US901341A - Alternating-electric-current machinery. - Google Patents

Description

A. HEYLAND. ALTERNATING ELECTRIC] CURRENT MAGHINERY.

APPLICATION FILED MAY 2, 1903.

901,341 Patented Oct. 20, 1908.

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A. HEYLAND.

ALTERNATING ELEOTRIG OURRENT MACHINERY. APPLIOATION FILED MAY 2, 1903.

901 ,341 Patented Oct. 20, 1908.

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A. HEYLANDI ALTERNATING ELEOTRIG CURRENT MACHINERY.

7 APPLICATION FILED mu 2, 1903.

901,341 Patented Oct. 20, 1908.

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A. HEYLAND.

ALTERNATING ELECTRIC CURRENT MACHINERY.

AVPPLIOATION FILED MAY 2, 1903.

Patented 001;.20, 1908.

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ALEXANDER. HEYL-AND, OF BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.

ALTERNATING-ELECTRIC-CURRENT MACHINERY.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Oct. 20, 1908.

Application filed May 2, 1903. Serial No. 155,422.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, ALEXANDER HEYLAND, a subject of the German Emperor, resident and having my post-flice address at 32 Rue du Marteau, Brussels, Belgium, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Alternating-ElectricCurrent Machinery, of which the following is a specification.

This invention relates to alternators carrying fixed poles in a given direction on the inducing part (rotor or stator) like an ordinary alternate current machine provided with direct current excitation on the field magnets. In these synchronous machines it is necessary, in order to compound them for constant potential and for any phase difference, to increase the excitation of the poles by a current of constant direction, which is proportional to the wattless component, 2'. 6., to the sine of phase difference of the current supplied by the machine.

According to this invention, the supply of the sine component of the current is effected by a commutator to which the main current, or a current proportional thereto, such as one derived from a transformer in the circuit of the machine, is supplied. The various segments of this commutator are connected to each other by various circuits differing by a quarter of a period, some of the circuits (the field winding) taking a given component of the current (the wattless current) while the other circuits take up current of a different phase. I shall first presume that the constant field is when running under no load excited by a direct current which is supplied to the same or to a separate field winding.

Figure 1 of the drawings is a diagram showing arrangements and connections for a two phase machine, the brushes being shown in a certain relation to the commutator and windings connected thereto. Fig. 1 is a diagram showing the relative positions of the parts shown in Fig. 1 after a portion of the parts have 1110VCl a revolution from the position shown in Fig. 1; Fig. 2 is a diagram showing a modification in the arrangement of the field windings with relation to the commutator. Fig. 2 shows the relative positions of the parts shown in Fig. 2 after the parts have moved a portion of a revolution from the position shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 3 is a diagram showing the relative connections of the main and field windings to the brushes and commutator; Fig. 4.- is a vector diagram showing the voltage and current relations; Figs. 5 and 6 show different constructions of the movable part of a machine, or rotor; Fig. 7 is a diagram showing a generator having a field winding of con- .stant excitation and also a compounding winding the current of which is derived from the main circuit of the generator by means of an exciter which is in turn excited in proportion to the wattless currents of the main circuit.

Figs. 1 and l and 2 and 2 of the drawings show two constructional forms of the inven tion for a two-phase machine with the two phases A and B (Fig. 3) so that four brushes must accordingly be used, the brushes I and III belonging for instance to the phase A and the brushes II and IV, to the phase B. The coils shown inside the commutator designate the field winding, the axes of the coils corresponding to the axes of the poles. In the position shown, these are all vertical. The diagrams show for the sake of simplicity two-pole arrangements.

In Fig. 1 the field winding is divided into four parts, a, b, c, d, which are in series and connected to the segments 1 and 5. The points of junction of the various subdivisions are however connected to the commutator segments 8 and 2, 7 and 3, 6 and 4:, by means of the connections 00 w, y y, z a. To simplify explanation of the working, let it be presumed that the pole wheel and commutator are stationary, while the induced part revolves with the brushes. Fig. 1 of the aforesaid drawings shows the same c011- nections after of a revolution.

The direction of the watt current and that of the wattless one in the stator winding are determined by the position of the poles and as I have supposed that the pole wheel and commutator are stationary, these directions are constant, the direction of the watt current being perpendicular to the field, while the direction of the wattless current is in a direction opposite to that of the field. I have supposed that the stator and the brushes connected to the stator winding rotate. Let now the brushes be so adjusted relatively to the stator winding that the wattless currents are in the vertical direction and the watt currents in the horizontal direction. It will then be obvious that the wattless current must pass through the field winding, while the Watt currents can find closed circuits through the cross connections of the commutator. In the position shown in F 1 for instance, the wattless current would go from the brush I to the brush III and must consequently pass tln'migh the field windings a, b, (1, (Z. The watt current would flow from brush II to brush IV and find a closed circuit through the connections 11 y. In the position shown in Fig. 1 the wattless current would fiow from brush I to brush II and from the brush IV to the brush III and consequently must have passed through the field winding 7) c. The watt current would pass from the brush I to the brush IV and from the brush II to the brush III and find a closed circuit through 00 w and .2 '2.

Fig. 2 of the aforesaid drawings illustrates a. modification which ClilIGl'S from the arrangement shown in Fig. 1 only in that the field winding is subdivided into various parts which .are connected in pa 'allel with each other to the connnutator. In Fig. 2 the run of the current is again the same as in Fig. 1, but in Fig. 2 the watt currents can partly find their way over the field wind ing, but in such a manner that their magnetizing action in the pole axis is neutralized. For instance the watt current flows from the brush I to the brush IV over the part 0 ol. the field winding, over a," m and a, that is to say, the current flows in a in a direction opposite to what it flows in 0 so that its magnetizing influence is neutralized. The wattless current on the contrary from the brush I to the brush II and from the brush IV to the brush III for instance flows in-the same direction through all parts of the field windings.

Fig. 3 of the drawings shows how the brushes may be connected in order to attain the object in View. In this figure, G is again the connnutator and a. the field winding. This diagram is supposed to apply to a. twopole machine, and the axes of the coils drawn inside the collector constitute at the same time the pole axis'oit the machine. This axis being here represented by the line a; y, the stator which represents the induced part is supposed to be wound for two-phases and to carry the phase windings A and B. Let the phase A be connected to the brushes I and III and the phase B to the brushes II and IV. Let the brushes be so fixed relatively to the stator winding that the current or its components are supplied to the rotor in the required direction. It now the commutator and rotor be rotated, the current supplied to the brushes is, in every position, decomposed into two components of which one, the wattless component, coincides in consequence of the position of the brushes with the axis a2 1 of the winding and traverses the field winding in a. given direction so that ithas, according to its direction, a magnetizing or de-magnetizing effect on the poles wherel l l l as the other compo'nei'lt perpendicular to the axis of the winding, as hereinhetore shown, exerts no magnetizing action on the poles. I will call axial. component that which is along the axis of the winding and transverse component that which is perpendicular thereto.

I have at first supposed that the field of the machine was produced by a current supplied trom the outside, which current, in t he present arrangement, is supplied to the same field winding itself or to a separate field winding by contact rings. In the position shown when the winding axis a: 11 is momentarily vertical, the electrmnotive force of the phase B reaches a maximum, while that in the phase A is zero. If there be no d it'- ference of phase between current and voltage, the currents exert no magnetic action on the field wii'iding, as the current produced by the phase litraverses, in the position shown, the commutator in the direction of the transverse component, while the current in the direction oi the axial component is equal to zero. lint if the current show any di'tl'erence of phase relatively to the voltage, it will always be decomposed into two components, of which the wattlcss one coincides with the axis ot the winding and strengthens the field correspondingly. In the position shown i'] the current in the phase A is out of phase with the voltage the current is not zero as stated above although the generated volta is zero. The cmrrent will therefore be wattless and will pass through the field winding. In the next position as shown in Fig. l the generated voltages are not zero but equal and opposite in their action upon the field winding and their effect in producing current in that winding is zero. This last statement is made upon the assumption that the cur rents are out oi phase with their respective voltages, and, while as above noted the generated voltages will balance each other and therefore there will be no watt current, yet the wattless currents will not be balanced since they are not opposed in phase and the result is, these wattless currents traverse the field winding and affect its excitation. Fig. 4. of the drawings shows this diagrammatically, O X being the axis of the winding, 0 A the strength oi. the field when running under no lead, A 13:15 is the voltage, A C -J the current while the angle G A I3 is the phase difference between the current and voltage. The comn'uitator decomposes, as already shown, the current A G into the two components A C and C C, the component A C being in the direction of the axis of the winding and increasing the field corrcspondingly, '5. c. proportionally to the sine of the phase difference of the current. The diagram does not take into consideration the reaction of the arn'iature on the displacement of the field.

The poles can as already stated have two separate windings, an excitation winding traversed for instance by a direct current and a special compounding winding connected to the commutator in the hereinbefore described manner. This arrangement is shown in Fig. 7 in which the constant excitation field winding C is connected through collector rings and brushes bearing thereon with a source of unidirectional current such as the shunt dynamo F as shown.- In addition to the windings C there is mounted upon the poles of the machine, a compounding winding D. The winding D is connected through collector rings and brushes as shown with an exciter E. This exciter comprises an armature 20 the windings of which are connected in the manner well known in constructing direct current machines, to the commutator 21. The field winding 22 of the exciter is connected with a commutator upon which bear the brushes I, II, III, and IV, the field winding being connected to the last mentioned commutator in a manner as indicated in Figs. 1 and 1 The brushes I and III are connected by means of a series transformer T with the main leading from the winding A constituting one phase of the main winding of the machine, while the brushes II and IV are connected by means of a transformer T with the main winding B constituting the other phase of the machine. Brushes 24 and 25 bear upon the commutator 21 and these brushes are respectively connected with the slip rings 26 and 27 which are in turn connected through brushes and collector rings upon the main machine with the compounding winding D. In the exciter, the slip rings 26 and 27, the brushes 24c and 25, the field winding 22 and the commutator upon which bear the brushes I, II, III and IV are mounted upon the shaft 28 of the exciter and rotate therewith. The brushes I, II, III and IV, the armature 20 and the commutator 21 are in this instance assumed to be stationary. It will now be apparent that the winding D will be supplied with current in proportion tothe voltage of the exciter E and that the voltage of this exciter is dependent upon its field excitation. The field being excited from the main lines through the commutator as before described, the field excitation and voltage of the exciter are dependent upon the wattless currents in the main line. The exciting current such as a continuous current may be supplied to this compounding field winding which is connected to the commutator, two outer ends of the winding being connected to contact rings receiving the direct current thus compounding the machine directly and not by compoundmg the exciter. It is further advisable in order to avoid pulsations of current to wind in parallel the various sub-divisions of the field winding as set forth in my application Serial No. 119,297 filed August 11, 1902. This commutator is of especial value when applied not only for compounding but also at the same time for the excitation of the alternate current machine, so that the exciter is avoided. It is for this purpose advisable to use the compounding connection disclosed in my application Serial No. 110,908, filed June 9, 1902. These connections are, in this application principally intended for asynchronous machines, but they are also suitable for synchronous machines, as apart from the combination of exciting and compounding currents aimed at in these applications, a simultaneous separation of the components of these currents is effected as required in the case of synchronous machines with stationary poles. The rotating part may be arranged in various ways. It has either projecting poles like an ordinary alternate current machine (Fig. 5) or if the machine is to be used as a motor it is advisable to give the rotating part a circular form similar to the rotor of an asynchronous motor Fig. 6; the same receives however as exciting or compounding winding only a single phase winding which. forms the field winding and is connected to the commutator in the aforesaid manner. The connection can be used both for compounding for constant potential and for over-compounding and under-compounding, it may be likewise used both for machines with any number of phases and single phase machines. All these modifications are characterized by the hereinbefore described commutator for commutating the current and decomposing it into its components.

lVithout being limited to the precise CO11 struction shown and described, what I claim 1s.

1. Means for compounding alternating current machines comprising a conductor carrying the main current or a current proportional thereto, a commutator for simultaneously commutating and decomposing current, connected to said conductor, a field winding, said winding being connected to said commutator in such manner that two groups of circuits, differing between themselves by a quarter of a period, are formed whereby said main current or current proportional thereto, is decomposed into its two components, the watt current and the wattless current, and brushes bearing upon said commutator in such position that the wattless component traverses said field winding in a given constant direction, while the watt component is led away through the circuits that differ by a quarter of a period from said field winding, or traverse various parts of the pole winding in opposite directions so that it exercises no magnetizing effect in said field windin substantially as described.

3, 2. Means for compounding alternating current machines comprising a conductor carrying a main current or a current proportional thereto, a commutator for simultaneously comn'iutating and decomposing current, said commutator being associated with said conductor, two separate main field windings, two groups of circuits connected with said commutator, said circuits (littering between themselves by a one-quarter of a period whereby said main current or a current proportional thereto is decomposed into its two components, the watt current and the wattless current, and brushes bearing upon said commutator in such position that the wattless component t"averses one of said groups of circuits in a given constant direc tion while the watt component is led away through the other circuits that differ by a one quarter of a period therefrom or traverse various parts of the said one group of circuits in opposite directions so that it exercises no magnetizing effect therein, and a source of unidirectional current connected to one oi said main field windings, the other one of said main field windings being associated with the said circuits connected to said commutator, to be energized in proportion to the said wattless current.

3. A means for compounding alternating current machines comprising a conductor carrying the main current or a current proportional thereto, a commutator simultaneously commutating and decomposing current, connected to said conductor, a field winding, a uni-directional current generator connected to said field winding, said generator comprising a field winding, said generator field winding being so connected to said commutator that two groups of circuits differing between themselves by a quarter of a period are formed, and brushes bearing upon said commutator 111 such position that the wattless component traverses said generator field winding in a given constant direction while the watt component is led away through the circuits that ditlcr by a quarter of a period relatively to said field winding or traverse various parts of said field winding in opposite directions so that it exercises no magnetizing effect in the field winding, substantially as described.

l. Means for compounding alternating current machines comprising a conductor carrying the main current or a current proportional thereto, a field winding, a commutator and brushes, said connnutator and brushes being relatively movable, said conductor being connected to said field winding through said commutator and brushes in such manner that circuits removed onc-quarter ot a period from said field winding are formed whereby the current from said c0nductor is commutated and decomposed into watt and wattless current, said brushes and commutator being so related that the vattci'lrrent traverses said field winding in a gi\ 'en constant direction, while the watt current traverses the circuits that dill'er by one-quarter of a period from said l'ield winding or traverses various parts oi said field winding in such manner that it exercises no magnetizing etl'ect therein, substantially as described.

In testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specification in the presence of two subscribing witnesses.

ALEXANDER HEYLAND.

Witnesses idaunicn Gnnnnann'r, GREGORY PHELAN.

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