US938830A - Electrical apparatus for transmitting and receiving signals. - Google Patents

Description

' A. T. DAWSON & G. T. BUOKHAM. ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING SIGNALS.

APPLIGATIONFILED NOV. 27, 1905.

- Patented Nov. 2, 1909.

6 SHEETS-SHEET l.

@. w ZZZ w fi'n A. T. DAWSON & G. T.'BUGKHAM. ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING SIGNALS. APPLICATION FILED NOV. 27, 1905.

Patented Ndv.2,1909.

6 SHEETS-SHBET -2.

A. T. DAWSON & G. T. BUGKHAM. ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING SIGNALS.

APPLICATION FILED NOV. 27, 1905.

Patented Nov. 2, 1909.

6 SHEETS-SHEET 3,

A. T. DAWSON 6: G. T. BUGKHAM. ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING AND REUEIVING S IGNALS.

9 APPLICATION TILED NOV. 27, 1905.

w J k Patented Nov. 2, 1909.

SSHBETS-SHEET 4.

A. Ti DAWSON 8: G. T. BUGKHAM ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING SIGNALS. APPLIOATION FILED NOV. 27, 1905.

Pzitented NOV. 1909.

6 SHEETSSHEET 5,

A. T. DAWSON & G. T. BUGKHAM. ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING SIGNALS. APPLICATION FILED NOV. 27, 1905.

938,830.. Patented N0v.2,1909.

6 SHEETSSHEET 6.

I a A -M F. if. NW. "WW"? W j F W @WM UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.

ARTHUR TREVOR DAWSON AND GEORGE THOMAS BUGKHAM, OF LONDON, ENGLAND, AS-

SIGNORS T VICKERS SUNS & MAXIM LIMITED, OF WESTMINSTER, ENGLAND.

ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR. TARQNSMITTING AN D RECEIVING SIGNALS.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Nov. 2, 1909.

Application filed November 27, 1905. Serial No. 289,242.

T Dawson, lieutenant of the Royal Navy, di-

rector and superintendent of Ordnance l Works, and GEORGE Tnonras BUGKHAM, engineer, both subjects of the King of Great Britain, residing at 32 Victoria street, West- 1 minster, in the county of London, England, i have invented certain new and useful Improvements Relating to Electrical Apparatus for Transmitting and Receiving Signals, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to apparatus forl electrically transmitting and receiving sig- I nals and is more particularly intended for, transmitting from the conning tower of a ship or other fixed point the necessary information as-regards range and deflection to a number of receiving instruments situatcd contiguous to the guns, so that the otficer in charge can transmit such information from the conning tower or other fixed point simultaneously to the sighting numbers of the various guns crews.

According to our invention we provide at the transmitting or sending station a dynamo-elcctric transmitter and at the receiv ing stations at dyi'iamo-electric receiver each of these instruments being furnished with a counting device mechanically connected with the armature of the dynamo-electric appa-. ratus. The windings of the various armatures are electrically connected together i through a circuit including a rotary hand switch at the transmitting or sending sta- 5 tion, so that when said hand switch is re- 1 volvcd, a step by step rotation will be imparted to the various armatures and the; counting devices mechanically connected I therewith, so that such rotation takes place in unison or synchronously in all the instru- I ments. One set of instrumcntsnnd circuits is used for transmitting and receiving the range signals and another set for transmitting and receiving the deflection signals. In order that our said invention may be clearly understood and readily carried into cfl'ect we will describe the same more fully i with reference to the accompanying drawings in which Figure 1 is a front elevation of the range transmitter. Fig. 2 is a similar view of the deflection transmitter. Fig. 3 is a sectional elevation of. the range transmitter with the front cover plate removed. Figs. 3, 3",

l i i and 3- show details of the spindle andadjacent parts appertaining to the range transmitter illustrated in Fig. 3. Figs. 4 and 5 are vertical sections both taken approxi-' mately on-the line 1. 1. of Fig. 3, the former as seen from the right and the latter as seen from the left. Fig. 6 is a front elevation of the rangeand deflection receivers. Fig. 7 is a similar view with the front cover plate removed. Fig. 8 is a vertical section taken approximately the circuits of the range transmitter. The deflection transmitter also has its clrcuits similarly arranged. Figs. 9, 9 9 and 9 on the line 2. 2. of Fig. 7. Fig. 9 1s a diagrannnatic' view illustrating are diagrams of electrical 'comiections, and

illustrate the manner in which the step-bystep motion is imparted to the transmitter by the actuation of a hand switch. Fig. 10 is a side elevation on an enlarged scale of the counting device of the range deflection transmitter and receivers. Fig. 11 is an end View of said device as seen from the left of Fig. 10 with the bearing removed. Fig. 12 is an end view of one of the counting drums and its actuating pinion. Fig; 13 is a cross section taken approximately on the line 3. 3. of Fig. 7. Fig. 14 is a vertical section of the lower part of the receiving apparatus showing a device for preventing the counting drums from being unintentionally shifted.

in all the figures like characters of reference indicate like parts.

A- is the. range transmitter and A the deflection transmitter. A A are the range and deflection receivers which are arranged one above the other and inclosed in a single -asing for convenience in use. Each of these instriuuents has a detachable front cover plate for enabling the internal parts to be readily reached for inspection or repair.

The range and deflection transmitters are situated at the signal sending station, say the conning tower, and are respectively connected electrically with the 'ange and deflection receivers which are affixed to the various gun mountings or other suitable points contiguous to the guns, in positions to be readily observed by the sighting members of the guns crews.

as i

3 l (Fig. 9) and of which the armatures a are said armatures.

. outer concentric contacts 4:, 5.

' leading to the corresponding receiving inas aforesaid) is to supply a current to the field magnet poles N an clockwise direction until it assumes the posielectrically connected together by Wires a a other ends of said windings bein connected through the armature winding 11 in the dia joined to the terminal supports a, the said armatures bein also mechanically connected, by means 01' gearing a, to suitable counting devices situated conti ous to the armatures. Each of the transmitters is provided with a hand switch .or the like A! which is included in the circuit of the Each armature is advantageously made with four poleswwyz and two independent windings a a (Fig. '9). and the hand switch comprises a series of fixed segmental contacts 1, 2, 3 and fixed inner and Over these contacts a rotary contact piece a, mounted on the inner end of the spindle a can be caused to revolve by the handle a; at the outer end of said spindle. The inner and outer contacts 4, 5 are electrically connected with the and mains a a (Fig. 9)., The segmental contacts 1 and 2 are res ectively' connected electricallywith one en of the armature windings a a (Fig. 9), the'-' with the segmental contact 3. T c said segmentalcontacts are also respectively connected electrically with the wires a (1 a strument. v

The function of the contact'rings 4, 5, (which are connected to the and mains armature a whichcurrent is made to flow alternately in the different windings of the armature by means of the'contact arm a connecting alternately the segmental contacts 1, 2, 3, to the concentric contacts 4, 5.

When the rotary contact iece a is in the position represented by F g. 9 it makes electrical contact between segmental contact 2 and concentric contact 5, and between segmental contact'B and concentric contact 4. This causes the current to flow through the armature winding a in the direction shown by the arrow, making pole to of south polarity and pole g of north polarity, which poles are respectively attracted by the field mag: net poles N and S. If the rotary contact piece a be now turned in a clockwise direction, it will assume the' osition shown in Fig. 9", thereby breaking t e circuit in armature windings a, and making connection between contacts 3 and 5, and between contacts 1 and 4. The current can thentlow through the armature Winding a in the direction shown in Fig. 9", thereby makin pole z of south polarity and pole a; of nort i polarity, which poles are respective]. attracted by the S, thus causing the armature to perform a quarter revolution in a clockwise direction. If the rotary contact piece a be now further turned in a tionshown in Fig. 9, the current will flow rection indicated in this figure, thus making M pole 3 of south polarity and pole in of northif olarity, which poles are in turn attractcdl y the field magnet poles N and S, thus causing the armature to erform a further quarter revolution in a c ockwise direction;

would have also moved in an anti-clockwise direction, as the pole y would have been of north polarity and the pole w of south polarity. If in 'Fig. 9 t e rotary contact arm a be moved a further revolution in a clockwise direction to bring it to the position indicated in Fig. 9 the armature -W1ll make a corresponding quarter turn.

It will therefore be seen from the above description that the armature is compelled to move in the same direction as the rotary contact arm a, and that thereforethe direction of movement of thesaid arm determi'nes the direction 'in Which ..,thearmature Consequently, in'i-order to re-' will revolve. turn the counting drums; of thejtransmitter and receiver to zero, it is nl ecessar to turn the said arm a in thebpposite direction to that above stated, whereupon the armature will be causedto immediately follow the movement of said arm step by step. The wires a a2 a which are connected to the segmental contacts 2, l and 3, respectively, are connected to the armatureof the receiving instrument in a similar manner to that in which the segmental contacts 2, 1 and 3,.are connected to the armature of the transmitter as shown in Fig. 9. It will bc observed that the wire a is a common wire for .the two armature windings of the receiving instrument, which arrangement is feasible because the current is so controlled by the segmental contacts and the rotary contact,

arm that it can only flow in one winding at one tlme. The armatures of the transm1tting and receiving instruments will, by hav ingtheir polarity changed at each angular movement of the switch perform a succession of angular movements, whereby the armatures will impart rotary movement to the countingdevices of the various instruments through the gearing a, thus causing said counting-devices to revolve any desired 'l in number of revolutions until the required number is indicated by. the counting-devices B. It will of course be understood that only the ran e and deflection transmitters are provide. with the hand switches and that all the raii'ge .i'eceivers are in circuit with each other and with the range transmitters,

while all the deflection receivers are in circuit with uchl'o'ther and with the deflection transmitter," the transmitters being independent of each other'in their action.

The counting devices used with the inthat the figures of the counting devices shall mam.

struments are of the well known kind comprising a series of drums bearing figures which are visible through glazed openings I A4 in the casing of the instruments, said i drums having toothed wheels and pins for enabling the motion of one to be transferred i to that of the next succeeding drum after it has performed a given number of revolu- I tions, as is well understood. The drums of the counting device of the range transmitter I and the range receivers are four in number and bear figures indicating yards, and they. read in tens (advancing in steps to 25), hundreds, thousands, and tens of thousands. The counting devices of the deflection transmitter and the deflection receivers have two series of drums one at the right hand and the other at the left hand, the readings being in knots; indications such as the words being provided on the right and left casings for representing when the deflection 1 is to be to the right or to the left. In order not be visible on the right indications when the left indications are exhibited and vice versa, we provide shutters or screens 5 b (as best seen in 10 to 12) which are adapted to automatically come into position for hiding the right or left indications according as the deflection is to be in one or other of these directions. the two sets of counting drums of the deflection transmitter and receivers are adapted to revolve simultaneously in the same direction, but the numerals are so arranged that during their revolution, the nu morals of one set increase in value while those of the other set diminish. The aforesaid shutters or screens are attached to disks 5 b which are carried on the axle I) of the counting drums and have teeth formed on their circumferences by which they gear with pinions b on a counter-shaft I). .he left hand drum of each pair has on its edge suitable pins Zi which gear with these pinions in such a. way that when the. drums are turned in either direction from the zero position shown in Fig. 12, movement imparted to one or other of the pinions Z) and from the inion to the shutter disk in gear with it. l Vhen'at zero, the figures on both pairs of drums can be seen, but when the drums are turned in one direction, just sufiicient movement is given to the shutter 1 to hide the fi 'ures on the left hand pair of drums, while those on the right remain exposed. If the drums are turned in the other direction, the ri ht hand figures will be hidden and the le is hand figures will remain exposed. The aforesaid spindle a has a sleeve o mclosing a helical spring (L19 and two bushes a a. This sleeve is mounted in a main a suitable glazed opening A" bush a? secured to the casing of the instru- Between this main bush and a nut accordance with the at the inner end of the sleeve is a spring washer a which operates to cause a certain amount of friction between these parts, so that the sleeve a will be restrainedfrom turning before the contacts of the rotary arm touch the fixed segmental contacts. This is effected by' the longitudinal movement of the spindle, which movement is obtained by providing inclines a (Figs. 33 on the sleeve a and on the boss on the crank a which is secured to the spindle a, so that when the handle is gripped and the crank a? moved angularly, the incline on the boss on the crank 00 will operate against the corresponding incline on the sleeve a (Fig. 3) and thus impart an outward motion to the spindle which will cause the contacts on the rotary arm to be pressed against the fixed contacts. At the inner end of the aforesaid spindle a is a pointed extension a which when the switchhandle is released engages, by the action of the aforesaid helical spring on the spindle, with one or other of a series of recesses a in the adjacent face of one of the wheels of the gearing a, thus locking the parts so that the counting device cannot be moved otherwise than by the actuation of the switch handle. The rotary arm a is loosely mounted on said spindle a and is actuated by a lateral pin a. on the latter coming against a stop (4 on the rotary arm, whereby a certain amount of free angular motion will exist between these parts, so that when the switch handle is re reverse movement of the spindle. In that way it will not be possible for the counting device to move unintentionally if the switch handle be quickly moved to and fro, as might otherwise occur. A sutlicient time interval will also exist for the counting device to move and come to rest before reversing the movement of the switch handle.

Referring to Figs. 6, 7, 8 and 13, c is a pivoted arm which is situated within the cover of each of the receiving instruments;

One end of this pivoted arm is furnished with a plate 0 bearing a sign or signs which are adapted to be exposed to View through in the said cover of the instrun'ients. The other end of the pivoted arm is forked and connected with an oscillatory magnetized bar c", which is pivoted at c to one end of the cover of the instruments in a position to inovc in a plane parallel to the plane of the contiguous portions of the windings of the field-magnets a" of the. electric motor, The said oscillatory magnetic bar will thus be under a the influence of the current passing through 'ivindings and will, in direction of such current, be deflected 1110116 or other direction the said field-magnet against suitable stops The main-circuit through which current is supplied'to the transmitting instrument is provided with a reversing switch, "by the operation of which the dlrectlon of the currentthrough the various instruments can be reversed and in.

that way the position of the magnetized bar and its indicator changed as required. The chief advantage arising from'this arrangement is that any extra wires and magnets are unnecessary; we only require to make the ordinary cut out switch in the form of a reversing switch, as it is immaterial with ourinstrinnents in which direction the current is passing through them during their working. This device serves to give indi cation to the guns crew that signals are about to be transmitted to thereceivers and that their attention must be given to the re ceivers. y

Any appropriate means (such as stationary recesses and a spring bolt u) on'the aforesaidrotary handle a? of the hand switches of the transmitters) may be employed for insuring that the parts shall not overrun '2'. 6. shall stop in a correct position 'to bring any desired indication correctly; in

register with the glazed openings A.

In Fig. 14, D is asmall stationary electromagnet which is ada'pted to operate a barariiiature (Z pivoted at (l to or near the base of said electro-magnet. The tree end-ofsaid'-bar armatureis furnished with a bloek of brass or other suitable material having projections or teeth thereon, which, 'when the current is not passing tln'migh the instruments will engage \vithfteeth or the like of a disk (1 mounted on Ithe armatureaxle of the receivermotors. This engagement is effected by the action of a spring 4, the said block (Z thus acting as a stop for arresting the motion of the motor-arnniture. Assoonascurrent isallowed to pass through the receivers, however, the electro-magnet -\'ice.

I) will be energized and will immediately disengage the anotor armature, so as to enable it \Ve wish it to he understood that our apparatus is ap )licable for use either on land or ship-heart \Vhat we claim andulesire to secure by lietters latent of the United States is l. In electric signaling apparatus, the combmatlon with a source of e ectrlc supply,

of a dynamo electric device at the seating station having an armature formed with a plurality of pairs of poles, each pair ot 'which is provided with an independent winding, a counting device mechanically connected to said armature, a similar dynamo electric device and counting device at each of the receiving stations, a transmitter at the sending station, electric circuits connecting said transmitter with the various to turn and operate the counting dedynamo electric devices dynamo electric devices and theilatter with each other, and means whereby the movement of the transmitter causes the armature poles of the various dynamo electric devices at the receiving stations, together with the similar device at the sending station, to be excited in pairs successively and reversed in polarity at eaclr excitation whereby said dynamo 'electric devices perform a stephystep rotation in unison. y

2. in electric signaling apparatus, the

combination with a source of electric supply,

of a dynamo electric device at the' sending station having an armature formed with a, plurality of pairs of, poles, each pair of which is provided with an independent winding. a counting device mechanically connected to said armature, a similar dynamo electric device and counting device at each of the receiving'stations, a transmitter at the sending station coin n'isin'g a rotary hand switch and rotary contacts cooperating with stationary contacts, electric circuits connecting said stationary contacts with the indepenuent winc lings on the pairs of armas tare poles of the dynamo electric devices and the latter with each other, and means whereby the movement of the said rotary hand switch and contacts from one stationary contact to another causes the armature poles ot'the various dynamo electric devices at the receiving stations, together with the similar device at the sending station, to be excited in pairs successively and reversed in polarity at each excitation whereby said dye namo electric devices perform a step-by-step rotation in unison. V i

3. In electric signaling apparatus, the combination with a source of electric supply,

of a dynamo electric device at the sending the similar device at the sending statlon, to

be excited in pairs successively and reversed" I in polarity at each excitation whereby said perform a step-byste'p rotation in unison. v

4. In electric signaling apparatus the combination with a source of electric su p1y, o f a dynamo electric deviceflt the sen ing-station having an armature termed with a lurality of pairs of poles, each pair of w 10h is provided with an independent winding, :1

'winding, a counting 4 connected to said namo electric device and counting device at 5 each of the receiving stations, a series of,

separated.

counting device mechanically connected to said armature, a similar dynamo electric derice and counting device at each of the receiving stations, a transmitter at the sending station comprising a rotary hand switch and rotary contacts cooperating with stationary contacts. electric circuits connecting said stationary contacts with the various independent windings on the pairs of armature poles of the dynamo electric devicesand the latter with each other, means for normally keeping said rotary and stationary contacts and means for causing said contacts to come together,simultaneously with the initial angular movement of the hand v witch to operate the rotary contacts.

In electric signaling apparatus, the combination with a source of electric supply, of a dynamo electric device at the sending station having an armature formed with a plurality of pairs of poles, each pair of which is provided with an independentwinding, a counting device mechanically connected to said armature, a similar dynamo electric device and counting device at each of the receiving stations, a series of stationary contacts at the sendingstation, rotary contacts adapted to coopcrateiw-ith said stationary contacts, electric circuits connecting said stationary contacts with l he various independent windings on the pairs of armature poles of the dynamo electric devices and the latter with each other. a longitudinally sliding spindle carrying the rotary contacts, a handle on said spindle. a sleeve surrounding said spindle, a spring arranged between said spindle and sleeve,inclines on said spindle and sleeve cooperating with each other whereby the initial angular movement of the handle causes said spindle to slide in a direction to bring the rotary contacts in opposition to the aforesaid spring and means whereby said spring rcacts to shift the spindle in the reverse direction when said handle is released.

(3. In electric signaling apparatus, the (JOIl'lhlIlHl'lOll with a source of electric supply, of a dynamo electric device at the sending station having an armature formed with; a

plurality of pairs of poles, each pair of.

which is provided with an independent device mechanically armature, a similar stationary contacts at the sending station. rotary contacts adapted to cooperate with said stationary contacts, electric circuits connecting said stationary contacts with the various independent windings on the pairs of armature poles of the dynamo electric devices and the latter with each other, a lougitudinally sliding spindle carrying the rotary contacts, a. handle on'said spindle, means for enabling said spindle to urinate said rotary contacts with a certain amount of lost 'motion, a sleeve surrounding said spindle, a spring arranged between said spindle and sleeve, inclines on said spindle and sleeve cooperating with each other whereby the'initial angular movement of the handle, causes said spindle to slide in a direction to bring the rotary contacts against the stationary contacts in opposition to the aforesaid spring .and means whereby said spring reacts to shift the spindle in the reverse direction when said 7. In electric signaling a paratus, the combination with a source 0t electric supply, of a dynamo electric device at the sendmg station having an armature formed with a plurality of pairs of poles, each pair of which is provided with an independent winding, a counting device mechanically connected to said armature, a similar dynamo electric device and counting device at each of the receiving stations, rotary contacts adapted to cooperate with said stationary contacts, electric circuits connecting said stationary contacts Withthe various independent windings on the pairs of armature poles of the dynamo electric devices and the latter with each other, a longitudinally slidin spindle, an arm loosely mounted thereon an carrying the rotary contacts, a crank on said spindle, a handle loosely mounted on saidv crank, means for enabling said handle, by means of the crank and spindle, the aforesaid loosely mounted arm with a certain amount of lost motion, a sleeve surrounding said spindle, a spring'arranged between said spindle and sleeve, inclines on said spindle and sleeve cooperating with each other whereby the initial angular movement of the crank handle causes said spindle to slide in a direction to bring the rotary contacts against the stationary contacts in opposition to the aforesaid spring and means I whereby said spring reacts to s h1ft the spindle in the reverse direction when said handle I is released.

l 8. In electric. signaling apparatus, the l combination with a source of electric su l ply, of a dynamo electric device at the sent l mg station having an armature formed wlth i a plurality of pairs of poles, each pair of l which is provided with an inde endent Wind ing, a counting device, toothed gearing connecting said armature with said counting device, a similar dynamo electric device, counting device, and toothed gearing at each of a plurality of receivin stations, a series of stationary contacts at the sending station, rotary contacts adapted to cotiperate with said stationary contacts, electric circuits connecting said stationary contacts with the va rious independent windings on the pairsof armature poles of the dynamo electric devices and the latter.,with each other, a 1onl itudinally sliding spindle carrying the IO- to actuate handle is released.

tary oontacts,:.m'eans whereby said spindle normally'.operates to restrain movement of the aforesaid toothed gearing and to keep said rotary and stationary contacts separated, a handle on said spindle, a sleeve-surmounding said spindle, a spring arranged between said spindle and sleeve, inclines on said spindle and sleeve coiiperating with each other whereby the initial angular move- 10 'ment of the handle causes said spindle to slide in a direction to liberate the said toothed gearing and bring the rotary contacts against the stationary contacts in oppo- 'sition to the aforesaid spring and means whereby said spring reacts to shift the spindle in the reverse dlrection when said handle is released. A I

9. In electric signaling apparatus, the combination with a source of electric supply,

of a dynamo electric device at the sending station having an armature formed with a plurality of pairs df'poles, each pair of which is provided with an independent winding, a counting device'i'mechanically connected to .said armature, a similar d vnamo electric device and counting device at each of the receiving stations, a transmitter at the sending station for controlling the current through the various dynamo electric devices, two sets of indications on the counting devices for indicating deflections right or left and means for autm matically hiding from view one or other set of indications in accordance with the direction of revolution of the aforesaid count ing device. 7

10. In electric signaling apparatus, the combination with a source of electric supply, of a dynamo electric device at the sending station having an armature formed with a plurality of pans of poles, each pair of' which is provided with an independent winding, a counting device mechanically connected to said armature, a similar dynamo electric device and counting device at each of the receiving stations, a transmitter at the sending station for controlling the current through the various dynamo electric devices, electric circuitsconnecting said transmitter with the various dynamo electric devices and the latter with each othera magnetized oscillatory bar at each receiving station un der the influence of the current passing through the field coils of the receiving dynamo-electric devices, a pivoted arm to which. a rocking movement is imparted -b the oscillatory bar, and a visual indicator carried by the said pivoted arm for dra'vving attention to the counting devices when signals are about to be sent.

11. In electric signaling apparatus, the combination with a source of electric supply, of adynaino electric device at the sending station having an armature formed with a plurality of pairs of poles, each pair of which is provided with an independent winding, a counting device mechanically connected tosaid armature, a similar dynamo electric deyiee and counting device-at each of the receiving stations, a transmitter at the sending station for controlling the. current through the various dynamo electric devices and the latter with each other, a toothed disk mounted on the armature axle of each of the receivinp dynamo electric devices, a, pivoted arm, a iuwilled block carried thereby normally engaging with said disk, and electro-n'iaonetic means adapted to disengage said disk and block and thus liberate the dynamo electric devices when the circuit through the dynamo electric devices at the sending station and the various receiving stations is completed.

In testimony whereof We have hereunt set our hands in presence of two subscri ing Witnesses this fifteenth day of November ARTHUR TREVOR DAWSON. GEORGE THOMAS BUCKHAB'L \Vitnesses: I

ALFRED Pnnns, HENRY KING.

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