US8902614B2 - Method and circuit for suppressing bias current and reducing power loss - Google Patents
Method and circuit for suppressing bias current and reducing power loss Download PDFInfo
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- US8902614B2 US8902614B2 US13/264,153 US200913264153A US8902614B2 US 8902614 B2 US8902614 B2 US 8902614B2 US 200913264153 A US200913264153 A US 200913264153A US 8902614 B2 US8902614 B2 US 8902614B2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/22—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/24—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/28—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac
- H02M3/325—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/335—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/33507—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters
- H02M3/33523—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output with intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode to produce the intermediate ac using devices of a triode or a transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of the output voltage or current, e.g. flyback converters with galvanic isolation between input and output of both the power stage and the feedback loop
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
- H02M1/0032—Control circuits allowing low power mode operation, e.g. in standby mode
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- H02M2001/0032—
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B70/00—Technologies for an efficient end-user side electric power management and consumption
- Y02B70/10—Technologies improving the efficiency by using switched-mode power supplies [SMPS], i.e. efficient power electronics conversion e.g. power factor correction or reduction of losses in power supplies or efficient standby modes
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- Y02B70/16—
Definitions
- the present invention relates, in general, to power supplies and, more particularly, to power converters.
- Power converters are used in a variety of portable electronic devices including laptop computers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants, video games, video cameras, etc. They may convert a dc signal at one voltage level to a dc signal at a different voltage level (this is a dc-dc converter), an Alternating Current (ac) signal to a dc signal (this is an ac-dc converter), a dc signal to an ac signal (this is a dc-ac converter), or an ac signal to an ac signal (this is an ac-ac converter).
- ac-dc converter Alternating Current
- power consumption guidelines for power converters are fast approaching the specification of consuming less than 100 milliwatts when left connected to the mains in a no-load condition.
- FIG. 1 is a circuit schematic of a flyback converter having a current suppression circuit in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a circuit schematic of a portion of the flyback converter of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 is a circuit schematic of a flyback converter having a current suppression circuit in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- the present invention provides a method and a circuit for suppressing a bias current in a circuit thereby lowering power loss in the circuit.
- the method and circuit include secondary side regulation circuitry that comprises an output stage having a programmable Zener diode coupled to an output node via a light emitting diode.
- the programmable Zener diode is a TL431, which will be further discussed below.
- a current suppression circuit is connected to the programmable Zener diode via a series resistor. Under a heavy load condition, the current suppression circuit provides a current at the cathode terminal of the programmable Zener diode via the series resistor.
- the first terminal of the series resistor is connected to an auxiliary voltage which delivers a ground-referenced voltage.
- the second terminal of the series resistor is connected to the cathode of the programmable Zener diode. If the voltage at the first terminal of the series resistor is higher than the voltage at the cathode of the programmable Zener diode, a current is injected into the programmable Zener diode. Under a no load condition or a light load condition, the voltage across the series resistor is decreased or suppressed so that it no longer injects the bias current into the programmable Zener diode.
- the current suppression circuit In the presence of a transient voltage in the output stage, the current suppression circuit provides a voltage across the series resistor and injects a sufficient bias current into the programmable Zener diode in a sufficiently fast manner that the transient loading does not adversely affect the converter performance.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a flyback converter 10 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
- Flyback converter 10 comprises an input stage 12 connected to a control stage 14 .
- Input stage 12 and control stage 14 are inductively coupled to an output stage 16 by a transformer stage 18 .
- Input stage 12 has inputs 20 and 22 coupled for receiving an input signal V IN and outputs coupled to control stage 14 and transformer stage 18 .
- Input stage 12 rectifies an ac input voltage and delivers a dc voltage at input terminal 40 .
- Input stage 12 , control stage 14 and the portion of transformer stage 18 that includes inductor L P are referred to as being on the primary side and output stage 16 and the portion of transformer stage 18 that includes inductor L S are referred to as being on the secondary side.
- Control stage 14 is comprised of a controller 44 having an input terminal connected to a photodetector 46 and an output terminal connected to a switching element 48 .
- controller 44 is a pulse width modulator controller that uses a skip-cycle technique or a frequency foldback technique and switching element 48 comprises an N-channel field effect transistor having a gate connected to the output of controller 44 , a source coupled for receiving a source of operating potential such as, for example, V SS , through a sense resistor 50 , and a drain coupled to an input of transformer stage 18 .
- operating potential V SS is ground which is referred to as a primary ground and identified as GND P .
- Controller 44 has an input connected to input stage 12 and an input coupled to transformer stage 18 for receiving a source of operating potential.
- transformer stage 18 is comprised of a primary winding (coil) L P , a secondary winding (coil) L S , an auxiliary winding (coil) L A , diodes 52 and 54 , and a capacitors 56 and 58 .
- primary coil L P has a terminal connected to an input terminal 40 of control stage 14 and a terminal connected to the drain of transistor 48 .
- Secondary coil L S has a terminal connected to the anode of diode 52 and a terminal coupled for receiving a source of operating potential such as, for example, V SS1 .
- operating potential V SS1 is a ground potential that is isolated from primary ground GND P .
- Operating potential V SS1 is referred to as a secondary ground and identified as GND S .
- Capacitor 56 has a terminal connected to the cathode of diode 52 and a terminal coupled to secondary ground GND S .
- the cathode of diode 52 and the terminal of capacitor 56 that is coupled to the cathode of diode 52 cooperate to form an output terminal or node 60 .
- Auxiliary coil L A has a terminal connected to the anode of diode 54 and a terminal commonly connected to a terminal of capacitor 58 and for receiving a source of operating potential such as, for example, GND P .
- the other terminal of capacitor 58 is connected to the cathode of diode 54 .
- Output stage 16 is comprised of a circuit element such as, for example, a programmable Zener diode 62 and a light emitting diode 64 .
- Programmable Zener diode 62 is a TL431.
- Programmable Zener diode 62 has an anode or anode terminal coupled for receiving secondary ground GND S , a cathode or cathode terminal connected to the cathode of diode 64 to form a node 66 , and a reference pin or terminal 69 connected to a node 71 .
- Programmable Zener diode 62 is also referred to as a voltage regulator. Briefly referring to FIG.
- Programmable Zener diode 62 comprises an operational amplifier 100 having a non-inverting input, an inverting input, and an output. The output is connected to the base of an NPN bipolar junction transistor 102 .
- the non-inverting input serves as the reference terminal 69 and is coupled to the collector of NPN bipolar junction transistor 102 through a diode 104 , where the anode of diode 104 is connected to the non-inverting input of operational amplifier 100 and the cathode of diode 104 is connected to the collector of NPN bipolar junction transistor 102 .
- the cathode of diode 104 and the collector of NPN bipolar junction transistor 102 serve as the cathode of programmable Zener diode 62 .
- the collector of NPN bipolar junction transistor 102 is connected to the cathode of a diode 106 and the emitter is connected to the anode of diode 106 .
- a precision reference voltage V REF such as, for example, 2.5 volts is connected to the inverting input of operational amplifier 100 .
- the emitter of bipolar transistor 102 , the anode of diode 106 , and an electrode of reference voltage V REF are coupled together and form the anode of programmable Zener diode 62 .
- programmable Zener diode 62 should have a current of at least 1 mA flowing from its cathode to its anode. In normal operation, a small current circulates in programmable Zener diode 62 to maintain a control signal for controller 44 . This current can be as low as 300 microamps and is referred to as a normal operating current or as a nominal sub-current. Thus, an extra current is used to lift the circulating current to a value above 1 mA so that the desired breakdown voltage appears across Zener diode 62 . The extra current is provided by current suppression circuit 68 and is referred to as a supplemental sub-current.
- the current flowing through Zener diode 62 is the sum of two sub-currents, the nominal sub-current and the supplemental sub-current.
- the performance of the converter is degraded in the absence of the extra or supplemental sub-current.
- the sum of the nominal sub-current and the supplemental sub-current multiplied by the output voltage adds at least 20 mW to the power consumption budget.
- the anode of light emitting diode 64 is coupled to output terminal 60 through a resistor 65 .
- Output stage 16 further comprises a resistor 70 having a terminal coupled for receiving secondary ground potential GND S and a terminal coupled to node 66 through a capacitor 72 and to output terminal 60 through a resistor 74 .
- Reference pin 69 and a terminal of resistor 70 , a terminal of resistor 74 , and a terminal of capacitor 72 form node 71 .
- output stage 16 includes a current suppression circuit 68 coupled to node 66 .
- current suppression circuit 68 comprises a diode 80 having an anode coupled to the anode of diode 52 and a cathode coupled to node 66 through a resistor 76 .
- Resistor 76 is also referred to as a series resistor.
- the cathode of diode 80 is coupled to one terminal of capacitor 78 and the other terminal of capacitor 78 is coupled for receiving secondary ground potential GND S .
- flyback converter 10 converts a dc voltage from one voltage level to a different voltage level.
- a voltage V IN appearing at input terminals 20 and 22 is rectified and filtered, and the rectified filtered voltage is transmitted to input terminal 40 of control stage 14 and to an input of transformer stage 18 .
- Control stage 14 includes a controller 44 that controls the operation of transformer stage 18 . More particularly, controller 44 generates pulse width modulated control signals for controlling the operation of switching circuit 48 .
- Controller 44 and switching circuit 48 create a current I LP that flows through inductor L P . Because of the dot arrangement between inductors L P and L S , no current circulates in the secondary side as diodes 70 and 52 are blocked, i.e., reverse biased.
- Controller 44 detects the current increase through sense resistor 50 and generates a control signal that opens switching element 48 , thereby interrupting current flow within inductor L P and causing a voltage reversal across inductor L P .
- a current flows within inductor L S which causes diode 52 and diode 80 to conduct current, thereby generating an output voltage V OUT at output terminal 60 .
- output stage 16 is designed so that a bias current I ZBIAS of at least one milliamp (mA) flows through programmable Zener diode 62 .
- light emitting diode 64 transmits a feedback signal to photodetector 46 , which photodetector 46 generates a signal that modulates the control pin of controller 44 .
- bias current I ZBIAS falls below about 1 mA
- the open loop gain of output stage 16 decreases resulting in an increase of the output impedance and the deterioration of the transient response of output stage 16 .
- Output stage 16 can be designed to support bias currents I ZBIAS that are lower than 1 mA.
- Current suppression circuit 68 is comprised of diode 80 , resistor 76 , and capacitor 78 and provides bias current I ZBIAS to programmable Zener diode 62 .
- PWM controller 44 Under high power operation, PWM controller 44 generates output pulses that are substantially continuous. In response to the continuous switching pattern, an auxiliary voltage V AUX is generated at node 67 causing current suppression circuit 68 to inject a bias current into node 66 via resistor 76 , which is injected into Zener diode 62 .
- a current I H is drawn from output node 60 and auxiliary voltage V AUX at node 67 substantially equals the regulated output voltage V OUT .
- the voltage across capacitor 78 may be referred to as an auxiliary power supply.
- controller 44 enters a skip-cycle operating mode or decreases its operating frequency if a frequency foldback mode is implemented rather than a skip-cycle mode. In this operating mode, controller 44 chops the switching pattern of switch 48 leaving “switching holes” associated with the absence of a feedback loop. Chopping the switching pattern reduces voltage V AUX at node 67 . Thus, in response to the power at output node 60 decreasing, voltage V AUX at node 67 begins to decrease.
- current suppression circuit 68 supplies a substantially zero bias voltage to resistor 76 and the injected current into programmable Zener diode 62 decreases to almost zero, i.e., the supplemental sub-current is decreased to zero or almost zero. Removing the supplemental sub-current or decreasing it to zero or to almost zero, leaves the nominal sub-current.
- the current flowing through programmable Zener diode 62 is the normal bias current or nominal sub-current imposed by the control pin of controller 44 and the current transfer ratio of photocoupler 46 . This results in the decrease of the power consumption of flyback converter 10 .
- auxiliary voltage V AUX When power is desired at output node 60 , e.g., when a transient loading current occurs at node 60 which increases current I H , auxiliary voltage V AUX quickly builds up at node 67 in response to an increase in the supplemental sub-current and, in cooperation with resistor 76 , injects bias current I ZBIAS into programmable Zener diode 62 , where bias current I ZBIAS is greater than 1 mA. Because of the speed at which current suppression circuit 68 generates auxiliary voltage V AUX and bias current I ZBIAS , the output transient response is substantially unaffected by the change in current into programmable Zener diode 62 .
- FIG. 3 is a circuit schematic of a flyback converter 150 in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
- Flyback converter 150 differs from flyback converter 10 in that resistors 70 and 74 and capacitor 72 are absent and Zener diode 152 is a standard Zener diode rather than a programmable Zener diode.
- Zener diode 152 receives an extra bias from resistor 76 .
- current suppression circuit 68 When operating under a heavy load, i.e., applying a heavy load, current suppression circuit 68 provides an auxiliary voltage V AUX at node 67 and injects a bias current into programmable Zener diode 62 , i.e., a current is injected into the cathode of Zener diode 62 at node 66 in response to auxiliary voltage V AUX at node 67 and the load at node 60 . Under a light load condition or a no load condition, i.e.
- current suppression circuit 68 decreases the auxiliary voltage V AUX at node 67 so that it suspends conduction of the bias current into programmable Zener diode 62 , i.e., the current injected into node 66 is decreases in response to a lower load or the absence of a load (typically referred to as no load) at node 60 . Because bias current conduction is suspended, power consumption is decreased and efficiency increases. In the presence of a transient signal, current suppression circuit 68 quickly delivers a bias voltage and a bias current to programmable Zener diode 62 so that it conducts the bias current and maintains a desired voltage thereacross.
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- Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)
Abstract
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Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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PCT/US2009/046899 WO2010144085A1 (en) | 2009-06-10 | 2009-06-10 | Method for lowering power loss and circuit |
Publications (2)
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US20120069609A1 US20120069609A1 (en) | 2012-03-22 |
US8902614B2 true US8902614B2 (en) | 2014-12-02 |
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US13/264,153 Active 2029-11-15 US8902614B2 (en) | 2009-06-10 | 2009-06-10 | Method and circuit for suppressing bias current and reducing power loss |
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US (1) | US8902614B2 (en) |
TW (1) | TWI466426B (en) |
WO (1) | WO2010144085A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
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US20150131331A1 (en) * | 2013-11-11 | 2015-05-14 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Apparatus and method for supplying power |
US20230093515A1 (en) * | 2021-09-17 | 2023-03-23 | National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University | Synchronous buck converter using a single gate drive control |
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TWI398763B (en) * | 2009-07-17 | 2013-06-11 | Delta Electronics Inc | Switching converter circuit and power supply |
US8575917B2 (en) * | 2009-09-24 | 2013-11-05 | Apple Inc. | Multirange load detection circuitry |
KR20120020226A (en) * | 2010-08-27 | 2012-03-08 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Display apparatus and power circuit apparatus |
KR101188041B1 (en) * | 2011-04-11 | 2012-10-05 | 삼성전기주식회사 | Switching mode power supply |
US9203293B2 (en) | 2012-06-11 | 2015-12-01 | Power Systems Technologies Ltd. | Method of suppressing electromagnetic interference emission |
US9118253B2 (en) | 2012-08-15 | 2015-08-25 | Flextronics Ap, Llc | Energy conversion architecture with secondary side control delivered across transformer element |
US10389254B2 (en) * | 2012-11-27 | 2019-08-20 | Semiconductor Components Industries, Llc | Cable compensation circuit and power supply including the same |
US9323267B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2016-04-26 | Flextronics Ap, Llc | Method and implementation for eliminating random pulse during power up of digital signal controller |
US9494658B2 (en) | 2013-03-14 | 2016-11-15 | Flextronics Ap, Llc | Approach for generation of power failure warning signal to maximize useable hold-up time with AC/DC rectifiers |
US9490651B2 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2016-11-08 | Flextronics Ap, Llc | Sweep frequency mode for magnetic resonant power transmission |
US9595875B2 (en) * | 2013-07-29 | 2017-03-14 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Voltage converter compensation apparatus and methods |
US9601982B1 (en) | 2013-08-27 | 2017-03-21 | Flextronics Ap, Llc | Switchable auxiliary supply circuit |
CN104022654A (en) * | 2014-06-23 | 2014-09-03 | 崇贸科技股份有限公司 | Method for controlling power converter of programmable regulation primary side |
US9621053B1 (en) | 2014-08-05 | 2017-04-11 | Flextronics Ap, Llc | Peak power control technique for primary side controller operation in continuous conduction mode |
US10418906B2 (en) * | 2015-09-30 | 2019-09-17 | Apple Inc. | High efficiency primary and secondary bias flyback converter with dual outputs |
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- 2009-06-10 US US13/264,153 patent/US8902614B2/en active Active
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US20150131331A1 (en) * | 2013-11-11 | 2015-05-14 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Apparatus and method for supplying power |
US9467056B2 (en) * | 2013-11-11 | 2016-10-11 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Power supplying apparatus and method for supplying power to the varying load |
US20230093515A1 (en) * | 2021-09-17 | 2023-03-23 | National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University | Synchronous buck converter using a single gate drive control |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2010144085A1 (en) | 2010-12-16 |
TW201044763A (en) | 2010-12-16 |
TWI466426B (en) | 2014-12-21 |
US20120069609A1 (en) | 2012-03-22 |
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