US971555A - Steam-turbine. - Google Patents

Description

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STEAK TUBBINB.

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JI'OHANN FRIEDRICH MAYX PATITZ. F'MILWAUKEE. WISCONSN. ASSIONOB TO ALLIB- CHALMERS COMPANY. F M-!L.VAUKEE. \VSCONSIN. A CORPORATION 0F NEW JERSEY.

the Aollon ing is 'l'hi.- iuwntinn relatesto an apparatits-i'or fouwerimg potential energy o t' a thu-nt me lm .-nb-tatuiatt'tl` tu :t totbine in wha-h a tlninl i the tluent nteduun. 'l'he object of the ttnentton ts to. provide an npparatua n'bieh isilenigned to .be'oljiet obje'et is to rednee the number of working.' wheels.

In order-to lead nii to the diselosnre-ot' this intention.l il will, be well tol eonnider the existing.' apparatuses vtlenigttetl to eottvrtl energy into worltnnml more speeilienllrpexbling types ol' stt-:nn turbine. l'n modern turbine the eotn'etaion ot' th'e energy 'ofthe t-lextlu ittlu v'uth tulten Vlam* itt .several l I wheels nmteael ottn a hun;

lurity luuthl the enti't'r enut'etntou of energy take platre tu n 'xingle wheel. ln other, worde. the energy ol' the .stt-tun is b r \a-. rion methods vl'raettonally-eon\erted vl'or nl".

strat-tion a woll.' by a'lpluralitvof wbt-ela.

ln the lil-st type ot' steam turbine, whteh inn eerie ofehiwd t nunbers and the ett-aun nt passed tovthetny through ntattounry expanding: nozzles loeated in the walls of the ts abstracted in thelirst wheel as work in chamber. In the nozzlea-lmated in the mrturning 'thewheeh that ren'minin being the latsaapes during.' its llow to the next tition between the ytrat and second wteel eliambers the steam, havin lost. a .part-of itapressure by conversionmto work in .the

, Speetrlatlonof Letters Eateint. I i .v applicatie mcd January 11. 1904,' set-tarmo. 0.502.

Uno ell'eet on *the .ener

kinetic energy vwheel abstracts tractoaally kabatratet aa werk'practioa STEAM Juanmatim wheel ym4 stated. is ngain-exmnded to Ihr .sume nututl. vehally by lnll'tntlly ltuttsv patenten oet. 4.. m10.

torminpiita' renatini'ng potential energy into fltinetie ener; v n'ppearing as velu-ity ot the n'uttls'ee utnl Stute ol' 'iw't'medtt. liantittI ventedeettain nen and uM-t'nl lm n'metuent. in .itea|u-'l'urbines.ol' whirl ll .att-ani.v I'raetien ly all this ronrerted kinetic energy .taiabstrait-leden the-second ,wheel im lNneh fraetional abstraction as the potent inl energy wit' tbe .steam Im beeneonverted intowdrk.

I n the .seeond type of steunt turbines, wha-h jill he designated 'lype 2, the ex- )athlon of the steam takes plaee-in` stages.

n the tirst set. of nozzles av part of tlto potential energy of the steam appearing as pleasure ia 'on'verted into kineticeneigy ammo-ing as refhwity of the IStettin. lrac neatly` alltlns eonverted ktnetie energy is tr|ntninall abstracted as work in a series ol' wheels haring.' stationarv guiding vanesv guiding vanos have. expansion or rednetimt of i l 'presmre ot' the steam. esee'pt inasmuch al vthe fr teton might intluetuse these conditions.

between tltetn. A'Plume 'lhis tw the aetinn taking plaee in tbefirst nage. ln the nozzles located between `the Iirst and Mfeond steigen the steam, having lost a part ot' .its iresn'ure by conversion into kinetic energy n istraeted an `work in tha vwheela` ot' tlavth'at tage aaatated ia again4 l i expanded 'to tho saine initial ve ocity by eonverti'ng a part ot' its wmainingpotential enemy into kinetie energy wha-ity of the steam. lrnetien eonverted kinetic energy :teaeted as work in a series of wheels hav' im: stationary guiding This isjthe. net ionv taking stage. einen fvaetiona ly all `this illico in the second i abstraction of venergy aa work eontinnea nthalntqiva ntagesnntil all the potential energyv of the steam has beenconverted into kinetic and abstracted as work.

t k i lilfk tte inetic energy -ve ocit n n the velocit yia dsvlop 'whereas in Type for eaeh stage'to a much big r point. and several wheels are neeeaaary in that.

runen between them.-

aplwaring as 'ia fraetionally al l Tha nains` ber n tagen and .the number ot. wheels-ln' the point whore one` ractically all of of the :steunt .xzppeiii'ingV im pressure into kinetic energy appt-,tiring us veloeity'of the steam `io u point where one wheel nbstrncts 2.6 uis work pi'neticully all of the energy the velocity represents, it is proposed to eii'ect hnich n eonveraioii to e. point. where the vvelocity re )resent-ing the converted ener 1y is about tiie'sanie us in the case of t e turbine of Type 2, but of lower amount than complete conversion would aii'ord. After such conversion, instead of fractionnll nbatriwtinpj ne wort: in n atm e including a serieu o wheels practically i, of the ener 2o this velocityrepreseuts as in Type 2, on y a portion of the energy the velocit reprel sentii is obstructed as. work in a sing e wheel, lenvinpg n reiunnent kinetic ener 'y rene Henied by n veiocityjgremtei then tie r uction of velocity taking place by reason of the abstraction of the ener` as work in the wheel. This remanent kinetic energy appouring as velocity is augmented in ex nnsion nozzles located between the first w eel and n eccomi wheel by ii further conversion of n part of the potentiel energy of the Htenin nppeui'ingr un pressure into kinetic energy until tlie'veloeity repreiientin` the augmented energy is'ns'high as the initial velocit A partiel nbtraction of energy ne wer tiren takeslace in the second wheel to the Home exten nn occurred in the tiret wheel. `Further conversion und abstraction then take place es before until all of the potential enorm' of the steam has been converted into work.

The -advnntnge of-tbe improved type of turbine over Types 1 :1nd,2 is that the numbei of wheels necessary for the conversion of a Yiijen amount of energy into work is great y reduced. For the purpoesof dem- -onstration 'n lnumerical example of the conditions obtaining duringthe conversion of n given amount of energy will be Stated 50 for each of the-three types of tui-bin The stnteme t. of amounts 1a ,approximate und in roun numbers only. At nn initial presi'- 'ure of approximately 150 pounds, the velocity attpined by steam on vfree expiin- 5u s ion ia 4000 feet per second. The kinetic 'y ener Io a musa m, movin with: velocity, v, is iroportionui to vhalf t e pnoduct of the man; by the square f the velocity. The total kinetic energy, K. of e given'nins's 'fof steam et the assumed jtherefone be; by the formula I i t {IJ-hl.whenkilneonltnt,

' .-Llw -,i 10.000.000. y ,'Ai-isuming that the change of velocit of thet'eamin penning through a. single wiieel pressure would ,l

vto be NN) feet in each vtype of turbine, Lize velocity und energy changes appear as follows,

-Velocliyoi titel-.m alter eonvrnion in noch munie.. Velocity chungo in punie( through each wheel Velocity remaining w compennto (or friction und u crimes 2C ifinletinl energy oi steun entering web wie: 'u

i i wir '1,609'

. it 1.0m. -itlnctin enemy ol geom leaving web wheel kal f uw k&,M Kinetic energy obstructed u work by each wheel -k Lilli Ulli-t 0.0m

-i sumario number ai when. in 'r i -neeaee/k mmm "n -il, apprentie-:Main

veioeuy o! nimm .iter conveniente .seh nomia. :.LDieet Velocity change in puzhillhrouzh mwheei of mi:

rit-qe EL3 Velocity remnining for cond wheel oi luge and to mmpennt/n for irictlon and other lonne- 1,0831 Velocity chaume in pulling through ncond wheel ol v elehragfe i2!) Velocity remaining to compe/icute irietion and other lemen '93 Kinetic were: oi ma entering En:

wheeioi eer-inten Kinetic en com lening tint' wheel oi e ol li Kinetic muy ntutrncted u wort: by fimwheei omhwmnupnnm.

Kinetic energy eteleon entering second wheel o( auch otage au on Kinetic oneri bulleted u werk by n cond when 5mm-hmm 'Delai kinetic einem lbetnetoduwork byeaehltm -IlmNB-*MM .nilmm tiumberoiitagmin'l Il 0I m i tiiitvmm Numberoi wlazsetlinlypel...'..... incl? Impmd Alpe.

Velocity ot mm uur eonvenion in esci mail. Velocity einen in penning thmuqh eeeh'whni........

Velocity remaining uur panting through eh wheel. i.

Kinetic einem o( neem entering each whee .... ...un-nn..

Kinetic energie! mail leavin; noeud 'moet oi cle om f l etw...

Kimi-Io muy MMM u M by a :zung-k man numimuwmmii -a a. m

paname M liinetin when! From these numerical examples it will be seen that inthe turbine exe'in li this invention, the number of w il need two-thirds and one nel! ofthoea in the exintin typen of' turbine hereinabove oompn A direct compnrsoncannotme mede with another existing Wpc of turbine wherein the react-ion of steam enters na nnelement of the 1,000 ier-t.

process practiced by such turbine. ln that type ol' machine the steam muret he admitted first which; tu he ana Hert necessitatinf ghae veoetty of tnrnne.

The larger ast. wht-cli in titrii liinit the safe l velocity of the turbine and the velocity1 representing the energy abstracted as worh in the tirst wheels will therefore he less, and tho number ol' wheels nitist. be increased. ln practice, 42 to ttt) wheels are net'ereiary in that I vpe of' machine.

lu the tnx-bine exeinplifying this invention, the kinetic energy abstracted as work hy each wheel is.greater than in existing turbines, for the reason that this' kinetic energy is not propoi'tional to the dll'erence between the velocities of the llnid entei'iiig and leaving the wheel` but. is proportional to the diiiereiice of the squares of time velocities. The higher the entering and lea\ ing velocities are. with a constant dill'erence between them determined b v the allowable speed of wheel, the greater becomes the kinetic energy abstracted as work by eat-.h wheel.

Rcferrin v to the iiniiierieal examples. the turbine of ype Q has fewer wheels than the turbine of Ty e 1 because in the former the first wheels Peach stage abstract energy at high enterin and leaving velocities; lint as practically a l the kinetic energy appearih as velocity in nlmtraeted as 'work yin caei Etage, the last wheels ofiach stage abstract onerg at low entering and leaving velocities. lie-turbine of Type. 2 has inore whe-els than the turbine cxetnphfyiog this invention -because in the latter practically all the wlieeli-i 'abstract kinetic energy as work at high entering and leaving vehxgities. 'lhe turbine of l'ype .5 also has Ntruetnral disadvantages inaainneh im it ia ditlienlt to prevent leakage in the clearance'spaces between the wheel buckets and Atho stationary vanes In tht` turbine of Type 1. and in the improved type of turbine, the leakage is mitch reduced as it can only take place at lthe small shaft circnmferences and can 'be vreduced to l a minimum for this reason. 'Ihe tnrhinecxemplifying this invention thus possesses the structural advantage of the turbine of 'ly ve l in reducing leakage, aiid it improves t ie turbine of l'ype 2 b v a furtherreduction in the number of wheels necessary for the'saine amount of energy converted. i

The disclosure heroin is nubstantiatml on a steam turbine of the impulse type.

l-n the drawings,;l"ignre 1 isn central vertical section of` the turbine.. Fig. 2 is an enlarged sectional development through the venes of the wheels and stationary pai-esageal central of the casing. Fig. 3 is an enlarget vertical section ot' the runes and passages. Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic view illnritrnting l the velocity changez: rz-curriin: in 'l".

and 2 and iii the improved type. all ii after ydescribed.

nebenan te the ahorita: the ne is nnn e in two parts to faotlitatenssen and dismantling. lt is elosed at the ei the inlet 3 and the exhaust head 2. 'l`l bine shaft is supported iii bearing: passes through stalling boxes in the ln the inlet. head l is forint-tl an ai '.teani chamber l provided with inlt-.l sages 5. Nozzle passages 6 are form the inletl lieiid 3 and connect the. ai steam chamber 4 with the first wheel t iler T of a series of sticli chambers l'orn the casing l. The first, wheel S of a of wheels mounted on the turbine sh located in the tiret chenilwr T, and i A partition '9 separates the tirst chan from the second chamber l() in which cated the second wheel 1l, and in tht tition tt are tt'ii'uied guide nozzles 9i. l next partition are formed guide iioz'l. and .so on throughout the turbine. last wheel of the series is located in tl hanst chamber 13 connecting with tht denser` not shown, through the exhaiis sage t4. 'lhe circumferential extent t passages through the partition walls i guide nozzles increases from inlet to cit ot' the turbine and aa iiteani at hi h ve has to be reversed in direction an expi ,to higher velocity, guide vnncs 15, l

are placed in the guide nozzles to c reverse and direct ad parte of the uti-ei steam passing through the guide nozzl The primeert practiced by the tnrhin closed a to convert in the nozzle tl t.|| tentia energy of the Hteain coming the boiler and appealing an irensnre kinetic energy appearing as liigh vcl Kinetic enei'g is then partially ahsti as work by t ie first wheel 8 and the aiieiit ykinetic energy of the steam leavin wheel appearing as comparatively liig loeity is augmented hy a further convt ot' part of the` potential ener y in the i in the guide nozzles 01, the direction o1 being reversed at `the latine time. K' energy is then further partially abstias workby the second wheel l1 and,.l fore, thexrennnient kinetic energy oi steamleaving thc wheel 11 appearir comparatively high velocity in angmi byu still further conversion of .part o potential enegy in-tho steam in the nozzles 12. ifnnilar abstraction and version take pliice nntilfhe steam is tl Ve\hanated of all itaf'potentinl energy passes to the condenser.

lln Fig. 4 is shown n comparison of grams of the three types of turbine he fore discussed. 'lhe changes in velocit ,steam a rerepresentadas ordinates and tion along the length of the turbint '45 1000 when it is passed tothe second w eel.

absciss. The coiiiperison chews the relative number of wheels used in each type for the same amount of energy converte The diagrams illustrate the numerical examples 5 presented hereinabove except thstthey are chown for,l only half the amount of ener y iii the entering stumm thus showin on ci half the number of wheels nryiiirea il? lo iii.; all three types nozzles ere used to convertpotentisl energy to kinetic energy from any velocity of steam below 200 feet to a higher velocity. When the direction of the steam at high velocity is to be changed, a is guide willbe used, as indicated in the disl ism for Type 2. When the direction of t e llow of steam at a high velocity is to be changed, and at the same time ener of the steain is to be' convei'ted into 2o kinetic energy to augment that represented byithe high velocity a combined guideand nozzle is used, as indicated in the im roved type. When the direction of the' ow of steam at any velocity below 200 feet is to be 2s changeihrno guide is nry, as the friction of the steam in the is low. Any form of communication from the wheel discharge at low steam velocity to the next noli;l is diuicient.f l e 'sgramo Fig.4,itwillbese en that in Type 1 the energy of the steam underoes a conversion ina nasale from poten al to kinetieandappears with avelocity of 1000. It then passes through the .es first wheel losing velocit by abstraction of kinetic ener as `work 'it leaves at a ut 200.

low as to require no ing the direction of Iy the wheel until vloeity is so s a i s in revers' m angdu an form of I 40 communication between the whee dischar und the nextvnoule will be sufliciert. T e' energy of the steam under a second conversion in this next Ynozz e from tential to kinetic and appears with a ve ocit of This sexies of changes is repeated until the euer of the steam is exhausted, its pressure ini so low as to preclude its being further used.

to In Type 2 the energy of the steam under- Siua conversion ina nozzle from tential letic and appears with a ve ocity of 1800. It then tlirou therst wheel .losing velocity by abstraction of kinetic eii es ergy as -work by the wheel until it leaves et about 1000. The. direction of Bow of lsteam at this velocity is then reversedl through a guide but no conversion of energy takes lace' therein. It' is then assed so through, the second wheel losing velocity by further. abstraction of kinetic. energy 'as' work by the wheel until it-leaves at about 200. T e steam is then passed through anly om? of communication toa second nou e potentiel imuwo wherein it undergoes a similar di in the flrstnoszle, appearing with a vs oci of 1800. It is then passed through tl third wheel. This series o1' changes is r nested until'the energy o! th'e steamis el ousted, as before. r

In the improved type the -energy of tl steam undergoes a conversion in a nos.: 'from potential to kinetic and appears w11 a velocity of 2000. It then passes throug the first wheel losing velocity by abstractie of kinetic energy as work b the wheel unt it leaves at about 1900. It t 'en asses at th hi h velocitytoacombinednoz e and ic w ere its direction of flow is revenuflin at the saine time further convenios of p1 tentiel into kinetic eneltakes place their in and it s in appears with a velocit c 2000.'Ittenp`assestoasecondwee This series of changes is repeated until th ener of the steam is exhausted, as befon It ouldbe noted that the successive cor versions in the turbine exemplified are n: the small quantities of lenergy heretofoi converted to compensate und restore. fm tion losses, but are so substantial as to l: abstracted as work, and euch abstractie actually takes place whenthe iluid move the wheels.. But the -n'bstraction is not con:

lete and at inta just before the duid er ers s nozzle ween wheels, there still r1 mains in the ilid kinetic energy sucieig to be abstracted aa work ybut auch kineti ene is not actuallyl as worl im later. In this manner work is ab stractod b the wheels and the velocity o the fluid inected to a wheel is higher thai its velocity las it panes from the preeediru wheel which latter velocity re resents netic energyso substantial as to converti ble into work later.

It should be noted that the abstraction o energy ns work by the wheels except pos sibly the last, takes place preferably at thi saine high of velocities. In the dis gramFi.4,tesera arebetween120l and Y feet and all s wheels are then re resented as working at these ranges.

vt should be. understood that it is no1 desired to beliinitd to the exact detail: of construction shown und described, foi obvious modifications will occur to a persoi skilled in the art. i

It is claimed end tiesired to secure by Let ters Patent I e 1. In a 5d turbine, means providing i path for the flow of a Huid through the tur bine including in combination,menns, foi establishing in the, fluid a highinitial velocity. a series of secs of movable venes. snif menne located between sets of lvuneei for in creasin the velocity of the fluid issuing from` t ie preceding set of vani-s, the lust three means coacting to l'eave a substantially Lltl a lnibatantiallv high velocit -10 seriesoflsets of movable venes, and a nozzle lavati-d hetweenadjacent'sets of wines for tion nt' a easing. walt,--l dividing the casing into a pluralityA of elininheie. an inlet and eration' f high velocity iii' the tlnid as it.- passes Afrom eaeli --et of venes delivering tothe velocity increasing incanti. v

2. ln an ehiatic tliiid turbine. means l'oiv eatnblinlii'ng a tlow ottliiid theretln'ongli in. cliuling in combination means vfor .expanding the tlnid to a high initial'veloeity, a series of ets ot' movable innes, and" ineans located between .wts of vaines foi' reversing and mereahing the velocity of the llow of thetlnid iaatiing from the preceding set n-f vantw. the last three ineaiis enacting to learn a snh.--'tnniialiy high velocity inthe tlnid as it passes from a set of vanes delivering tol ihc reversing nml velocity increasing inc-nils.

v:L ln nii elastic tlnid turbine,` means for establishing a timeof tltiidtherethrough iii'-v tlialing in combination. it nozzle` for e.\:.- pandingtlte tlndto a high initiiil velocity, a sei-ies of seio-t'l nioviilile. vanes, and 'ii nozzle located hete'een :idjneentsets of variesv for expanding .the tlnifl issuing from tliepi'eceiling i-'et ofjvanes to approxiinatel'i initial velocit". the hist three means enacting to leave a substantially-high wim-'ity iii the lliiid :mit panse# from a set of vaines dcliver inf.r to one of the nozzles. f

4. l'n tin elastic tluirl tni'hine. means foi' establishing a tlowjot tlniil therethrough ini clnding in tuiinbinntion. n nozzle for ex|niiiti'' ing the tluid to a high initial vehicity. a

reveiaing and incretwing the velocity` ofthe ilonol' the thiid issuing fifoin the preceding set otvaiies to approximately initial velocity. the hist. three `means; enacting to leave y y in the thiid as it paesiv frnina let of Yanes: delivering to one of the nozzles.

5. lnan eliwtic hiid turbine. the ennibinaan .ontletfor the casing,- a shaft. n series of wheels-'on the shaft one located in'ench of the ehainlwrs, vane on the wheels. and nozzles.l iiixthe walli ol' the chainlwra toil direct ing tlnid to the vaiie.. eat-li nozzltvexpandiiig the tlttid to a high velocity and concting with the. passages het neen the runes to leave n substantially high velocity in the form of work..

lhiid as it.A parses troni a sci. of vane delivering to, one of the nozzle-s.

ti. In an elastic tluid turbine, the combina tion ot n caaing,.walla dividing the canin Ainto a |ilui'nlit.y"of cha'inbcrs, an inlet.v ant 'anontlet foi' the easing, a shaft. n series of whiwh on the shaft..` one located in cach of the chambers, varies on the wheels and nozzles inthe walls ofthe ehninbers` vllor directing tlnid to tha vnneii, the intermediate noznozzle expanding t-'he tliiid to n high velocity 'aiidenacting with the passafgcs between .the

litil 'zlewali-io i'tgveraiiig-,tlie Ilow'of the tltiid, nachl 7.In combination with an elastic tlnid tnrbim-nieana providing a mth foi' the tlow of a tluid Athrough the tiii'iine including a stationary `nozzle receiving the tlitidat a high velocity reversin v its tlow and expanding it to a substantia ly higher velocity;

8. ln vcombination with a.- tlnid turbine. means providing-'fa pathv for the tlow of a tluid through the turbine including stationnrv ineana recciviii the tliiitl at a hi h velocity and delivering it at a substantial)- higher velocity. t). 1n a device for converting energy vinto work.` the combination' of means for eiitnb# lishing in a iient. incdinina. poiton of tlic cnerg i in the kinetic form ata high velocity, iinpn se receivable ineana to which -said tlueiit medium. is directed for abstraction ol'v ortjon only of. said kinetic energy at high veoe'itiea'in the forni nf work of nioviiig said iin misc receivable vmeans leavingin Said ine iiiin kinetic energy at inibtaiit'ialltl high velocity, Y the' remanent. kinetic energy of said tluent medium by conversion of a Afurther portion of energy tn the kinetic. forni nt a high velocitigaaid thieiity niedinn being again di ieci'edu tov sa id iinpnhie.v reecivnbl further abatraction of kinetic energy in the and means f or augmenting" c ineaini` for" In testimony whereof] atlix my signature rijn lpretence of two witnesses.

` JOHANN FRIEDRICH llAX` l'l'll'l Witnesses:

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