US9882467B2 - Method for controlling a power stage - Google Patents

Method for controlling a power stage Download PDF

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US9882467B2
US9882467B2 US14/419,561 US201314419561A US9882467B2 US 9882467 B2 US9882467 B2 US 9882467B2 US 201314419561 A US201314419561 A US 201314419561A US 9882467 B2 US9882467 B2 US 9882467B2
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parameter
ramp
capacitance
power stage
identified
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Expired - Fee Related
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US20160141954A1 (en
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Anthony Kelly
Adrian WARD
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IDT Europe GmbH
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/36—Means for starting or stopping converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
    • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
    • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
    • H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
    • H02M3/157—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators with digital control

Definitions

  • Adaptive control techniques involve the steps of parameter identification and controller design.
  • researchers have used adaptive control techniques [3 to 6], using various methods of identifying the parameters of the power stage and using the estimate of those values to compensate the control loop. Addressing a wide variation of capacitive loads has been identified as a particular concern [5].
  • Parameter identification of capacitance can be achieved using the method taught by Demerliac et.al. in U.S. Pat. No. 3,530,379 [8].
  • Parameter identification has used non-parametric [5, 6] and parametric methods [3 to 5] in order to determine the parameters of the power stage. In many cases this introduces a perturbation on to the output voltage of the DC-DC converter that can be undesirable. This is a particular problem with non-parametric identification, whereby a test signal is usually introduced.
  • parametric identification a lack of persistent excitation may result in the need for an injected signal to improve identification.
  • the quality of the estimate can be poor in circumstances in which there is a lack of persistent excitation or an unstable system, leading to a poorly compensated control system or requiring the introduction of a disturbance to excite the system. It is possible to use a signal that is already present in the system to act as a test signal. For example one can employ a voltage ramp which is often available in soft-start of a DC-DC converter [7].
  • the controller design step in Adaptive control involves designing compensation for the control loop using the estimated power stage parameters from the parameter identification.
  • the pole-placement method is often used in the controller design step and typically, Diophantine matrix calculations must be solved to yield the compensation parameters. This involves a matrix inversion and therefore is complex in hardware.
  • the present invention relates to control method for a power converter wherein an output voltage is generated according to a control law controlling a switched power stage.
  • a control law controlling a switched power stage.
  • the control law is adapted to the identified at least one parameter of said power stage for operating said power converter.
  • the control law is implemented in a compensator.
  • the method adjusts the compensator parameters upon identification of the power stage parameters, using that new information to correct the compensation of the control loop in light of the identified values of the parameters, thus providing a superior response and a more robust power compensator.
  • a power stage may be implemented such that it comprises an inductor and an output capacitor. Then the parameter to be identified is generally the capacitance C or the ESR of the output capacitor. Moreover, identifying the inductance of the power stage may also be beneficial. Without limitation, it is clear that the control law can be adapted to any other parameters that can be readily identified.
  • the control law may be adapted by re-parameterizing control parameters of the control law with respect to the identified parameter by scaling the control parameters according to a deviation of the identified parameter from an expected value of the at least one parameter of said power stage.
  • the expected value refers to a value that is to be expected from a priori information regarding the parameter like the nominal value of a capacitance or inductance.
  • the control law may be adapted by normalizing the identified control parameter by the expected value of said control parameter for obtaining a normalized identified parameter and scaling control parameters according to a deviation of the normalized identified parameter from a normalized expected value of the at least one parameter of said power stage.
  • the control law is generally defined by a transfer function having a plurality of zeros and poles.
  • the plurality of zeros and poles of said transfer function may be determined on the basis of expected value for the at least one parameter of the power stage prior to identifying the at least one parameter of the power stage. After determining the at least one parameter of the power stage the plurality of zeros and poles of the transfer function is adapted according to the identified at least one parameter of the power stage.
  • the re-parameterized parameter can be used to yield the correct compensation parameters or pole-zero locations of the compensator transfer function.
  • a lookup table may be employed to achieve this in a very computationally inexpensive manner.
  • re-parameterization in terms of other power stage parameters is possible or even performance objectives of the system such closed-loop bandwidth or output voltage deviation for a given load-step. In this way, a wide variety of variations and design objectives can be catered for with a simple process of re-parameterization, normalization and scaling.
  • the re-parameterization and normalization may be prepared offline, whilst the scaling may be achieved online using computationally inexpensive techniques such as LUTs or CSD multipliers.
  • the plurality of zeros and poles of the transfer function is determined on the basis of an expected value for the capacitance C or the ESR. After identifying the capacitance C or the ESR the plurality of zeros and poles of the transfer function is adapted according to the identified capacitance C or the ESR.
  • the transfer function any other parameters that can be readily identified such as output capacitor ESR and inductance of the Inductor L.
  • the plurality of zeros and poles of the transfer function is adapted for a pre-defined loop bandwidth of a closed loop of the transfer function.
  • the control law is of type PID the proportional and integral gain is adjusted to the identified capacitance C for a pre-defined loop bandwidth.
  • the parameter of the power stage is the capacitance C of the output capacitor, the proportional and integral gain is adjusted to the identified capacitance C.
  • the capacitance C is identified by measuring an average inductor current iL,AVG during ramp up time ⁇ t and a voltage drop of said capacitance C at the start of the ramp up and at the end of the ramp up.
  • the average inductor current is measured when ramp up has finished so as to yield an estimated of the unknown load current during ramp up. Therefore, the capacitance can be estimated by subtracting the estimated load current from the average inductor current during ramp up.
  • the capacitance C may be identified by measuring an average inductor current iL and a voltage drop of said capacitance C during ramp up time ⁇ t and computing the capacitance C from a functional relationship of the average inductor current iL and the voltage drop of said capacitance C by assuming said functional relationship is exponential.
  • the present invention also relates to power converter comprising a switched power stage controlled by a control law implemented by a compensator.
  • the power stage comprises means for identifying at least one parameter of said power stage during ramp-up of the power converter and means for adapting the control law of the compensator according to the identified at least one parameter of said power stage.
  • the means for adapting the control law comprise means for adapting, means for normalizing and means for scaling a parameter of the control law.
  • the power stage may comprise means for identifying the capacitance C or ESR or inductance of a power stage during ramp-up of the power converter and means for adapting the control law of the compensator according to the identified capacitance C or ESR or inductance.
  • FIG. 1 shows a DC-DC power converter and its output voltage and inductor during ramp-up
  • FIG. 2 shows the transfer function of a control law having two zeros and two poles
  • FIG. 3 shows the transfer function adjusted to different output capacitances
  • FIG. 4 shows Bode plots of the original and adjusted control law (compensator).
  • FIG. 5 shows the output voltage, inductor current and average inductor current during soft ramp-up
  • FIG. 6 shows the response of a DC-DC power converter using an updated control law(compensator) adapted to the identified capacitance
  • FIG. 7 shows the response of an unstable DC-DC power converter
  • FIG. 8 shows the stabilization of the response of the unstable DC-DC power converter in case its control law (compensator) is adapted to the identified capacitance
  • FIG. 1 shows a soft-start mechanism of a DC-DC converter comprising switched power stage 11 , said power stage comprising an inductor 12 an output capacitor 13 and a compensator 14 implementing a control law for controlling the switches 15 , 16 of the power stage 11 .
  • the inductor current must charge the output capacitor 13 .
  • Load devices connected to the DC-DC converter are usually in active reset prior to the output voltage reaching its desired setpoint and, therefore, it can be assumed that they draw no current during the soft-start ramp up.
  • the capacitance C can be estimated as a function of the applied charge.
  • the applied charge can easily be determined from the average current i L,AVG applied during the soft-start ramp and the ramp time ( ⁇ T), where ⁇ V is the difference between the start-of-ramp and end-of ramp voltage.
  • the average current i L,AVG used in calculation can be corrected in circumstances where there is significant load current during the ramp up by measuring the current after the ramp has finished and subtracting this value from the average ramp current value.
  • FIG. 2 shows the magnitude versus frequency and transfer function of a discrete time “Type- 3 ” compensator, implementing a 2-zero 2-pole plus integrator transfer function.
  • the compensator has been re-parameterised in terms of the output capacitance so that scaling can be applied accordingly when a larger amount of capacitance is applied.
  • This is illustrated in FIG. 3 , where the full-line curves show the magnitude versus frequency of the power stage (line 31 a ) and Loop Gain, L, (line 32 a ) and indicates the expected loop behaviour.
  • the dotted lines of FIG. 3 show how the same loop bandwidth can be achieved in a system with a larger amount of capacitance as illustrated in the dotted curve 31 b for the magnitude of the power stage and 32 b for the loop gain.
  • Scaling can be achieved by moving the zeros of the compensator by a corresponding amount which results in the same loop bandwidth as the original system. That is, if the capacitance value quadruples then the LC bandwidth halves and the zero locations must half in frequency compared to their original values. In this way the compensator can utilize the estimated capacitance value to modify the compensation for optimal performance by the process of normalisation and scaling with respect to the output capacitance value, C.
  • FIG. 5 a shows the output voltage
  • FIG. 5 b the inductor current
  • FIG. 5 c the averaged inductor current, as a function of time.
  • the average inductor current at the end of the soft-start ramp is shown to peak indicating the capacitors are fully charged.
  • FIG. 6 shows the power stage identification and control system of an exemplary DC-DC converter, whereby the capacitance is identified as being 4000 micro-Farads according to the average inductor current at the end of the soft-start ramp.
  • the loop has been compensated assuming 1000 micro-Farads.
  • the identified capacitance value is updated after 6 ms. It can be seen that the transient response is improved by the identification of the actual output capacitance of the system.
  • FIG. 7 shows that this method works equally well on an unstable DC-DC converter whereby the average inductor current during the soft-start ramp is unaffected by the instability, ensuring the accuracy of identification.
  • FIG. 8 shows that stability of the system is restored once the identified capacitance value is used to adjust the loop compensation after 6 ms.
  • the combination of capacitance identification and a simple means of compensation adjustment from a pre-determined compensator conveys significant advantages in the performance and cost of a DC-DC converter, obviating the need for complex identification and compensation calculation algorithms.
  • the identification is shown to operate in the presence of an unstable system, which can be a problem with other methods of identification.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
  • Ac-Ac Conversion (AREA)
US14/419,561 2012-08-06 2013-05-03 Method for controlling a power stage Expired - Fee Related US9882467B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP12179398.8 2012-08-06
EP12179398 2012-08-06
EP12179398 2012-08-06
EP13158031.8A EP2704300A1 (fr) 2012-08-06 2013-03-06 Procédé pour commander un étage de puissance
EP13158031.8 2013-03-06
EP13158031 2013-03-06
PCT/EP2013/059294 WO2014023446A2 (fr) 2012-08-06 2013-05-03 Procédé pour commander un étage de puissance

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US20160141954A1 US20160141954A1 (en) 2016-05-19
US9882467B2 true US9882467B2 (en) 2018-01-30

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EP (1) EP2704300A1 (fr)
KR (1) KR101793196B1 (fr)
TW (1) TWI501523B (fr)
WO (1) WO2014023446A2 (fr)

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CN105409103A (zh) * 2013-07-03 2016-03-16 微电子中心德累斯顿有限公司 具有可配置的补偿器的dc-dc变换器
TWI548190B (zh) * 2013-08-12 2016-09-01 中心微電子德累斯頓股份公司 根據控制法則來控制功率轉換器的功率級之控制器及方法
US9190986B1 (en) * 2014-06-02 2015-11-17 Qualcomm Incorporated Adaptive stability control for a driver circuit
EP3482486B1 (fr) * 2016-07-08 2020-03-25 Telefonaktiebolaget LM Ericsson (PUBL) Système et procédé de détermination de la capacité d'un condensateur
US10175278B1 (en) * 2018-04-23 2019-01-08 Linear Technology Holding Llc Detecting value of output capacitor in switching regulator
US10713403B1 (en) * 2019-04-03 2020-07-14 Xilinx, Inc. Selectively bypassing design process steps for a register-transfer logic (RTL) design in an electronic design automation (EDA) development environment

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US6952093B1 (en) * 2003-11-07 2005-10-04 National Semiconductor Corporation Adaptive small-signal compensation for switching regulators
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US20090284235A1 (en) 2008-05-13 2009-11-19 Micrel, Inc. Adaptive Compensation Scheme for LC Circuits In Feedback Loops
US7630779B2 (en) 2005-06-01 2009-12-08 Analog Devices, Inc. Self compensating closed loop adaptive control system
WO2010055556A1 (fr) 2008-11-12 2010-05-20 三菱電機株式会社 Dispositif d'estimation de capacité de condensateur et procédé d'estimation de capacité de condensateur pour convertisseur de puissance
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US3530379A (en) 1967-04-13 1970-09-22 Schlumberger Instrumentation Capacitance measuring apparatus utilizing voltage ramps of predetermined slope
US6952093B1 (en) * 2003-11-07 2005-10-04 National Semiconductor Corporation Adaptive small-signal compensation for switching regulators
US20050270804A1 (en) * 2004-06-04 2005-12-08 Liu Chi F Soft-start circuit for power converters
US7630779B2 (en) 2005-06-01 2009-12-08 Analog Devices, Inc. Self compensating closed loop adaptive control system
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WO2010055556A1 (fr) 2008-11-12 2010-05-20 三菱電機株式会社 Dispositif d'estimation de capacité de condensateur et procédé d'estimation de capacité de condensateur pour convertisseur de puissance
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Publication number Publication date
EP2704300A1 (fr) 2014-03-05
WO2014023446A3 (fr) 2014-04-03
TW201419731A (zh) 2014-05-16
WO2014023446A4 (fr) 2014-05-30
US20160141954A1 (en) 2016-05-19
KR101793196B1 (ko) 2017-11-02
TWI501523B (zh) 2015-09-21
KR20150039843A (ko) 2015-04-13
WO2014023446A2 (fr) 2014-02-13

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