US8772182B2 - Semiconductor device having reinforced low-k insulating film and its manufacture method - Google Patents
Semiconductor device having reinforced low-k insulating film and its manufacture method Download PDFInfo
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- US8772182B2 US8772182B2 US12/774,302 US77430210A US8772182B2 US 8772182 B2 US8772182 B2 US 8772182B2 US 77430210 A US77430210 A US 77430210A US 8772182 B2 US8772182 B2 US 8772182B2
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- H10W20/47—
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- H10P14/6506—
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- H10P14/6538—
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- H10P14/6342—
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a semiconductor device and its manufacture method, and more particularly to a semiconductor device using dielectric having a low dielectric constant (low-k) as an interlayer insulating film.
- An operation speed of a semiconductor device is greatly influenced by a time constant RC (R: resistance, C: parasitic capacitance) of wirings.
- R resistance
- C parasitic capacitance
- a copper wiring has been used in place of an aluminum wiring. Since a precision of etching a copper wiring is low, a damascene (buried) wiring has been adopted. Wiring trenches and via holes are formed in an insulating film, a copper wiring constituting wiring patterns and via conductors is buried in the trenches and via holes, and unnecessary copper wirings are removed by etch-back or chemical mechanical polishing (CMP).
- CMP chemical mechanical polishing
- a wiring height is made high to prevent an increase in resistance while a wiring width is maintained narrow. If insulating films for electrically insulating wirings are made of the same material and if the wiring pitch is narrowed and the wiring height is increased, a parasitic capacitance of wirings increases. An increase in the parasitic capacitance prevents a high speed operation of the semiconductor device. It has been desired to change the material for insulating wirings, from silicon oxide having a relative dielectric constant of about 4.2 to a material having a lower dielectric constant.
- porous silicon oxide (silica) formed from a silicon oxide base material changed to a porous state. Assuming that pores are filled with vacuum or gas, the relative dielectric constant of pores is about 1 and it is expected that the dielectric constant becomes lower as a pore ratio is raised.
- Adhesion properties are poor between a porous or non-porous low-k insulating film and an insulating film such as a silicon nitride film to be used for an etching mask or a CMP stopper.
- an insulating film such as a silicon nitride film to be used for an etching mask or a CMP stopper.
- it has been proposed to change properties of an underlying film surface before an insulating film is formed. Changing processes disclosed to date include a method of roughing an underlying surface by exposing to argon plasma to increase an anchoring force, or lowering an F concentration of an SiOF film surface, a method of roughing a film surface by applying ultrasonic vibrations, a method of oxidizing a film surface by irradiating ultraviolet rays, and other methods.
- An object of the present invention is to increase a mechanical strength of a low-k film to be used as an interlayer insulating film.
- Another object of the present invention is to increase a mechanical strength of a porous insulating film.
- a semiconductor device comprising:
- a buried wiring formed above the semiconductor substrate and including a via conductor for connection to a conductor in a lower layer and a wiring pattern connected to the via conductor;
- a semiconductor device manufacture method comprising the steps of:
- FIGS. 1A to 1G are cross sectional views, tables, and chemical reaction formulae illustrating experiments made by the present inventor, experimental results, and expected reactions.
- FIGS. 2A to 2E are schematic cross sectional views illustrating the processes of forming interlayer insulating films and copper wirings of a first kind.
- FIGS. 3A to 3C are schematic cross sectional views illustrating the processes of forming interlayer insulating films and copper wirings of a second kind.
- FIGS. 4A and 4B are schematic cross sectional views illustrating the processes of forming interlayer insulating films and copper wirings of third and fourth kinds.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic cross sectional view showing the structure of a semiconductor device having multi-layer wirings according to an embodiment.
- the present inventor has evaluated and studied various coating type porous silica materials presently available.
- a lowest dielectric constant of porous silica is about 2.2, its Young's modulus is about 10 Pa, and its hardness measured by nano-indentation method is about 0.1. It has been found that interlayer cracks are formed if interlayer insulating films made of such porous silica is used for forming a multi-layer wiring structure.
- the present inventor has experimentally checked how mechanical strength and the like changes by processing a formed porous silica film.
- FIG. 1A is a schematic cross sectional view illustrating technical content of experiment.
- Porous silica material was spin-coated on a silicon substrate 1 to form a coated film 2 .
- the porous silica material used was the material having a product name of “nano clustering silica” (NCS) and manufactured by Catalysts & Chemicals Ind. Co., Ltd. It is said that this material contains as its composition tetraalkylammonium hydroxide, solvent is removed by baking at 70° C., and cross-linking of SiO bonds are enhanced by baking at 250° C. and 350° C.
- a spin coater product name: ACTS
- the coated film 2 was baked at predetermined temperatures of 70° C., 250° C. and 350° C., respectively for one minute.
- the silicon substrate 1 formed with the porous silica film 2 in the manner described above was placed on a susceptor 10 of an ultraviolet (UV) processing apparatus, and heated to 350° C., and ultraviolet rays 3 were irradiated down to the porous silica film 2 . It was confirmed that ultraviolet ray irradiation was able to increase a mechanical strength of the porous silica film by 1 GPa or more.
- the UV processing conditions were selected so as to satisfy the mechanical strength required for interlayer insulating films for multi-layer wirings.
- the UV processing conditions were:
- Young's modulus, hardness and a relative dielectric constant were measured.
- the Young's modulus and hardness were measured by a nano indentation method.
- the relative dielectric constant was measured with a mercury probe.
- the Young's modulus and hardness can be considered as the characteristics representing mechanical strength of a film.
- the relative dielectric constant is intrinsic characteristics of low-k dielectric having a low dielectric constant, and it is desired that the relative dielectric constant does not increase too much by UV processing.
- FIG. 1C shows the measured Young's modulus, hardness and relative dielectric constant of the porous silica film, comparatively before and after UV processing.
- the Young's modulus increased from 10 to 12 GPa and the hardness increased from 0.9 to 1.1. This increase is considered as an increase in the mechanical strength effective for preventing interlayer cracks.
- the relative dielectric constant increased from 2.2 to 2.3.
- FIG. 1D is a schematic cross sectional view illustrating hydrogen plasma processing.
- a porous silica film 2 was formed on a silicon substrate 1 in the manner described above.
- the silicon substrate was placed on a susceptor 11 a hydrogen plasma system and heated to 400° C.
- Hydrogen plasma 4 was irradiated to the porous silica film 2 .
- the coated film contacted plasma.
- a power was selected to such an extent that the low dielectric constant structure was not destroyed.
- the mechanical strength of the porous silica film was able to be increased by 1 GPa or more.
- the hydrogen plasma processing conditions were selected so as to satisfy the mechanical strength required for interlayer insulating films for multi-layer wirings.
- the hydrogen plasma processing conditions were:
- FIG. 1F shows the measured Young's modulus, hardness and relative dielectric constant of the porous silica film, comparatively before and after hydrogen plasma processing.
- the Young's modulus increased from 10 to 12 GPa and the hardness increased from 0.9 to 1.1. This increase is considered as an increase in the mechanical strength effective for preventing interlayer cracks.
- the relative dielectric constant increased from 2.2 to 2.3.
- FIG. 1G shows reaction equations representative of possible cross-linking reactions. It is considered that the mechanical strength of a film is increased, as cross-linking reactions progress and curing progresses.
- materials capable of being cured by ultraviolet rays and hydrogen plasma may be organic SOG, CVD films and the like having a side chain structure of SiOH and SiOC x H y .
- the wavelength of ultraviolet rays is not limited to 200 nm to 300 nm.
- a process time is preferably 60 to 100 sec. It can be considered that cross-linking reactions can be enhanced by applying an energy corresponding to ultraviolet rays to a coated film. Similar effects may be expected not only by ultraviolet rays and hydrogen plasma, but also by plasma of different gases and by energy beams of other types such as an electron beam.
- An amount of an increase in the mechanical strength by processing can be selected in accordance with the intended application. It is also possible to obtain a larger or smaller increase in the mechanical strength.
- FIGS. 2A to 2E illustrate the structure of interlayer insulating films and copper wirings of the first kind.
- an isolation region 22 is formed in a silicon substrate 21 , by shallow trench isolation (STI), and an n-type well NW and a p-type well PW are formed by ion implantation.
- the isolation region 22 includes a silicon oxide liner formed by thermal oxidation of the silicon substrate, a silicon nitride liner formed on the silicon oxide liner by CVD, and a silicon oxide film formed by high density plasma (HDP) CVD and buried in the remaining space of the trench.
- HDP high density plasma
- the silicon substrate surfaces surrounded by the isolation region 22 are thermally oxidized to form a gate insulating film 23 .
- Polysilicon is deposited on the gate insulating film 23 , and patterned to form a gate electrode 24 .
- Extension regions 25 are formed by ion implantation using the gate electrode 24 as a mask.
- An insulating film such as silicon oxide is deposited on the substrate, covering the gate electrode 24 , and sidewall spacers 26 are formed on the sidewalls of the gate electrode by anisotropic etching. High concentration, deep source/drain regions 27 are formed by ion implantation using the sidewall spacers 26 as a mask.
- NMOS n-channel MOS transistor
- PMOS p-channel MOS transistor
- a lower interlayer insulating film 28 of phosphosilicate glass (PSG) or the like is formed on the silicon substrate, covering the transistors, and contact holes reaching the source/drain regions 27 are etched through the lower interlayer insulating film.
- Conductive plugs 29 are formed by burying tungsten in the contact holes, with a barrier metal layer such as Ti/TiN being interposed therebetween.
- An etch stopper film ES 1 of SiC is deposited to a thickness of about 50 nm by CVD on the lower interlayer insulating film 28 , a porous silica film PS 1 having a thickness of about 200 nm is formed on the etch stopper film, and a cap layer CL 1 of SiC is deposited to a thickness of about 50 nm on the porous silica film.
- Trenches are etched through these three layers ES 1 , PS 1 , CL 1 , a copper wiring layer is buried in the trenches, and an unnecessary copper wiring layer on the cap layer CL 1 is removed by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) to form a first copper wiring CW 1 .
- CMP chemical mechanical polishing
- a copper diffusion preventive or diffusion barrier film DB 1 for preventing copper diffusion is formed on the cap layer CL 1 , covering the first copper wiring layer CW 1 , the copper diffusion preventive film being made of SiC and having a thickness of about 50 nm.
- Porous silica material is coated on the copper diffusion preventive film DB 1 and baked to form a porous silica film PS 2 L.
- the porous silica film PS 2 L surrounds later via conductors of damascene wiring.
- UV processing is performed by irradiating ultraviolet rays UV to the porous silica film PS 2 L.
- the UV processing is performed in the manner described with reference to FIGS. 1A to 1C .
- the mechanical strength of the porous silica film PS 2 L increases to have Young's modulus of about 12 GPa and hardness of about 1.1.
- the relative dielectric constant of the porous silica film PS 2 L increases from about 2.2 to about 2.3.
- an etch stopper film ES 2 of SiC is deposited to a thickness of about 50 nm by CVD on the processed porous silica film PS 2 L, and a porous silica film PS 2 U having a thickness of about 200 nm is formed on the etch stopper film ES 2 .
- This porous silica film PS 2 U surrounds later wiring patterns of the damascene wiring.
- the porous silica film is baked after coating to form porous silica, the ultraviolet ray processing is not performed to maintain the low dielectric constant.
- via holes exposing the copper diffusion preventive film DB 1 are etched through the porous silica film PS 2 U, etch stopper film ES 2 and porous silica film PS 2 L.
- wiring trenches are etched through the porous silica film PS 2 U. During this etching, the etching is stopped once at the surface of the etch stopper film ES 2 and the filler in the via hole is removed.
- the SiC films DB 1 and ES 2 exposed on the bottoms of the via holes and trenches are etched to expose the connection areas of the first copper wiring CW 1 .
- a barrier metal layer and a copper seed layer are formed through sputtering, a copper layer is plated, and unnecessary portions of the metal layers on the interlayer insulating film are removed by CMP. In this manner, a second copper wiring layer CW 2 buried in the interlayer insulating film is formed.
- FIGS. 3A to 3C illustrate the structure of interlayer insulating films and copper wirings of the second kind.
- FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate processes of: forming semiconductor devices NMOS and PMOS in a silicon substrate 21 ; forming a lower interlayer insulating film 28 on the silicon substrate; burying a conductive plug 29 in the lower interlayer insulating film; forming an interlayer insulating film PS 1 of porous silica sandwiched between SiC films ES 1 and CL 1 , on the lower interlayer insulating film and conductive plug; burying a first copper wiring CW 1 in the interlayer insulating film; and forming a copper diffusion preventive film DB 1 and a porous silica film PS 2 L covering the first copper wiring.
- the silicon substrate is transported into a plasma system and the hydrogen plasma processing described with reference to FIGS. 1D to 1F is performed.
- Hydrogen plasma PL emits ultraviolet rays.
- the mechanical strength of the porous silica film PS 2 L increases to have Young's modulus of about 12 GPa and hardness of about 1.1.
- the relative dielectric constant of the porous silica film increases to about 2.3.
- the state after the hydrogen plasma processing is considered similar to the state after the UV processing shown in FIG. 2C .
- FIGS. 2D and 2E are performed to form a second copper wiring CW 2 of the damascene wiring.
- a sample of the second kind for the structure of interlayer insulating films and copper wirings was formed.
- FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate a method of forming a structure of interlayer insulating films and copper wirings of the third and fourth kinds.
- the porous silica film PS 2 L having an increased mechanical strength and other components are formed by the processes shown in FIGS. 2A to 2C or FIGS. 3A to 3C .
- a porous silica film PS 2 U having a thickness of about 200 nm is formed on the porous silica film PS 2 L.
- This porous silica film PS 2 U surrounds later wiring patterns of a damascene wiring.
- the porous silica film is baked after coating to form porous silica, the ultraviolet ray processing and hydrogen plasma processing are not performed to maintain the low dielectric constant.
- via holes exposing the copper diffusion preventive film DB 1 are etched through the porous silica film PS 2 U and porous silica film PS 2 L.
- wiring trenches are control-etched through the porous silica film PS 2 U.
- the filler in the via hole is removed, and thereafter, the SiC film DB 1 exposed on the bottom of the via holes is etched to expose the connection areas of the first copper wiring CW 1 .
- the structure of interlayer insulating films and copper wirings of the third and fourth kinds corresponds to the structure of interlayer insulating films and copper wirings of the first and second kinds, with the etch stopper film ES 2 being omitted. Samples of the third and fourth kinds for the structure of interlayer insulating films and copper wirings were also formed.
- FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of a semiconductor device having a multi-wiring structure including eight copper wirings and the uppermost aluminum wiring, according to an embodiment.
- the structure under the porous silica film PS 2 U is similar to the structure of interlayer insulating films and copper wirings of the third and fourth kinds.
- a cap layer CL 2 of SiC having a thickness of 50 nm is formed on the porous silica film PS 2 U, a second copper wiring CW 2 is formed.
- Six interlayer insulating films are laminated thereon.
- the low-level porous silica film PSiL is processed by ultraviolet rays or hydrogen plasma to increase a mechanical strength.
- a copper wiring CWi of a damascene structure is buried in each interlayer insulating film. Eight layers of the copper wiring are laminated in this way.
- the structure may be formed which has an SiC etch stopper film ESi inserted between the high-level porous silica film PSiU and low-level porous silica film PSiL, as shown in FIG. 2E .
- a copper diffusion preventive film DB 8 is formed on the cap layer CL 8 , covering the copper wiring CW 8 , and a silicon oxide film IL 1 is formed on the copper diffusion preventive film DB 8 .
- a via hole is formed through the silicon oxide film IL 1 , and a tungsten via VM is buried in the via hole.
- An aluminum wiring TAL is formed on the silicon oxide film IL 1 , being connected to the tungsten via VM.
- a silicon oxide film IL 2 is formed covering the aluminum wiring TAL, and an opening is formed in a region corresponding to a pad portion.
- a passivation film PS is formed and the pad portion is opened. In this manner, the semiconductor device having multi-layer wirings is formed.
- Samples of the structure of interlayer insulating and copper wirings films of four kinds were actually formed.
- Four kinds include those in which the low-level porous silica film PSiL processed by ultraviolet rays or hydrogen plasma, and the SiC etch stopper film Esi inserted or not inserted between the high-level porous silica film PSiU and low-level porous silica film PSiL.
- the four kinds of samples were sealed in packages and a wire bonding test was conducted. Destruction and peel-off to be caused by cracks in the interlayer insulating films were not observed, and it was confirmed that the mechanical strength of the interlayer insulating films were improved as expected.
- the interlayer insulating film in which a wiring pattern is buried is made of dielectric which has a low dielectric constant although the mechanical strength is weak.
- the mechanical strength of the interlayer insulating film in which a via conductor is buried is improved, so that the interlayer insulating film can be prevented from being destroyed.
- the dielectric constant of the interlayer insulating film in which a via conductor is buried increases, an increase in parasitic capacitance of the whole wirings can be suppressed because the via conductor has a low in-plane density and a pitch between via conductors can be secured.
- the substrate temperature during processing is not limited to 350° C. and 400° C. However, it may be preferable to set the substrate temperature to a temperature equal to or higher than the highest baking temperature among the plurality of baking temperatures. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that other various modifications, improvements, combinations, and the like can be made.
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- Internal Circuitry In Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Devices (AREA)
- Formation Of Insulating Films (AREA)
Abstract
-
- (a) coating a low dielectric constant low-level insulating film above a semiconductor substrate formed with a plurality of semiconductor elements; (b) processing the low-level insulating film to increase a mechanical strength of the low-level insulating film; (c) coating a low dielectric constant high-level insulating film above the low-level insulating film; and (d) forming a buried wiring including a wiring pattern in the high-level insulating film and a via conductor in the low-level insulating film. The low-level insulating film and high-level insulating film are made from the same material. The process of increasing the mechanical strength includes an ultraviolet ray irradiation process or a hydrogen plasma applying process.
Description
- Substrate temperature: 350° C.
- UV ray wavelength: 200 nm to 300 nm
- Irradiation energy: 220 mW/cm2
- Irradiation time: 600 sec
- Atmosphere: He
- Pressure: 1.2 torr
- Substrate temperature: 400° C.
- H2 flow rate: 4000 sccm
- Pressure: 2.3 torr
- Input power (13.56 MHz): 100 W (an effective value obtained by subtracting a reflected power from the input power)
- Plasma process time: 80 sec
It may be noted that the substrate is heated to a temperature at least equal to the highest one of the plurality of baking temperatures.
Claims (10)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US12/774,302 US8772182B2 (en) | 2006-02-24 | 2010-05-05 | Semiconductor device having reinforced low-k insulating film and its manufacture method |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2006048131A JP4666308B2 (en) | 2006-02-24 | 2006-02-24 | Manufacturing method of semiconductor device |
| JP2006-048131 | 2006-02-24 | ||
| US11/451,506 US20070200235A1 (en) | 2006-02-24 | 2006-06-13 | Semiconductor device having reinforced low-k insulating film and its manufacture method |
| US12/774,302 US8772182B2 (en) | 2006-02-24 | 2010-05-05 | Semiconductor device having reinforced low-k insulating film and its manufacture method |
Related Parent Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/451,506 Division US20070200235A1 (en) | 2006-02-24 | 2006-06-13 | Semiconductor device having reinforced low-k insulating film and its manufacture method |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US20100216303A1 US20100216303A1 (en) | 2010-08-26 |
| US8772182B2 true US8772182B2 (en) | 2014-07-08 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/451,506 Abandoned US20070200235A1 (en) | 2006-02-24 | 2006-06-13 | Semiconductor device having reinforced low-k insulating film and its manufacture method |
| US12/774,302 Active 2027-06-19 US8772182B2 (en) | 2006-02-24 | 2010-05-05 | Semiconductor device having reinforced low-k insulating film and its manufacture method |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| US11/451,506 Abandoned US20070200235A1 (en) | 2006-02-24 | 2006-06-13 | Semiconductor device having reinforced low-k insulating film and its manufacture method |
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| Country | Link |
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| US (2) | US20070200235A1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP4666308B2 (en) |
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| US9659769B1 (en) | 2004-10-22 | 2017-05-23 | Novellus Systems, Inc. | Tensile dielectric films using UV curing |
| US8889233B1 (en) | 2005-04-26 | 2014-11-18 | Novellus Systems, Inc. | Method for reducing stress in porous dielectric films |
| US8454750B1 (en) | 2005-04-26 | 2013-06-04 | Novellus Systems, Inc. | Multi-station sequential curing of dielectric films |
| US8980769B1 (en) | 2005-04-26 | 2015-03-17 | Novellus Systems, Inc. | Multi-station sequential curing of dielectric films |
| US10037905B2 (en) * | 2009-11-12 | 2018-07-31 | Novellus Systems, Inc. | UV and reducing treatment for K recovery and surface clean in semiconductor processing |
| US8850451B2 (en) * | 2006-12-12 | 2014-09-30 | International Business Machines Corporation | Subscribing for application messages in a multicast messaging environment |
| US8211510B1 (en) | 2007-08-31 | 2012-07-03 | Novellus Systems, Inc. | Cascaded cure approach to fabricate highly tensile silicon nitride films |
| US9050623B1 (en) | 2008-09-12 | 2015-06-09 | Novellus Systems, Inc. | Progressive UV cure |
| WO2010125682A1 (en) * | 2009-04-30 | 2010-11-04 | ルネサスエレクトロニクス株式会社 | Semiconductor device and manufacturing method thereof |
| JP5412320B2 (en) * | 2009-05-26 | 2014-02-12 | 株式会社コベルコ科研 | Coated saw wire |
| JP2011082308A (en) * | 2009-10-06 | 2011-04-21 | Panasonic Corp | Method of manufacturing semiconductor apparatus |
| JP5529571B2 (en) * | 2010-02-08 | 2014-06-25 | キヤノン株式会社 | Image coding apparatus and control method thereof |
| US8889544B2 (en) * | 2011-02-16 | 2014-11-18 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd. | Dielectric protection layer as a chemical-mechanical polishing stop layer |
| KR20120118323A (en) * | 2011-04-18 | 2012-10-26 | 삼성전자주식회사 | Semiconductor devices and methods for fabricating the same |
| US9054110B2 (en) | 2011-08-05 | 2015-06-09 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd. | Low-K dielectric layer and porogen |
| US9330989B2 (en) | 2012-09-28 | 2016-05-03 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd. | System and method for chemical-mechanical planarization of a metal layer |
| CN104347478B (en) * | 2013-07-24 | 2017-05-17 | 中芯国际集成电路制造(上海)有限公司 | Semiconductor structure formation method |
| US20150340322A1 (en) * | 2014-05-23 | 2015-11-26 | Rf Micro Devices, Inc. | Rf switch structure having reduced off-state capacitance |
| WO2016151684A1 (en) * | 2015-03-20 | 2016-09-29 | 株式会社日立国際電気 | Method for manufacturing semiconductor device, recording medium and substrate processing apparatus |
| JP6721695B2 (en) * | 2016-09-23 | 2020-07-15 | 株式会社Kokusai Electric | Substrate processing apparatus, semiconductor device manufacturing method and program |
| US9847221B1 (en) | 2016-09-29 | 2017-12-19 | Lam Research Corporation | Low temperature formation of high quality silicon oxide films in semiconductor device manufacturing |
| CN110199380B (en) * | 2017-01-17 | 2023-03-28 | Zf 腓德烈斯哈芬股份公司 | Method for producing insulating layers on silicon carbide |
| JP6877290B2 (en) * | 2017-08-03 | 2021-05-26 | 東京エレクトロン株式会社 | How to process the object to be processed |
| JP6918386B1 (en) * | 2020-12-09 | 2021-08-11 | 株式会社アビット・テクノロジーズ | Manufacturing method of insulating film |
| CA3253592A1 (en) * | 2022-01-18 | 2023-07-27 | Patrick Brant | Aluminum-based coupling agents |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2007227720A (en) | 2007-09-06 |
| US20070200235A1 (en) | 2007-08-30 |
| JP4666308B2 (en) | 2011-04-06 |
| US20100216303A1 (en) | 2010-08-26 |
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