderated by a sterically unhindered or partially unhindered Lewis base according to this invention remains fluid for a relatively long time at room temperature prior to forming a gel. As long a time as 1 to 4 hours can be required for gel formation at room temperature. Thus, the catalyst components need not be mixed and immediately injected into a mold.
- the RIM technique can be employed, processing is not limited to the RIM technique.
- the RIM technique can be used with a premixed reactive solution (i.e., cycloolefin containing both catalyst and activator) and materials can be charged directly into the heated mold without using a mix head on the molding machine.
- the sterically unhindered or partially hindered moderators extend the gel time at convenient molding temperatures, i e , about 80° C. at which temperature the gel time can be extended to as long as three minutes or more. Solutions containing conventional rate moderators gel within 15 to 20 seconds at most.
- the extended gel time allows the reaction mixture to be used in techniques where molds are filled slowly, as is the situation, for example, in rotational molding, where centrifugal force is employed to distribute the mixture and where the polymerization reaction cannot start until uniform distribution is achieved.
- These moderators are also useful in preparing polymer articles filled with glass or other fibrous mat reinforcement where the mixture must remain fluid until it has completely impregnated the mat. Manufacture of large objects, where the volume of the mold, per se, necessitates long filling time, can also be facilitated by using these moderators.
- the phosphorus compounds suitable as moderators include trialkyl phosphites (especially tributylphosphites), norbornene phosphites, norbornene phosphates, trialkyl phosphates, triaryl phosphates, and related compounds.
- Phosphorus compounds suitable as moderators include those represented by the general formula: ##STR8## wherein X, Y and Z represent alkyl, cycloalkyl, alicyclic, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, alkoxy, alkylthio, aryloxy, arylthio, halogen or thiophene groups.
- X and Y may form a ring in which the phosphorus atom is included which is alicyclic, benzo or benzoalicyclic or X, Y and Z may form two rings which includes the phosphorus atom.
- Q represents oxygen, sulfur or nothing.
- Useful compounds include trimethyl phosphite, tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphite, ethyl dichlorophosphite, triisopropylphosphite, triisobutylphosphite, diethyl chlorophosphite, triethyl phosphite, isooctyldiphenyl phosphite, triisooctylphosphite, tris(5-norbornenyl-2-methyl)phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributylphosphate, triphenylphosphate, tricresylphosphate, butylated triphenyl phosphate, diethylphenyl phosphonite, diisopropyl phenylphosphonite, ethyl diphenylphosphonite, tetraethyl pyrophosphite, 1,2-phenylenephosphorochloridite, ethylene
- Preferred additives include tris(5-norbornenyl-2-methyl)phosphite, tris(5-norbornenyl-2-methyl)phosphate, trimethyl phosphite, trialkyl phosphites, tributyl phosphate, trialkyl phosphates, trineodecyl phosphite, diethyl phenyl phosphonite, and diisodecylpentaerythritol diphosphite.
- Reaction rate moderators are generally used in conjunction with aluminum alkyl and tin alkyl-activated metathesis catalyst systems. If an alkylaluminum procatalyst activator is used, the onset of polymerization can be delayed by adding a reaction rate moderator selected from the group consisting of ethers, esters, ketones and nitriles. Ethyl benzoate and butyl ether are preferred. Particularly preferred is the dimethyl ether of diethylene glycol (diglyme), and butyl diglyme.
- the moderator can be used in an amount within the range of from about 0.1 moles of moderator per mole of tungsten, up to 5 mole percent, based on total metathesis polymerizable monomer content of the reaction mixture.
- the moderator is used in an amount of from about 0.5-2 mole percent based on the total metathesis polymerizable monomer content of the reaction mixture.
- Amine-containing moderators are preferably used in an amount of about 0.5 mole amine moderator per mole of tungsten compound.
- Phosphorus-containing moderators are preferably used in an amount of from about 1-2 moles phosphorus compound per mole tungsten compound.
- a preferred ratio of the "standard" procatalyst activator (e.g. an alkylaluminum compound) to moderator is from about 1:1.5 to about 1:5, on a molar basis.
- the moderator In the instance in which a Lewis Acid catalyst and a Lewis Acid cocatalyst are used, most of the oxygen or nitrogen compound (i.e. the moderator) is tied up with the Lewis acid. In this instance, it is most preferred that the moderator is present in a 1:1 molar ratio with the sum of the amount of metathesis polymerization procatalyst (e.g. WOCl 6 ) and Lewis acid catalyst (e.g. BF 3 ). If boron trifluoride is used as the Lewis Acid catalyst, it is preferred to use a dialkylaniline moderator, instead of an alkylaniline moderator. If a Lewis Acid catlayst is not present, it is most preferred that the moderator is present in a molar ratio of from about 1:1 to 2:1, with the metathesis polymerization procatalyst.
- the moderator is present in a 1:1 molar ratio with the sum of the amount of metathesis polymerization procatalyst (e.g. W
- the Lewis acid catalysts suitable for use in the present invention include all compounds which act as Lewis Acids, other than compounds and complexes which serve as metathesis polymerization procatalysts.
- Lewis Acid catalysts include metal halides (other than metal halides which act as metathesis polymerization procatalysts).
- metal halides include boron halides, tin halides, aluminum halides, titanium halides, antimony halides, bismuth halides, iron halides, zinc halides, and zirconium halides.
- a group of preferred Lewis acids includes boron trifluoride etherate, boron trifluoride-N,N-diethylaniline, boron trifluoride-tetrahydrofuran, tin (IV) chloride, tin (IV) bromide, boron trifluoride quinuclidine, and a polymeric Lewis acid, a protonic acid, a cation generator, and ionizing radiation. Still more preferably, the Lewis acid comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of boron trifluoride etherate, tin (IV) bromide and tin (IV) chloride.
- the most preferred Lewis acid catalyst is boron trifluoride etherate. Many other Lewis acid catalysts are known, and/or can be envisioned by those of ordinary skill in this art.
- the Lewis acid catalyst is generally added in an amount of from about 0.1 to 5 weight percent, preferably from about 0.25 to 2 weight percent, and most preferably from about 0.5 to 1 weight percent, based on weight of monomer polymerizable with a Lewis Acid catalyst.
- the Lewis acid catalyst can be added as such or can be formed in situ, for example, by adding the Lewis acid catalyst in the form of a complex that will subsequently decompose.
- the Lewis acid catalyst can be added to a solution comprising the metathesis polymerizable olefin and the procatalyst (e.g. a solution of the procatalyst in dicyclopentadiene).
- a solution comprising the metathesis polymerizable olefin and the procatalyst e.g. a solution of the procatalyst in dicyclopentadiene.
- a solution comprising the metathesis polymerizable olefin and the procatalyst
- most preferably from about 1 to about 5 moles of a Lewis base or a chelating agent are added to the dicyclopentadiene/procatalyst solution per mole of procatalyst, in order to prevent premature polymerization.
- the amount of Lewis base or chelating agent present is not sufficient, however, to prevent polymerization of the dicyclopentadiene in the presence of the Lewis acid catalyst, if they are left in contact for more than 24 hours. Thus, it may be found desirable to add the Lewis acid catalyst to the mixing head as a separate reactant stream. Regardless of the length of the time of contact of the Lewis acid catalyst with the metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer, the Lewis acid catalyst is preferably dissolved in the monomer before addition to the reaction mixture.
- the Lewis acid cocatalyst may in general be any alkyl halide and/or aryl halide.
- the alkyl halide may be a primary, secondary, and/or tertiary alkyl halide.
- a preferred group of Lewis acid cocatalysts includes isobutyl chloride, tert-butyl chloride, benzyl chloride (i.e., ⁇ -chlorotoluene), vinylbenzyl chloride, 1-bromodecane, 2-ethylhexyl chloride, 2-ethylhexyl bromide, t-butyl acetate, chlorodiphenylmethane, and polymeric chlorides, such as poly(chloroprene) and poly(vinylbenzyl chloride).
- Lewis acid cocatalysts are t-butyl chloride and isobutyl chloride.
- the Lewis acid cocatalyst may, in general, be used in the process of the present invention in an amount of from about 0.05 weight percent to 5 weight percent, based on weight of monomer polymerizable with a Lewis acid catalyst.
- the Lewis acid cocatalyst is present in the reaction mixture in an amount of from about 0.2 weight percent to 2 weight percent.
- the Lewis acid cocatalyst is present in the reaction mixture in an amount of about 0.25 to 0.5 weight percent.
- the anionic polymerization catalysts include any compounds or complexes capable of catalyzing the anionic polymerization of any one or more of a variety of cationically-polymerizable monomers, so long as the anionic polymerization catalyst is compatible with the metathesis procatalyst and procatalyst activator. Compatible anionic catalysts do not have hydroxy groups which interfere with the function of the aluminum alkyl metathesis procatalyst activator. Suitable anionic polymerization catalysts include metal alkyls such as n-butyllithium and dibutylzinc. Many other suitable anionic polymerization catalysts are known to those of skill in the art of anionic polymerization.
- the anionic polymerization catalyst should be present in the stream comprising the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, or in a separate stream, but in any event should not be present in the stream comprising the metathesis polymerization procatalyst.
- the anionic polymerization catalyst can be present in an amount of from about 0.05 to 10 weight percent, based on the weight of the anionic polymerizable monomer.
- the anionic polymerization catalyst is present in an amount of from about 0.1 to 5 weight percent, most preferably 0.3 to 2 weight percent.
- the free radical polymerization initiators include any compounds, complexes, or other means (such as ionizing radiation) capable of catalyzing free radical polymerization of any one or more of a variety of monomers, while also being compatible with the metathesis procatalyst and procatalyst activator system. Compatible free radical polymerization initiators will not interfere with the functioning of the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator. Suitable free radical polymerization initiators include a wide variety of azo and peroxide compounds.
- Such compounds include: 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile); dimethyl 2,2'-azobisisobutyrate; 2,2'-azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile); tertbutylperoxyoctoate; 1,1'-azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile); 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane; 2,2'-azobis(2,4,4-trimethylpentane); dicumyl peroxide; 2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane; tert-butylperoxide.
- Free-radical initiation by ultraviolet light or electron beam or gamma rays may also be utilized. If ultraviolet light is used, a photoinitiator should also be used.
- the azo or peroxy compounds or photoinitiators which act as free-radical initiators, can be used in a stream comprising a metathesis polymerizable olefin together with the metathesis procatalyst, or in a stream comprising a metathesis polymerizable olefin together with the metathesis procatalyst activator, or in a separate stream.
- the amount of azo or peroxy compound could be from about 0.05 to 10 percent, based on the weight of the free-radical polymerizable monomer.
- the amount of azo or peroxy compound is from 0.25 to 5 weight percent, most preferably from about 0.5 to 2 weight percent, based on the weight of the free radical polymerizable monomer.
- the organosilicon polymers comprise alternating polycyclic hydrocarbon residues, and residues of monomers comprising at least one hydrosilane group, i.e., cyclic polysiloxane or tetrahedral siloxysilane residues linked through carbon-silicon bonds.
- the cyclic polysiloxane or tetrahedral siloxysilane monomers contain at least two hydrosilane groups.
- the ratio of carbon-carbon double bonds in the ringls of the polycyclic polyene to hydrosilane groups in the cyclic polysiloxane or tetrahedral siloxysilane monomers is in the range of from about 0.5:1 up to about 1.8:1.
- the polycyclic polyene and/or the cyclic polysiloxane or tetrahedral siloxysilane has more than two reactive sites (i.e., carboncarbon double bonds of the rings of the polycyclic polyene or hydrosilane groups in the cyclic polysiloxane or tetrahedral siloxysilane).
- Cyclic polysiloxanes useful in forming the products of this invention have the general formula: ##STR9## wherein R is hydrogen, a saturated, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or aryloxy radical, n is an integer from 3 to about 20, and R is hydrogen on at least two of the silicon atoms.
- the tetrahedral siloxysilanes are represented by the general structural formula: ##STR10## wherein R is as defined above and is hydrogen in at least two silicon atoms in the molecule.
- reactants of Formula (I) include, e.g., trimethyl cyclotrisiloxane, tetramethyl cyclotetrasiloxane, pentamethyl cyclopentasiloxane, hexamethyl cyclohexasiloxane, tetraethylcyclotetrasiloxane, cyclotetrasiloxane, tetraphenyl cyclotetrasiloxane, tetraoctyl cyclotetrasiloxane and hexamethyl tetracyclosiloxane.
- tetra-, penta-, and hexacyclosiloxanes are the tetra-, penta-, and hexacyclosiloxanes, with tetramethyl tetracyclosiloxane being a preferred member.
- the material is a mixture of a number of species wherein n can vary widely. Generally, commercial mixtures contain up to about 20% (in purer forms as low as 2%) low molecular weight linear methylhydrosiloxanes, such as heptamethyltrisiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane, etc.
- reactants of Formula (II) include, e.g., tetrakisdimethylsiloxysilane, tetrakisdiphenylsiloxysilane, and tetrakisdiethylsiloxysilane.
- the tetrakisdimethylsiloxysilane is the best known and preferred species in this group.
- Cyclic polyenes which can be employed are polycyclic hydrocarbon compounds having at least two nonaromatic carboncarbon double bonds in their rings.
- Exemplary compounds include dicyclopentadiene, methyl dicyclopentadiene, cyclopentadiene oligomers, norbornadiene, norbornadiene dimer, hexahydronaphthalene, dimethanohexahydronaphthalene, and substituted derivatives of any of these.
- Cyclic polysiloxanes useful in fcrming the products of this invention include those having the general formula I (above), wherein R is hydrogen, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aromatic radical, n is an integer from 3 to about 7, and R is hydrogen on at least three of the silicon atoms in the molecule.
- cyclic polysiloxanes suitable for the formation of prepolymers include, e.g., tetra and pentamethylcyclotetrasiloxanes, tetra-, penta-, hexa- and heptamethylcyclopentasiloxanes, tetra-, penta- and hexamethylcyclohexasiloxanes, tetraethyl cyclotetrasiloxanes and tetraphenyl cyclotetrasiloxanes.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,820 which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference thereto, relates to crosslinked organosiloxane polymers, preferably poly(organohydrosiloxane) of the general formula: ##STR11## wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated alkyl radical or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl radical, and about 1% to about 50%, preferably 5 to about 50%, of the R's are hydrogen, and m is an integer from about 5 to 1000, preferably 5 to 100, and the maximum value of m is desirably 40.
- a preferred linear poly(organohydrosiloxane) defined by the above general formula is trimethylsiloxy-terminated methylhydropolysiloxane.
- poly(organohydrosiloxanes) include: trimethylsiloxy-terminated dimethylsiloxane-methylhydrosiloxane copolymer, dimethylsiloxy-terminated dimethylsiloxane methylhydrosiloxane copolymer, dimethylsiloxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane, trimethylsiloxy-terminated methyloctylsiloxane methylhydrosiloxane copolymer, dimethylsiloxy-terminated phenylmethylsiloxane methylhydrosiloxane copolymer, trimethylsiloxy-terminated methylcyanopropylsiloxane methylhydrosiloxane copolymer, trimethylsiloxy-terminated 3,3,3-trifluoropropylmethyl siloxane methylhydrosiloxane copolymer, trimethylsiloxy-terminated 3-aminopropylmethylsiloxane methylhydr
- the hydrosilation reaction proceeds readily in the presence of a platinum-containing catlayst.
- Metal salts and complexes of Group VIII elements can also be used.
- the preferred catalyst in terms of both reactivity and cost, is chloroplatinic acid (H 2 PtCl 6 .6H 2 O).
- Catalyst concentrations of 0.0005 to about 0.5% by weight, based on weight of the monomer, will effect smooth and substantially complete polymerization. Typical platinum concentrations are from about 0,001 to about 0.05 weight percent, preferably about 0.0025 to 0.03 weight percent, based on weight of the prepolymer.
- Other platinum compounds can also be used to advantage in some instances, such as PtCl 2 and dibenzonitrile platinum dichloride.
- Platinum on carbon is also effective for carrying out high temperature polymerizations.
- Other useful platinum catalysts are disclosed in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,220,972, 3,715,334, and 3,159,662, each of which is hereby incorporated in its entirety, by reference thereto.
- An exhaustive discussion of the catalysis of hydrosilation can be found in Advances in Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 17, which is also incorporated in its entirety, by reference thereto. See especially page 407, et. seq.
- the polymerization reactions can be promoted thermally or by the addition of radical generators such as peroxides and azo compounds.
- U.S. Pat. No. 4,902,731 which is hereby incorporated in its entirety, by reference thereto, relates to organosilicon prepolymers.
- These heat-curable prepolymers or oligomers are the partial reaction product of (a) a cyclic polysiloxane or a tetrahedral siloxysilane containing at least two hydrosilane groups and (b) a polycyclic polyene having at least two chemically distinguishable carbon-carbon double bonds, wherein the ratio of the carbon-carbon double bonds in the rings of (b) to hydrosilane groups in (a) is greater than 0.5:1 and up to 1.9:1 and at least one of the compounds (a) and (b) has more than two reactive sites.
- the reactions for forming the prepolymers can be promoted thermally or by the addition of a hydrosilation catalyst, radical generators such as peroxides, and azo compounds, as described above.
- Hydrosilation catalysts include metal salts and complexes of Group VIII elements.
- the preferred hydrosilation catalysts contain the same platinum-containing catalysts described above with respect to hydrosilation polymers.
- a platinum-containing catalyst preferably chloroplatinic acid, and a liquid polycyclic polyene are mixed and heated at 40° to 80° C. for one to two hours to form a platinum/olefin complex.
- the platinum/olefin complex solution is cooled to room temperature and then mixed with the other ingredients, i.e., cyclic siloxane, polycyclic polyene, chain extender, aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent and optional ingredients. This mixture is stirred at 20° C. to 40° C. in a water bath which serves as a heat sink.
- the level of solvent from 5 to 50% by weight of the prepolymer solution), the catalyst level, and the temperature of the bath will all affect the rate of reaction. Conditions should be chosen such that the reaction temperature does not increase substantially above the bath temperature, as a sudden temperature rise may decrease the activity of the catalyst, which is needed for cure.
- the polycyclic polyene-platinum catalyst complex can be mixed with solvent, polycyclic polyene, chain extender and optional ingredients.
- the mixture is heated to a temperature at which hydrosilation of reactive double bonds is facile, usually 40° to 80° C. Then, the cyclic siloxane is slowly dripped into the mixture.
- Organosilicon prepolymers can also be made by heating siloxane and polyene reactants at lower temperatures, e.g., about 50° to about 80° C.
- the resulting prepolymer may be in the form of a solid or a flowable, heat-curable liquid, even though the ratio of carbon-carbon double bonds to hydrosilane groups is otherwise suitable for cross-linking.
- Such prepolymers can be recovered and subsequently transferred to a mold for curing, to form thermoset polymers. Temperatures of, for example, from about 100° to about 250° C., are utilized for curing such prepolymers.
- U.S. Pat. No. 5,008,360 which is hereby incorporated in its entirety, by reference thereto, is directed to organosilicon materials which are prepregs comprising fiber reinforcement impregnated with the partial hydrosilation reaction product of a polyene, a polycyclic polyene, and at least one cyclic polysiloxane containing three or more .tbd.SiH groups.
- the method of the present invention can be carried out by providing a plurality of reactant streams, wherein a first reactant stream comprises the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator and a portion of the metathesis polymerizable olefin, and a second reactant stream comprises the metathesis polymerization procatalyst and a portion of the the metathesis polymerizable olefin.
- At least one reactant stream further comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of: (i) a Lewis acid catalyst and a Lewis acid cocatalyst, present in separate reactant streams; (ii) an anionic polymerization catalyst; (iii) a free radical polymerization initiator; (iv) a hydrosilation polymerization catalyst.
- the reactant streams are then mixed together, whereby a reaction mixture is formed.
- the reaction mixture is then formed into a desired shape before the polymerization of the metathesis polymerizable olefin.
- Reaction Injection Molding is the preferred process for carrying out the method of the present invention.
- RIM is most conveniently accomplished by mixing equal parts of two solutions, one of which contains twice the desired concentration of procatalyst, and the other of which contains twice the desired concentration of the procatalyst activator. It is preferable, but not necessarily required, that at least one of the solutions contains a rate moderator, as described above. Since the reactive mixture does not gel immediately, the RIM process can frequently be carried out via the alternative process of adding one part of the catalyst system (i.e. either the procatalyst or the procatalyst activator) to substantially all of the cycloolefin and, just prior to the polymerization and molding, mixing in a concentrate of the other part.
- one part of the catalyst system i.e. either the procatalyst or the procatalyst activator
- Poly(dicyclopentadiene) can be produced via a RIM process, to result in a polymeric product having a desired form.
- the procatalyst and the procatalyst activator are each mixed with dicyclcopentadiene to form solutions that are placed in separate vessels.
- These containers provide the source for two separate reactant streams, with each container provided with a solution of the cycloolefin monomer or monomers.
- the two reactant streams are combined in the RIM machine's mixing head and then injected into a warm mold where they quickly polymerize into a solid, infusible mass.
- the reaction mixture is preferably allowed to polymerize to a degree of substantial reaction termination while the reaction mixture is within the mold, whereby a molded article is produced, followed by removing the molded article from the mold. Similar methods can be utilized for RIM processes utilizing other metathesis polymerizable olefins.
- the method of the invention is not intended to be limited to systems employing two reactant streams, each containing monomer.
- the invention is carried out using two to four reactant streams. Preferably, however, only two reactant streams are utilized in the process.
- the first reactant stream preferably comprises dicyclopentadiene monomer, the metathesis polymerization procatalyst, and the Lewis acid catalyst
- the second stream preferably comprises dicyclopentadiene monomer, the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, and the Lewis acid cocatalyst.
- the delay additive i.e. moderator, as discussed above
- the composition of the present invention preferably comprises a low level of residual metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer, regardless of the particular combination of catalysts present in the composition.
- the composition has a residual methathesis polymerizable olefin monomer level of from about 0 to 0.25 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin.
- the level of residual metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer is from about 0 to 0.15 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin.
- olefin monomer is dicyclopentadiene
- obtaining a low residual dicyclopentadiene monomer level is a major objective of the present invention.
- a low level of residual dicyclopentadiene monomer enables the production of molded articles comprising polydicyclopentadiene suitable for indoor use, if the odor level from the monomer is reduced to a very low level.
- the "amount" of residual monomer in the composition of the present invention is an amount present immediately upon completion of the polymerization reaction, i.e., immediately upon removing the molded product from the mold.
- additives can be included to modify the properties of polyolefin.
- Possible additives include fillers and reinforcing agents, pigments, antioxidants, light stabilizers and polymeric modifiers such as elastomers, among others.
- U.S. Patent 4,689,380, U.S. Patent No. 4,400,340, and U.S. Patent No. 4,436,858 disclose various additives for a variety of different purposes.
- the additives must be incorporated before the polyolefin sets up in the mold. It is often desirable that the additives be combined with one or both of the catalyst system's streams before being injected into the mold. Fillers can also be charged to the mold cavity, prior to charging the reaction streams, if the fillers are such that the reaction stream can readily flow around them to fill the remaining void space in the mold. However, it is essential that the additives do not adversely affect the catalytic activity of the various catalyst components.
- Light stabilizers which are useful in the composition of the present invention comprise hindered amines such as 1-octyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (available from Ciba-Geigy, under the name Tinuvin® 123), as well as carbon black and other pigments which can serve as light stabilizers. Light stabilizers comprising --NH groups therein are not recommended, because at least some of such compounds interfere with the catalyst system.
- Reinforcing agents and fillers can increase the polymer's flexural modulus with only a small sacrifice in impact resistance.
- Such reinforcing agents/fillers include glass, wollastonite, mica, carbon black, talc, and calcium carbonate. It is surprising that in spite of the highly polar nature of their surfaces, these materials can be added without appreciably affecting the polymerization rate. From about 5% to 75% by weight may be incorporated, based on the weight of the final product. The addition of the materials having modified surface properties is particularly advantageous. The exact amount is easily determinable by one skilled in the art and depends on the preferences of the practitioner. The addition of these materials also serves to decrease the mold shrinkage of the product.
- poly(dicyclopentadiene) contains some unsaturation it may be subject to oxidation.
- the product can be protected from oxidation by the incorporation of as much as about 5 weight percent of at least one antioxidant selected from the group consisting of phenolic antioxidants and amine antioxidants, and mixtures of these antioxidants.
- Preferred antioxidants include 2,6-tert-butyl-p-cresol, N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine and tetrakis[methylene(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxycinnamate)]-methane. While the antioxidant can be added to either or both reactant streams, incorporation into the activator/monomer reactant streams is preferred.
- an elastomer can increase the impact strength of the polymer with only a slight decrease in flexural modulus.
- the elastomer can be dissolved in one or all of the reactant streams.
- the amount of elastomer used is determined by its molecular weight and by the initial viscosity of the reactant streams to which it is added. Amounts within the range of 1% to 10% by weight and preferably 3% to 10% by weight, based on the weight of the total stream, can be used without causing an excessive increase in solution viscosity.
- An example of preferred elastomer is styrenebutadiene rubber, made by solution polymerization.
- the reactant streams cannot be so viscous that adequate mixing of the reactant streams is not possible. However, increasing the viscosity to between 300 cps and 1,000 cps improves the mold filling characteristics of the combined reactant streams.
- the elastomer is preferably added to all of the reactant streams so that the viscosities of the two reactant streams are similar. When the reactant streams have similar viscosities, more uniform mixing is obtained when the reactant streams are combined. An increase in viscosity also reduces leakage from the mold and simplifies the use of fillers by decreasing the settling rate of solid filler materials.
- Useful elastomers can be unsaturated hydrocarbon elastomers such as, e.g., styrene-butadiene rubber, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, natural rubber, styrene-isoprenestyrene triblock rubber, styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock rubber, and ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers, or saturated elastomers such as polyisobutylene and ethylene-propylene copolymers.
- unsaturated hydrocarbon elastomers such as, e.g., styrene-butadiene rubber, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, natural rubber, styrene-isoprenestyrene triblock rubber, styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock rubber, and ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers, or saturated elastomers such
- a "standard catalyst” component is prepared by suspending a WCl 6 complex in toluene, reacting it with tert-butyl alcohol (so that WOCl 4 is formed as an intermediate), and thereafter adding nonylphenol (resulting in replacement of one or more chlorines by a nonylphenol group) to solubilize catalyst, followed by adding 2,4-pentanedione (resulting in the replacement of one or more additional chlorines, with 2,4-pentanedione), to result in a desired catalyst complex.
- This product is then diluted to a 0.5 molar concentration by adding sufficient additional toluene.
- a 1.0 molar toluene solution of an 85:15:100 mixture of tri-n-octyl aluminum: dioctylaluminum iodide:diglyme is prepared.
- Diglyme is also known as 2-methoxyethyl ether.
- the standard 0.04 ml of 0.5 molar catalyst in toluene plus one equivalent of dichlorodiphenylmethane per W is 0.045 ml (0.02 mmole W), for a monomer to catalyst molar ratio of 2000 to 1.
- the standard amount of 1.0 M activator is 0.06 ml (0.06 mmole Al).
- a "Bell catalyst” [i.e., WOCl 2 (O-2,6-diisopropylphenyl) 2 ] is made by contacting tungsten oxytetrachloride (i.e., WOCl 4 ) with two equivalents of 2,6-diisopropylphenol in a hydrocarbon solvent.
- WOCl 4 tungsten oxytetrachloride
- the WOCl 2 (O-2,6-diisopropylphenyl) 2 a solid, is used as 0.045 ml 0.4 M solution in dicyclopentadiene (0.018 mmole W) with no added dichlorodiphenylmethane.
- Ethylaluminum chloride n-propoxide is used as 0.11 ml of 0.5 M solution in toluene (0.055 mmole Al).
- the molar ratio for the standard catalyst system is 3 Al/W and for the Bell catalyst 3.1 Sn/W, 12 Al/W for ethylaluminum dichloride, 3 Al/W for ethylaluminum chloride n-propoxide, 6 Zn/W, 6 Mg/W, and 6 Li/W.
- the dicyclopentadiene utilized in the preparation of the catalysts and elsewhere in the Examples is a commercially available dicyclopentadiene having a purity level in excess of 98% by weight.
- the time from addition of the tungsten catalyst component until formation of a non-fluid gel is noted, and recorded as the "gel time”.
- the time from addition of the catalyst until the temperature reaches 100° C. is recorded as the "cure time”.
- the difference between the starting temperature and the maximum temperatures is recorded as the " T”.
- the thermocouple used to measure the temperatures is rotated during the polymerization (when above 100° C.) so as to break the seal with the polymer plug, then removed before it becomes “frozen” in place. For the control examples, these values are recorded in Table I. It typically takes three seconds to gel and 30 seconds to reach 100° C., for the higher purity dicyclopentadiene monomer.
- a nitrogen-sparged vessel is charged with 5 ml. of dicyclopentadiene. Then 0.045 ml of a 0.4 M Bell catalyst component solution is injected into the vessel, and mixed well therein. Then 0.03 ml. of the standard 1.86 M tributyltin hydride activator, prepared above, is added to the vessel, and the contents mixed well.
- the vessel is immersed in a constant temperature bath maintained at 32° C., or at another temperature, as indicated in the individual examples.
- the Lewis acid catalyst is mixed with the Bell catalyst before the activator is added.
- the Lewis acid cocatalyst is then added. Otherwise the order of addition is Bell catalyst first, Lewis acid catalyst second, activator third, followed by addition of the Lewis acid cocatalyst.
- the time from addition of the Bell catalyst component until formation of a non-fluid gel is noted and recorded as the gel time.
- the time from addition of the catalyst until the temperature reaches 100° C. is noted and recorded as the cure time.
- the difference between the starting and maximum temperatures is noted and recorded as the T.
- the thermocouple used to measure temperature is rotated during the polymerization (when above 100° C.) so as to break the seal with the polymer plug, and is then removed before it becomes "frozen” in place. Examples of the metathesis-cationic polymerization of dicyclopentadiene are recorded in Table I, i.e.
- catalysts include metathesis polymerization procatalyst, metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, Lewis acid catalyst, and Lewis acid cocatalyst.
- the polymerization of high purity dicyclopentadiene typically requires about three seconds to gel, and 30 seconds to reach 100° C.
- Table 1 provides data for Examples 1 through 67.
- the combination of metathesis polymerization procatalyst, metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, Lewis Acid catalyst, and Lewis Acid cocatalyst are well-represented by Examples 28, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 51-58. and 66.
- the results given in Table 1 indicate that the use of a Lewis acid together with a Lewis acid cocatalyst can produce a level of residual dicyclopentadiene of less than 0.25 weight percent.
- the low residual dicyclopentadiene monomer is also obtained with a variety of metathesis polymerization procatalysts, as well as a variety of metathesis polymerization procatalyst activators.
- a variety of Lewis acid catalysts and cocatalysts can also be used.
- a variety of moderators can be used to control the rate of the polymerization.
- the polymerization can also be run in a molding machine to give a low-odor polymer with good physical properties.
- Various levels of the catalyst components can also be used.
- Table 2 provides data for Examples 68 through 137, involving a copolymerization utilizing, in combination, a metathesis polymerization procatalyst, a metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, a Lewis acid catalyst, and a Lewis acid cocatalyst.
- Copolymerization and/or alkylation using the combination of a metathesis polymerization procatalyst, a metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, a Lewis Acid catalyst, and a Lewis Acid cocatalyst is well-represented by Examples 71, 75, 76, 77-82, 85-97, 101, 106-108, 112-113, 118, 122, 124, 126, 128, 131, and 134. Most of the Examples provided in Table 2 utilize dicyclopentadiene as the principal monomer, together with an additional monomer or alkylation compound. The results provided in Table 2 indicate that copolymerization and alkylation are possible. A variety of comonomers and materials to be alkylated can be used.
- Table 3 provides various data for Examples 138 through 144, each of which utilizes a combination of metathesis polymerization and anionic polymerization of dicyclopentadiene, either alone or in combination with caprolactone or hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane.
- the combination of a metathesis polymerization procatalyst, a metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, and anionic polymerization catalyst are well-represented by Examples 140, 141, and 144.
- the results given in Table 3 indicate that anionic polymerization and metathesis polymerization can be carried out in a manner so that they are compatible with one another. More than one catalyst system can be used. More than one comonomer can be used. It is possible to prepare "soft" polymers within "hard” polymers, which should improve the impact strength, compared with the "hard” polymer alone.
- Table 4 relates to metathesis-free radical copolymerization, and provides data for Examples 145 through 169.
- the combination of metathesis polymerization procatalyst, a metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, and a free radical polymerization initiator is well-represented by Examples 147, 152, 162, and 169.
- the results given in Table 4 indicate that metathesis and free radical polymerizations can be carried out in a manner compatible with one another.
- a variety of free radical initiators can be used. More than one type of comonomer can be used.
- Table 5 relates to a combination of metathesis polymerization and hydrosilation polymerization, and provides data for Examples 170 through 177.
- the combination of a metathesis polymerization procatalyst, a metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, and a free radical polymerization initiator is well-represented by Examples 170-173, and 176-177.
- the results given in Table 5 indicate that metathesis and hydrosilation polymerization can be carried out in a manner in which they are compatible with one another.
- the combination of metathesis polymerization and hydrosilation polymerization can be used to produce a polymeric product having a low level of residual dicyclopentadiene monomer.
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Abstract
A polyolefin composition comprises repeating units of a metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer, a metathesis polymerization procatalyst, a metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, and at least one member selected from the group consisting of: (i) a Lewis acid catalyst and a Lewis acid cocatalyst, effective to obtain a residual metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer level of from 0 to 0.25 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin; (ii) an anionic polymerization catalyst; (iii) a free radical polymerization initiator; and (iv) a hydrosilation polymerization catalyst. The method for making the composition is also disclosed. The use of metathesis polymerization in conjunction with another type of polymerization can achieve a variety of beneficial effects, including a very low level of residual metathesis polymerizable monomer.
Description
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention pertains to processes for the polymerization of olefins, notably strained ring polycyclic olefins, particularly dicyclopentadiene, as well as to the corresponding polymeric reaction product. The invention utilizes metathesis polymerization in combination with one or more of a variety of other catalysts selected from the group consisting of: a Lewis acid catalyst and cocatalyst, an anionic catalyst, a free radical initiator, and a hydrosilation catalyst. The processes of the present invention are particularly suited to manufacturing plastic articles via reaction injection molding (i.e. "RIM").
2. Background and Relevant Information
Preparation of thermoset cycloolefin polymers via metathesis catalysis is a relatively recent development in the polymer art. Klosiewicz, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,400,340 and 4,520,181, teaches preparation of cycloolefins via a twostream reaction injection molding technique wherein a first stream, comprising a metathesis polymerizable olefin (such as dicyclopentadiene) in admixture with a metathesis catalyst, and a second stream, comprisihg a metathesis polymerizable olefin (such as dicyclopentadiene) in admixture with metathesis catalyst activator, are combined in a mix head and immediately injected into a mold where, within a matter of seconds, polymerization and molding to a permanently fixed shape take place simultaneously. Klosiewicz also teaches the use of a reaction rate moderator in the activator stream to delay the catalyst activation until the reaction mass is totally within the mold. Klosiewicz states that the catalyst can be a tungsten halide or a tungsten oxyhalide, and that the activator can be tetrabutyl tin, or an alkylaluminum compound, and that the reaction rate moderator can be an ester, ether, ketone or nitrile.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,835,230 (to N.P. KHASAT et al.) relates to the use of a cationic polymerization initiator in the preparation of a thermoset polymer. Cationic polymerization initiators disclosed include protonic acids, Lewis acids and other cation generators such as alkyl perchlorates and ionizing radiation, and it is further disclosed that the cationic polymerization initiator can be used alone or in conjunction with a cocatalyst. KHASAT et al. utilizes a plurality of reactant streams in the polymerization of dicyclopentadiene, especially for RIM. KHASAT et al. states that the number of applications for thermoset polydicyclopentadiene has been somewhat limited because of the distinctive odor of the residual dicyclopentadiene monomer. Finally, KHASAT et al. states that the use of a cationic polymerization initiator can increase the glass transition temperature (Tg) and polymer heat deflection temperature (HDT) of thermoset dicyclopentadiene polymers and copolymers, and reduce residual monomer content without reducing impact strength.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,481,344, to Newburg (NEWBURG), relates to a method for making thermoset poly(dicyclopentadiene), and to the product so produced. NEWBURG states that although thermoset poly(dicyclopentadiene) is well suited for a wide variety of applications, particularly as an engineering plastic, there are a number of applications in which its use has been somewhat limited due to the distinctive odor of the residual dicyclopentadiene monomer. NEWBURG describes a twopart metathesis catalyst system in which the first part comprises a metathesis catalyst, and the second part comprises an activator, and wherein at least one part comprises a halogen-containing hydrocarbyl additive. The hydrocarbyl additive contains at least one trihalogen-substituted atom or at least one activated halogen atom. NEWBURG's Table I discloses various hydrocarbyl additives, and Table II provides results in terms of residual dicyclopentadiene monomer in various poly(dicyclopentadiene) products produced using various hydrocarbyl additives.
European Patent Application 0,374,997 relates to the polymerization of cyclic olefins in the presence of a catalyst comprising (a) a transition metal compound, (b) a co-catalyst, and (c) a boron halide compound. This application states that this catalyst has been found to exhibit high activity in the polymerization of dicyclopentadiene, and high conversion in a reaction injection molding process having a short induction time and relatively low polymerization temperature.
The present invention relates to a composition comprising: (A) a polyolefin comprising repeating units of a metathesis polymerizable olefin; (B) a metathesis polymerization procatalyst and a metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator; and (c) at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
i. a Lewis acid catalyst and a Lewis acid cocatalyst, effective to obtain a residual metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer level of from about 0 to 0.25 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin;
ii. an anionic polymerization catalyst;
iii. a free radical polymerization initiator; and
iv. a hydrosilation polymerization catalyst and a monomer comprising a hydrosilane (.tbd.Si--H) group.
The present invention also relates to a method for making the composition of the present invention. The method comprises combining a metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer with a metathesis polymerization procatalyst, a metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, and at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
i. a Lewis acid catalyst and a Lewis acid cocatalyst, effective to obtain a residual metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer level of from 0 to 0.25 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin;
ii. an anionic polymerization catalyst;
iii. a free radical polymerization initiator; and
iv. a hydrosilation polymerization catalyst and a monomer comprising a hydrosilane (.tbd.Si--H) group.
The method is preferably carried out by providing a plurality of reactant streams which are mixed together to form a reaction mixture. The reaction mixture is formed into a desired shape before the polymerization of the metathesis polymerizable olefin.
Although the present invention relates to the polymerization of olefins in general, and more particularly to the polymerization of cycloolefins, the present invention is concerned with achieving one or more of a variety of effects. One of the most significant effects is achieving a low level of residual metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer in a polymeric reaction product comprising repeating units of a metathesis polymerizable olefin. Other effects include increasing polymer Tg, increasing polymer impact strength, improving polymer stiffness, improving polymer heat distortion temperature, improving polymer oxidative heat stability, and reducing polymer odor.
In general, the metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer may be any monomer which can be polymerized in the presence of one or more metathesis catalysts. Cycloolefins comprise a preferred group of metathesis polymerizable olefinic monomers. Metathesis-polymerizable, strained-ring, non-conjugated polycyclic cycloolefins comprise a group of still more preferred olefins useful in the process of the present invention. Most strained-ring, non-conjugated, polycyclic cycloolefins are metathesis polymerizable.
More specifically, preferred metathesis polymerizable monomers include cycloolefins of the norbornene type, defined by the following formulas: ##STR1## where R and R1 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl groups of 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon cyclic groups formed by R and R1 together with the two ring carbon atoms. R2 and R3 are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl groups containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
Preferably, the metathesis polymerizable olefin comprises a norbornene group. Preferred monomers include, for example, dicyclopentadiene, higher cyclopentadiene oligomers (such as trimers and higher oligomers of cyclopentadiene), norbornenes, norbornadiene, 4-alkylidene norbornene, dimethanooctahydronaphthalene, and dimethanohexahydronaphthalene, as well as substituted derivatives of these compounds.
The most preferred cyclic olefin monomer for use in the present invention is dicyclopentadiene, i.e. most preferably the polyolefin comprises repeating units of dicyclopentadiene. Preferably, the polyolefin comprises repeating units of dicyclopentadiene in an amount of from about 1 to 100 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin. Still more preferably, repeating units of dicyclopentadiene are present in an amount of from about 10 to 100 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin. Most preferably, repeating units of dicyclopentadiene are present in an amount of from about 75 to 100 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin.
Dicyclopentadiene may be used as the sole monomer in the polymerization, or the polymerization may be carried out using a mixture of dicyclopentadiene with other strained-ring hydrocarbons in ratios of 1 to 99 mole percent of either monomer, preferably about 75 to 100 mole percent dicyclopentadiene.
The most preferred dicyclopentadiene for preparing polymers according to the process of the present invention is commercially available endo-dicyclopentadiene (i.e., 3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,7-methano-1H-indene). The exo-isomer, while not commercially available, can be used just as well. In fact, it is present in commercially-available dicyclopentadiene at a relatively low level, e.g. 0.5% by weight. The preferred commercially available monomer normally has a purity of at least 97 weight percent and preferably at least 99 weight percent. The preferred commercially available monomer further comprises tricyclopentadiene (i.e. cyclopentadiene trimer) in an amount of from about 0 to 2 weight percent, as well as from about 0 to 2 weight percent of still other norbornene-group containing cycloolefins. The exo-isomer of dicyclopentadiene is generally present in commercially available dicyclopentadiene at a relatively low level, e.g. about 0.5 weight percent, based on the weight of the dicyclopentadiene.
Commercially available dicyclopentadiene should have a purity high enough to prevent impurities from inhibiting the polymerization. The low boiling fraction should be removed. This can be done by stripping away several percent of the unsaturated four to six carbon atom volatiles, i.e., the volatiles distilled below 100° C. at about 90±3 torr absolute pressure. It is often desirable to purify the starting material even further by treatment with an absorbent such as molecular sieves, alumina or silica gel. Additionally, the water content of the starting material should be below about 100 ppm. The presence of water interferes with polymerization by hydrolysis of both the catalyst and the activator components of the catalyst system. Water can be removed by azeotropic distillation under reduced pressure.
The metathesis polymerizable olefin, alone or in combination with other monomers present in the reaction mixture, polymerizes to form one or more polymers. The resulting polyolefin (or polyolefins) preferably comprises repeating units of the metathesis polymerizable olefin in an amount of from about 1 weight percent to 100 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin. More preferably, repeating units of the metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer are present in the polyolefin in an amount of from about 10 weight percent to 100 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin. Most preferably, repeating units of the metathesis polymerizable monomer are present in the polyolefin in an amount of from about 75 to 100 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin.
The process of the present invention may also be carried out by the polymerization of a plurality of monomers. Each of the monomers may be metathesis polymerizable, or only one of the monomers may be metathesis polymerizable. The additional monomer (or monomers) may polymerize to form a copolymer, a graft copolymer, a homopolymer, and/or an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN).
Any one or more of the following cycloolefins may be used as additional monomers, e.g. monomers used in combination with dicyclopentadiene. Such monomers include: norbornene-type comonomers such as norbornene, methylnorbornene, vinylnorbornene, ethylidenenorbornene, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, as well as m-diisopropenylbenzene, polyisoprene, styrene, α-methylstyrene, β-pinene, p-diisopropenyl-benzene, diisobutylene, polyindane, dimethanohexahydronaphthalene, tetracyclododecene(1,4,5,8-dimethano-1,2,4a,5,8,8a-octahydronaphthalene), methyltetracyclododecene, tetracyclododecadiene, 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene, 4-methylstyrene, dimethanohexahydronaphthalene, dimethanooctahydronaphthalene, and cyclopentadiene oligomers such as cyclopentadiene trimer (i.e. tricyclopentadiene, "CPT"), tetracyclopentadiene, and higher cyclopentadiene oligomers. In addition, compounds which can be alkylated, such as naphthalene, can be included.
Preferably the additional monomer is at least one member selected from the group consisting of: tricyclopentadiene, norbornene, 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene, 1,4-diisopropenylbenzene, α-methylstyrene, pinene, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, β-pinene, polyisoprene, diisobutylene, polyindane, acenaphthylene, 5,5'-sulfonyl-bis(2-norbornene), hexamethylene-bis(5-norbornene-2-carboxylate), 1,4,5,8-dimethano-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene, hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, 4-methylstyrene, and poly(vinylbenzyl chloride).
Most preferably the additional monomer is 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene.
Any metathesis polymerizable olefin may also be polymerized alone or in combination with any one or more additional metathesis polymerizable olefins, whether listed above or not. In addition, other monomers which will vary with the type of the additional polymerization, may be utilized, such as: styrenes, vinyl-substituted aromatic compounds, and methacrylates, which are subject to free radical polymerization; caprolactone, hexaalkylcyclotrisiloxane, methacrylates, and styrenes, which are subject to anionic polymerization; styrenes, divinylbenzene, α-methylstyrene, terpenes (such as β-pinene), diisopropenyl-benzenes, diisobutylene, polyisoprene, polybutadienes, polystyrenes, copolymers of styrene and dienes, polyindanes, which are subject to polymerization by the combination of a Lewis Acid catalyst and a Lewis Acid cocatalyst; and polysiloxanes and siloxysilanes polymerizable by a hydrosilation polymerization catalyst. In addition, aromatic molecules which can be alkylated, such as hindered phenols, aromatic amines, and hydrocarbons (such as naphthalene), can be included.
The additional monomer is used in the process of the present invention (hence present in the composition) in an amount of from about 1 to 99 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin. More preferably, the additional monomer is used in the process in an amount of from about 1 to 50 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin. Most preferably, the additional monomer is present used in the process in an amount of from about 1 to 25 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin.
Suitable metathesis polymerization procatalysts include molybdenum halides and tungsten halides, and their corresponding oxyhalides, especially those having two valences satisfied by oxygen rather than halogen. Such procatalysts are herein referred to as "standard procatalysts". Halides and oxyhalides of still other transition metals such as rhenium, tantalum, and niobium are also suitable for use as metathesis polymerization procatalysts.
Tungsten halides and oxyhalides are among the preferred procatalysts. Still more preferred are mixtures or complexes of tungsten hexachloride (WCl6) and a tungsten oxytetrachloride (WOCl4) in a molar ratio of WOCl4 to WCl6 of about 1:9 to 2:1. Such mixtures or complexes can be prepared by contacting essentially pure WCl6 with a controlled portion of an oxygen donor. Useful oxygen donors include, e.g., a hydrated salt, water, a wet molecular sieve and alkyl alcohols. The most preferred oxygen donor is t-butanol. Details of a catalyst preparation can be found in Klosiewicz, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,400,340 and 4,568,660, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,696,585, to Martin, each of which is hereby incorporated, in its entirety, by reference thereto. In particular, U.S. Pat. No. 4,696,585 describes, in column 16, line 35, through Column 19, line 22, the preparation of a metathesis catalysts which can serve as the metathesis procatalyst.
The tungsten or molybdenum compound is not normally soluble in the methathesis polymerizable olefin monomer, but can be solubilized by complexing it with a phenolic compound. The tungsten or molybdenum compound is first suspended in a small amount of an inert diluent such as benzene, toluene, xylene or chlorinated benzene, to form a 0.1 to 1 mole per liter slurry. The phenolic compound is added to the slurry in a molar ratio of about 1:1 to 1:3 catalyst compound to phenolic compound, followed by passing a stream of dry inert gas through the agitated solution to remove hydrogen chloride gas that is formed. Alternatively, a phenolic salt, such as a lithium or sodium phenoxide, can be added to a tungsten compound/organic solvent slurry, the mixture stirred until essentially all of the tungsten compound is dissolved, and the precipitated inorganic salt removed by filtration or centrifugation.
All of these steps should be carried out in the absence of moisture and air to prevent deactivation of the procatalyst. Preferred phenolic compounds include phenol, alkyl phenols, halogenated phenols or phenolic salts such as lithium or sodium phenoxide. The most preferred phenolic compounds are t-butyl phenol, t-octyl phenol and nonyl phenol.
A particularly preferred procatalyst complex is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,981,931, to Bell, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety, by reference thereto. This patent describes a tungsten catalyst complex having the formula: ##STR2## where X is Cl or Br, n is 2 or 3, R1 is H, a Cl, an alkyl group having 1-10 carbons, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbons, or a phenyl group; R2 is H, a halogen, or an alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms; and R3 is a H, or an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms together with a tin activator compound having the formula R3 SnH, where R is an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or a phenyl group.
The alkoxy groups R1 can correspond to the following formulas: ##STR3## wherein m is between 0 and 7, n1, n2, and n3 are integers, equal or different, between 0 and 5, wherein the sum of the three integers is between 0 and 5 inclusive, ##STR4## wherein the numbers n4, n5, n6, and n7 are equal or different, between 0 and 4 inclusive and the sum of the four numbers is between 0 and 4 inclusive. The bulky alkyl groups of R2 can be for example isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, iso-amyl, tert-amyl or similar groups. The structure may be for example: ##STR5## where n8, n9, and n10 represent integers, equal or different between 0 and 6 with the sum of the three numbers no greater than 6. Other examples of R2 may be represented by the formula: ##STR6## wherein n11, n12, n13, and n14 are integral numbers the sum of which is no greater than 5. The two R2 groups are generally bulky but do not have to be identical. The R2 be methyl groups.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,082,909, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference thereto, also relates to "Bell catalysts" for the metathesis polymerization of polyolefins.
The tungsten catalyst complex can be prepared in a manner similar to the method disclosed by Bassett et al. in The Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 26, No. 25, pp. 4272-4277, (1987) and European Patent Appl. EP No. 259,215, Mar. 9, 1988, both of which are hereby incorporated, in their entireties, by reference thereto. Among the tungsten catalyst complexes that may be employed in this invention are WCl2 (4-ethoxyphenoxy)4, WCl2 (4-butoxyphenoxy)4, WCl3 (2,6-di-tertbutylphenoxy) 3, WCl2 (phenoxy)4, WCl2 (3-methylphenoxy)4, WCl2 (4-methylphenoxy), WCl2 (3,5-dimethylphenoxy)4, WCl2 (4-butylphenoxy)4, WCl2 (4-chlorophenoxy)4, WCl3 (2,6-dimethylphenoxy)3, WCl3 (2,4,6-trimethylphenoxy)3, WCl2 (4-phenylphenoxy)4, WCl2 (4-methoxyphenoxy)4, and WCl3 (2,6-diisopropylphenoxy)3.
When used in conjunction with a procatalyst activator (described below), the "Bell-type" procatalyst acts to delay gelation and polymerization of the metathesis-polymerizable cycloolefins, for a time sufficient to at least charge the reaction mixture to a mold. Both the Bell-type procatalyst and the procatalyst activator have good stability, with resistance to oxygen and moisture. As reported in the '931 patent, the Bell-type procatalyst and the procatalyst activator are easily isolated, without requiring the addition of a rate moderator compound to obtain the desired delay in gel and cure time.
If necessary to prevent premature polymerization of the procatalyst component/monomer solution, which could occur within a matter of hours, about 1 to 5 moles of a Lewis base or a chelating agent can be added per mole of procatalyst compound. Preferred chelatants include acetylacetones, dibenzoyl methane and alkyl acetoacetates, where the alkyl group contains from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Preferred Lewis bases are nitriles and ethers such as benzonitrile and tetrahydrofuran. The improvement in stability and shelf-life of the procatalyst component/monomer solution is obtained regardless of whether the complexing agent is added before or after the phenolic compound. When this complexed procatalyst component is added to purified cycloolefin, for example dicyclopentadiene, it forms a solution which is stable and has a shelf-life of several months in the absence of an activator.
The molar ratio of the procatalyst to metathesis polymerizable monomer (e.g. dicyclopentadiene) in the reaction mixture is generally from about 1:500 to 1:15,000, more preferably from about 1:2000 to 1:5,000. Still more preferably, the molar ratio of the procatalyst to monomer is from about 1:1000 to 1:3000, most preferably from about 1:1500 to 1:3000.
A lower amount of procatalyst not only results in a cost savings, but also a lower amount of procatalyst in the final product. It has been found that the lower amount of procatalyst in the final product provides a polymer which has less color and is less corrosive than its non-additive containing counterpart.
Metathesis polymerization procatalyst activators include alkylaluminum compounds, alkylzinc compounds, alkyltin compounds, alkylmagnesium compounds, alkyllithium compounds, and tin hydrides. Alkylaluminum compounds, such as trialkylaluminum compounds and dialkylaluminum halides, are preferred. Particularly preferred activators include dialkylaluminum halides containing an alkyl moiety of from 1 to 12 carbon atoms and iodide as the halide. Exemplary procatalyst activators include trialkylaluminum compounds, a dialkylaluminum halide, an alkylaluminum dihalide wherein the alkyl groups contain from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, triethylaluminum, diethylaluminum chloride, ethylaluminum dichloride, ethylaluminum chloride n-propoxide, a mixture of tri-n-octylaluminum:dioctyl-aluminum iodide:diglyme, tributyltin hydride, and tetrabutyl tin. The most preferred procatalyst activator is an 85:15:100 mixture (molar basis) of tri-n-octylaluminum: dioctylaluminum iodide:diglyme, in toluene.
The procatalyst activator can be prepared by mixing, for example, an alkyl aluminum compound or mixture of alkyl aluminum compounds with a Lewis base or chelating agent at a 1:1 to 1:5 molar ratio. While either order of addition, i.e., Lewis base to alkyl aluminum compound or alkyl aluminum compound to Lewis base, can be used, it is preferred to add the Lewis base to the alkyl aluminum compound, with agitation. The reaction is highly exothermic, and it is desirable to control the rate of Lewis base addition to the alkyl aluminum compound so as to maintain the temperature at less than approximately 50° C. to prevent decomposition of the rate moderator complex. In the case of solid Lewis bases, the base can be added as the solid or dissolved in a suitable nonreactive solvent such as toluene. The activator can also be prepared by dissolving or suspending the Lewis base in the cycloolefin and adding the alkyl aluminum component. Diglyme [i.e. bis(2-methoxyethyl) ether], may also be added to the activator solution.
The procatalyst activator is readily soluble in the cycloolefin, and is preferably in solution with the metathesis polymerizable olefin, which is preferably dicyclopentadiene. The solution of procatalyst activator and dicyclopentadiene monomer is storage stable (unlike the tungsten compound/monomer solution), and therefore needs no additives to prolong its shelf life, unlike the tungsten compound/monomer solution. If, however, an unmodified activator/monomer solution is mixed with the procatalyst/monomer solution, the polymerization reaction would initiate instantaneously, and the polymer could then set up in the mixing head.
The amount of procatalyst activator to be used differs with the particular procatalyst being used. For a "standard procatalyst" (i.e., procatalysts other than Bell procatalysts), the molar ratio of Al:W is generally from about 2:1 to 4:1, and is preferably from about 2.5:1 to 3.5:1, and is most preferably from about 2.75:1 to 3.25:1. For Bell procatalysts, the molar ratio of Sn:W is generally from about 1.5:1 to 9:1, preferably from about 2:1 to 6:1, and most preferably from about 2:1 to 3:1.
The onset of gelation or viscosity build-up of metathesis polyymerizable cycloolefins can be delayed by the addition one or more reaction rate moderators.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,037, to Leach, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety, by reference thereto, discloses extending the gelation time to as much as ten minutes at room temperature by the use of a dialkylaluminum iodide activator moderated by di-n-butyl ether.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,882,401, to Bell, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety, by reference thereto, discloses the use of alkylzinc activators instead of the alkylaluminum compounds usually used as activators in metathesis polymerization. The alkylzinc activators also serve to significantly increase gel and cure times, and may be used used in conjunction with tungsten or molybdenum compounds to which a phenolic compound has been added.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,883,849, to Matlack, which is hereby incorporated, in its entirety, by reference thereto, discloses certain nitrogen-containing compounds which act as moderators which significantly delay the onset of gelation or viscosity build-up of metathesis polymerizable cycloolefins, at temperatures up to at least about 80° C. These compounds may be added either to the catalyst-containing feedstream or to the activator-containing feedstream, provided that the components remain stable in the presence of these compounds.
The nitrogen compounds which can be employed include anilines, N-alkylanilines, alkyl arylamines, and related compounds. These nitrogen compounds may be represented by the general formula: ##STR7## wherein X represents aryl, alkaryl or haloaryl groups, Y represents hydrogen or an alkyl group, and Z represents alkyl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl groups or hydrogen. When neither Y nor Z represents hydrogen, X, Y and Z all must represent an alkyl group. Useful compounds include aniline, N-ethylaniline, indoline, triethylamine, ethylpiperidine, and methylpiperidine.
Preferred additives include N-ethylaniline and indoline. These preferred additives have been chosen as being readily available in the commercial marketplace, and as being effective in lower concentrations, thus minimally affecting the properties of the polymer being produced.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,727,125, to Nelson, which is also hereby incorporated in its entirety, by reference thereto, discloses delaying the onset of gelation or viscosity build-up at temperatures up to at least about 80° C., by employing, as a reaction rate moderator, a sterically unhindered or partially unhindered nucleophilic Lewis base. Sterically unhindered or partially unhindered nucleophilic Lewis bases which can be employed as moderators include unsaturated cyclic amines such as, e.g., pyridine, 2-,3-,4-, or 3,4-disubstituted pyridines, 2-,2,3,-di-, or 2,5-di-substituted pyrazines, quinoline and quinoxaline and cyclic saturated polycyclic amines such as hexamethylene tetramine and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, as well as still other nucleophilic Lewis bases including phenanthridine, pyrimidine, isoquinoline and substituted derivatives of these materials.
The sterically unhindered or partially unhindered nucleophilic Lewis bases can be employed in conjunction with conventional metathesis catalysts to polymerize any metathesis polymerizable olefin. A cycloolefin reaction mixture moderated by a sterically unhindered or partially unhindered Lewis base according to this invention remains fluid for a relatively long time at room temperature prior to forming a gel. As long a time as 1 to 4 hours can be required for gel formation at room temperature. Thus, the catalyst components need not be mixed and immediately injected into a mold. While the RIM technique can be employed, processing is not limited to the RIM technique. Moreover, the RIM technique can be used with a premixed reactive solution (i.e., cycloolefin containing both catalyst and activator) and materials can be charged directly into the heated mold without using a mix head on the molding machine.
The sterically unhindered or partially hindered moderators extend the gel time at convenient molding temperatures, i e , about 80° C. at which temperature the gel time can be extended to as long as three minutes or more. Solutions containing conventional rate moderators gel within 15 to 20 seconds at most. The extended gel time, during which the reaction mixture remains highly fluid, allows the reaction mixture to be used in techniques where molds are filled slowly, as is the situation, for example, in rotational molding, where centrifugal force is employed to distribute the mixture and where the polymerization reaction cannot start until uniform distribution is achieved. These moderators are also useful in preparing polymer articles filled with glass or other fibrous mat reinforcement where the mixture must remain fluid until it has completely impregnated the mat. Manufacture of large objects, where the volume of the mold, per se, necessitates long filling time, can also be facilitated by using these moderators.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,933,402, to Matlack, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety, by reference thereto, discloses the use of phosphorous-containing compounds as reaction rate moderators. These compounds are disclosed as delaying the onset of gelation at temperatures up to at least about 80° C. These compounds may be added either to the procatalystcontaining feedstream or to the procatalyst activatorcontaining feedstream, provided that the components remain stable in the presence of these compounds.
The phosphorus compounds suitable as moderators include trialkyl phosphites (especially tributylphosphites), norbornene phosphites, norbornene phosphates, trialkyl phosphates, triaryl phosphates, and related compounds. Phosphorus compounds suitable as moderators include those represented by the general formula: ##STR8## wherein X, Y and Z represent alkyl, cycloalkyl, alicyclic, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, alkoxy, alkylthio, aryloxy, arylthio, halogen or thiophene groups. X and Y may form a ring in which the phosphorus atom is included which is alicyclic, benzo or benzoalicyclic or X, Y and Z may form two rings which includes the phosphorus atom. Q represents oxygen, sulfur or nothing. Useful compounds include trimethyl phosphite, tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphite, ethyl dichlorophosphite, triisopropylphosphite, triisobutylphosphite, diethyl chlorophosphite, triethyl phosphite, isooctyldiphenyl phosphite, triisooctylphosphite, tris(5-norbornenyl-2-methyl)phosphate, triethyl phosphate, tributylphosphate, triphenylphosphate, tricresylphosphate, butylated triphenyl phosphate, diethylphenyl phosphonite, diisopropyl phenylphosphonite, ethyl diphenylphosphonite, tetraethyl pyrophosphite, 1,2-phenylenephosphorochloridite, ethylene chlorophosphite, diethyl ethylenepyrophosphite, diisodecylpentaerythritol diphosphite, tripentyl phosphite, trihexylphosphite, triheptylphosphite, trineodecylphosphite, tridodecyl trithiophosphite, tributylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, and tris(5-norbornenyl-2-methyl)phosphite.
Preferred additives include tris(5-norbornenyl-2-methyl)phosphite, tris(5-norbornenyl-2-methyl)phosphate, trimethyl phosphite, trialkyl phosphites, tributyl phosphate, trialkyl phosphates, trineodecyl phosphite, diethyl phenyl phosphonite, and diisodecylpentaerythritol diphosphite.
These preferred additives are readily available in the commercial marketplace, and are effective in relatively low concentrations, and thereby minimally affect the properties of the polymer being produced. Cycloolefin reaction mixtures moderated by phosphorus containing compounds remain fluid for a relatively long time at room temperature prior to forming a gel. By varying the amount of moderator, procatalyst, and procatalyst activator, it is possible to delay the gel time over a wide time period. Thus, the catalyst components need not be mixed and immediately injected into a mold. While the RIM technique can be employed, processing is not limited to the RIM technique. Moreover, the RIM technique can be used with a premixed reactive solution (i.e. cycloolefin containing both catalyst and activator) and materials can be charged directly into the heated mold without using a mix head on the molding machine.
Reaction rate moderators are generally used in conjunction with aluminum alkyl and tin alkyl-activated metathesis catalyst systems. If an alkylaluminum procatalyst activator is used, the onset of polymerization can be delayed by adding a reaction rate moderator selected from the group consisting of ethers, esters, ketones and nitriles. Ethyl benzoate and butyl ether are preferred. Particularly preferred is the dimethyl ether of diethylene glycol (diglyme), and butyl diglyme.
In general, the moderator can be used in an amount within the range of from about 0.1 moles of moderator per mole of tungsten, up to 5 mole percent, based on total metathesis polymerizable monomer content of the reaction mixture. Preferably the moderator is used in an amount of from about 0.5-2 mole percent based on the total metathesis polymerizable monomer content of the reaction mixture. Amine-containing moderators are preferably used in an amount of about 0.5 mole amine moderator per mole of tungsten compound. Phosphorus-containing moderators are preferably used in an amount of from about 1-2 moles phosphorus compound per mole tungsten compound. A preferred ratio of the "standard" procatalyst activator (e.g. an alkylaluminum compound) to moderator is from about 1:1.5 to about 1:5, on a molar basis.
In the instance in which a Lewis Acid catalyst and a Lewis Acid cocatalyst are used, most of the oxygen or nitrogen compound (i.e. the moderator) is tied up with the Lewis acid. In this instance, it is most preferred that the moderator is present in a 1:1 molar ratio with the sum of the amount of metathesis polymerization procatalyst (e.g. WOCl6) and Lewis acid catalyst (e.g. BF3). If boron trifluoride is used as the Lewis Acid catalyst, it is preferred to use a dialkylaniline moderator, instead of an alkylaniline moderator. If a Lewis Acid catlayst is not present, it is most preferred that the moderator is present in a molar ratio of from about 1:1 to 2:1, with the metathesis polymerization procatalyst.
In general, the Lewis acid catalysts suitable for use in the present invention include all compounds which act as Lewis Acids, other than compounds and complexes which serve as metathesis polymerization procatalysts. Lewis Acid catalysts include metal halides (other than metal halides which act as metathesis polymerization procatalysts). Such metal halides include boron halides, tin halides, aluminum halides, titanium halides, antimony halides, bismuth halides, iron halides, zinc halides, and zirconium halides. A group of preferred Lewis acids includes boron trifluoride etherate, boron trifluoride-N,N-diethylaniline, boron trifluoride-tetrahydrofuran, tin (IV) chloride, tin (IV) bromide, boron trifluoride quinuclidine, and a polymeric Lewis acid, a protonic acid, a cation generator, and ionizing radiation. Still more preferably, the Lewis acid comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of boron trifluoride etherate, tin (IV) bromide and tin (IV) chloride. The most preferred Lewis acid catalyst is boron trifluoride etherate. Many other Lewis acid catalysts are known, and/or can be envisioned by those of ordinary skill in this art.
The Lewis acid catalyst is generally added in an amount of from about 0.1 to 5 weight percent, preferably from about 0.25 to 2 weight percent, and most preferably from about 0.5 to 1 weight percent, based on weight of monomer polymerizable with a Lewis Acid catalyst.
The Lewis acid catalyst can be added as such or can be formed in situ, for example, by adding the Lewis acid catalyst in the form of a complex that will subsequently decompose. The Lewis acid catalyst can be added to a solution comprising the metathesis polymerizable olefin and the procatalyst (e.g. a solution of the procatalyst in dicyclopentadiene). As disclosed above, most preferably from about 1 to about 5 moles of a Lewis base or a chelating agent are added to the dicyclopentadiene/procatalyst solution per mole of procatalyst, in order to prevent premature polymerization. The amount of Lewis base or chelating agent present is not sufficient, however, to prevent polymerization of the dicyclopentadiene in the presence of the Lewis acid catalyst, if they are left in contact for more than 24 hours. Thus, it may be found desirable to add the Lewis acid catalyst to the mixing head as a separate reactant stream. Regardless of the length of the time of contact of the Lewis acid catalyst with the metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer, the Lewis acid catalyst is preferably dissolved in the monomer before addition to the reaction mixture.
The Lewis acid cocatalyst may in general be any alkyl halide and/or aryl halide. The alkyl halide may be a primary, secondary, and/or tertiary alkyl halide. A preferred group of Lewis acid cocatalysts includes isobutyl chloride, tert-butyl chloride, benzyl chloride (i.e., α-chlorotoluene), vinylbenzyl chloride, 1-bromodecane, 2-ethylhexyl chloride, 2-ethylhexyl bromide, t-butyl acetate, chlorodiphenylmethane, and polymeric chlorides, such as poly(chloroprene) and poly(vinylbenzyl chloride). This listing of preferred Lewis acid cocatalysts is merely for purposes of illustrating the large group of compounds and polymers which may serve this function, and is in no way intended to restrict the choice of the Lewis acid cocatalyst in the present invention. However, the most preferred Lewis acid cocatalysts are t-butyl chloride and isobutyl chloride.
The Lewis acid cocatalyst may, in general, be used in the process of the present invention in an amount of from about 0.05 weight percent to 5 weight percent, based on weight of monomer polymerizable with a Lewis acid catalyst. Preferably the Lewis acid cocatalyst is present in the reaction mixture in an amount of from about 0.2 weight percent to 2 weight percent. Most preferably the Lewis acid cocatalyst is present in the reaction mixture in an amount of about 0.25 to 0.5 weight percent.
The anionic polymerization catalysts include any compounds or complexes capable of catalyzing the anionic polymerization of any one or more of a variety of cationically-polymerizable monomers, so long as the anionic polymerization catalyst is compatible with the metathesis procatalyst and procatalyst activator. Compatible anionic catalysts do not have hydroxy groups which interfere with the function of the aluminum alkyl metathesis procatalyst activator. Suitable anionic polymerization catalysts include metal alkyls such as n-butyllithium and dibutylzinc. Many other suitable anionic polymerization catalysts are known to those of skill in the art of anionic polymerization.
The anionic polymerization catalyst should be present in the stream comprising the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, or in a separate stream, but in any event should not be present in the stream comprising the metathesis polymerization procatalyst. In general, the anionic polymerization catalyst can be present in an amount of from about 0.05 to 10 weight percent, based on the weight of the anionic polymerizable monomer. Preferably the anionic polymerization catalyst is present in an amount of from about 0.1 to 5 weight percent, most preferably 0.3 to 2 weight percent.
The free radical polymerization initiators include any compounds, complexes, or other means (such as ionizing radiation) capable of catalyzing free radical polymerization of any one or more of a variety of monomers, while also being compatible with the metathesis procatalyst and procatalyst activator system. Compatible free radical polymerization initiators will not interfere with the functioning of the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator. Suitable free radical polymerization initiators include a wide variety of azo and peroxide compounds. Such compounds include: 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile); dimethyl 2,2'-azobisisobutyrate; 2,2'-azobis(2-methylbutyronitrile); tertbutylperoxyoctoate; 1,1'-azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile); 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane; 2,2'-azobis(2,4,4-trimethylpentane); dicumyl peroxide; 2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane; tert-butylperoxide. Free-radical initiation by ultraviolet light or electron beam or gamma rays may also be utilized. If ultraviolet light is used, a photoinitiator should also be used.
The azo or peroxy compounds or photoinitiators, which act as free-radical initiators, can be used in a stream comprising a metathesis polymerizable olefin together with the metathesis procatalyst, or in a stream comprising a metathesis polymerizable olefin together with the metathesis procatalyst activator, or in a separate stream. The amount of azo or peroxy compound could be from about 0.05 to 10 percent, based on the weight of the free-radical polymerizable monomer. Preferably the amount of azo or peroxy compound is from 0.25 to 5 weight percent, most preferably from about 0.5 to 2 weight percent, based on the weight of the free radical polymerizable monomer.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,900,779, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference thereto, describes the use of hydrosilation catalysts for making organosilicon polymers. The organosilicon polymers comprise alternating polycyclic hydrocarbon residues, and residues of monomers comprising at least one hydrosilane group, i.e., cyclic polysiloxane or tetrahedral siloxysilane residues linked through carbon-silicon bonds. The cyclic polysiloxane or tetrahedral siloxysilane monomers contain at least two hydrosilane groups. The ratio of carbon-carbon double bonds in the ringls of the polycyclic polyene to hydrosilane groups in the cyclic polysiloxane or tetrahedral siloxysilane monomers is in the range of from about 0.5:1 up to about 1.8:1. The polycyclic polyene and/or the cyclic polysiloxane or tetrahedral siloxysilane has more than two reactive sites (i.e., carboncarbon double bonds of the rings of the polycyclic polyene or hydrosilane groups in the cyclic polysiloxane or tetrahedral siloxysilane).
Any cyclic polysiloxane, tetrahedral siloxysilane, or linear polysiloxane containing two or more hydrogen atoms bound to silicon will enter into the reaction. Cyclic polysiloxanes useful in forming the products of this invention have the general formula: ##STR9## wherein R is hydrogen, a saturated, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or alkoxy radical, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic or aryloxy radical, n is an integer from 3 to about 20, and R is hydrogen on at least two of the silicon atoms.
The tetrahedral siloxysilanes are represented by the general structural formula: ##STR10## wherein R is as defined above and is hydrogen in at least two silicon atoms in the molecule.
Examples of reactants of Formula (I) include, e.g., trimethyl cyclotrisiloxane, tetramethyl cyclotetrasiloxane, pentamethyl cyclopentasiloxane, hexamethyl cyclohexasiloxane, tetraethylcyclotetrasiloxane, cyclotetrasiloxane, tetraphenyl cyclotetrasiloxane, tetraoctyl cyclotetrasiloxane and hexamethyl tetracyclosiloxane.
The most commonly occurring members of this group are the tetra-, penta-, and hexacyclosiloxanes, with tetramethyl tetracyclosiloxane being a preferred member. In most cases, however, the material is a mixture of a number of species wherein n can vary widely. Generally, commercial mixtures contain up to about 20% (in purer forms as low as 2%) low molecular weight linear methylhydrosiloxanes, such as heptamethyltrisiloxane, octamethyltrisiloxane, etc.
Examples of reactants of Formula (II) include, e.g., tetrakisdimethylsiloxysilane, tetrakisdiphenylsiloxysilane, and tetrakisdiethylsiloxysilane. The tetrakisdimethylsiloxysilane is the best known and preferred species in this group.
Cyclic polyenes which can be employed are polycyclic hydrocarbon compounds having at least two nonaromatic carboncarbon double bonds in their rings. Exemplary compounds include dicyclopentadiene, methyl dicyclopentadiene, cyclopentadiene oligomers, norbornadiene, norbornadiene dimer, hexahydronaphthalene, dimethanohexahydronaphthalene, and substituted derivatives of any of these.
If prepolymers are being formed (see discussion below), cyclic polysiloxanes with three or more hydrogen atoms bound to silicon are generally used. Mixtures of cyclic polysiloxanes are also useful. Cyclic polysiloxanes useful in fcrming the products of this invention include those having the general formula I (above), wherein R is hydrogen, or substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aromatic radical, n is an integer from 3 to about 7, and R is hydrogen on at least three of the silicon atoms in the molecule.
Examples of cyclic polysiloxanes suitable for the formation of prepolymers include, e.g., tetra and pentamethylcyclotetrasiloxanes, tetra-, penta-, hexa- and heptamethylcyclopentasiloxanes, tetra-, penta- and hexamethylcyclohexasiloxanes, tetraethyl cyclotetrasiloxanes and tetraphenyl cyclotetrasiloxanes. Preferred are 1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, 1,3,5,7,9-pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane and 1,3,5,7,9,11-hexamethylcyclohexasiloxane, or blends thereof.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,820, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference thereto, relates to crosslinked organosiloxane polymers, preferably poly(organohydrosiloxane) of the general formula: ##STR11## wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated alkyl radical or a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl radical, and about 1% to about 50%, preferably 5 to about 50%, of the R's are hydrogen, and m is an integer from about 5 to 1000, preferably 5 to 100, and the maximum value of m is desirably 40. A preferred linear poly(organohydrosiloxane) defined by the above general formula is trimethylsiloxy-terminated methylhydropolysiloxane.
Other exemplary poly(organohydrosiloxanes) include: trimethylsiloxy-terminated dimethylsiloxane-methylhydrosiloxane copolymer, dimethylsiloxy-terminated dimethylsiloxane methylhydrosiloxane copolymer, dimethylsiloxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane, trimethylsiloxy-terminated methyloctylsiloxane methylhydrosiloxane copolymer, dimethylsiloxy-terminated phenylmethylsiloxane methylhydrosiloxane copolymer, trimethylsiloxy-terminated methylcyanopropylsiloxane methylhydrosiloxane copolymer, trimethylsiloxy-terminated 3,3,3-trifluoropropylmethyl siloxane methylhydrosiloxane copolymer, trimethylsiloxy-terminated 3-aminopropylmethylsiloxane methylhydrosiloxane copolymer, trimethylsiloxy-terminated 2-phenylethylmethylsiloxane methylhydrosiloxane copolymer, and trimethylsiloxy-terminated 2-(4-methylphenyl) ethylmethylsiloxane-methylhydrosiloxane copolymer.
The hydrosilation reaction proceeds readily in the presence of a platinum-containing catlayst. Metal salts and complexes of Group VIII elements can also be used. The preferred catalyst, in terms of both reactivity and cost, is chloroplatinic acid (H2 PtCl6.6H2 O). Catalyst concentrations of 0.0005 to about 0.5% by weight, based on weight of the monomer, will effect smooth and substantially complete polymerization. Typical platinum concentrations are from about 0,001 to about 0.05 weight percent, preferably about 0.0025 to 0.03 weight percent, based on weight of the prepolymer. Other platinum compounds can also be used to advantage in some instances, such as PtCl2 and dibenzonitrile platinum dichloride. Platinum on carbon is also effective for carrying out high temperature polymerizations. Other useful platinum catalysts are disclosed in, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,220,972, 3,715,334, and 3,159,662, each of which is hereby incorporated in its entirety, by reference thereto. An exhaustive discussion of the catalysis of hydrosilation can be found in Advances in Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 17, which is also incorporated in its entirety, by reference thereto. See especially page 407, et. seq. The polymerization reactions can be promoted thermally or by the addition of radical generators such as peroxides and azo compounds.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,902,731, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety, by reference thereto, relates to organosilicon prepolymers. These heat-curable prepolymers or oligomers are the partial reaction product of (a) a cyclic polysiloxane or a tetrahedral siloxysilane containing at least two hydrosilane groups and (b) a polycyclic polyene having at least two chemically distinguishable carbon-carbon double bonds, wherein the ratio of the carbon-carbon double bonds in the rings of (b) to hydrosilane groups in (a) is greater than 0.5:1 and up to 1.9:1 and at least one of the compounds (a) and (b) has more than two reactive sites.
The reactions for forming the prepolymers can be promoted thermally or by the addition of a hydrosilation catalyst, radical generators such as peroxides, and azo compounds, as described above. Hydrosilation catalysts include metal salts and complexes of Group VIII elements. The preferred hydrosilation catalysts contain the same platinum-containing catalysts described above with respect to hydrosilation polymers.
In one embodiment for preparing a prepolymer, a platinum-containing catalyst, preferably chloroplatinic acid, and a liquid polycyclic polyene are mixed and heated at 40° to 80° C. for one to two hours to form a platinum/olefin complex. The platinum/olefin complex solution is cooled to room temperature and then mixed with the other ingredients, i.e., cyclic siloxane, polycyclic polyene, chain extender, aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent and optional ingredients. This mixture is stirred at 20° C. to 40° C. in a water bath which serves as a heat sink. The level of solvent (from 5 to 50% by weight of the prepolymer solution), the catalyst level, and the temperature of the bath will all affect the rate of reaction. Conditions should be chosen such that the reaction temperature does not increase substantially above the bath temperature, as a sudden temperature rise may decrease the activity of the catalyst, which is needed for cure.
In a second embodiment, the polycyclic polyene-platinum catalyst complex can be mixed with solvent, polycyclic polyene, chain extender and optional ingredients. The mixture is heated to a temperature at which hydrosilation of reactive double bonds is facile, usually 40° to 80° C. Then, the cyclic siloxane is slowly dripped into the mixture.
Organosilicon prepolymers can also be made by heating siloxane and polyene reactants at lower temperatures, e.g., about 50° to about 80° C. The resulting prepolymer may be in the form of a solid or a flowable, heat-curable liquid, even though the ratio of carbon-carbon double bonds to hydrosilane groups is otherwise suitable for cross-linking. Such prepolymers can be recovered and subsequently transferred to a mold for curing, to form thermoset polymers. Temperatures of, for example, from about 100° to about 250° C., are utilized for curing such prepolymers.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,008,360, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety, by reference thereto, is directed to organosilicon materials which are prepregs comprising fiber reinforcement impregnated with the partial hydrosilation reaction product of a polyene, a polycyclic polyene, and at least one cyclic polysiloxane containing three or more .tbd.SiH groups.
The method of the present invention can be carried out by providing a plurality of reactant streams, wherein a first reactant stream comprises the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator and a portion of the metathesis polymerizable olefin, and a second reactant stream comprises the metathesis polymerization procatalyst and a portion of the the metathesis polymerizable olefin. At least one reactant stream further comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of: (i) a Lewis acid catalyst and a Lewis acid cocatalyst, present in separate reactant streams; (ii) an anionic polymerization catalyst; (iii) a free radical polymerization initiator; (iv) a hydrosilation polymerization catalyst. The reactant streams are then mixed together, whereby a reaction mixture is formed. The reaction mixture is then formed into a desired shape before the polymerization of the metathesis polymerizable olefin.
Reaction Injection Molding (RIM) is the preferred process for carrying out the method of the present invention. RIM is most conveniently accomplished by mixing equal parts of two solutions, one of which contains twice the desired concentration of procatalyst, and the other of which contains twice the desired concentration of the procatalyst activator. It is preferable, but not necessarily required, that at least one of the solutions contains a rate moderator, as described above. Since the reactive mixture does not gel immediately, the RIM process can frequently be carried out via the alternative process of adding one part of the catalyst system (i.e. either the procatalyst or the procatalyst activator) to substantially all of the cycloolefin and, just prior to the polymerization and molding, mixing in a concentrate of the other part.
Poly(dicyclopentadiene) can be produced via a RIM process, to result in a polymeric product having a desired form. The procatalyst and the procatalyst activator are each mixed with dicyclcopentadiene to form solutions that are placed in separate vessels. These containers provide the source for two separate reactant streams, with each container provided with a solution of the cycloolefin monomer or monomers. The two reactant streams are combined in the RIM machine's mixing head and then injected into a warm mold where they quickly polymerize into a solid, infusible mass. The reaction mixture is preferably allowed to polymerize to a degree of substantial reaction termination while the reaction mixture is within the mold, whereby a molded article is produced, followed by removing the molded article from the mold. Similar methods can be utilized for RIM processes utilizing other metathesis polymerizable olefins.
The method of the invention is not intended to be limited to systems employing two reactant streams, each containing monomer. In fact, in practicing the instant invention it may be preferable, under certain conditions, to add, for example, a cationic initiator as a third reactant stream. In general, the invention is carried out using two to four reactant streams. Preferably, however, only two reactant streams are utilized in the process. The first reactant stream preferably comprises dicyclopentadiene monomer, the metathesis polymerization procatalyst, and the Lewis acid catalyst, while the second stream preferably comprises dicyclopentadiene monomer, the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, and the Lewis acid cocatalyst. However, if enough of the delay additive (i.e. moderator, as discussed above) is used, a one-stream system can be used in a RIM process.
The composition of the present invention preferably comprises a low level of residual metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer, regardless of the particular combination of catalysts present in the composition. Preferably the composition has a residual methathesis polymerizable olefin monomer level of from about 0 to 0.25 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin. Still more preferably, the level of residual metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer is from about 0 to 0.15 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin.
If the olefin monomer is dicyclopentadiene, as is preferred, obtaining a low residual dicyclopentadiene monomer level is a major objective of the present invention. A low level of residual dicyclopentadiene monomer enables the production of molded articles comprising polydicyclopentadiene suitable for indoor use, if the odor level from the monomer is reduced to a very low level.
As referred to herein, the "amount" of residual monomer in the composition of the present invention is an amount present immediately upon completion of the polymerization reaction, i.e., immediately upon removing the molded product from the mold.
Various additives can be included to modify the properties of polyolefin. Possible additives include fillers and reinforcing agents, pigments, antioxidants, light stabilizers and polymeric modifiers such as elastomers, among others. U.S. Patent 4,689,380, U.S. Patent No. 4,400,340, and U.S. Patent No. 4,436,858 (each of which is incorporated, in its entirety, by reference thereto), disclose various additives for a variety of different purposes.
Because of the rapid polymerization time, the additives must be incorporated before the polyolefin sets up in the mold. It is often desirable that the additives be combined with one or both of the catalyst system's streams before being injected into the mold. Fillers can also be charged to the mold cavity, prior to charging the reaction streams, if the fillers are such that the reaction stream can readily flow around them to fill the remaining void space in the mold. However, it is essential that the additives do not adversely affect the catalytic activity of the various catalyst components.
Light stabilizers which are useful in the composition of the present invention comprise hindered amines such as 1-octyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (available from Ciba-Geigy, under the name Tinuvin® 123), as well as carbon black and other pigments which can serve as light stabilizers. Light stabilizers comprising --NH groups therein are not recommended, because at least some of such compounds interfere with the catalyst system.
Reinforcing agents and fillers can increase the polymer's flexural modulus with only a small sacrifice in impact resistance. Such reinforcing agents/fillers include glass, wollastonite, mica, carbon black, talc, and calcium carbonate. It is surprising that in spite of the highly polar nature of their surfaces, these materials can be added without appreciably affecting the polymerization rate. From about 5% to 75% by weight may be incorporated, based on the weight of the final product. The addition of the materials having modified surface properties is particularly advantageous. The exact amount is easily determinable by one skilled in the art and depends on the preferences of the practitioner. The addition of these materials also serves to decrease the mold shrinkage of the product.
Since poly(dicyclopentadiene) contains some unsaturation it may be subject to oxidation. The product can be protected from oxidation by the incorporation of as much as about 5 weight percent of at least one antioxidant selected from the group consisting of phenolic antioxidants and amine antioxidants, and mixtures of these antioxidants. Preferred antioxidants include 2,6-tert-butyl-p-cresol, N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine and tetrakis[methylene(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxycinnamate)]-methane. While the antioxidant can be added to either or both reactant streams, incorporation into the activator/monomer reactant streams is preferred.
The addition of an elastomer can increase the impact strength of the polymer with only a slight decrease in flexural modulus. The elastomer can be dissolved in one or all of the reactant streams. The amount of elastomer used is determined by its molecular weight and by the initial viscosity of the reactant streams to which it is added. Amounts within the range of 1% to 10% by weight and preferably 3% to 10% by weight, based on the weight of the total stream, can be used without causing an excessive increase in solution viscosity. An example of preferred elastomer is styrenebutadiene rubber, made by solution polymerization.
The reactant streams cannot be so viscous that adequate mixing of the reactant streams is not possible. However, increasing the viscosity to between 300 cps and 1,000 cps improves the mold filling characteristics of the combined reactant streams. The elastomer is preferably added to all of the reactant streams so that the viscosities of the two reactant streams are similar. When the reactant streams have similar viscosities, more uniform mixing is obtained when the reactant streams are combined. An increase in viscosity also reduces leakage from the mold and simplifies the use of fillers by decreasing the settling rate of solid filler materials. Useful elastomers can be unsaturated hydrocarbon elastomers such as, e.g., styrene-butadiene rubber, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, natural rubber, styrene-isoprenestyrene triblock rubber, styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock rubber, and ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers, or saturated elastomers such as polyisobutylene and ethylene-propylene copolymers.
The invention is illustrated by the Examples reported in Tables 1-5, below. In these Examples, a "standard catalyst" component is prepared by suspending a WCl6 complex in toluene, reacting it with tert-butyl alcohol (so that WOCl4 is formed as an intermediate), and thereafter adding nonylphenol (resulting in replacement of one or more chlorines by a nonylphenol group) to solubilize catalyst, followed by adding 2,4-pentanedione (resulting in the replacement of one or more additional chlorines, with 2,4-pentanedione), to result in a desired catalyst complex. This product is then diluted to a 0.5 molar concentration by adding sufficient additional toluene. A 1.0 molar toluene solution of an 85:15:100 mixture of tri-n-octyl aluminum: dioctylaluminum iodide:diglyme is prepared. Diglyme is also known as 2-methoxyethyl ether. For a trial with 5 ml dicyclopentadiene, the standard 0.04 ml of 0.5 molar catalyst in toluene plus one equivalent of dichlorodiphenylmethane per W is 0.045 ml (0.02 mmole W), for a monomer to catalyst molar ratio of 2000 to 1. The standard amount of 1.0 M activator is 0.06 ml (0.06 mmole Al).
A "Bell catalyst" [i.e., WOCl2 (O-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)2 ] is made by contacting tungsten oxytetrachloride (i.e., WOCl4) with two equivalents of 2,6-diisopropylphenol in a hydrocarbon solvent. The WOCl2 (O-2,6-diisopropylphenyl)2, a solid, is used as 0.045 ml 0.4 M solution in dicyclopentadiene (0.018 mmole W) with no added dichlorodiphenylmethane. It is activated by 0.015 ml tributyltin hydride in 0.015 ml toluene (0.056 mmole Sn), 0.22 ml 1.0 M ethylaluminum dichloride in hexane (0.22 mmole Al), 0.11 ml 1.0 M di-n-butylzinc in toluene (0.11 mmole Zn), 0.03 ml 1.6 M n-butyllithium in hexane (0.048m mole Li), or 0.15 ml 0.7 M di-n-butylmagnesium in heptane (0.015 mmole Mg), except as indicated otherwise in Tables 1-5, below. Ethylaluminum chloride n-propoxide is used as 0.11 ml of 0.5 M solution in toluene (0.055 mmole Al). Thus, the molar ratio for the standard catalyst system is 3 Al/W and for the Bell catalyst 3.1 Sn/W, 12 Al/W for ethylaluminum dichloride, 3 Al/W for ethylaluminum chloride n-propoxide, 6 Zn/W, 6 Mg/W, and 6 Li/W.
The dicyclopentadiene utilized in the preparation of the catalysts and elsewhere in the Examples is a commercially available dicyclopentadiene having a purity level in excess of 98% by weight.
A general description of how the various runs are performed is provided below, for each of the catalyst types utilized, i.e., for the "standard catalyst" (a tungsten hexachloride-based catalyst) as well as for the "Bell Catalyst" (a tungsten oxychloride-based catalyst).
5 ml of dicyclopentadiene are charged to a nitrogen-sparged vessel. Then 0.04 ml of the 0.5 M tungsten catalyst component solution is injected and mixed well. [In the event that dichlorodiphenylmethane is used in a 1:1 molar ratio with the tungsten catalyst, the dichlorodiphenylmethane is included in the catalyst solution, of which 0.045 ml is then used, instead of the usual 0.04 ml.]Then 0.06 ml of the standard 1.0 M activator prepared above is added, and the mass mixed well. The vessel is then immersed in a constant temperature bath maintained at 32° C., or at some other temperature, as indicated in the individual examples. The Lewis acid catalyst is then mixed with the tungsten catalyst, before the activator is added. The Lewis acid cocatalyst is then added. Otherwise the order of addition is standard catalyst first, Lewis acid second, activator third, followed by Lewis acid cocatalyst.
The time from addition of the tungsten catalyst component until formation of a non-fluid gel is noted, and recorded as the "gel time". Similarly, the time from addition of the catalyst until the temperature reaches 100° C. (or 160° C., in the case of runs started at 80° C.), is recorded as the "cure time". The difference between the starting temperature and the maximum temperatures is recorded as the " T". The thermocouple used to measure the temperatures is rotated during the polymerization (when above 100° C.) so as to break the seal with the polymer plug, then removed before it becomes "frozen" in place. For the control examples, these values are recorded in Table I. It typically takes three seconds to gel and 30 seconds to reach 100° C., for the higher purity dicyclopentadiene monomer.
A nitrogen-sparged vessel is charged with 5 ml. of dicyclopentadiene. Then 0.045 ml of a 0.4 M Bell catalyst component solution is injected into the vessel, and mixed well therein. Then 0.03 ml. of the standard 1.86 M tributyltin hydride activator, prepared above, is added to the vessel, and the contents mixed well.
The vessel is immersed in a constant temperature bath maintained at 32° C., or at another temperature, as indicated in the individual examples. The Lewis acid catalyst is mixed with the Bell catalyst before the activator is added. The Lewis acid cocatalyst is then added. Otherwise the order of addition is Bell catalyst first, Lewis acid catalyst second, activator third, followed by addition of the Lewis acid cocatalyst.
The time from addition of the Bell catalyst component until formation of a non-fluid gel is noted and recorded as the gel time. Similarly, the time from addition of the catalyst until the temperature reaches 100° C. (or 160° C., in the case of runs started at 80° C.) is noted and recorded as the cure time. The difference between the starting and maximum temperatures is noted and recorded as the T. The thermocouple used to measure temperature is rotated during the polymerization (when above 100° C.) so as to break the seal with the polymer plug, and is then removed before it becomes "frozen" in place. Examples of the metathesis-cationic polymerization of dicyclopentadiene are recorded in Table I, i.e. wherein the catalysts include metathesis polymerization procatalyst, metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, Lewis acid catalyst, and Lewis acid cocatalyst. The polymerization of high purity dicyclopentadiene typically requires about three seconds to gel, and 30 seconds to reach 100° C.
TABLE 1 Metathesis - Cationic Polymerization of Dicyclopentadiene Std. activator used at 2000 monomer per W, with one dichlorodiphenylmethane per W in the catalyst. Bell means WOCl.sub.2 (0-2,6-diisopropylphenyl).sub.2 used at the same level. The order of addition to the monomer was from left to right across the table. 2X means double the usual amount. Co- Moderator Catalyst Glass Lewis for Lewis for Lewis Initial Maximum % Transition Example Metathesis Acid Acid Acid Temp. Seconds Seconds Temp. Residual Temp. Number Catalyst Weight % Weight % Activator Weight % C.° to Gel to 100° C. °C. Monomer °C. Notes 1 std. none none std. none 33 3 29 205 -- -- -- (compara- tive) 2 std. none none std. 1 isobutyl 33 1-2 39 204 -- -- -- (compara- chloride tive) 3 std. none none std. 0.5 32 2 32 200 0.55 134 Activator and isobutyl chloride combined (compara- isobutyl before addition. tive) chloride 4 std. none none std. none 33 3 28 203 1.73 128 No dichlorodiphenylmethane. (compara- tive) 5 std. none none std. none 33 3 28 207 0.46 144 -- (compara- tive) 6 std. none none std. 0.25 tert- 32 3 29 204 0.53 122 No dichlorodiphenylmethane. (compara- butyl tive) chloride 7 std. none none std. 0.25 tert- 31 7 33 205 0.19 137 -- (compara- butyl tive) chloride 8 std. none none std. none 31 5 30 205 0.41 -- -- (compara- tive) 9 std. none none std. 0.5 32 6-7 30 208 -- -- -- (compara- isobutyl tive) chloride 10 Bell none 0.2 tributyltin none 32 instant 17 160 0.83 -- -- (compar- diglyme hydride ative) 11 std. none none std. none 31 3 29 214 0.52 139 -- (compar- ative) 12 std. none none std. 0.5 tert- 30 3 30 209 0.16 -- -- (compar- butyl ative) chloride 13 std. none none std. 0.5 29 1 50 191 0.42 -- A duplicate run contained 0.59 Cp.sub.2. (compar- isobutyl ative) chloride 14 std. none none std. none 31 3 34 194 1.56 -- -- (compar- ative) 15 std. none none std. none 32 3 24 214 0.43 132 -- (compar- ative) 16 Bell none none ethyl- none 32 5 -- 208 0.56 131 After 5 minutes heated to 72° C. to get exotherm. (compar- aluminum ative) chloride-n- propoxide 17 2X Bell none none 2X none 32 6 -- 211 0.20 117 After 5 minutes heated to 70° C. to get exotherm. (compar- ethyl- ative) aluminum chloride-n- propoxide 18 Bell none none ethyl- 0.5 tert- 32 30 -- 219 0.58 139 After 5 miinutes heated to 72° C. to get exotherm. A (compar- aluminum butyl duplicate run gelled in 5 seconds; 0.82% residual Cp.sub.2 ; ative) chloride-n- chloride Tg 136° C. propoxide 19 std. none none std. none 31 3 33 213 0.71 133 -- (compar- ative) 20 std. 0.5 none std. 0.25 31 1 30 194 -- -- -- boron isobutyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate 21 std. 0.5 none std. 0.25 tert- 32 1 30 202 0.10 140 No dichlorodiphenylmethane. boron butyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate 22 std. 0.5 none std. 0.25 tert- 32 1 23 200 0.15 141 -- boron butyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate 23 std. 0.5 none std. none 31 2-3 21 204 0.12 139 No dichlorodiphenylmethane. (compar- boron ative) tri- fluoride etherate 24 std. 0.5 none std. none 31 2-3 20 207 0.21 139 -- (compar- boron ative) tri- fluoride etherate 25 Bell 1.0 0.1 tributyltin 0.25 32 6 -- 184 -- -- Tert-butyl chloride mixed with tributyltin hydride boron trimethyl hydride tert-butyl before addition. Polymer foam 2.5 times usual size. tri- phosphite chloride fluoride etherate 26 Bell none none ethyl- none 32 instant 14 -- 1.24 127 -- (compar- aluminum ative) dichloride 27 Bell none 0.2 0.5 ethyl- none 32 3 106 189 2.61 93 -- (compar- trimethyl aluminum ative) phosphite dichloride 28 Bell 0.5 0.2 tributyltin 0.25 benzyl 31 10 32 205 0.10 153 Foamed plug twice normal size. boron tributyl hydride chloride tri- phosphite fluoride etherate 29 2X std. 0.5 none 2X std. 0.33 tert- 31 <1 27 200 0.15 121 -- boron butyl tri- chloride fluoride- N,N- diethyl- aniline 30 2X std. 0.5 none 2X std. 0.33 tert- 31 3 75 200 0.12 123 -- boron butyl tri- chloride fluoride tetra- hydro- furan 31 2X std. 1.0 none 2X std. 0.66 tert- 31 <1 26 205 0.18 121 -- boron butyl tri- chloride fluoride- N,N-di- ethyl- aniline 32 std. 0.5 0.25 N,N- std. 0.25 tert- 31 2-3 63 207 0.15 137 -- boron diethyl- butyl tri- aniline chloride fluoride etherate 33 std. 0.5 none std. 0.5 31 4 49 199 0.12 -- -- boron isobutyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate 34 std. 0.5 none std. 0.25 31 <1 -- 202 0.11 -- -- boron isobutyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate 35 std. 0.5 none std. 0.5 tert- 31 <1 36 199 0.10 -- Duplicate runs 0.08 & 0.12% residual Cp.sub.2. boron butyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate 36 std. 0.5 0.3 std. 0.5 31 5-6 39 205 0.60 -- -- boron pyridine isobutyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate 37 std. 0.5 1.6 qui- std. 0.5 31 5 42 207 0.13 -- -- boron nuclidine isobutyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate 38 Bell none 0.6 ethyl- 0.5 tert- 31 -- -- 214 0.13 -- No reaction in five miutes at 31° C. Heating to 60° C. gave (compar- diglyme aluminum butyl the exotherm. ative) dichloride chloride 39 std. 0.5 1.0 N,N- std. 0.25 tert- 32 7-8 34 199 0.12 -- -- boron diethyl- butyl tri- aniline chloride fluoride etherate 40 std. 0.5 0.6 std. 0.25 tert- 32 7 36 205 0.10 -- -- boron diglyme butyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate 41 std. 0.5 0.25 std. 0.5 tert- 32 instant 19 205 0.14 -- -- boron maleic butyl tri- anhydride chloride fluoride etherate 42 Bell 0.5 0.25 tri- 0.25 benzyl 31 7 44 201 1.47 140 -- boron maleic butyltin chloride tri- anhydride hydride fluoride 0.2 etherate tributyl phosphite 43 Bell none 0.6 0.50 ethyl- 0.5 tert- 31 120-140 -- 209 0.10 -- No reaction in 5 minutes. Heating to 47° C. gave (compar- butyl- aluminum butyl exotherm. Monomer mixture slightly hazy. ative) diglyme dichloride chloride 44 Bell 0.5 0.2 tributyltin 0.5 tert- 32 instant 10 169 0.07 -- -- boron diglyme hydride butyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate 45 Bell none 0.6 ethyl- 0.5 tert- 75 1- 2 44 225 0.43 -- -- (compar- diglyme aluminum butyl ative) dichloride chloride 46 std. 0.5 0.6 std. 0.5 tert- 31 7 128 197 0.07 -- -- boron diglyme butyl tri- 0.25 chloride fluoride maleic etherate anhydride 47 std. 0.5 none std. 0.5 tert- 31 1 15 207 0.28 -- 91% gel, 177% swell. A duplicate run gave 0.07% boron butyl residual dicyclopentadiene. tri- chloride fluoride etherate 48 std. 0.5 0.6 std. 0.25 tert- 32 6 43 206 0.11 -- Duplicate runs behaved similarly. boron diglyme butyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate 49 std. 1.0 0.6 std. 0.5 tert- 32 4 53 205 0.05 -- -- boron diglyme butyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate 50 std. 0.5 0.6 std. 0.5 31 12 300 189 0.06 129 0.09% vinylbenzyl chloride remained. boron diglyme vinylbenzyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate 51 std. 1.0 0.6 std. 0.5 tert- 31 8 115 203 0.09 127 -- boron diglyme butyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate 52 std. 0.5 0.6 std. 0.5 benzyl 31 5 21 204 0.08 126 -- boron diglyme chloride tri- fluoride etherate 53 std. 0.5 0.6 std. 0.7 1- 31 9 20 202 0.09 125 -- boron diglyme bromo- tri- decane fluoride etherate 54 std. 0.5 0.6 std. 0.5 2- 30 9 24 200 0.08 125 -- boron diglyme ethylhexyl tri- bromide fluoride etherate 55 std. 0.5 0.6 std. 0.5 2- 30 10 26 202 0.22 126 -- boron diglyme ethylhexyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate 56 std. 0.5 0.6 std. 0.25 30 7 26 205 0.34 127 -- boron diglyme tert-butyl tri- acetate fluoride etherate 57 std. 0.5 0.6 std. none 32 7 21 201 0.11 132 -- (compar- boron diglyme ative) tri- fluoride etherate 58 2X std. 1.0 tin none 2X std. 0.5 tert- 32 instant -- 207 0.07 107 Temperature climbed from 32 to 40° C. in 5 minutes. (IV) butyl Heating to 50° C. gave the exotherm. bromide chloride 59 std. 1.1 tin 0.3 std. 1.0 32 <1 -- 224 0.36 117 After 5 minutes, heated to 82° C. to get exotherm. (IV) diglyme isobutyl chloride 0.25 chloride maleic anhydride 60 std. 0.5 0.67 std. 0.5 tert- 31 10 105 105 0.63 -- 3 ml run with 0.8 × 10 cm steel rod in test tube. boron diglyme butyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate 61 std. 0.5 0.67 std. 0.5 tert- 32 6 184 184 0.16 -- -- boron diglyme butyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate 62 Bell none 0.85 n- 0.5 ethyl- 0.5 32 26 -- 117 1.75 -- Contained rod as in Ex. No. 24. Heated to 65° C. to get (compara- hexyl aluminum isobutyl exotherm. tive) ether dichloride chloride 63 2X std. 0.5 0.67 2X std. 0.5 29 3 -- 93 0.20 -- Contained rod as in Ex. No. 24. Maximum temperature boron diglyme isobuty reached in 47 seconds. tri- chloride fluoride etherate 64 std. 1.0 0.67 std. 0.5 29 1-2 35 121 0.76 -- Contained rod as in Ex. No. 24. boron diglyme isobutyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate 65 Bell none 0.67 0.5 ethyl- 0.5 -- -- -- 124 2.86 -- Contained rod as in Ex. No. 24. Heated to 80° C. to get (compara- diglyme aluminum isobutyl exotherm. tive) dichloride chloride 66 2X std. 1.0 1.3 2X std. 1.0 59 -- 3.35 117.5 0.20 -- Contained 3.75% EPDM rubber. Run on mini RIM boron diglyme isobutyl machine. 100% swell; very little odor, possibly trace tri- chloride of odor of ethyl ether, 647 kg/cm.sup.2 flexural strength, fluoride 5.0% flexural strain, 18900 kg/cm.sup.2 flexural modulus, etherate 6.8-6.9 mm deflection (9.2 kpsi flexural strength, 269 kpsi flexural modulus), 9.11 ft lb/inch width in notched Izod impact test at 23° C., 83° C. deflection temperature under 264 psi load. 67 2X std. 1.0 0.67 2X std. 1.0 32 7 88 -- 2.38 -- Contained rod as in Ex. No. 24. boron diglyme isobutyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate
TABLE 2 Metathesis - Cationic Copolymerization or Alkylation Conventions as in Table 1. Cp.sub.2 & Cp.sub.3 inidcate di- and tricyclopentadiene. 2X means two times. Other Moderator Glass Monomer or Lewis for Cocatalyst Initial Max. % % Residual Trans. Ex. Compound to Metathesis Acid Lewis Acid for Lewis Temp. Seconds Seconds Temp. ResidualOther Temp. Number Cp.sub.2 & Cp.sub.3 be Alkylated Catalyst Weight % Weight % Activator Acid °C. to Gel to 100° C. °C. Cp.sub.2 Compound °C. Notes 68 80 Cp.sub.2 20 m- std. 1 BF.sub.3 none std. 0.5 isobutyl 31 <1 54 192 -- -- -- Activator and isobutyl diisopro- etherate chloride chloride combined before penylbenzene addition. 69 80 Cp.sub.2 20 m- std. 1 BF.sub.3 none Std. 0.5 isobutyl 4 30-50 306 189 0.01 -- -- Put in 33° C. block after diisopro- etherate chloride 60 sec. Post-cured 90° C./ penylbenzene 1 hr. 70 80 Cp.sub.2 20 m- std. 1 BF.sub.3 none std. 0.5 chloro- 31 2-3 -- 203 -- -- -- Ten minutes to 46° C., diisopro- etherate di-phenyl- then heated to 55° C. to penylbenzene methane get the strong exotherm. 71 80 Cp.sub.2 20 m- std. 0.5 BF.sub.3 none std. 0.5 isobutyl 32 1 47 179 0.00- 1.30 m- 107 Activator and isobutyl diisopro- etherate chloride 0.02 diiso- chloride combined before penylbenzene propenyl- addition. 6.9% higher GC benzene peaks present. 72 80 Cp.sub.2 20 m- std. 0.5 BF.sub.3 none std. 0.25 isobutyl 32 2-3 50 181 0.01- 1.24 m- -- -- diisopro- etherate chloride 0.02 diiso- penylbenzene propenyl- benzene 73 (com- 60 Cp.sub.2 none std. none none std. none 3 -- -- 191 0.57 -- 182 Exotherm after placing parative) 40 Cp.sub.3 in 33° C. block. 74 60 Cp.sub.2 none std. 1 BF.sub.3 none std. 0.5 isobutyl 3 2-3 -- 186 0.02 -- none Exotherm after placing 40 Cp.sub.3 etherate chloride ob- in 33° C. block. served Activator and isobutyl chloride combined before addition. 75 80 Cp.sub.2 20 α-methyl- std. 1 BF.sub.3 none std. 0.5 isobutyl 3 1 175 170 0.02- 0.42 α- 69.5 Exotherm after placing styrene etherate chloride 0.03 methyl- in 33° C. block, styrene 14.7% of α-methyl-styrene dimer present. 76 80 Cp.sub.2 20 5- std. 1 BF.sub.3 none std. 0.5 isobutyl 2 -- -- 186 0.04- 0 5- none Placed in 33° C. block ethylidene-2- etherate chloride 0.06 ethylidene- ob- after four minutes. norbornene 2-nor- served bornene 77 80 Cp.sub.2 15 α-methyl- std. 0.5 BF.sub.3 none std. 0.25 isobutyl 0 300 415 158 0.01- 0.26 α- none Put in 32° C. block after styrene etherate chloride 0.02 methyl- ob- five minutes. Post cured 5 m-diisopro- styrene, served 90° C./1 hr. 8.1% α- penylbenzene 0.10 m- methylstyrene dimer diiso- present. propenyl- benzene 78 80 Cp.sub.2 13 m- std. 0.5 BF.sub.3 none std. 0.25 isobutyl 32 2-3 -- 176 0.00- 0.43 m- 72.5 -- diisopro- etherate chloride 0.01 diiso- penylbenzene propenyl- 7 naphthalene benzene 0.62 naphtha- lene 79 80 Cp.sub.2 15 β-pinene std. 0.5 BF.sub.3 none std. 0.25 31 1 57 183 0.16 0 β-pinene 80 2.0% unknown GC peaks 5 m- etherate isobutyl 0.22 m- between β-pinene and m- diisopropenyl- chloride diiso- diisoprop enylbenzene, benzene propenyl- 5.8% higher than m- benzene diisopropenylbenzene. 80 95 Cp.sub.2 5 2,6-di- std. 0.5 BF.sub.3 none std. 0.25 isobutyl 31 1 42 198 0.04- 5.6 2,6- 111 -- tert- etherate chloride 0.06 di-tert- butylphenol butyl- phenol 81 90 Cp.sub.2 10 std. 0.5 BF.sub.3 none std. 0.25 isobutyl 31 1 27 185 0.16- 12.9 70 Plug slightly foamed. naphthalene etherate chloride 0.23 naphtha- lene 82 80 Cp.sub.2 20 std. 0.5 BF.sub.3 none std. 0.25 isobutyl 31 5 66 182 0.06 -- 110 Rubber, catalyst and polyisoprene etherate chloride Lewis acid in half the Cp.sub.2 ; rubber activator and co- catalyst in the other half. 83 95 Cp.sub.2 5 Bell -- none 0.5 ethyl- 0.25 tert- 31 1 57 179 0.06- 3.87 101 Poorly mixed. diphenylamine aluminum butyl 0.29 diphenyl- di-chloride chloride amine 84 48 Cp.sub.2 20 std. 0.5 none std. 0.25 tert- 31 3 -- 192 0.98 -- none 10 ml run. Rubber, 32 Cp.sub.3 polyisoprene boron butyl ob- catalyst and Lewis acid in tri- chloride served half the monomer; fluoride activator and cocatalyst in etherate the other. After 5 minutes the temperature was 39° C. Heating to 65° C. gave the exotherm. Post-cured at 90° C./1 hour. 85 80 Cp.sub.2 20 m- std. 0.5 none std. 0.25 tert- 30 8-9 94 173 0.11 -- -- -- diisopro- boron butyl penylbenze ne tri- chloride fluoride- N,N-di- ethyl- aniline 86 80 Cp.sub.2 20 m- std. 0.5 none std. 0.25 tert- 31 8 -- 194 -- -- -- After five minutes at diisopro- boron butyl 31° C., heated to 60° C. to penylbenzene tri- chloride get exotherm. fluoride tetra- hydro- furan 87 80 Cp.sub.2 20 5- std. 0.5 none std. 0.5 isobutyl 0 <1 -- 199 0.09 -- -- Placed in block at 31° C. ethylidene-2- boron chloride after 5 minutes. norbornene tri- fluoride etherate 88 60 Cp.sub.2 none std. 1.0 none std. 0.5 tert- 3 3 -- 166 0.22 -- -- Put in 32° C. block after 40 Cp.sub.3 boron butyl 5 minutes. tri- chloride fluoride etherate89 60 Cp.sub.2 none std. 0.5 none std. 0.25 tert- 3 4 -- 171 0.44 -- -- Put in 32° C. block after 40 Cp.sub.3 boron butyl 5 minutes. tri- chloride fluoride etherate 90 (com- 60 Cp.sub.2 none std. none none std. none 3 300 -- 160 1.40 -- -- Put in 32° C. block after parative) 40 Cp.sub.3 5 minutes. 91 60 Cp.sub.2 none std. 0.5 none std. 0.25 32 1 30 201 0.22 -- -- -- 40 Cp.sub.3 boron tert-butyl tri- chloride fluoride etherate 92 42 Cp.sub.2 15 5- Bell none 0.6 ethyl- 1.0 2- 32 -- -- 202 0.75 -- -- No reaction in 5 minutes. 28 Cp.sub.3 ethylidene- diglyme aluminum ethylhexyl Heating to 70° C. pro- 2-norbornene dichloride bromide duced the exotherm. A 15 duplicate run had no polyisopre ne residual Cp.sub.2, Cp.sub.3, or 5- ethylidene-2-norbornene and had Tg 154° C. 93 75 Cp.sub.2 20 5- Bell none 0.6 ethyl- 0.5 tert- 32 -- -- 218 none no 5-ethyl -- No reaction in 5 minutes. ethylidene- diglyme aluminum butyl idene-2- Heating to 60° C. induced 2-norbornene dichloride chloride nor- the exotherm. 5 bornene diphenylamine 2.79% diphenyl- amine 94 75 Cp.sub.2 20 5- Bell none 0.6 ethyl- 0.5 32 -- -- 205 none no 5- -- No reaction in 5 minutes. ethylidene-2- diglyme aluminum tert-butyl ethylidene- Heating to 70° C. gave norbornene dichloride chloride 2-nor- the exotherm. 5 2,6-di- bornene tert- 2.71% 2,6- butylphenol di-tert- butyl- phenol 95 42 Cp.sub.2 15 5- Bell none 0.6 ethyl- 1.0 2-ethyl- 31 -- -- -- none no Cp.sub.3 154 No reaction in 5 minutes. 28 Cp.sub.3 ethylidene- diglyme aluminum hexyl no 5- Heated 90° C./1 hour. 2-norbornene dichloride bromide ethylidene- Extraction of a duplicate 15 2-nor- run with methylene polyisoprene bornene chloride removed 8.4%, compared to 0.5% for a control run with monomer ratios, 51:34:15:0. 96 95 Cp.sub.2 5 p-diisopro- Bell none 0.6 ethyl- 0.5 31 -- -- 170 0.16 0.49 p- 100 Mixed at 31° C., then penylbenzene diglyme aluminum tert-butyl diiso- heated immediately to dichloride chloride propenyl- 73° C. benzene 97 90 CP.sub.2 10 p- Bell none 0.6 ethyl-. 0.5 32 -- -- -- 0.10 0.54 p- 94 Mixed at 31° C., then diisopro- diglyme aluminum tert-butyl diiso- heated immediately to penylbenzene dichloride chloride propenyl- 73° C. benzene 98 54 Cp.sub.2 5 naphthalene std. 1.0 0.6 std. 0.5 tert- 31 4 84 179 0.17 4.58 125 -- 36 Cp.sub.3 5 diiso- boron diglyme butyl naphtha- butylene tri- chloride lene fluoride 3.15 etherate diiso- butylene 99 80 Cp.sub.2 20 polyindane std. 0.5 0.6 std. 0.5 31 12 148 169 0.12 -- 126 Polyindane made by treat- boron diglyme tert-butyl ment of m-diisopropenyl- trifluor chloride benzene with acid. ide etherate 100 95 Cp.sub.2 5 poly std. 0.5 0.6 std. 0.5 tert- 32 2 45 181 0.20 -- 135 -- (vinylbenzyl boron diglyme butyl chloride) trifluo- chloride ride etherate 101 (com- 80 Cp.sub.2 20 acenaph- std. none 0.6 std. 0.25 31 12 -- 200 0.14 6.1 109 After 5 minutes at 31° C., parative) thylene diglyme tert-butyl acenaph- heated to 55° C. to chloride thylene get exotherm. 102 (com- 90 Cp.sub.2 10 5,5'- std. none 0.6 std. 0.25 31 200 -- 203 0.95 0.36 5,5'- 164 After 5 minutes at 31° C., parative) sulfonyl- diglyme tert-butyl sulfonyl- heated to 63° C. to bis(2- chloride bis(2- get exotherm. norbornene) norbor- nene) 103 (com- 90 Cp.sub.2 10 5,5'- std. none none std. none 31 14 40 199 0.90 -- 142 -- parative) sulfonyl- bis(2- norbornene) 104 (com- 48 Cp.sub.2 10 Bell none 0.6 ethyl- 0.5 31 -- -- 200 0.62 0.08 Cp.sub.3 178 Heated to 73° C. to get parative) 32 Cp.sub.3 polyisoprene diglyme aluminum tert-butyl 0.12 -- exotherm. 10 dichloride chloride diester hexamethy- lene-bis(5- norbornene-2- carboxylate) 105 (com- same same 2X std. none none 2X std. none 31 26 56 169 0.30 -- 158 -- parative) 106 90 Cp.sub.2 10 1,4,5,8- std. 0.5 0.6 std. 0.25 31 6 22 205 0.08 0 di- 177 -- dimethano- boron diglyme tert-butyl methanohex 1,4,4a,5,8,8 a- tri- chloride ahydro- hexahydro- fluoride naphtha- naphthalene lene 107 (com- 90 Cp.sub.2 10 1,4,5,8- std. none none std. none 32 2 27 212 0.97 -- 168 -- parative) dimethano- 1,4,4a,5,8,8a- hexahydro- naphthalene 108 (com- 73 Cp.sub.2 18 Bell none 0.6 ethyl- 0.5 tert- -- -- -- 179 0.06 9.1 96 The exotherm occurred on parative) polyisoprene diglyme aluminum butyl diamine heating to 100° C. 9 N,N'- dichloride chloride diphenyl-p- phenylene- diamine 109 80 Cp.sub.2 13 5- Bell none 0.6 ethyl- 0.5 -- -- -- 197 0.14 0 5- 76 Heated to 63° C. to get ethylidene-2- diglyme aluminum tert-butyl ethylidene- exotherm. norbornene dichloride chloride 2-norbor- 7 naphthalene nene 6.4 naphtha- lene 110 70 Cp.sub.2 20 5- std. 1.0 0.6 std. 0.5 31 9 38 201 0 0 5- 92 -- ethylidene-2- boron diglyme tert-butyl ethylidene- norbornene tri- chloride 2-norbor- 10 1,5- fluoride nene cycloocta- 5.3 1,5- diene cycloocta- diene 111 70 Cp.sub.2 20 5- std. 1.0 0.6 std. 0.5 31 9 37 197 0 0 5- 97 -- ethylidene-2- boron diglyme tert-butyl ethylidene- norbornene trifluor chloride 2-norbor- 10 1,5,9- ide nene cyclododeca- 7.4 1,5,9- triene cyclodo- decatriene 112 80 Cp.sub.2 13 poly- Bell none 0.6 ethyl- 0.5 -- -- -- 181 -- -- 102 Heated to 75° C. to get isoprene diglyme aluminum tert-butyl exotherm. Some foaming. 7 naphthalene dichloride chloride 113 54 Cp.sub.2 10 std. 0.5 0.6 std. 0.5 31 instant -- 134 5.95 2.46 Cp.sub.3 82 Activator, tert-butyl 36 Cp.sub.3 hexamethyl- boron diglyme tert-butyl 1.94 chloride and diglyme cyclo- tri- chloride hexamethyl mixed with monomers trisiloxane fluoride cyclotri- before adding catalyst and etherate siloxane boron trifluoride etherate. Poor mixing. 114 42 Cp.sub.2 15 5- 2X Bell 1.0 0.6 2X ethyl- 0.5 isobutyl -- -- -- 184 -- -- 146 Heated to 75° C. to get the 28 Cp.sub.3 ethylidene-2- boron diglyme aluminum chloride exotherm. norbornene trifluor di-chloride 15 ide polyisoprene etherate 115 42 Cp.sub.2 15 5- 2X std. 1.0 none 2X std. 0.5 isobutyl 31 10 56 169 -- -- 150 See Ex. No. 136 for 28 Cp.sub.3 ethylidiene- boron chloride extraction of the rubber. 2-norbornene trifluor 15 ide polyisoprene 116 95 Cp.sub.2 5 p-diisopro- 2X std. 1.0 Tin none 2X std. 0.5 isobutyl -- -- -- 207 -- -- 79 Heated to 63° C. to get penylbenzene (IV) chloride exotherm. bromide 117 90 Cp.sub.2 10 m- 2X std. 1.0 Tin none 2X std. 0.5 isobutyl -- -- -- 187 -- -- 54 Heated to 63° C. to get diisopro- (IV) chloride exotherm. penylbenzene bromide 118 90 Cp.sub.2 10 2X std. 0.7 Tin none 2X std. 0.5 isobutyl -- -- -- 203 0.13 -- 132 Heated to 57° C. to get polyisoprene (IV) chloride exotherm. bromide 119 48 Cp.sub.2 10 Bell none 0.85 n- 0.5 ethyl- 0.5 -- -- -- 211 0.21 0.01 Cp.sub.3 none Heated to 80° C. to get 32 Cp.sub.3 polyisoprene hexyl aluminum tert-butyl <0.11 ob- exotherm. 10 ether di-chloride chloride diester served hexamethylene- bis(2-nor- bornene-5 carboxylate) 120 48 Cp.sub.2 10 Bell none 0.6 butyl diethyl- 0.5 -- -- -- 182 0.59 0.34 Cp.sub.3 153 Heated to 75° C. to get 32 Cp.sub.3 polyisoprene diglyme aluminum tert-butyl <0.11 exotherm. 10 chloride 6 chloride diester hexamethylene Al/W bis(2- norborene-5- carboxylate) 121 80 Cp.sub.2 20 5- std. 0.5 0.67 std. 0.5 isobutyl -- 1 -- -- 0.47 -- -- 3 ml. run with 0.8 × 10 ethylidiene- boron diglyme chloride cm steel rod in test tube. 2-norbornene tri- fluoride etherate 122 80 Cp.sub.2 20 5- 2X std. 1.0 1.3 2X std. 1.0 isobutyl 32 5 13 -- 0.11 -- -- Contained steel rod as in ethylidene-2- boron diglyme chloride Ex. No. 121 norbornene tri- fluoride etherate 123 80 Cp.sub.2 20 5- 2X std. 1.0 1.3 2X std. 1.0 isobutyl 51 -- instant 98.5 0.40 -- -- Contained EPDM rubber. ethylidene-2- boron diglyme chloride Odor not of dicylco- norbornene tri- pentadiene, possibly of 5- fluoride ethylidene-2-norborne ne; etherate 280% swell; 624 kg/cm.sup. 2 (8.9 kpsi) flexural strength, 5.00% flexural strain, 18500 kg/cm.sup.2 (263 kpsi) flexural modulus, 6.77-6.90 mm deflection; 7.28 ft lb/ inch width in notched Izod impact test at 23° C.; 79° C. deflection tempera- ture under 264 psi load. 124 80 Cp.sub.2 20 5- Bell none none ethyl- 0.5 32 2-3 -- 224 0.06 -- 124 After 5 minutes heated to ethylidene-2- aluminum tert-butyl 72° C. to get exotherm. norbornene chloride-n- chloride propoxide 125 80 Cp.sub.2 20 4- Bell none none ethyl- 0.5 tert- 32 400 -- 184 0.53 -- 48 After 5 minutes heated to methylstyrene aluminum butyl 72° C. to get exotherm. chloride-n- chloride propoxide 126 75 Cp.sub.2 15 5- std. 0.5 0.6 std. 0.25 isobutyl 30 5 23 226 0.07 -- 175 -- ethylidene-2- boron diglyme chloride norbornene tri- 10 dimethano- fluoride hexahydro- etherate naphthalene 127 same same 2X std. 1.0 1.25 2X std. 1.0 isobutyl 31 -- -- -- 0.26 -- none Contained steel rod as boron diglyme chloride ob- in Ex. No. 121 tri- served fluoride etherate 128 45 Cp.sub.2 same std. 0.5 0.6 std. 0.25 isobutyl 31 5 21 229 0.08 -- none 30 Cp.sub.3 boron diglyme chloride ob- tri- served fluoride etherate 129 same same 2X std. 1.0 1.25 2X std. 1.0 isobutyl 3 -- -- -- 0.21 -- none Contained steel rod as in boron diglyme chloride ob- Ex. No. 121 tri- served fluoride etherate 130 70 Cp.sub.2 15 5- 2X std. 1.0 1.3 2X std. 1.0 isobutyl 31 7 21 178 0.09 -- 114 Extraction overnight twice ethylidene-2- boron diglyme chloride with methylene chloride norbornene tri- removed 20.5%. 15 polyindane fluoride etherate 131 (com- 42 Cp.sub.2 15 5- std. none none std. none 31 3 -- 207 0.64 -- 166 After 5 minutes heated to parative) 28 Cp.sub.3 ethylidene-2- 90° C. to get exotherm. norbornene 15 polyisoprene 132 (com- same same 2X std. none none 2X std. none 31 3 79 158 0.54 -- 145 parative) 133 70 Cp.sub.2 15 5- 2X std. 1.0 1.3 2X std. 1.0 isobutyl 28 1-2 17 165 0.06 -- 127 Polydicyclopentadiene made ethylidene-2- boron diglyme chloride with aluminum chloride. norbornene tri- Extraction with methylene 15 poly- fluoride chloride overnight twice (dicyclo- etherate removed 11.7% pentadien e) 134 54 Cp.sub.2 10 std. 0.5 0.6 std. 0.5 isobutyl 31 5 -- 197 0.02- 0.05 Cp.sub.3, 159 Went from 31° C. to 40° C. 36 Cp.sub.3 hexamethyl- boron diglyme chloride 0.04 3.3 in 5 minutes. Heated to cyclotri- tri- siloxane 47° C. to get exotherm. siloxane fluoride etherate 135 54 Cp.sub.2 10 std. none none std. 0.5 isobutyl 32 3 26 208 -- -- -- -- 36 Cp.sub.3 hexamethyl- chloride cyclotri- siloxane 136 42 Cp.sub.2 15 5- 2X std. 1.0 none 2X std. 0.5 isobutyl 31 8 76 174 -- -- -- A duplicate of Ex. No. 28 Cp.sub.3 ethylidene-2- boron chloride 115. Extraction overnight norbornene tri- twice with methylene 15 fluoride chloride removed 12%. polyisoprene etherate 137 95 Cp.sub.2 5-p-diisopro- 2X std. 1.0 tin none 2X std. 0.5 isobutyl 31 30 -- 195 -- -- -- A duplicate of Ex. No. penylbenzene (IV) chloride 116. Went from 31° C. to bromide 34° C. in 5 minutes. Heated to 63° C. to get the exotherm. Two overnight extractions with methylene chloride removed 13%.
TABLE 3 __________________________________________________________________________ Metathesis - Anionic Polymerization of Dicyclopentadiene __________________________________________________________________________ Procatalyst Example Other Metathesis Activator/ Initial Seconds Seconds Number Cp.sub.2 & Cp.sub.3 Monomer Catalyst Moderator Anionic Temp °C. to Gel to 100° C. __________________________________________________________________________ 138 100 Cp.sub.2 none Bell none n- 31 1 194 butyllithium 139 100 Cp.sub.2 none Bell none dibutylzine 32 3 36 140 48 Cp.sub.2 20 Bell none dibutylzinc 31 11 32 Cp.sub.3 caprolactone 141 same same 2X std. none 2X std. 31 -- -- 142 60 Cp.sub.2 none 2X std. none 2X std. 31 3 24 40 Cp.sub.3 143 48 Cp.sub.2 20 std. none dibutylzinc 31 -- -- 32 Cp.sub.3 caprolactone 144 54 Cp.sub.2 10 Bell none dibutylzinc 30 5 38 36 Cp.sub.3 hexamethyl- cyclotri- siloxane __________________________________________________________________________ % Residual Glass Example Maximum % Residual Other Trans. Number Temp °C. Cp.sub.2 Monomer Temp °C. Notes __________________________________________________________________________ 138 139 -- -- 113 Poor mixing. Post-cured 90° C./1 hour. 139 195 3.58 -- 152 Temperature rose to 40° C. in 5 minutes. 140 181 1.12-1.25 0.71 Cp.sub.3 - -- Heating to 72° C. gave the strong caprolacton exotherm. 10% weight loss by 370° C. (under nitrogen, at 20° C./minute). 141 -- 0.54 151 Exotherm sometime after 5 minutes. 7% weight loss by 370° C. 142 203 -- -- -- Control for Ex. No. 141. 3.5% weight loss by 370° C. 143 164 3.12 -- 135 Went from 31° C. to 61° C. in 5 minutes. Heating to 75° C. gave the exotherm. 144 187 0.38 -- 147 -- __________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 4 __________________________________________________________________________ Metathesis - Free Radical Copolymerization Conventions as in Tables 1, 2 and 3. Azobis means 2,2'-azobis(2-methylprop ionitrile). Solids were put in the tube first. The free radical sources were dissolved in the monomers __________________________________________________________________________ first. Ex. Metathesis Methasis Free Radical Source, Initial Seconds Number Cp.sub.2 & Cp.sub.3 Other Monomer Catalyst Activator Weight % Temp. °C. to Gel __________________________________________________________________________ 145 100 Cp.sub.2 none std. + 1 std. 0.5 azobis 31 3 diglyme/W 0.5 dicumyl peroxide 146 100 Cp.sub.2 none std. + 1 std. 0.5 azobis 32 2-3 diglyme/W 0.5 2,5-dimethyl-2,5- di-tert-butylperoxy hexane 147 100 Cp.sub.2 none std. + 1 std. 0.5 2,2'-azobis(2- 32 2-3 diglyme/W methylbutyronitrile) 0.5 dicumyl peroxide 148 100 Cp.sub.2 none 2X std. 2X std. 0.5 tert- 32 10 butylperoxyoctoate 0.5 dicumyl peroxide 149 100 Cp.sub.2 none std. std. 0.5 1,1'-azobis 32 6 (cyclohexanecarbo- nitrile) 0.5 dicumyl peroxide 150 100 Cp.sub.2 none std. + 1 std. 0.5 2,2'-azobis(2- 31 4 diglyme/W methylbutyronitrile) 0.5 tert-butyl-peroxide 151 100 Cp.sub.2 none std. std. 1.25 1,1-bis(tert- 30 5 butylperoxy)- 3,3,5- trimethylcyclohexane (40% on CaCO.sub.3) 1.0 dicumyl peroxide 152 100 Cp.sub.2 none 2X std. 2X std. 0.5 tert-butyl 32 5 peroctoate 0.5 2,5-dimethyl-2,5- di-tert- butylperoxyhexane 153 100 Cp.sub.2 none std. std. 0.5 2,2'-azobis(2- 27 3 methylbutyronitrile) 0.5 azo-tert-butane 154 90 Cp.sub.2 7.5 isobornyl 2X std. 2X std. 0.5 2,2'-azobis(2- 32 5 methacrylate methyl-butyronitrile) 2.5 0.5 dicumyl peroxide trimethylolpropane- trimethacrylate 155 same same 2X std. 2X std. 0.5 tert-butyl 32 6 peroctoate 0.5 dicumyl peroxide 156 80 Cp.sub.2 15 4-methylstyrene 2X std. 2X std. same 32 12 5 divinylbenzene 157 80 Cp.sub.2 15 isobornyl 2X std. 2X std. 0.5 dicumyl peroxide 32 7 methacrylate 5 trimethylolpropane- trimethacrylate 158 80 Cp.sub.2 15 4-methylstyrene 2X std. 2X std. 0.5 dicumyl peroxide 32 12 divinylbenzene 159 90 Cp.sub.2 10 dimethanohexa- std. std. 0.5 tert-butyl 31 9 hydronaphthalene peroctoate 0.5 dicumyl peroxide 160 80 Cp.sub.2 10 dimethanohexa- std. std. same 31 17 hydronaphthalene 10 divinylbenzene 161 90 Cp.sub.2 10 std. std. same 31 7 trimethylolpropane- trimethacrylate 162 90 Cp.sub.2 7 4-methylstyrene 2X std. 2X std. 0.5 tert-butyl 31 26 3 divinylbenzene peroctoate 0.5 dicumyl peroxide 0.5 N,N-diethylaniline 163 80 Cp.sub.2 15 4-methylstyrene 2X std. 2X std. 0.5 tert-butyl 30 60 5 divinylbenzene peroctoate 0.5 dicumyl peroxide 164 same same Bell tributyl- 0.5 2,2'-azobis(2- 30 6 tin methyl-butyronitrile) hydride 0.5 dicumyl peroxide 165 100 Cp.sub.2 none Bell tributyl- same 28 1-2 tin hydride 166 90 Cp.sub.2 10 dimethanohexa- Bell tributyl- same 28 1-2 hydronaphthalene tin hydride 167 90 Cp.sub.2 10 isobornyl Bell tributyl- same 26 1-2 methacrylate tin hydride 168 90 Cp.sub.2 7.5 4- std. std. 0.5 2,2'-azobis(2- 29 3 methylstyrene methyl-butyronitrile) 2.5 divinylbenzene 0.5 azo-tert-butane 169 87.6 Cp.sub.2 10 isobornyl 2X std. 2X std. 0.6 dicumyl peroxide 1.4 10 methacrylate 0.6 2,2'-azobis(2- 2.4 methyl-butyronitrile) trimethylolpropane- trimethacrylate __________________________________________________________________________ % % Residual Glass Ex. Seconds Maximum Residual Other Transition Number to 100° C. Temp. ° C. Cp.sub.2 Monomer Temp. °C. Notes __________________________________________________________________________ 145 26 207 2.51 -- 108 -- 146 27 210 2.98 -- 104 -- 147 28 214 2.28 -- 113 -- 148 34 210 0.46 -- 115 -- 149 24 213 1.84 -- 123 -- 150 22 205 2.56 -- 114 -- 151 33 202 6.87 -- -- duplicate run had Tg 85° C. 152 27 214 0.43 -- 112 -- 153 23 214 0.62 -- 130 -- 154 32 184 7.40 -- 73 -- 155 97 184 4.48 -- 76 -- 156 30 207 0.63 -- 46 -- 157 140 159 9.97 -- 53 -- 158 28 220 1.08 -- 51 -- 159 50 225 0.99 -- 138 -- 160 66 228 1.32 -- 108 -- 161 -- 185 8.91 -- 73 Temperature to 37° C. in 5 minutes, then heated to 72° C. to get exotherm. 162 127 202 1.50 2.37 4- 59 Metathesis activator and methyl- N,N-diethylaniline styrene combined before addition. 163 274 179 2.66 0.66 none ob- -- divinyl- served benzene 164 63 164 0.20 -- 90.7 25% larger than original volume. 165 62 200 0.86 -- 137 -- 166 65 217 0.75 -- 177 -- 167 113 178 1.72 -- 136 -- 168 24 189 0.42 -- 91 -- 169 110 149 2.64 0,52 -- -- isobornyl methacry- late 0.07 trimethyl propane tri- acrylate __________________________________________________________________________
TABLE 5 __________________________________________________________________________ Metathesis - Hydrosilation The catalyst for a 5 ml polymerization was 0.06 ml containing 0.045 ml standard catalyst (0.02 mmole W), containing one diphenyldichloromethane per W and 0.0165 ml platinum/siloxane complex in silicon fluid (3% Pt). Other convention as in Tables 1 & 2. __________________________________________________________________________ Metathesis + Example Hydrosil. Initial Seconds Seconds Number Cp.sub.2 & Cp.sub.3 Other Monomer Catalyst Moderator Activator Temp °C. to Gel to 100° C. __________________________________________________________________________ 170 90 Cp.sub.2 10 std. + Pt 0.25% std. 31 20 -- methylhydrocy maleic cio-siloxanes anhydride 171 90 Cp.sub.2 10 methyl- 2X (std. + 0.25% 2X std. 31 12 -- hydrocyclo- Pt) maleic siloxanes anhydride 172 80 Cp.sub.2 20 methyl- std. + Pt. 0.25% std. 32 19 -- hydrocyclo- maleic siloxanes anhydride 173 80 Cp.sub.2 20 methyl- 2X (std. + 0.25% 2X std. 31 15 315 hydrocyclo- Pt.) maleic siloxanes anhydride 174 90 Cp.sub.2 10(15- std. + Pt. 1.0% maleic std. 32 9 70 18%)methyl- anhydride hydro(82- 85%)di- methyl- siloxane copolymer 175 90 Cp.sub.2 10(3- std. + Pt. 1.0% maleic std. 32 8-9 99 4%)methyl- anhydride hydro-(96- 97%)dimethyl- siloxane copolymer 176 100 Cp.sub.2 none std. + Pt 1.0% maleic std. 32 8 -- anhydride 177 100 Cp.sub.2 none std. + Pt none std. 32 3 81 __________________________________________________________________________ % Residual Glass Example Maximum % Residual Other Trans. Number Temp °C. Cp.sub.2 Monomer Temp °C. Notes __________________________________________________________________________ 170 214 0.20 -- 86 After 5 minutes, heated to 45° C. to get exotherm. Hydrosilation 33% complete by solid state .sup.29 Si NMR. 171 221 0.05-0.07 0.30 silane 85 37° C. after 5 minutes, then heated to 40° C. to get exotherm. Hydrosilation 45% complete by solid state .sup.29 Si NMR. 172 214 0.29 -- 76 Heated to 50° C. after 5 minutes to get exotherm. Hydrosilation 36% complete by solid state .sup.29 Si NMR. 173 189 0.15 -- 82 Hydrosilation 42% complete by solid state .sup.29 Si NMR. 174 190 0.20 -- 144 Two extractions overnight with methylene chloride removed 9.5%. 175 187 0.34 -- 152 Two extractions overnight with methylene chloride removed 10.8%. 176 205 0.23 -- 141 Went from 32° C. to 41° C. in 5 minutes. Heating to 50° C. gave the exotherm. Two extractions overnight with methylene chloride removed 1.2%. 177 207 0.33 -- 136 __________________________________________________________________________
Table 1 provides data for Examples 1 through 67. The combination of metathesis polymerization procatalyst, metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, Lewis Acid catalyst, and Lewis Acid cocatalyst are well-represented by Examples 28, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40, 43, 44, 46, 51-58. and 66. The results given in Table 1 indicate that the use of a Lewis acid together with a Lewis acid cocatalyst can produce a level of residual dicyclopentadiene of less than 0.25 weight percent. The low residual dicyclopentadiene monomer is also obtained with a variety of metathesis polymerization procatalysts, as well as a variety of metathesis polymerization procatalyst activators. A variety of Lewis acid catalysts and cocatalysts can also be used. A variety of moderators can be used to control the rate of the polymerization. The polymerization can also be run in a molding machine to give a low-odor polymer with good physical properties. Various levels of the catalyst components can also be used.
Table 2 provides data for Examples 68 through 137, involving a copolymerization utilizing, in combination, a metathesis polymerization procatalyst, a metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, a Lewis acid catalyst, and a Lewis acid cocatalyst. Copolymerization and/or alkylation using the combination of a metathesis polymerization procatalyst, a metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, a Lewis Acid catalyst, and a Lewis Acid cocatalyst, is well-represented by Examples 71, 75, 76, 77-82, 85-97, 101, 106-108, 112-113, 118, 122, 124, 126, 128, 131, and 134. Most of the Examples provided in Table 2 utilize dicyclopentadiene as the principal monomer, together with an additional monomer or alkylation compound. The results provided in Table 2 indicate that copolymerization and alkylation are possible. A variety of comonomers and materials to be alkylated can be used. Various catalyst systems at various levels are possible. Very low levels of residual monomers can be obtained, as low as zero for the combination of dicyclopentadiene and 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene. The rate of polymerization can be controlled by the starting temperature and the ligand on the Lewis acid. The method is also applicable to mixtures of dicyclopentadiene and tricyclopentadiene. Antioxidants can be alkylated, and various levels of antioxidants can be used. Antioxidants can be partially linked to the polymer to reduce losses by evaporation or extrusion from a finished object.
Table 3 provides various data for Examples 138 through 144, each of which utilizes a combination of metathesis polymerization and anionic polymerization of dicyclopentadiene, either alone or in combination with caprolactone or hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane. The combination of a metathesis polymerization procatalyst, a metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, and anionic polymerization catalyst are well-represented by Examples 140, 141, and 144. The results given in Table 3 indicate that anionic polymerization and metathesis polymerization can be carried out in a manner so that they are compatible with one another. More than one catalyst system can be used. More than one comonomer can be used. It is possible to prepare "soft" polymers within "hard" polymers, which should improve the impact strength, compared with the "hard" polymer alone.
Table 4 relates to metathesis-free radical copolymerization, and provides data for Examples 145 through 169. The combination of metathesis polymerization procatalyst, a metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, and a free radical polymerization initiator is well-represented by Examples 147, 152, 162, and 169. The results given in Table 4 indicate that metathesis and free radical polymerizations can be carried out in a manner compatible with one another. A variety of free radical initiators can be used. More than one type of comonomer can be used.
Table 5 relates to a combination of metathesis polymerization and hydrosilation polymerization, and provides data for Examples 170 through 177. The combination of a metathesis polymerization procatalyst, a metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, and a free radical polymerization initiator is well-represented by Examples 170-173, and 176-177. The results given in Table 5 indicate that metathesis and hydrosilation polymerization can be carried out in a manner in which they are compatible with one another. Furthermore, the combination of metathesis polymerization and hydrosilation polymerization can be used to produce a polymeric product having a low level of residual dicyclopentadiene monomer.
Finally, although the invention has been described with reference to particular means, materials and embodiments, it should be noted that the invention is not limited to the particulars disclosed, and extends to all equivalents within the scope of the claims.
Claims (33)
1. A polymer comprising the reaction product of:
A. a polyolefin comprising repeating units of a metathesis polymerizable olefin;
B. a metathesis polymerization procatalyst and a metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator; and
C. at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
i. a Lewis acid catalyst, and a Lewis acid cocatalyst, effective to obtain a residual metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer level of from about 0 to 0.25 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin;
ii. an anionic polymerization catalyst;
iii. a free radical polymerization initiator; and
iv. a hydrosilation polymerization catalyst and a monomer comprising a hydrosilane group.
2. The polymer as described in claim 1, wherein the polymer has a residual metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer level of from 0 to 0.25 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin.
3. The polymer as described in claim 2, wherein:
(a) the Lewis acid catalyst comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of a boron halide, a tin halide, an aluminum halide, a titanium halide, an antimony halide, a bismuth halide, an iron halide, a zinc halide, a zirconium halide, boron trifluoride etherate, boron trifluoride-N,N-diethylaniline, boron trifluoride-tetrahydrofuran, tin (IV) chloride, tin(IV) bromide, boron trifluoride quinuclidine, a polymeric Lewis acid, a protonic acid, a cation generator, and ionizing radiation; and
(b) the Lewis acid cocatalyst comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of alkyl halide, aryl halide, isobutyl chloride, tert-butyl chloride, benzyl chloride, vinylbenzyl chloride, 1-bromodecane, 2-ethylhexyl chloride, 2-ethylhexyl bromide, t-butyl acetate, chlorodiphenylmethane, and a polymeric chloride.
4. The polymer as described in claim 3, the polyolefin comprising dicyclopentadiene.
5. The polymer as described in claim 4, prepared using the Lewis acid catalyst and the Lewis acid cocatalyst.
6. The polymer as described in claim 5, wherein the polymer is prepared with a polymerization reaction rate moderator.
7. The polymer as described in claim 6, the reaction rate moderator comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of butyl ether, di-n-butyl ether, n-hexyl ether, dimethyl ether of diethylene glycol (diglyme), butyl diglyme, ethyl benzoate, maleic anhydride, alkylzinc compounds, aniline, dialkylaniline, alkylaniline, N-alkylaniline, N-ethylaniline, N,N-di-ethylaniline, alkyl arylamines, triethylanime, hexamethylene tetramine, indoline, ethylpiperidine, methylpiperidine, pyridine, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, borontrifluoride pyridine, borontrifluoride-2,6-dimethylpyridine, 2-,3-,4-disubstituted pyridines, 3,4-disubstitutedpyridines, 2-,2,3,-di-substituted pyrazines, 2,5-di-substituted pyrazines, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, quinuclidine, phenanthridine, pyrimidine, tributylphosphine, triphenylphosphosphine, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, trialkyl phosphites, trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite, triisopropylphosphite, tributylphosphite, triisobutylphosphite, tripentyl phosphite, trihexylphosphite, triheptylphosphite, triisooctyl phosphite, trineodecyl phosphite, norbornene phosphites, tris(5-norbornenyl-2-methyl) phosphite, isooctyldiphenyl phosphite, diethyl ethylenepyrophosphite, tetraethyl pyrophosphite, di isodecylpentaerythritol diphosphite, tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphite, diethyl chlorophosphite, ethyl dichlorophosphite, ethylene chlorophosphite, tridodecyl trithiophosphite, 1,2-phenylenephosphorochloridite, diisopropyl phenylphosphonite, diethylphenyl phosphonite, ethyl diphenylphosphonite, trialkyl phosphates, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, tricresylphosphate, norbornene phosphates, tris(5-norbornenyl-2-methyl) phosphate, triaryl phosphates, triphenylphosphate, and butylated triphenyl phosphate.
8. The polymer as described in claim 5, comprising a residual metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer level of from about 0 to 0.15 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin.
9. The polymer as described in claim 8, wherein the monomer in addition to dicyclopentadiene comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of: tricyclopentadiene, norbornene, 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene, 1,4-diisopropenylbenzene, α-methylstyrene, pinene, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, β-pinene, polyisoprene, diisobutylene, polyindane, acenaphthylene, 5,5'-sulfonyl-bis(2-norbornene), hexamethylene-bis(5-norbornene-2-carboxylate), 1,4,5,8-dimethano-1,4,4a, 5,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene, hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, 4-methylstyrene, and poly(vinylbenzyl chloride).
10. The polymer as described in claim 8, wherein the composition is prepared from:
i.
(a) a Lewis acid catalyst comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of boron trifluoride etherate, boron trifluoride-N,N-diethylaniline, and boron trifluoride-tetrahydrofuran; and
(b) a Lewis acid cocatalyst comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of isobutyl chloride, tert-butyl chloride, benzyl chloride, vinylbenzyl chloride, 1-bromodecane, 2-ethylhexyl bromide, and 2-ethylhexyl chloride;
ii.
(a) an additional monomer or compound comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of m-diisopropenylbenzene, p-diisopropenylbenzene, α-methylstyrene, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, naphthalene, β-pinene, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, polyisoprene, diphenylamine, diisobutylene, polyindane, poly(vinylbenzylchloride), acenaphthylene, 1,4,5,8-dimethano-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalene, N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene, hexamethylene-bis(5-norbornene-2-carboxylate), dimethanohexahydronaphthalene, poly(dicyclopentadiene), and hexamethylcyclo-trisiloxane; and
(b) a Lewis acid cocatalyst comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of isobutyl chloride, tert-butyl chloride, 2-ethylhexyl chloride, and 2-ethylhexyl bromide;
iii. a free radical polymerization initiator comprising a mixture of 2,2'-azobis(2-methyl-butyronitrile) and dicumyl peroxide; and
iv. a hydrosilation polymerization catalyst together with at least one member selected from methylhydrocyclosiloxanes and a methylhydrodimethylsiloxane copolymer.
11. The polymer as described in claim 5, comprising the reaction product prepared with the following:
repeating units of dicyclopentadiene in an amount of from about 1 to 99 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin;
the metathesis polymerization procatalyst in a molar ratio of metathesis polymerization procatalyst:metathesis polymerizable olefin of from about 1:500 tp 1:15,000;
the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator in an amount within the group selected from: a molar ratio of Sn:W of from about 1.5:1 to 1:1, and a molar ratio of Al:W of from about 2:1 to 4:1;
the Lewis acid catalyst in an amount of from about 0.1 to 5 weight percent, based on weight of monomer polymerizable with a Lewis acid catalyst; and
the Lewis acid cocatalyst in an amount of from about 0.05 to 5 weight percent, based on weight of monomer polymerizable with a Lewis acid catalyst.
12. The polymer as described in claim 11, comprising the reaction product prepared with the following:
the repeating units of dicyclopentadiene in an amount of from about 10 to 95 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin;
the metathesis polymerization procatalyst in a molar ratio of metathesis polymerization procatalyst:metathes is polymerizable olefin of from about 1:1000 to 1:3000;
the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator in an amount within the group selected from: a molar ratio of Sn:W of from about 2:1 to 6:1, and a molar ratio of Al:W of from about 2.5:1 to 3.5:1;
the Lewis acid catalyst in an amount of from about 0.25 to 2 weight percent, based on weight of monomer polymerizable with a Lewis acid catalyst; and
the Lewis acid cocatalyst in an amount of from about 0.2 to 2 weight percent, based on weight of monomer polymerizable with a Lewis acid catalyst.
13. The polymer as described in claim 12, comprising the reaction product prepared with the following:
repeating units of dicyclopentadiene in an amount of from about 75 to 90 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin;
the metathesis polymerization procatalyst in the composition in a molar ratio of metathesis polymerization procatalyst:metathesis polymerizable olefin of from about 1:1500 to 1:3000;
the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator in an amount within the group selected from: a molar ratio of Sn:W of from about 2:1 to 3:1, and a molar ratio of Al:W of from about 2.75:1 to 3.25:1;
the Lewis acid catalyst in an amount of from about 0.5 to 1 weight percent, based on weight of monomer polymerizable with a Lewis acid catalyst; and
the Lewis acid cocatalyst in an amount of from about 0.25 to 0.5 weight percent, based on weight of monomer polymerizable with a Lewis acid catalyst.
14. The polymer as described in claim 11, wherein:
the metathesis polymerization procatalyst comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of tungsten halide, tungsten oxyhalide, molybdenum halide, molybdenum oxyhalide, rhenium halide, rhenium oxyhalide, tantalum halide, tantalum oxyhalide, niobium halide, and niobium oxyhalide; and
the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of an alkylaluminum compound, an alkylzinc compound an alkyltin compound, an alkylmagnesium compound, an alkyllithium compound, and a tin hydride.
15. The polymer as described in claim 14, wherein:
the metathesis polymerization procatalyst comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of a tungsten halide, a tungsten oxyhalide, a molybdenum halide, and a molybdenum oxyhalide, and a tungsten catalyst complex having the formula: ##STR12## wherein: X comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of Cl and Br;
n comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of 2 and 3;
R1 comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of H, Cl, an alkyl group having 1-10 carbons, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbons, and a phenyl group;
R2 comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of H, a halogen, and an alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms; and
R3 comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of H, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a tin activator compound having the formula R3 SnH, where R is an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and a phenyl group; and
the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of a trialkylaluminum compounds, a dialkylaluminum halide, an alkylaluminum dihalide wherein the alkyl groups contain from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, triethylaluminum, diethylaluminum chloride, ethylaluminum dichloride, ethylaluminum chloride n-propoxide, a mixture of tri-n-octylaluminum:dioctyl-aluminum iodide:diglyme, tributyltin hydride, tetrabutyl tin, and t-butyl chloride.
16. A method for making a polyolefin, comprising:
A. combining a metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer with a metathesis polymerization procatalyst, a metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, and at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
i. a Lewis acid catalyst, and a Lewis acid cocatalyst, efffective to obtain a residual metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer level of from 0 to 0.25 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin;
ii. an anionic polymerization catalyst;
iii. a free radical polymerization initiator; and
iv. a hydrosilation polymerization catalyst and a monomer comprising a hydrosilane group;
B. polymerizing the metathesis polymerizable olefin.
17. The method as described in claim 16, wherein the polyolefin comprises a residual metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer level of from 0 to 0.25 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin.
18. The method as described in claim 17, wherein:
(a) the Lewis acid catalyst comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of a boron halide, a tin halide, an aluminum halide, a titanium halide, an antimony halide, a bismuth halide, an iron halide, a zinc halide, a zirconium halide, boron trifluoride etherate, boron trifluoride-N,N-diethylaniline, boron trifluoride-tetrahydrofuran, tin (IV) chloride, tin(IV) bromide, boron trifluoride quinuclidine, a polymeric Lewis acid, a protonic acid, a cation generator, and ionizing radiation; and
(b) the Lewis acid cocatalyst comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of alkyl halide, aryl halide, isobutyl chloride, tertbutyl chloride, benzyl chloride, vinylbenzyl chloride, 1-bromodecane, 2-ethylhexyl chloride, 2-ethylhexyl bromide, t-butyl acetate, chlorodiphenylmethane, and a polymeric chloride.
19. The method as described in claim 18, wherein the polyolefin comprises dicyclopentadiene.
20. The method as described in claim 19, comprising a residual metathesis polymerizable olefin monomer level of from about 0 to 0.15 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin.
21. The method as described in claim 20, wherein a monomer in addition to dicyclopentadiene is present and comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of: tricyclopentadiene, norbornene, 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene, 1,4-diisopropenylbenzene, α-methylstyrene, pinene, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, β-pinene, polyisoprene, diisobutylene, polyindane, acenaphthylene, 5,5'-sulfonyl-bis(2-norbornene), hexamethylene-bis(5-norbornene-2-carboxylate), 1,4,5,8-dimethyano-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalene, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene, hexamethylcyclo-trisiloxane, 4-methylstyrene, and poly(vinylbenzyl chloride).
22. The method as described in claim 20, wherein at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
i.
(a) a Lewis acid catalyst comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of boron trifluoride etherate, boron trifluoride-N,N-diethylaniline, and boron trifluoride-tetahydrofuran; and
(b) a Lewis acid cocatalyst comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of isobutyl chloride, tert-butyl chloride, benzyl chloride, vinylbenzyl chloride, 1-bromodecane, 2-ethylhexyl bromide, and 2-ethylhexyl chloride;
ii.
(a) an additional monomer or compound comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of m-diisopropenylbenzene, p-diisopropenylbenzene, α-methylstyrene, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, naphthalene, β-pinene, 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol, polyisoprene, diphenylamine, diisobutylene, polyindane, poly(vinylbenzylchloride), acenaphthylene, 1,4,5,8-dimethano-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalene, N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, 1,5-cyclooctadiene, 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene, hexamethylene-bis(5-norbornene-2-carboxylate), dimethanohexahydronaphthalene, poly(dicyclopentadiene), and hexamethylcyclo-trisiloxane; and
(b) a Lewis Acid cocatalyst comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of isobutyl chloride, tert-butyl chloride, 2-ethylhexyl chloride, and 2-ethylhexyl bromide;
iii. a free radical polymerization initiator comprising a mixture of 2,2'-azobis(2-methyl-butyronitrile) and dicumyl peroxide; and
iv. a hydrosilation polymerization catalyst together with at least one member selected from methylhydrocyclosiloxanes and a methylhydrodimethylsiloxane copolymer;
is combined with the metathesis polymerizable olefin, the metathesis polymerization procatalyst, and the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator.
23. The method as described in claim 19, further comprising:
A. providing a plurality of reactant streams, wherein a first reactant stream comprises the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator and a portion of the metathesis polymerizable olefin, and a second reactant stream comprises the metathesis polymerization procatalyst and a portion of the the metathesis polymerizable olefin, wherein at least one reactant stream further comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:
i. a Lewis acid catalyst and a Lewis acid cocatalyst, present in separate reactant streams;
ii. an anionic polymerization catalyst;
iii. a free radical polymerization initiator;
iv. a hydrosilation polymerization catalyst; and
B. mixing the reactant streams together whereby a reaction mixture is formed;
C. forming the reaction mixture into a desired shape before the polymerization of the metathesis polymerizable olefin.
24. The process as described in claim 23, wherein the step of forming the reaction mixture into a desired shape is carried out by injecting the reaction mixture into a mold cavity, and wherein the reaction mixture is allowed to polymerize to a degree of substantial reaction termination while the reaction mixture is within the mold, whereby a molded article is produced, followed by removing the molded article from the mold.
25. The process as described in claim 24, wherein the number of reactant streams is from two to four.
26. The method as described in claim 19, wherein the Lewis acid catalyst and the Lewis acid cocatalyst are combined with the metathesis polymerizable olefin, the metathesis polymerization procatalyst, and the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator.
27. The method as described in claim 26, wherein a polymerization reaction rate moderator is combined with the metathesis polymerizable olefin, the metathesis polymerization procatalyst, the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator, the Lewis acid catalyst, and the Lewis acid cocatalyst.
28. The method as described in claim 27, the polymerization reaction rate moderator comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of butyl ether, di-n-butyl ether, n-hexyl ether, dimethyl ether of diethylene glycol (diglyme), butyl diglyme, ethyl benzoate, maleic anhydride, alkylzinc compounds, aniline, dialkylaniline, alkylaniline, N-alkylaniline, N-ethylaniline, N,N-diethylaniline,
alkyl arylamines, triethylanime, hexamethylene tetramine, indoline, ethylpiperidine, methylpiperdine, pyridine, 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine, borontrifluoride pyridine, borontrifluoride-2,6-dimethylpyridine, 2-,3-,4-disubstituted pyridines, 3,4-disubstituted pyridines, 2-,2,3,-di-substituted pyrazines, 2,5-di-substituted pyrazines, quinoline, isoquinoline, quinoxaline, quinuclidine, phenanthridine, pyrimidine, tributylphosphine, triphenylphosphosphine, 1,4-dizabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, trialkyl phosphites, trimethylphosphite, triethylphosphite, triisopyropylphosphite, tributylphosphite, triisobutylphosphite, tripentyl phosphite, trihexylphosphite, trikeptylphosphite, triisooctyl phosphite, trineodecyl phosphite, norbornene phosphites, tris(5-norbornenyl-2-methyl)phosphite, isooctyldiphenyl phosphite, diethyl ethylenepyrophosphite, tetraethyl pyrophosphite, diisodecylpentaerythritol diphosphite, tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphite, diethyl chlorophosphite, ethyl dichlorophosphite, ethylene chlorophosphite, tridodecyl trithiophosphite, 1,2-phenylenephosphorochloridite, diisopropyl phenylphosphonite, diethylphenyl phosphonite, ethyl diphenylphosphonite, trialkyl phosphates, triethyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, tricresylphosphate, norbornene phosphates, tris(5-norbornenyl-2-methyl)phosphate, triaryl phosphates, triphenylphosphate, and butylated triphenyl phosphate.
29. The method as described in claim 26, wherein:
repeating units of dicyclopentadiene are present in an amount of from about 1 to 100 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin;
the metathesis polymerization procatalyst is present in a molar ratio of metathesis polymerization procatalyst:metathesis polymerizable olefin of from about 1:500 to 1:15,000;
the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator is present in an amount within the group selected from: a molar ratio of Sn:W of from about 1.5:1 to 9:1, and a molar ratio of Al:W of from about 2:1 to 4:1;
the Lewis acid catalyst is present in an amount of from about 0.1 to 5 weight percent, based on weight of monomer polymerizable with the Lewis acid catalyst; and
the Lewis acid cocatalyst is present in an amount of from about 0.05 to 5 weight percent, based on weight of monomer polymerizable with the Lewis acid catalyst.
30. The method as described in claim 29, wherein:
repeating units of dicyclopentadiene are present in an amount of from about 10 to 100 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin;
the metathesis polymerization procatalyst is present in a molar ratio of metathesis polymerization procatalyst:metathesis polymerizable olefin of from about 1:1000 to 1:3000;
the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator is present in an amount within the group selected from: a molar ratio of Sn:W of from about 2:1 to 6:1, and a molar ratio of Al:W of from about 2.5:1 to 3.5:1;
the Lewis acid catalyst is present in an amount of from about 0.25 to 2 weight percent, based on weight of monomer polymerizable with the Lewis acid catalyst; and
the Lewis acid cocatalyst is present in an amount of from about 0.2 to 2 weight percent, based on weight of monomer polymerizable with the Lewis acid catalyst.
31. The method as described in claim 30, wherein:
repeating units of dicyclopentadiene are present in an amount of from about 75 to 100 weight percent, based on the weight of the polyolefin;
the metathesis polymerization procatalyst is present in the composition in a molar ratio of metathesis polymerization procatalyst:metathesis polymerizable olefin of from about 1:1500 to 1:3000;
the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator is present in an amount within the group selected from: a molar ratio of Sn:W of from about 2:1 to 3:1, and a molar ratio of Al:W of from about 2.75:1 to 3.25:1;
the Lewis acid catalyst is present in an amount of from about 0.5 to 1 weight percent, based on weight of monomer polymerizable with the Lewis acid catalyst; and
the Lewis acid cocatalyst is present in an amount of from about 0.25 to 0.5 weight percent, based on weight of monomer polymerizable with the Lewis acid catalyst.
32. The method as described in claim 29, wherein:
the metathesis polymerization procatalyst comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of tungsten halide, tungsten oxyhalide, molybdenum halide, molybdenum oxyhalide, rhenium halide, rhenium oxyhalide, tantalum halide, tantalum oxyhalide, niobium halide, and niobium oxyhalide; and
the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of an alkylaluminum compound, an alkylzinc compound an alkyltin compound, an alkylmagnesium compound, an alkyllithium compound, and a tin hydride.
33. The method as described in claim 32, the metathesis polymerization procatalyst comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of a tungsten halide, a tungsten oxyhalide, a molybdenum halide, and a molybdenum oxyhalide, and a tungsten catalyst complex having the formula: ##STR13## wherein: X comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of Cl and Br;
n comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of 2 and 3;
R1 comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of H, Cl, an alkyl group having 1-10 carbons, an alkoxy group having 1 to 8 carbons, and a phenyl group;
R2 comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of H, a halogen, and an alkyl group having 1 to 9 carbon atoms; and
R3 comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of H, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, and a tin activator compound having the formula R3 SnH, where R is an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and a phenyl group; and
the metathesis polymerization procatalyst activator comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of trialkylaluminum compounds, a dialkylaluminum halide, an alkylaluminum dihalide wherein the alkyl groups contain from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, triethylaluminum, diethylaluminum chloride, ethylaluminum dichloride, ethylaluminum chloride n-propoxide, a mixture of tri-n-octylaluminum:dioctylaluminum iodide:diglyme, tributyltin hydride, tetrabutyl tin, and t-butyl chloride.
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US20100324247A1 (en) * | 2006-10-20 | 2010-12-23 | Zeon Corporation | Polymerizable composition, crosslinkable resin, and production methods and applications thereof |
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