US9319108B2 - System for contactless transfer of energy and data and vehicle with such a system - Google Patents

System for contactless transfer of energy and data and vehicle with such a system Download PDF

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Publication number
US9319108B2
US9319108B2 US13/871,134 US201313871134A US9319108B2 US 9319108 B2 US9319108 B2 US 9319108B2 US 201313871134 A US201313871134 A US 201313871134A US 9319108 B2 US9319108 B2 US 9319108B2
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Prior art keywords
alternating
line
frequency range
primary
filter
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US20130285442A1 (en
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Hans-Achim Bauer
Andre Zybala
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Airbus Operations GmbH
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Airbus Operations GmbH
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B5/00—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems
    • H04B5/70—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes
    • H04B5/79—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes for data transfer in combination with power transfer
    • H04B5/0037—
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R16/00—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for
    • B60R16/02—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements
    • B60R16/023—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for transmission of signals between vehicle parts or subsystems
    • B60R16/0239—Electronic boxes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60R16/00—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for
    • B60R16/02—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements
    • B60R16/023—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for transmission of signals between vehicle parts or subsystems
    • B60R16/027—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements for transmission of signals between vehicle parts or subsystems between relatively movable parts of the vehicle, e.g. between steering wheel and column
    • H02J5/005—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/10—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power using inductive coupling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J50/00—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power
    • H02J50/80—Circuit arrangements or systems for wireless supply or distribution of electric power involving the exchange of data, concerning supply or distribution of electric power, between transmitting devices and receiving devices
    • H04B5/0031—
    • H04B5/0075—
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B5/00—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems
    • H04B5/20—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems characterised by the transmission technique; characterised by the transmission medium
    • H04B5/24—Inductive coupling
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04B—TRANSMISSION
    • H04B5/00—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems
    • H04B5/70—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes
    • H04B5/72—Near-field transmission systems, e.g. inductive or capacitive transmission systems specially adapted for specific purposes for local intradevice communication
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D11/00—Passenger or crew accommodation; Flight-deck installations not otherwise provided for
    • B64D11/0015—Arrangements for entertainment or communications, e.g. radio, television
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D2221/00—Electric power distribution systems onboard aircraft
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
    • B64D—EQUIPMENT FOR FITTING IN OR TO AIRCRAFT; FLIGHT SUITS; PARACHUTES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF POWER PLANTS OR PROPULSION TRANSMISSIONS IN AIRCRAFT
    • B64D2231/00—Emergency oxygen systems
    • B64D2231/02—Supply or distribution systems
    • B64D2231/025—Oxygen masks; Mask storages; Features related to mask deployment
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00—The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/40—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle
    • H02J2310/44—The network being an on-board power network, i.e. within a vehicle for aircrafts

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a system for the contactless transfer of energy and data and to a vehicle with such a system.
  • DALs design assurance levels
  • DE 10 2008 024 217 A1 discloses a system for contactless energy and data transfer, in which system a transducer/transformer is formed between the first vehicle part and the second vehicle part. Apart from the transfer of energy, data is transferred as alternating-voltage signals that are modulated onto a carrier signal with a carrier frequency.
  • the electrical connection of devices with stringent safety requirements, for example of release mechanisms of compartments for oxygen masks, on board commercial aircraft is usually implemented by separate cabling arrangements in order to achieve a high DAL level.
  • devices in a passenger service unit (PSU) which devices are located above seats whose positions are variable, may be electrically connected, by means of a system for contactless energy and data transfer, to a higher-level system of the commercial aircraft. Since in a PSU the loudspeakers, lights or operating buttons have only relatively low application criticality, the contactless data and energy transfer system used for this may have a relatively low DAL level. However, this excludes the connection of critical devices, for example the release mechanisms for mask compartments, to such a system. However, adapting conventional cabling arrangements after reconfiguration of the cabin would result in additional cabling effort and expenditure.
  • an aspect of the invention proposes a system for transferring a signal, for example between a first vehicle part and a second vehicle part, which is movable relative to the first vehicle part, in which system there is no need to provide a wire-bound coupling, while nevertheless a higher DAL level may be achieved than is implementable by means of a known system for contactless energy and data transfer.
  • a system for the contactless transfer of energy and data comprises a transfer path with a primary coil, connected by way of a primary line to a primary control unit, and a secondary coil, connected by way of a secondary line to a secondary control unit, wherein the primary control unit is designed to lead data-modulated first alternating-voltage signals of a first frequency range into the primary coil, and the secondary control unit is designed to receive alternating-voltage signals of the first frequency range from the secondary coil, and to demodulate the modulated-on data.
  • the system according to an embodiment of the invention further comprises a feed-in line connected to the primary line, an activation line connected to the secondary line, and a first filter arranged between the secondary line and an activation connection, which first filter is permeable to second alternating-voltage signals of a second frequency range while blocking the first alternating-voltage signals of the first frequency range.
  • a system for contactless energy and data transfer which system is for example known from DE 10 2008 024 217 A1
  • the reliability of transfer of the second alternating-voltage signal is very high, because exclusively passive components are used that are technically mature and that preclude the occurrence of logic-related failures.
  • the primary coil is preferably arranged in a vehicle-fixed or structure-fixed manner, i.e. in a fixed position within the vehicle, on a first vehicle part, thus forming a primary strand with the first connecting line and with the primary control unit, which primary strand is, for example, connected to a higher-level vehicle system.
  • the first vehicle part may thus be a vehicle-fixed or structure-fixed component.
  • the primary coil is arranged in a primary core that comprises any form suitable for forming a transducer/transformer with a secondary coil.
  • the primary coil or the primary core should be positioned in such a manner that alignment of a secondary coil results in the formation of a transducer/transformer.
  • the secondary coil may, furthermore, be arranged in a movable second vehicle part.
  • Movability relates to the suitability of assuming various positions within the vehicle if required. This may apply in the context of reconfiguration of the passenger cabin, in which the seat pitch of passenger seats is changed in order to vary, even temporarily, the number of seats in various classes.
  • the second vehicle part may, for example, comprise a PSU in a vehicle cabin, or may be connected to said PSU, wherein in order to achieve reconfigurability of a passenger cabin the PSU may be arranged above movable passenger seats, aligned with said passenger seats, at various positions on stowage compartment panels or cover panels.
  • the devices contained therein are supplied with electrical power and data by way of the transfer path comprising the primary coil and the secondary coil, which power and data are tapped by way of the secondary line and the secondary control unit as a secondary strand.
  • the secondary coil should be arranged in a secondary core in order to improve the magnetic characteristics.
  • the data received by the primary control unit is modulated onto an alternating-voltage signal with this carrier frequency so that transfer by way of the primary coil to the secondary coil may occur, in which location the data are demodulated and made available.
  • the achievable data rates in the transfer of energy and data by way of the transfer path depend on the carrier frequency, i.e. on the frequency of the first alternating-voltage signal without modulated-on data, which frequency is in the first frequency range.
  • the first frequency range may, for example, be in the range of 50 kHz to 10 MHz; however, depending on required data rates it may significantly exceed these boundaries.
  • the second alternating-voltage signal of the second frequency range which signal is applied only when required, may be superimposed in a completely transparent manner on the first alternating-voltage signal of the first frequency range if the first frequency range and the second frequency range differ significantly.
  • the boundaries of the first frequency range and of the second frequency range differ by a factor of 10 to 10,000, wherein the first frequency range covers higher frequencies than the second frequency range.
  • the second alternating-voltage signal may transfer by way of the same transfer path into the secondary coil and in that location may reliably and precisely be filtered out by the correspondingly dimensioned first filter, without this resulting in interference by the first alternating-voltage signal.
  • the first filter which lets the second alternating-voltage signal pass through to an activation connection, reliable transfer, of the second alternating-voltage signal, by way of the activation connection, to the critical device may be achieved.
  • the first filter may be designed as a low-pass filter that is, for example, implemented as a first-order high pass in the form of an RC element.
  • the reciprocal value of the product of the capacitance of the capacitor and the size of the resistor would be proportional to an achievable limiting frequency of the low-pass filter.
  • An advantageous embodiment comprises a switching device with a signal output, which switching device is designed to controllably apply an alternating-voltage signal from the second frequency range to the signal output, wherein the signal output is connected to the feed-in line.
  • the switching device may comprise a switching unit in the form of a mechanical or electronic relay.
  • the switching device may resemble an oxygen-switching device of a commercial aircraft, or it may be an oxygen-switching device, which switching device according to the state of the art by way of a cable-bound connection makes it possible to activate or release oxygen masks from a mask container.
  • the switching device is connected to a pressure sensor and is designed to lead the alternating-voltage signal of the second frequency range to the signal output if the pressure level falls below a predetermined air pressure.
  • a first alternating-voltage signal may automatically be transferred to release mechanisms in second vehicle parts, which release mechanisms may, for example, comprise mask containers designed for the automatic release or deployment of oxygen masks from corresponding mask containers.
  • the activation connection is connected to at least one actuator that is designed to carry out a movement when a second alternating-voltage signal is present.
  • This may, in particular, be used for unlocking cover flaps that are arranged on mask containers that contain oxygen masks.
  • Particularly preferably such containers comprise a snap-lock mechanism in which a spring-loaded latch holds the container flap in a closed position by means of a positive locking connection. If the actuator is moved when the second alternating-voltage signal is released, the latch may be released, against the spring tension, from the positive locking connection so that the cover flap is released from its closed position either controlled by gravity or under the influence of a further spring force.
  • the second frequency range may extend from 50 Hz to 1,000 Hz. This includes the most frequently used alternating-voltage frequencies that may be used for releasing, activating or operating electrical devices in a vehicle. While an alternating voltage commonly used in households may be approximately 50 Hz, in a commercial aircraft alternating voltages ranging between 380 and 800 Hz are often used. Furthermore, it makes sense to select an extent of the voltage, which extent is common in vehicles, from a range of 12 V to 300 V, for example 115 V.
  • the second alternating-voltage signal may also be implemented in the form of a pulsed direct-voltage signal, wherein for this purpose at least one voltage impulse is introduced into the feed-in line. The extent of the voltage is to be selected in such a manner that the transferred impulses transfer sufficient energy for the devices to be operated.
  • the extent of the voltage of the second alternating-voltage signal to be transferred depends on the type of the device to be controlled.
  • the strand commencing from the feed-in line up to the activation connection is to be regarded as a replacement of a cable.
  • a first decoupling transmitter is arranged in the feed-in line.
  • the impedance of the primary line may thus be decoupled from the source of the second alternating-voltage signal, and in particular from the feed-in line, so that any interference in the primary line and in the system for contactless energy and data transfer per se does not affect the integrity of a device that generates the second alternating-voltage signal.
  • the electrical characteristics of the feed-in line, of the activation line and of all the connected devices essentially need not be taken into account in the design of the transfer path.
  • a second decoupling transmitter is arranged in the activation line.
  • the second alternating-voltage signal is supplied by way of the second decoupling transmitter to the device to be controlled.
  • a further advantageous embodiment comprises a second filter in the feed-in line, which second filter corresponds to the first filter. In this manner it is possible to prevent first alternating-voltage signals transferred into the secondary line from reaching the activation line.
  • a third filter is arranged in the primary line, and a fourth filter is arranged in the secondary line, wherein the third and the fourth filters are permeable to alternating-voltage signals from the first frequency range, while blocking them from the second frequency range.
  • the third filter is arranged between the primary control unit and the connection of the feed-in line, while the fourth filter is arranged between the secondary control unit and the connection of the activation line. Since the third filter and the fourth filter are to be permeable to significantly higher frequencies than the first filter and the second filter, the aforesaid may, for example, be designed as a high pass.
  • the invention furthermore relates to a vehicle comprising a system as described above for the contactless transfer of energy and data.
  • the vehicle is preferably an aircraft.
  • the vehicle comprises at least one first vehicle part and at least one second vehicle part that is movable relative to the first vehicle part, wherein at least one primary coil is arranged on the at least one first vehicle part, and a secondary coil is arranged on the at least one second vehicle part.
  • the first vehicle part is a vehicle-fixed component.
  • This may be a covering element in a cabin, a stiffening or reinforcement element, a mount, a floor element or some similar equipment component or structural component. It may make sense, for example, as a first vehicle part to use a ceiling panel, overhead bins, a lateral lining or adjacent fixed parts in a vehicle cabin, in order to subject movably arranged second vehicle parts at a very high safety level to the second alternating-voltage signal from the second frequency range as required.
  • the second vehicle part comprises a container for oxygen masks, which container comprises a release mechanism that is connected to the activation connection and that opens the container when it receives the second alternating-voltage signal.
  • the container may comprise a cover element that is preferably designed as a hinged lid. The release mechanism of the container keeps the cover element in a closed position and is connected to the activation connection so that when the second alternating-voltage signal is transferred an actuator integrated in the container activates the release mechanism, thereby releasing or deploying the oxygen mask.
  • the vehicle comprises a multitude of spaced-apart primary coils on one or several first vehicle parts, as well as a multitude of second vehicle parts, on which secondary coils are arranged that may be made to align in each case with at least one primary coil.
  • the primary coils may be arranged in a grid-like manner in order to form transducers/transformers with secondary coils at various locations in the vehicle.
  • FIG. 1 shows a diagrammatic view of a system according to the invention for contactless energy and data transfer.
  • FIG. 2 shows an aircraft with a system for contactless energy and data transfer arranged therein, and with several devices electrically supplied by means of the aforesaid.
  • FIG. 1 shows a system according to an embodiment of the invention for contactless energy and data transfer 2 .
  • a primary control unit 4 is used that modulates the data by way of alternating-voltage signals onto a carrier voltage at a carrier frequency and leads it as a first alternating-voltage signal by way of a primary line 6 to a primary coil 8 .
  • the primary coil 8 is arranged, for example, on a first vehicle part (not shown in this diagram), wherein this first vehicle part is preferably firmly fastened in a cabin or in some other location of a vehicle.
  • a second vehicle part which is movable relative to the first vehicle part, may accommodate a secondary coil 10 which by approximate positioning or alignment with the primary coil 8 forms a transducer/transformer 12 .
  • There the modulated-on alternating-voltage signals are separated, by means of a filter (not shown) integrated in the secondary control unit 16 , from the carrier frequency and are reconverted to data streams.
  • a command for activating or operating a device may be transferred by sending a signal from the primary control unit 4 to the secondary control unit 16 .
  • the command may be converted by releasing an operating voltage to the corresponding device.
  • a system is primarily intended for devices that have relatively low safety criticality. For example, in the case of a malfunction in one of the two control units, the entire communication between the two control units may break down unless correspondingly redundant measures are provided. Accordingly, the use of such systems to control vital devices does not suggest itself per se.
  • said second alternating-voltage signal may also be transferred, by way of the transducer/transformer 12 comprising the primary coil 8 and the secondary coil 10 , to the second connecting line 14 .
  • the special feature consists of implementing the application of this second alternating-voltage signal in such a manner that exclusively passive electronic components are used. This may be achieved by the use of an alternating-voltage source that is present at an alternating-voltage input 19 of a switching device 18 and that may be connected by means of a switch 20 .
  • an alternating voltage of a comparatively low frequency of a first frequency range of, for example, 50 to 1000 Hz and preferably of 380 Hz to 800 Hz is applied by way of a signal output 9 and a feed-in line 7 to the first connecting line 6 so that apart from the first alternating-voltage signal with a significantly higher carrier frequency starting from the primary control unit 4 also a low-frequency second alternating-voltage signal is transferred in a superimposed manner to the second connecting line 14 .
  • the switching device 18 may also be operated by means of a pressure switch 28 which, for example if the pressure falls to below a defined cabin pressure in the cabin of a vehicle, also causes the switching device 18 to emit a first alternating-voltage signal to the primary line.
  • a decoupling transmitter 30 is arranged which forwards an alternating-voltage signal essentially in an unchanged manner, except galvanically separated.
  • a second filter 31 is imaginable that exclusively lets through alternating-voltage signals comprising a frequency from the second frequency range. In this manner it is possible to prevent the entry of high-frequency first alternating-voltage signals from the primary control unit 4 by way of the switching device 18 to a higher-level system.
  • a second decoupling transmitter 32 may be arranged that also emits to the device 26 to be activated an alternating-voltage signal, essentially unchanged, which alternating-voltage signal is present.
  • a third filter 29 may be arranged that blocks second alternating-voltage signals from a second frequency range, while letting the high-frequency first alternating-voltage signals from the primary control unit 4 pass through.
  • a fourth filter 27 may be arranged on the secondary line 14 , which further filter 27 exclusively lets high-frequency first alternating-voltage signals pass through to the secondary control unit 16 , while the second alternating-voltage signals are blocked.
  • FIG. 2 shows an aircraft 33 with a cabin 34 in which several seats 36 are arranged on a cabin floor 38 .
  • PSUs 40 which comprise loudspeakers, switches, air nozzles and the like, are arranged above the seats 38 .
  • oxygen mask containers 41 with cover flaps 42 are integrated in the PSUs 40 or adjacent to them.
  • the latter may be opened by means of a corresponding signal with the use of a corresponding release mechanism 43 so that oxygen masks (not shown) are deployed that are supplied with oxygen by means of an oxygen system.
  • the system according to the invention according to FIG. 1 may be used, whose activation connection 11 is connected to the release mechanism 43 .

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Near-Field Transmission Systems (AREA)
  • Lock And Its Accessories (AREA)
  • Control Of Position, Course, Altitude, Or Attitude Of Moving Bodies (AREA)
US13/871,134 2012-04-27 2013-04-26 System for contactless transfer of energy and data and vehicle with such a system Active 2034-11-08 US9319108B2 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13/871,134 US9319108B2 (en) 2012-04-27 2013-04-26 System for contactless transfer of energy and data and vehicle with such a system

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

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US201261639249P 2012-04-27 2012-04-27
DE102012008540.0 2012-04-27
DE102012008540A DE102012008540A1 (de) 2012-04-27 2012-04-27 System zum kontaktlosen Übertragen von Energie und Daten und ein Fahrzeug mit einem derartigen System
DE102012008540 2012-04-27
US13/871,134 US9319108B2 (en) 2012-04-27 2013-04-26 System for contactless transfer of energy and data and vehicle with such a system

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US20130285442A1 US20130285442A1 (en) 2013-10-31
US9319108B2 true US9319108B2 (en) 2016-04-19

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EP (1) EP2658072B1 (de)
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US10775807B2 (en) * 2017-06-28 2020-09-15 Airbus Operations Gmbh System for guidance of a robot through a passenger cabin of an aircraft

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EP2842866A1 (de) * 2013-08-30 2015-03-04 Airbus Operations GmbH Bodensystem für ein Fahrzeug und Fahrzeug mit einer Kabine und einem durch solch ein Bodensystem hergestellten Boden
JP2015076993A (ja) * 2013-10-09 2015-04-20 ソニー株式会社 給電装置、受電装置、および給電システム
US10562631B2 (en) * 2016-09-30 2020-02-18 The Boeing Company Systems and methods for wirelessly transmitting electrical signals to an overhead stowage bin assembly of a vehicle
PL238856B1 (pl) * 2018-12-20 2021-10-11 Lubelska Polt Układ do bezstykowego transferu energii pomiędzy pojazdami elektrycznymi
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US5559377A (en) * 1989-04-28 1996-09-24 Abraham; Charles Transformer coupler for communication over various lines
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EP2658072B1 (de) 2019-09-11
US20130285442A1 (en) 2013-10-31
EP2658072A3 (de) 2016-10-12
EP2658072A2 (de) 2013-10-30
DE102012008540A1 (de) 2013-10-31

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