US9926295B2 - Potent and selective inhibitors of hepatitis C virus - Google Patents

Potent and selective inhibitors of hepatitis C virus Download PDF

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US9926295B2
US9926295B2 US15/303,277 US201515303277A US9926295B2 US 9926295 B2 US9926295 B2 US 9926295B2 US 201515303277 A US201515303277 A US 201515303277A US 9926295 B2 US9926295 B2 US 9926295B2
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aryl
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US20170029407A1 (en
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Steven J. Coats
Richard Anthony Whitaker
Tamara Rosario McBrayer
Junxing Shi
Franck Amblard
Hongwang Zhang
Longhu Zhou
Raymond F. Schinazi
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Emory University
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Cocrystal Pharma Inc
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/4164—1,3-Diazoles
    • A61K31/4178—1,3-Diazoles not condensed 1,3-diazoles and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. pilocarpine, nitrofurantoin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing three or more hetero rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to compounds, methods and compositions for treating or preventing hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. More specifically, the invention describes specifically substituted aromatic compounds, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, or other derivatives thereof, and the use thereof in the treatment of HCV infection. Most of these compounds target the HCV NS5A phosphoprotein.
  • HCV Hepatitis C virus
  • Hepatitis C virus genome comprises a positive-strand RNA enclosed in a nucleocapsid and lipid envelope and consists of 9.6 kb ribonucleotides and has a single open reading frame (ORP) encoding which encodes a large polypeptide of about 3000 amino acids (Dymock et al. Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy 2000, 11, 79). Following maturation, this polypeptide is cut into at least 10 proteins by cellular and viral proteases to produce the structural and non-structural (NS) proteins.
  • ORP open reading frame
  • NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B are effected by two viral proteases: 1) a metalloprotease that cleaves at the NS2-NS3 junction; and 2) a serine protease contained within the N-terminal region of NS3 (NS3 protease) which mediates all the subsequent cleavages downstream of NS3.
  • the NS4A protein appears to serve multiple functions including the NS4A/NS3 complex formation, which appears to enhance the proteolytic efficiency of the NS3 protein.
  • NS5B (also referred to herein as HCV polymerase), possesses polymerase activity and is involved in the synthesis of double-stranded RNA from the single-stranded viral RNA genome that serves as the template.
  • NS5A is a nonstructural 56-58 kDa protein which modulates HCV replication as a component of replication complex.
  • NS5A is highly phosphorylated by cellular protein kinases and the phosphorylation sites are conserved among HCV genotypes (Katze et al, 2001; Kim et al, 1999)
  • the present invention provides compounds, methods and compositions for treating or preventing HCV infection in a host.
  • the methods involve administering a therapeutically or prophylactically-effective amount of at least one compound as described herein to treat or prevent an infection by, or an amount sufficient to reduce the biological activity of HCV infection.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions include one or more of the compounds described herein, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient, for treating a host infected with HCV. These compounds can be used in combination with nucleoside and non-nucleoside inhibitors of HCV.
  • the formulations can further include at least one other therapeutic agent.
  • the present invention includes processes for preparing such compounds.
  • the active compound is of Formula (I):
  • R 1 is, independently, H, C 1-6 alkyl, aryl-C 1-6 -alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl-aryl, or aryl,
  • R 2 is, independently, H, C 1-6 alkyl, aryl-C 1-6 -alkyl, including C 3-6 branched alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl-aryl, aryl, C 1-6 alkyl-guanidine, C 1-6 alkylamino, C 1-6 alkyl-S—C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkylthiol, C 1-6 alkyl-hydroxy, C 1-6 alkyl-amide, C 1-6 alkyl-phenoxy, C 1-6 alkyl-carboxy heteroaryl, and heteroaryl-C 1-6 alkyl, wherein aryl rings can be substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents Z as defined herein,
  • R 3 is, independently, H or Cl, with the proviso that at least one R 3 is Cl,
  • R 4 is, independently, H or —S(O) x —R 1 , with the proviso that at least one R 4 is —S(O) x —R 1 .
  • Z is selected from the group consisting of C 1-8 alkyl (including cycloalkyl), lower alkenyl (C 2-6 ), lower alkynyl (C 2-6 ), heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, carboxy, halo (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I), haloalkyl, —OR′, —NR′R′′, hydroxy, hydroxy-C 1-6 alkyl, alkoxyalkyl(C 2-8 ), alkoxycarbonyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —NO 2 , —C 2 R′, —SR′, —N 3 , —C( ⁇ O)NR′R′′, —NR′C( ⁇ O)R′′, —C( ⁇ O)R′, —C( ⁇ O)OR′, —OC( ⁇ O)R′, —OC( ⁇ O)NR′R′′, —NR′C( ⁇ O)OR′′,
  • Each R′ and R′′ are, independently, H, a lower alkyl (C 1-6 ), lower haloalkyl (C 1-6 ), lower alkoxy (C 1-6 ), lower alkenyl (C 2-6 ), lower alkynyl (C 2-6 ), lower cycloalkyl (C 3-6 ), aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, aryl-C 1-6 -alkyl (such as benzyl); or if two R′ reside on the same nitrogen atom they can come together to form an alkyl ring (C 3-6 ) containing none or one heteroatom independently selected from N, O, and S; wherein the R′ groups can be substituted with one or more substituents as defined above, for example, hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, and alkoxyalkyl,
  • j 0-4
  • x is 0-2.
  • the compounds described herein can be in the form of the R- or S-configuration, or a mixture thereof, including a racemic or diastereomeric mixture thereof.
  • one or both of the R 2 substituents are phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or more substituents Z as defined herein.
  • one, two, or three of the R 1 substituents are —CH 3 .
  • each R 1 is —CH 3 and both of the R 2 substituents are phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or more substituents Z as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 2 , Z, R′, R′′, j, and x are as defined with respect to Formula (I).
  • Representative compounds include the following:
  • the compounds can be used in combination therapy, for example, using conventional ribavirin/Pegasys therapy.
  • Representative anti-HCV agents for use in combination therapy include, but are not limited to, a combination of Pegylated interferon (Pegasys) and ribavirin, polymerase inhibitors such as IDX-375 and IDX-184 (Idenix), PSI-7851 and PSI-7977 (Pharmasset) danoprevir (InterMune/Genentech), RG7128 (Pharmasset/Genentech), I ANA598 (Anadys Pharmaceuticals), TMN-191 (R7227), combinations of RG7128 and RG7227 (Genentech, Pharmasset and Intermune), ABT-072 (Abbott), VX-916, VX-759, VX-222, and VX-500 (Vertex), Filibuvir (PF-00868554) (Pfizer), GS 9190 (Gilead), alone or with booster
  • serine protease inhibitors are provided, for example, in Reiser and Timm, “Serine protease inhibitors as anti-hepatitis C virus agents,” Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 7(5):537-547 (June 2009), the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • FIG. 1 is an 13 C NMR spectrum of compound 30.
  • FIG. 2 is a 1 H NMR spectrum of compound 30.
  • the compounds described herein show inhibitory activity against HCV in cell-based assays. Therefore, the compounds can be used to treat or prevent a HCV in a host, or reduce the biological activity of the virus.
  • the host can be a mammal, and in particular, a human, infected with HCV.
  • the methods involve administering an effective amount of one or more of the compounds described herein.
  • compositions including one or more compounds described herein, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient, are also disclosed.
  • the formulations include at least one compound described herein and at least one further therapeutic agent.
  • both R′′ can be carbon, both R′′ can be nitrogen, or one R′′ can be carbon and the other R′′ nitrogen.
  • enantiomerically pure refers to a compound composition that comprises at least approximately 95%, and, preferably, approximately 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% of a single enantiomer of that compound.
  • the term “substantially free of” or “substantially in the absence of” refers to a compound composition that includes at least 85 to 90% by weight, preferably 95% to 98% by weight, and, even more preferably, 99% to 100% by weight, of the designated enantiomer of that compound.
  • the compounds described herein are substantially free of enantiomers.
  • isolated refers to a compound composition that includes at least 85 to 90% by weight, preferably 95% to 98% by weight, and, even more preferably, 99% to 100% by weight, of the compound, the remainder comprising other chemical species or enantiomers.
  • alkyl refers to a saturated straight, branched, or cyclic, primary, secondary, or tertiary hydrocarbons, including both substituted and unsubstituted alkyl groups.
  • the alkyl group can be optionally substituted with any moiety that does not otherwise interfere with the reaction or that provides an improvement in the process, including but not limited to but limited to halo, haloalkyl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, acyl, aryl, acyloxy, amino, amido, carboxyl derivatives, alkylamino, dialkylamino, arylamino, alkoxy, aryloxy, nitro, cyano, sulfonic acid, thiol, imine, sulfonyl, sulfanyl, sulfinyl, sulfamonyl, ester, carboxylic acid, amide, phosphonyl, phosphinyl, phosphoryl, phosphine, thioester, thioether, acid halide, anhydride, oxime, hydrozine, carbamate, phosphonic acid, phosphonate, either unprotected, or protected as necessary, as known to those
  • alkyl includes C 1-22 alkyl moieties
  • lower alkyl includes C 1-6 alkyl moieties. It is understood to those of ordinary skill in the art that the relevant alkyl radical is named by replacing the suffix “-ane” with the suffix “-yl”.
  • a “bridged alkyl” refers to a bicyclo- or tricyclo alkane, for example, a 2:1:1 bicyclohexane.
  • spiro alkyl refers to two rings that are attached at a single (quaternary) carbon atom.
  • alkenyl refers to an unsaturated, hydrocarbon radical, linear or branched, in so much as it contains one or more double bonds.
  • the alkenyl group disclosed herein can be optionally substituted with any moiety that does not adversely affect the reaction process, including but not limited to but not limited to those described for substituents on alkyl moieties.
  • Non-limiting examples of alkenyl groups include ethylene, methylethylene, isopropylidene, 1,2-ethane-diyl, 1,1-ethane-diyl, 1,3-propane-diyl, 1,2-propane-diyl, 1,3-butane-diyl, and 1,4-butane-diyl.
  • alkynyl refers to an unsaturated, acyclic hydrocarbon radical, linear or branched, in so much as it contains one or more triple bonds.
  • the alkynyl group can be optionally substituted with any moiety that does not adversely affect the reaction process, including but not limited to those described above for alkyl moeities.
  • Non-limiting examples of suitable alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, hydroxypropynyl, butyn-1-yl, butyn-2-yl, pentyn-1-yl, pentyn-2-yl, 4-methoxypentyn-2-yl, 3-methylbutyn-1-yl, hexyn-1-yl, hexyn-2-yl, and hexyn-3-yl, 3,3-dimethylbutyn-1-yl radicals.
  • alkylamino or “arylamino” refers to an amino group that has one or two alkyl or aryl substituents, respectively.
  • protected refers to a group that is added to an oxygen, nitrogen, or phosphorus atom to prevent its further reaction or for other purposes.
  • oxygen and nitrogen protecting groups are known to those skilled in the art of organic synthesis, and are described, for example, in Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, supra.
  • aryl alone or in combination, means a carbocyclic aromatic system containing one, two or three rings wherein such rings can be attached together in a pendent manner or can be fused.
  • Non-limiting examples of aryl include phenyl, biphenyl, or naphthyl, or other aromatic groups that remain after the removal of a hydrogen from an aromatic ring.
  • aryl includes both substituted and unsubstituted moieties.
  • the aryl group can be optionally substituted with any moiety that does not adversely affect the process, including but not limited to but not limited to those described above for alkyl moieties.
  • Non-limiting examples of substituted aryl include heteroarylamino, N-aryl-N-alkylamino, N-heteroarylamino-N-alkylamino, heteroaralkoxy, arylamino, aralkylamino, arylthio, monoarylamidosulfonyl, arylsulfonamido, diarylamidosulfonyl, monoaryl amidosulfonyl, arylsulfinyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylthio, heteroarylsulfinyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, aroyl, heteroaroyl, aralkanoyl, heteroaralkanoyl, hydroxyaralkyl, hydoxyheteroaralkyl, haloalkoxyalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryloxy, aralkoxy, aryloxyalkyl, saturated heterocyclyl, partially
  • alkaryl or “alkylaryl” refer to an alkyl group with an aryl substituent.
  • aralkyl or arylalkyl refer to an aryl group with an alkyl substituent.
  • halo includes chloro, bromo, iodo and fluoro.
  • acyl refers to a carboxylic acid ester in which the non-carbonyl moiety of the ester group is selected from straight, branched, or cyclic alkyl or lower alkyl, alkoxyalkyl including but not limited to methoxymethyl, aralkyl including but not limited to benzyl, aryloxyalkyl such as phenoxymethyl, aryl including but not limited to phenyl optionally substituted with halogen (F, Cl, Br, I), alkyl (including but not limited to C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , and C 4 ) or alkoxy (including but not limited to C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , and C 4 ), sulfonate esters such as alkyl or aralkyl sulphonyl including but not limited to methanesulfonyl, the mono, di or triphosphate ester, trityl or monomethoxytrityl, substituted benzyl, trial
  • alkoxy and “alkoxyalkyl” embrace linear or branched oxy-containing radicals having alkyl moieties, such as methoxy radical.
  • alkoxyalkyl also embraces alkyl radicals having one or more alkoxy radicals attached to the alkyl radical, that is, to form monoalkoxyalkyl and dialkoxyalkyl radicals.
  • the “alkoxy” radicals can be further substituted with one or more halo atoms, such as fluoro, chloro or bromo, to provide “haloalkoxy” radicals.
  • radicals include fluoromethoxy, chloromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoroethoxy, fluoroethoxy, tetrafluoroethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy, and fluoropropoxy.
  • alkylamino denotes “monoalkylamino” and “dialkylamino” containing one or two alkyl radicals, respectively, attached to an amino radical.
  • arylamino denotes “monoarylamino” and “diarylamino” containing one or two aryl radicals, respectively, attached to an amino radical.
  • aralkylamino embraces aralkyl radicals attached to an amino radical.
  • aralkylamino denotes “monoaralkylamino” and “diaralkylamino” containing one or two aralkyl radicals, respectively, attached to an amino radical.
  • aralkylamino further denotes “monoaralkyl monoalkylamino” containing one aralkyl radical and one alkyl radical attached to an amino radical.
  • heteroatom refers to oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus.
  • heteroaryl or “heteroaromatic,” as used herein, refer to an aromatic that includes at least one sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen or phosphorus in the aromatic ring.
  • heterocyclic refers to a nonaromatic cyclic group wherein there is at least one heteroatom, such as oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, or phosphorus in the ring.
  • heteroaryl and heterocyclic groups include furyl, furanyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, thienyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyrazinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, benzothienyl, isobenzofuryl, pyrazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzimidazolyl, purinyl, carbazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, isooxazolyl, pyrrolyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, xanthinyl, hypoxanthinyl, thiophene, furan, pyrrole, isopyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole
  • the heteroaromatic group can be optionally substituted as described above for aryl.
  • the heterocyclic or heteroaromatic group can be optionally substituted with one or more substituent selected from halogen, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, carboxyl derivatives, amido, amino, alkylamino, dialkylamino.
  • the heteroaromatic can be partially or totally hydrogenated as desired.
  • dihydropyridine can be used in place of pyridine. Functional oxygen and nitrogen groups on the heterocyclic or heteroaryl group can be protected as necessary or desired.
  • Suitable protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art, and include trimethylsilyl, dimethylhexylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, and t-butyldiphenylsilyl, trityl or substituted trityl, alkyl groups, acyl groups such as acetyl and propionyl, methanesulfonyl, and p-toluenelsulfonyl.
  • the heterocyclic or heteroaromatic group can be substituted with any moiety that does not adversely affect the reaction, including but not limited to but not limited to those described above for aryl.
  • the term “host,” as used herein, refers to a unicellular or multicellular organism in which the virus can replicate, including but not limited to cell lines and animals, and, preferably, humans. Alternatively, the host can be carrying a part of the viral genome, whose replication or function can be altered by the compounds of the present invention.
  • the term host specifically refers to infected cells, cells transfected with all or part of the viral genome and animals, in particular, primates (including but not limited to chimpanzees) and humans. In most animal applications of the present invention, the host is a human patient. Veterinary applications, in certain indications, however, are clearly contemplated by the present invention (such as for use in treating chimpanzees).
  • peptide refers to a natural or synthetic compound containing two to one hundred amino acids linked by the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug is used throughout the specification to describe any pharmaceutically acceptable form (such as an ester) compound which, upon administration to a patient, provides the compound.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic bases and acids. Suitable salts include those derived from alkali metals such as potassium and sodium, alkaline earth metals such as calcium and magnesium, among numerous other acids well known in the pharmaceutical art.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs refer to a compound that is metabolized, for example hydrolyzed or oxidized, in the host to form the compound of the present invention. Typical examples of prodrugs include compounds that have biologically labile protecting groups on functional moieties of the active compound.
  • Prodrugs include compounds that can be oxidized, reduced, aminated, deaminated, hydroxylated, dehydroxylated, hydrolyzed, dehydrolyzed, alkylated, dealkylated, acylated, deacylated, phosphorylated, or dephosphorylated to produce the active compound.
  • the prodrug forms of the compounds of this invention can possess antiviral activity, can be metabolized to form a compound that exhibits such activity, or both.
  • the active compound is of Formula (I):
  • R 1 is, independently, H, C 1-6 alkyl, aryl-C 1-6 -alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl-aryl, or aryl,
  • R 2 is, independently, H, C 1-6 alkyl, aryl-C 1-6 -alkyl, including C 3-6 branched alkyl, C 1-6 alkyl-aryl, aryl, C 1-6 alkyl-guanidine, C 1-6 alkylamino, C 1-6 alkyl-S—C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkylthiol, C 1-6 alkyl-hydroxy, C 1-6 alkyl-amide, C 1-6 alkyl-phenoxy, C 1-6 alkyl-carboxy heteroaryl, and heteroaryl-C 1-6 alkyl, wherein aryl rings can be substituted with from 1 to 3 substituents Z as defined herein,
  • R 3 is, independently, H or Cl, with the proviso that at least one R 3 is Cl,
  • R 4 is, independently, H or —S(O) x —R 1 , with the proviso that at least one R 4 is —S(O) x —R 1 .
  • Z is selected from the group consisting of C 1-8 alkyl (including cycloalkyl), lower alkenyl (C 2-6 ), lower alkynyl (C 2-6 ), heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, carboxy, halo (e.g., F, Cl, Br, or I), haloalkyl, —OR′, —NR′R′′, hydroxy, hydroxy-C 1-6 alkyl, alkoxyalkyl(C 2-8 ), alkoxycarbonyl, —CF 3 , —CN, —NO 2 , —C 2 R′, —SR′, —N 3 , —C( ⁇ O)NR′R′′, —NR′C( ⁇ O)R′′, —C( ⁇ O)R′, —C( ⁇ O)OR′, —OC( ⁇ O)R′, —OC( ⁇ O)NR′R′′, —NR′C( ⁇ O)OR′′,
  • Each R′ and R′′ are, independently, H, a lower alkyl (C 1-6 ), lower haloalkyl (C 1-6 ), lower alkoxy (C 1-6 ), lower alkenyl (C 2-6 ), lower alkynyl (C 2-6 ), lower cycloalkyl (C 3-6 ), aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, alkylaryl, aryl-C 1-6 -alkyl (such as benzyl); or if two R′ reside on the same nitrogen atom they can come together to form an alkyl ring (C 3-6 ) containing none or one heteroatom independently selected from N, O, and S; wherein the R′ groups can be substituted with one or more substituents as defined above, for example, hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, and alkoxyalkyl,
  • j 0-4
  • x is 0-2.
  • the compounds described herein can be in the form of the R- or S-configuration, or a mixture thereof, including a racemic or diastereomeric mixture thereof.
  • one or both of the R 2 substituents are phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or more substituents Z as defined herein.
  • one, two, or three of the R 1 substituents are —CH 3 .
  • each R 1 is —CH 3 and both of the R 2 substituents are phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or more substituents Z as defined herein.
  • R 1 , R 2 , Z, R′, R′′, j, and x are as defined with respect to Formula (I).
  • Representative compounds include the following:
  • the compounds described herein can have asymmetric centers and occur as racemates, racemic mixtures, individual diastereomers or enantiomers, with all isomeric forms being included in the present invention.
  • Compounds of the present invention having a chiral center can exist in and be isolated in optically active and racemic forms. Some compounds can exhibit polymorphism.
  • the present invention encompasses racemic, optically-active, polymorphic, or stereoisomeric forms, or mixtures thereof, of a compound of the invention, which possess the useful properties described herein.
  • optically active forms can be prepared by, for example, resolution of the racemic form by recrystallization techniques, by synthesis from optically-active starting materials, by chiral synthesis, or by chromatographic separation using a chiral stationary phase or by enzymatic resolution.
  • One can either purify the respective compound, then derivatize the compound to form the compounds described herein, or purify the compound themselves.
  • Optically active forms of the compounds can be prepared using any method known in the art, including but not limited to by resolution of the racemic form by recrystallization techniques, by synthesis from optically-active starting materials, by chiral synthesis, or by chromatographic separation using a chiral stationary phase.
  • Examples of methods to obtain optically active materials include at least the following.
  • i) physical separation of crystals a technique whereby macroscopic crystals of the individual enantiomers are manually separated. This technique can be used if crystals of the separate enantiomers exist, i.e., the material is a conglomerate, and the crystals are visually distinct;
  • simultaneous crystallization a technique whereby the individual enantiomers are separately crystallized from a solution of the racemate, possible only if the latter is a conglomerate in the solid state;
  • enzymatic resolutions a technique whereby partial or complete separation of a racemate by virtue of differing rates of reaction for the enantiomers with an enzyme
  • enzymatic asymmetric synthesis a synthetic technique whereby at least one step of the synthesis uses an enzymatic reaction to obtain an enantiomerically pure or enriched synthetic precursor of the desired enantiomer;
  • diastereomer separations a technique whereby a racemic compound is reacted with an enantiomerically pure reagent (the chiral auxiliary) that converts the individual enantiomers to diastereomers.
  • the resulting diastereomers are then separated by chromatography or crystallization by virtue of their now more distinct structural differences and the chiral auxiliary later removed to obtain the desired enantiomer;
  • first- and second-order asymmetric transformations a technique whereby diastereomers from the racemate equilibrate to yield a preponderance in solution of the diastereomer from the desired enantiomer or where preferential crystallization of the diastereomer from the desired enantiomer perturbs the equilibrium such that eventually in principle all the material is converted to the crystalline diastereomer from the desired enantiomer. The desired enantiomer is then released from the diastereomer;
  • this technique refers to the achievement of partial or complete resolution of a racemate (or of a further resolution of a partially resolved compound) by virtue of unequal reaction rates of the enantiomers with a chiral, non-racemic reagent or catalyst under kinetic conditions;
  • x) chiral liquid chromatography a technique whereby the enantiomers of a racemate are separated in a liquid mobile phase by virtue of their differing interactions with a stationary phase (including but not limited to via chiral HPLC).
  • the stationary phase can be made of chiral material or the mobile phase can contain an additional chiral material to provoke the differing interactions;
  • xi) chiral gas chromatography a technique whereby the racemate is volatilized and enantiomers are separated by virtue of their differing interactions in the gaseous mobile phase with a column containing a fixed non-racemic chiral adsorbent phase;
  • xiii) transport across chiral membranes a technique whereby a racemate is placed in contact with a thin membrane barrier.
  • the barrier typically separates two miscible fluids, one containing the racemate, and a driving force such as concentration or pressure differential causes preferential transport across the membrane barrier. Separation occurs as a result of the non-racemic chiral nature of the membrane that allows only one enantiomer of the racemate to pass through.
  • Chiral chromatography including but not limited to simulated moving bed chromatography, is used in one embodiment.
  • a wide variety of chiral stationary phases are commercially available.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts are organic acid addition salts formed with acids, which form a physiological acceptable anion, for example, tosylate, methanesulfonate, acetate, citrate, malonate, tartarate, succinate, benzoate, ascorbate, ⁇ -ketoglutarate and ⁇ -glycerophosphate.
  • Suitable inorganic salts can also be formed, including but not limited to, sulfate, nitrate, bicarbonate and carbonate salts.
  • salts can be obtained using standard procedures well known in the art, for example by reacting a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine with a suitable acid, affording a physiologically acceptable anion.
  • a sufficiently basic compound such as an amine
  • suitable acid affording a physiologically acceptable anion.
  • Alkali metal e.g., sodium, potassium or lithium
  • alkaline earth metal e.g., calcium
  • a prodrug is a pharmacological substance that is administered in an inactive (or significantly less active) form and subsequently metabolized in vivo to an active metabolite. Getting more drug to the desired target at a lower dose is often the rationale behind the use of a prodrug and is generally attributed to better absorption, distribution, metabolism, and/or excretion (ADME) properties. Prodrugs are usually designed to improve oral bioavailability, with poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract usually being the limiting factor. Additionally, the use of a prodrug strategy can increase the selectivity of the drug for its intended target thus reducing the potential for off target effects.
  • Hosts including but not limited to humans, infected with HCV or a gene fragment thereof, can be treated by administering to the patient an effective amount of the active compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug or salt thereof in the presence of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • the active materials can be administered by any appropriate route, for example, orally, parenterally, intravenously, intradermally, subcutaneously, or topically, in liquid or solid form.
  • the compounds of the invention can be employed together with at least one other antiviral agent, selected from polymerase inhibitors, IMPDH inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and immune-based therapeutic agents.
  • at least one other antiviral agent selected from polymerase inhibitors, IMPDH inhibitors, protease inhibitors, and immune-based therapeutic agents.
  • the active compound or its prodrug or pharmaceutically acceptable salt when used to treat or prevent HCV infection, can be administered in combination or alternation with another anti-HCV including, but not limited to, those of the formulae above.
  • effective dosages of two or more agents are administered together, whereas during alternation therapy, an effective dosage of each agent is administered serially.
  • the dosage will depend on absorption, inactivation and excretion rates of the drug, as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. It is to be noted that dosage values will also vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens and schedules should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions.
  • antiviral agents that can be used in combination with the compounds disclosed herein include those in the tables below.
  • Hosts including but not limited to humans, infected with HCV can be treated by administering to the patient an effective amount of the active compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug or salt thereof in the presence of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • the active materials can be administered by any appropriate route, for example, orally, parenterally, intravenously, intradermally, subcutaneously, or topically, in liquid or solid form.
  • a preferred dose of the compound for will be in the range of between about 0.01 and about 10 mg/kg, more generally, between about 0.1 and 5 mg/kg, and, preferably, between about 0.5 and about 2 mg/kg, of body weight of the recipient per day.
  • the effective dosage range of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs can be calculated based on the weight of the parent compound to be delivered. If the salt or prodrug exhibits activity in itself, the effective dosage can be estimated as above using the weight of the salt or prodrug, or by other means known to those skilled in the art.
  • the compound is conveniently administered in unit any suitable dosage form, including but not limited to but not limited to one containing 7 to 300 mg, preferably 70 to 140 mg of active ingredient per unit dosage form.
  • An oral dosage of 5-300 mg is usually convenient.
  • the concentration of active compound in the drug composition will depend on absorption, inactivation and excretion rates of the drug as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. It is to be noted that dosage values will also vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions, and that the concentration ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed composition.
  • the active ingredient can be administered at once, or can be divided into a number of smaller doses to be administered at varying intervals of time.
  • Oral compositions will generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They can be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets.
  • the active compound can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches or capsules. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition.
  • the tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
  • a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin
  • an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel or corn starch
  • a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes
  • a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide
  • a sweetening agent such
  • the compound can be administered as a component of an elixir, suspension, syrup, wafer, chewing gum or the like.
  • a syrup can contain, in addition to the active compound(s), sucrose as a sweetening agent and certain preservatives, dyes and colorings and flavors.
  • the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug or salts thereof can also be mixed with other active materials that do not impair the desired action, or with materials that supplement the desired action, such as antibiotics, antifungals, anti-inflammatories or other antiviral compounds.
  • Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, subcutaneous, or topical application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers, such as acetates, citrates or phosphates, and agents for the adjustment of tonicity, such as sodium chloride or dextrose.
  • the parental preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple
  • preferred carriers are physiological saline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
  • the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including but not limited to implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • a controlled release formulation including but not limited to implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters and polylactic acid.
  • enterically coated compounds can be used to protect cleavage by stomach acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Suitable materials can also be obtained commercially.
  • Liposomal suspensions are also preferred as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811 (incorporated by reference).
  • liposome formulations can be prepared by dissolving appropriate lipid(s) (such as stearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine, stearoyl phosphatidyl choline, arachadoyl phosphatidyl choline, and cholesterol) in an inorganic solvent that is then evaporated, leaving behind a thin film of dried lipid on the surface of the container. An aqueous solution of the active compound is then introduced into the container. The container is then swirled by hand to free lipid material from the sides of the container and to disperse lipid aggregates, thereby forming the liposomal suspension.
  • appropriate lipid(s) such as stearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine, stearoyl phosphatidyl choline
  • Scheme 1 is a non-limiting example of the synthesis of active compounds of the present invention, and in particular, a synthetic approach to trisubstituted imidazoles
  • the general keto-ester IX is prepared from the bis alpha-LG keto compound VIII, in which the LG groups are suitable leaving groups such as I, Br, Cl, OMs, OTs, etc., by displacement with an appropriate cyclic or acyclic amino acid in the presence of an appropriate base, such as sodium hydride, Hünig's base, or TEA at room temperature or mild heating in solvent such as dioxane, THF, or acetonitrile (Scheme 2).
  • an appropriate base such as sodium hydride, Hünig's base, or TEA at room temperature or mild heating in solvent such as dioxane, THF, or acetonitrile (Scheme 2).
  • a source of ammonium ion such as ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide, or ammonium acetate in solvent such as xylene, DMF, THF, or toluene
  • a halogen atom can be introduced through a reagent such as NBS, NCS and NIS, and N-fluorobenzenesulfonimide. Suzuki and Stille palladium catalyzed coupling conditions can provide heteroaryl derivatives, alkenes, and alkyne derivatives. Azido or cyano groups can be introduced with reagents such as TMSCN or TMSN 3 . Nitrogen substitution can be accomplished by acylation, alkylation, or other methods known to one skilled in the art.
  • amino acid protecting group Depending on the nature of the amino acid protecting group, it can be removed via strong acid or strong Lewis acid such as HCl, trifluoroacetic acid, or BBr 3 . Hydrogenolysis or metal reduction can also provide protecting group removal.
  • the unmasked nitrogen atom from XI can be substituted by acylation, alkylation, or other methods known to one skilled in the art.
  • compounds of type XII can be realized by acylation with an appropriately substituted carboxylic acid in the presence of standard coupling reagent such as HATU, EDCI, or PyBop in the presence of base such as Hunig's base.
  • Anhydrous solvents were purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc. (Milwaukee, Wis.) and EMD Chemicals Inc. (Gibbstown, N.J.). Reagents were purchased from commercial sources. Unless noted otherwise, the materials used in the examples were obtained from readily available commercial suppliers or synthesized by standard methods known to one skilled in the art of chemical synthesis. Melting points (mp) were determined on an Electrothermal digit melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. 1 H and 13 C NMR spectra were taken on a Varian Unity Plus 400 spectrometer at room temperature and reported in ppm downfield from internal tetramethylsilane. Deuterium exchange, decoupling experiments or 2D-COSY were performed to confirm proton assignments.
  • Signal multiplicities are represented by s (singlet), d (doublet), dd (doublet of doublets), t (triplet), q (quadruplet), br (broad), bs (broad singlet), m (multiplet). All J-values are in Hz.
  • Mass spectra were determined on a Micromass Platform LC spectrometer using electrospray techniques. Elemental analyses were performed by Atlantic Microlab Inc. (Norcross, Ga.). Analytic TLC was performed on Whatman LK6F silica gel plates, and preparative TLC on Whatman PK5F silica gel plates. Column chromatography was carried out on Silica Gel or via reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography.
  • the crude ester 6 was diluted with toluene (20 mL) and ammonium acetate (4 g) was added. The resulting reaction was heated at 110° C. overnight, diluted with water, extracted with ethyl acetate, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, concentrated and purified by silica gel chromatography with ethyl acetate:hexane (1:1) to give a white solid, 2 g, 64%.
  • the residue 9 was diluted with toluene (200 mL) and ammonium acetate (20 g) was added. The resulting mixture was heated at 130° C. for 24 h. After cooling, the mixture was poured into with water, extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL ⁇ 3). The combined organics were washed with water, saturated sodium bicarbonate, water, dried over Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated.
  • the compound can be purified by suspension in a solvent of hexane: methyl acetate (50:20), then filtered and washed with same solvent to get yellow solid. The purity is good enough for the next reaction.
  • reaction mixture was washed with ether (30 mL ⁇ 3), and the aqueous phase was cooled with ice bath and acidified with concentrated HCl to a pH region of 1-2, and extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (30 mL ⁇ 3), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum to afford white solid, 6.2 g, 90%.
  • the toxicity of the compounds was assessed in Vero, human PBM, CEM (human lymphoblastoid), MT-2, and HepG2 cells, as described previously (see Schinazi R. F., Sommadossi J.-P., Saalmann V., Cannon D. L., Xie M.-Y., Hart G. C., Smith G. A. & Hahn E. F. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 1990, 34, 1061-67). Cycloheximide was included as positive cytotoxic control, and untreated cells exposed to solvent were included as negative controls. The cytotoxicity IC 50 was obtained from the concentration-response curve using the median effective method described previously (see Chou T.-C. & Talalay P. Adv. Enzyme Regul. 1984, 22, 27-55; Belen'kii M. S. & Schinazi R. F. Antiviral Res. 1994, 25, 1-11).
  • the effect on the growth of HepG2 cells can be determined by incubating cells in the presence of 0 ⁇ M, 0.1 ⁇ M, 1 ⁇ M, 10 ⁇ M and 100 ⁇ M drug.
  • Cells (5 ⁇ 10 4 per well) can be plated into 12-well cell culture clusters in minimum essential medium with nonessential amino acids supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 1% sodium pyruvate, and 1% penicillin/streptomycin and incubated for 4 days at 37° C. At the end of the incubation period the cell number can be determined using a hemocytometer. Also taught by Pan-Zhou X-R, Cui L, Zhou X-J, Sommadossi J-P, Darley-Usmer V M.
  • HepG2 cells from a stock culture can be diluted and plated in 12-well culture plates at 2.5 ⁇ 10 4 cells per well.
  • concentrations (0 ⁇ M, 0.1 ⁇ M, 1 ⁇ M, 10 ⁇ M and 100 ⁇ M) of compound were added, and the cultures can be incubated at 37° C. in a humidified 5% CO 2 atmosphere for 4 days. At day 4, the number of cells in each well can be determined and the culture medium collected.
  • the culture medium is then filtered, and the lactic acid content in the medium can be determined using a colorimetric lactic acid assay (Sigma-Aldrich). Since lactic acid product can be considered a marker for impaired mitochondrial function, elevated levels of lactic acid production detected in cells grown in the presence of test compounds would indicate a drug-induced cytotoxic effect.
  • a colorimetric lactic acid assay Sigma-Aldrich
  • the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (COXII) gene and the ⁇ -actin or rRNA gene are amplified from 5 ⁇ l of the eluted nucleic acids using a multiplex Q-PCR protocol with suitable primers and probes for both target and reference amplifications.
  • COXII the following sense, probe and antisense primers are used, respectively: 5′-TGCCCGCCATCATCCTA-3′, 5′-tetrachloro-6-carboxyfluorescein-TCCTCATCGCCCTCCCATCCC-TAMRA-3′ and 5′-CGTCTGTTATGTAAAGGATGCGT-3′.
  • the sense, probe, and antisense primers are 5′-GCGCGGCTACAGCTTCA-3′, 5′-6-FAMCACCACGGCCGAGCGGGATAMRA-3′ and 5′-TCTCCTTAATGTCACGCACGAT-3′, respectively.
  • the primers and probes for the rRNA gene are commercially available from Applied Biosystems. Since equal amplification efficiencies are obtained for all genes, the comparative CT method can be used to investigate potential inhibition of mitochondrial DNA synthesis.
  • the comparative CT method uses arithmetic formulas in which the amount of target (COXII gene) is normalized to the amount of an endogenous reference (the ⁇ -actin or rRNA gene) and is relative to a calibrator (a control with no drug at day 7).
  • the arithmetic formula for this approach is given by 2- ⁇ CT, where ⁇ CT is (CT for average target test sample ⁇ CT for target control) ⁇ (CT for average reference test ⁇ C T for reference control) (see Johnson M R, K Wang, J B Smith, M J Heslin, R B Diasio. Quantitation of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase expression by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Anal. Biochem. 2000; 278:175-184).
  • a decrease in mitochondrial DNA content in cells grown in the presence of drug would indicate mitochondrial toxicity.
  • mouse Neuro2A cells (American Type Culture Collection 131) were used as a model system (see Ray A S, Hernandez-Santiago B I, Mathew J S, Murakami E, Bozeman C, Xie M Y, Dutschman G E, Gullen E, Yang Z, Hurwitz S, Cheng Y C, Chu C K, McClure H, Schinazi R F, Anderson K S. Mechanism of anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of beta-D-6-cyclopropylamino-2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxyguanosine. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2005, 49, 1994-2001).
  • concentrations necessary to inhibit cell growth by 50% were measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide dye-based assay, as described. Perturbations in cellular lactic acid and mitochondrial DNA levels at defined concentrations of drug were carried out as described above. In all experiments, ddC and AZT were used as control nucleoside analogs.
  • CFU-GM assays can be carried out using a bilayer soft agar in the presence of 50 units/mL human recombinant granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor, while BFU-E assays use a methylcellulose matrix containing 1 unit/mL erythropoietin (see Sommadossi J P, Carlisle R. Toxicity of 3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine and 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl) guanine for normal human hepatopoietic progenitor cells in vitro.
  • Huh 7 Clone B cells containing HCV Replicon RNA would be seeded in a 96-well plate at 5000 cells/well, and the compounds tested at 10 ⁇ M in triplicate immediately after seeding. Following five days incubation (37° C., 5% CO 2 ), total cellular RNA was isolated by using versaGene RNA purification kit from Gentra. Replicon RNA and an internal control (TaqMan rRNA control reagents, Applied Biosystems) were amplified in a single step multiplex Real Time RT-PCR Assay. The antiviral effectiveness of the compounds was calculated by subtracting the threshold RT-PCR cycle of the test compound from the threshold RT-PCR cycle of the no-drug control ( ⁇ Ct HCV).
  • a ⁇ Ct of 3.3 equals a 1-log reduction (equal to 90% less starting material) in Replicon RNA levels.
  • the cytotoxicity of the compounds was also calculated by using the ⁇ Ct rRNA values. 2′-C-Me-C was used as the positive control.
  • ⁇ Ct values were first converted into fraction of starting material 3 and then were used to calculate the % inhibition.
  • Formic acid was purchased from ACROS Organics.
  • the HPLC system was an Ultimate 3000 modular LC system consisting of two ternary pump, vacuum degasser, thermostated autosampler, and thermostated column compartment (Dionex Corporation; Sunnyvale, Calif.).
  • a TSQ Quantum Ultra triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, Mass., USA.) was used for detection.
  • Thermo Xcalibur software version 2.0 was used to operate HPLC, the mass spectrometer and to perform data analyses.
  • the first 3.0 min of the analysis was diverted to waste.
  • the mass spectrometer was operated in negative ionization mode with a spray voltage of 3.0 kV, sheath gas at 50 (arbitrary units), ion sweep gas at 0.2 (arbitrary units), auxiliary gas at 5 (arbitrary units), and a capillary temperature of 300° C.
  • the collision cell pressure was maintained at 1.5 mTorr.
  • the precursor and product ion transitions were listed in the following Table.

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