US8709377B2 - Molecular hydrogen stores and hydrogen transfer reagents for hydrogenation reactions - Google Patents
Molecular hydrogen stores and hydrogen transfer reagents for hydrogenation reactions Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US8709377B2 US8709377B2 US12/601,625 US60162508A US8709377B2 US 8709377 B2 US8709377 B2 US 8709377B2 US 60162508 A US60162508 A US 60162508A US 8709377 B2 US8709377 B2 US 8709377B2
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- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- radical
- hydrogen
- compound
- hydrogen storage
- general formula
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related, expires
Links
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 163
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 163
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 151
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 23
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 title description 10
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 title 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 54
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 50
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- -1 C1-8-alkyl radicals aryl radicals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 170
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 85
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 48
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- MDFFNEOEWAXZRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N aminyl Chemical compound [NH2] MDFFNEOEWAXZRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000005840 aryl radicals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000000446 sulfanediyl group Chemical group *S* 0.000 claims description 6
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical group [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 24
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 16
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-MZWXYZOWSA-N benzene-d6 Chemical compound [2H]C1=C([2H])C([2H])=C([2H])C([2H])=C1[2H] UHOVQNZJYSORNB-MZWXYZOWSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 9
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 150000004678 hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 7
- AREQRAGWCWRFQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N C=BC1=C(B=C)C2=C3B=BC4=C5B=BC6=C(B=BC7=C8B=BC5=C5B=BC9=C(B=BC%10=C%11B=BC5=C4B=BC4=C(B=BC%11=C(B=C)C(B=C)=C%10B=C)C(B=C)=C(B=C)C(B=C)=C4B=BC3=C1B=C)C(B=C)=C(B=C)C(B=C)=C9B=BC8=C(B=C)C(B=C)=C7B=C)C(B=C)=C(B=C)C(B=C)=C6B=B2 Chemical compound C=BC1=C(B=C)C2=C3B=BC4=C5B=BC6=C(B=BC7=C8B=BC5=C5B=BC9=C(B=BC%10=C%11B=BC5=C4B=BC4=C(B=BC%11=C(B=C)C(B=C)=C%10B=C)C(B=C)=C(B=C)C(B=C)=C4B=BC3=C1B=C)C(B=C)=C(B=C)C(B=C)=C9B=BC8=C(B=C)C(B=C)=C7B=C)C(B=C)=C(B=C)C(B=C)=C6B=B2 AREQRAGWCWRFQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- GQOHDZKWMXLHGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N *.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.C=C.C=C.CC(C)CC(C)C.CC1CC1C.CCC.CCC.CCC.CCC.CCC(C)C.CCCC.CCCC Chemical compound *.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.*.C=C.C=C.CC(C)CC(C)C.CC1CC1C.CCC.CCC.CCC.CCC.CCC(C)C.CCCC.CCCC GQOHDZKWMXLHGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- MTPUNWSZJLTTLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1CC2=C1C1=C(CC1)C1=C2CC1 Chemical compound C1CC2=C1C1=C(CC1)C1=C2CC1 MTPUNWSZJLTTLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- YLZBFPUUXYKLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1CN2CCCN3B4=B(N(C1)C23)N1CCCN2CCCN4C21.[H]B1([H])N2CCCN3CCCN(C32)B([H])([H])N2CCCN3CCCN1C32.[H]B12N3CCCN4CCCN(C43)B1([H])N1CCCN3CCCN2C31 Chemical compound C1CN2CCCN3B4=B(N(C1)C23)N1CCCN2CCCN4C21.[H]B1([H])N2CCCN3CCCN(C32)B([H])([H])N2CCCN3CCCN1C32.[H]B12N3CCCN4CCCN(C43)B1([H])N1CCCN3CCCN2C31 YLZBFPUUXYKLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DXIBVELINBQKOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N CC(C)(C)N(CN(C1=CC=CC=C1)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1.CC(C)(C)N1CCCN2CCCN(C(C)(C)C)C21.CC(C)(C)NC(N)NC(C)(C)C Chemical compound CC(C)(C)N(CN(C1=CC=CC=C1)C(C)(C)C)C1=CC=CC=C1.CC(C)(C)N1CCCN2CCCN(C(C)(C)C)C21.CC(C)(C)NC(N)NC(C)(C)C DXIBVELINBQKOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- AIZGGTGWJXCYES-ARJAWSKDSA-N [H]B(C)/C=C\B([H])C Chemical compound [H]B(C)/C=C\B([H])C AIZGGTGWJXCYES-ARJAWSKDSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 0 *.*.*[H].B.C.C.C.CN(C)C.[H]BB[H] Chemical compound *.*.*[H].B.C.C.C.CN(C)C.[H]BB[H] 0.000 description 3
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052987 metal hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000004681 metal hydrides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004918 2-methyl-2-pentyl group Chemical group CC(C)(CCC)* 0.000 description 2
- FVKFHMNJTHKMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidine Chemical compound C1CCN2CCCNC2=N1 FVKFHMNJTHKMRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclopentane Chemical compound C1CCCC1 RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910020828 NaAlH4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical compound [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000091 aluminium hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 2
- NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N decalin Chemical compound C1CCCC2CCCCC21 NNBZCPXTIHJBJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptamethylene Natural products C1CCCCCC1 DMEGYFMYUHOHGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000011232 storage material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 2
- GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylamine Chemical compound CN(C)C GETQZCLCWQTVFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PDJQCHVMABBNQW-MIXQCLKLSA-L (1z,5z)-cycloocta-1,5-diene;rhodium;dichloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Rh].[Rh].C\1C\C=C/CC\C=C/1.C\1C\C=C/CC\C=C/1 PDJQCHVMABBNQW-MIXQCLKLSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 125000004209 (C1-C8) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- VLWMBGDPQREQMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N *.*.*.*.*.*.B=B.[HH].[HH].[H]B([H])B([H])[H].[H]BB[H] Chemical compound *.*.*.*.*.*.B=B.[HH].[HH].[H]B([H])B([H])[H].[H]BB[H] VLWMBGDPQREQMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004973 1-butenyl group Chemical group C(=CCC)* 0.000 description 1
- KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-octene Chemical group CCCCCCC=C KWKAKUADMBZCLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000006023 1-pentenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000004607 11B NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001644 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004009 13C{1H}-NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004974 2-butenyl group Chemical group C(C=CC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004493 2-methylbut-1-yl group Chemical group CC(C*)CC 0.000 description 1
- 125000005916 2-methylpentyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000006024 2-pentenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004919 3-methyl-2-pentyl group Chemical group CC(C(C)*)CC 0.000 description 1
- 125000003542 3-methylbutan-2-yl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005917 3-methylpentyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- SOLMFVRBZMZJPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N BC1=C(B)C(B)=C(B)C(B)=C1B Chemical class BC1=C(B)C(B)=C(B)C(B)=C1B SOLMFVRBZMZJPA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XQPPFPCRKJOQOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N BC1=C(B)C(B)=C(B)C(B)=C1B.BCC#CBC.BCC1=C(BC)C(BC)=C(BC)C(BC)=C1CB.BCO(CC)CC.C.C.CB1B(C)C2=C3B(C)B(C)C3=C3B(C)B(C)C3=C12.C[Ca]C.[AlH3].[LiH] Chemical compound BC1=C(B)C(B)=C(B)C(B)=C1B.BCC#CBC.BCC1=C(BC)C(BC)=C(BC)C(BC)=C1CB.BCO(CC)CC.C.C.CB1B(C)C2=C3B(C)B(C)C3=C3B(C)B(C)C3=C12.C[Ca]C.[AlH3].[LiH] XQPPFPCRKJOQOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004648 C2-C8 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910014813 CaC2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PMPVIKIVABFJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclobutane Chemical compound C1CCC1 PMPVIKIVABFJJI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butyllithium Chemical compound [Li]CCCC MZRVEZGGRBJDDB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001345 alkine derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000499 benzofuranyl group Chemical group O1C(=CC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004619 benzopyranyl group Chemical group O1C(C=CC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004622 benzoxazinyl group Chemical group O1NC(=CC2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- KKAXNAVSOBXHTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N boranamine Chemical class NB KKAXNAVSOBXHTE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004623 carbolinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009903 catalytic hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003016 chromanyl group Chemical group O1C(CCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004230 chromenyl group Chemical group O1C(C=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000332 coumarinyl group Chemical group O1C(=O)C(=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001559 cyclopropyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C1([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000006006 cyclotrimerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005678 ethenylene group Chemical group [H]C([*:1])=C([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001634 furandiyl group Chemical group O1C(=C(C=C1)*)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002541 furyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002357 guanidines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000006038 hexenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002632 imidazolidinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002636 imidazolinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002883 imidazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002466 imines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 125000003453 indazolyl group Chemical group N1N=C(C2=C1C=CC=C2)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003387 indolinyl group Chemical group N1(CCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001041 indolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000959 isobutyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003384 isochromanyl group Chemical group C1(OCCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003151 isocoumarinyl group Chemical group C1(=O)OC(=CC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004491 isohexyl group Chemical group C(CCC(C)C)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005438 isoindazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001972 isopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005956 isoquinolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ATTFYOXEMHAYAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium nickel Chemical compound [Mg].[Ni] ATTFYOXEMHAYAX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000004957 naphthylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001971 neopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004365 octenyl group Chemical group C(=CCCCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001715 oxadiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002971 oxazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003538 pentan-3-yl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000005561 phenanthryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000005562 phenanthrylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000843 phenylene group Chemical group C1(=C(C=CC=C1)*)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000005575 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003367 polycyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000004368 propenyl group Chemical group C(=CC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004309 pyranyl group Chemical group O1C(C=CC=C1)* 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001973 tert-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003718 tetrahydrofuranyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 125000001113 thiadiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/0005—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes
- C01B3/001—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof
- C01B3/0015—Organic compounds; Solutions thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
- C07F5/02—Boron compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic Table
- C07F5/02—Boron compounds
- C07F5/022—Boron compounds without C-boron linkages
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for reversible hydrogen storage, to a material for reversible hydrogen storage and to the use of the material for reversible hydrogen storage.
- Hydrogen is an energy carrier which has great potential for future energy supply.
- renewable energy can be stored directly in the form of hydrogen.
- suitable processes for hydrogen storage are needed.
- the methods used for that purpose have been essentially (i) pressurized hydrogen gas storage, (ii) liquid hydrogen storage and (iii) metal hydride or hydride complex storage.
- WO-A-89/01823 describes an apparatus for dehydrogenating liquid hydrides, which comprises a chemical reactor for dehydrogenating the heated vaporous hydride, a preheating stage for preheating the hydride, an evaporator stage for evaporating the hydride, a superheating stage for superheating the vaporous hydride and a condenser stage for cooling the dehydrogenation products.
- US-A-2006/0292068 describes a process for dehydrogenating aminoboranes.
- JP-A-2003-277004 describes an apparatus for obtaining hydrogen gas from the reversible reaction of decalin to give naphthalene.
- A. Stanger, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12034 describes a theoretical study of the aromaticity, for example, of boron-containing aromatic molecules.
- a process for reversible hydrogen storage comprises the step of reacting a material for reversible hydrogen storage, comprising at least one compound of the general formula (III), (IV), (VI), (VII), (VIII) or (IX) below, with molecular hydrogen in order to reversibly store it, and/or heating it to a temperature in the range from 50° C. to 150° C. and/or placing a material which has reversibly stored hydrogen, comprising at least one compound of the general formula (I), (II), (III), (V), (VI), (VII) or (VIII) below, under vacuum in order to release molecular hydrogen:
- E is selected from the group consisting of B, Al and Ga
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, thio, cyano, sulfo, carboxyl, a straight- or branched-chain C 1-8 -alkyl radical, a C 3-7 -cycloalkyl radical, a straight- or branched-chain C 2-8 -alkenyl radical, an
- reaction of the compounds of the formula (III), (IV), (VI), (VII), (VIII) or (IX) with hydrogen affords compounds of the following general formula (I), (II), (III), (V), (VI), (VII) or (VIII) where at least two of the X substituents are hydrogen.
- the reaction with hydrogen i.e. hydrogenation
- the hydrogenation can be effected in any suitable manner.
- Corresponding processes for hydrogenation are known to those skilled in the art.
- the hydrogenation can be effected, for example, on the laboratory scale or on the industrial scale.
- the hydrogenation is effected at a pressure in the range from about 0.1 to 5 bar, more preferably in the region of 1 bar.
- Such a hydrogenation is advantageous since no complex apparatus, for example an autoclave, need be used. This is particularly advantageous with regard to an industrial use of the process according to the invention, for example for reversible hydrogen storage in motor vehicle technology.
- the hydrogen-containing material which comprises at least one compound of the following general formulae (I), (II), (III), (V), (VI), (VII) or (VIII) is heated to a temperature in the range from 50 to 150° C., preferably in the range from 50 to 100° C., and/or placed under vacuum. Addition of a catalyst allows the temperature required for the elimination to be lowered and/or the formation of possible by-products to be suppressed.
- reaction of hydrogen absorption is reversed, which eliminates hydrogen from the compounds of the general formula (I), (II), (III), (V), (VI), (VII) or (VIII) and hence releases it in a controlled manner.
- a prerequisite for such a hydrogen release is that the corresponding compounds of the general formula (I), (II), (III), (V), (VI), (VII) or (VIII) are capable of releasing hydrogen.
- capability of hydrogen release is understood to mean that the corresponding compound has at least one X substituent for which X is hydrogen.
- the corresponding compound preferably has at least two substituents for which X is hydrogen.
- the heating can be effected in any suitable manner.
- the material can also be placed under vacuum in any suitable way.
- the term “placing under vacuum” is understood to mean any reduction of the pressure.
- the pressure can be reduced to a value of about 100 mbar, even more preferred being a reduction of the pressure to a value of about 50 mbar, in order thus to bring about the release of hydrogen.
- the hydrogen released in this way can be used in any suitable manner.
- the hydrogen can be used to operate a fuel cell, for example in a motor vehicle, or for catalytic hydrogenation of olefins, both on the industrial scale and on the laboratory scale.
- the process according to the invention is particularly advantageous because the hydrogen release and absorption can be very rapid.
- the hydrogen release or absorption is essentially complete, i.e. to an extent of more than 95%, within less than 15 minutes, more preferably within less than 10 minutes and even more preferably within one minute.
- the material used in the process according to the invention may be present either in liquid form or in the form of a molecular, oligomeric or polymeric solid.
- the state depends especially on the structure of the compounds of the general formulae (I) to (IX), i.e. especially on the nature of the A bridge and the X substituents, and on the way in which the compounds of the general formulae (I) to (IX) are processed within the material.
- E is selected from the group consisting of B, Al and Ga.
- all E atoms within the compound of one of the general formulae (I) to (IX) are identical and are the same element, B, Al or Ga.
- the compounds of the general formulae (I) to (IX) contain two different elements selected from the group consisting of B, Al and Ga.
- the use of these elements in the compounds of the general formulae (I) to (IX) for the process according to the invention for reversible hydrogen storage is particularly advantageous because the reaction of hydrogen absorption and the reverse reaction of hydrogen release are thus particularly favorable both in thermodynamic and in kinetic terms.
- the process according to the invention two E atoms are joined to one another via one or two bridging A ligands.
- the reaction barrier of the hydrogen absorption and release is reduced further, which brings about a further improvement in the reversibility of the reaction shown above.
- the process according to the invention for hydrogen release can thus be performed by using one or more elements selected from B, Al or Ga at comparatively low temperatures, specifically in the range from about 50° C. to about 150° C. Equally, the absorption of hydrogen can take place under very mild conditions.
- the two E atoms are bridged to one another via at least one A bridge.
- the compounds of the general formulae (I), (III) and (IV) have two A bridges, where the A bridges may be the same or different.
- one A bridge is present in the compounds of the general formulae (II), (V), (VI), (VII), (VIII) and (IX).
- a C 1-8 -alkylene group is understood to mean a methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, heptylene or octylene group.
- the C 2-8 -alkenylene group may be an ethenylene, propenylene, 1-butenylene, 2-butenylene, 1-pentenylene, 2-pentenylene or 1,3-pentadienylene group.
- the C 2-8 -alkenylene group may also be any mono- or polyunsaturated hexenylene, heptenylene or octenylene group.
- the A group may additionally be an —NR 3 CR 4 NR 5 — group, this group being derived by hydrogen abstraction from an imine of the formula NR 3 ⁇ CR 4 —NR 5 H or HNR 3 —CR 4 ⁇ NR 5 .
- the A group may be an aromatic or heterocyclic ring, by means of which the two E atoms are joined to one another.
- aromatic groups are phenylene, naphthylene, phenanthrylene and anthracylene.
- the heterocyclic ring is a saturated or unsaturated, cyclic or polycyclic ring having, for example, 5 to 12 atoms, which contains one or more heteroatoms.
- heteroaromatic groups are thienediyl, furandiyl, pyrrolediyl, imidazolediyl, pyrazolediyl, thiazolediyl, isothiazolediyl, oxazolediyl, pyrrolidinediyl, pyrrolinediyl, imidazolidinediyl, imidazolinediyl, pyrazolidinediyl, tetrahydrofurandiyl, pyrandiyl, pyronediyl, pyridinediyl, pyrazinediyl, pyridazinediyl, benzofurandiyl, isobenzofurandiyl, indolediyl, oxyindolediyl, isoindolediyl, indazolediyl, indolinediyl, 7-azaindolediyl, isoind
- the A groups may optionally be substituted by one or more R 1 to R 6 substituents, where the R 1 to R 6 substituents may be the same or different and it is also possible, for example, for a plurality of R 1 substituents to be different from one another.
- the R 1 to R 6 substituents are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, thio, cyano, sulfo, carboxyl, a straight- or branched-chain C 1-8 -alkyl radical, a C 3-7 -cycloalkyl radical, a straight- or branched-chain C 2-8 -alkenyl radical, an aryl radical, a heterocyclic radical, an arylcarbonyl radical, a C 1-8 -alkylcarbonyl radical, a carbonyloxy radical, a sulfonyl radical, an amino radical, a C 1-8 -alkylamino radical, a C 1-8 -dialkylamino radical, an amido radical, a C 1-8 -alkylamido radical, a C 1-8 -dialkylamido radical, a C 1-8 -alkyloxycarbonylamino radical, an aryloxy-carbonylamino radical,
- halogen is understood to mean a halogen atom from the group of F, Cl, Br or I.
- Preferred halogen substituents are F, Cl and Br.
- C 1-8 -alkyl radicals are methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-propyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, n-butyl, 1-, 2- or 3-pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, n-, 2- or 3-hexyl, 2-, 3- or 4-methylpentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl and 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl.
- a C 3-7 -cycloalkyl radical is understood to mean, for example, a cyclopropyl, a cyclobutane, a cyclopentane, a cyclohexane or a cycloheptane radical. Particular preference is given to a cyclohexane radical.
- C 2-8 -alkenyl radicals are an ethenyl, propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl or 1,3-pentadienyl radical.
- the C 2-8 -alkenyl group may also be any mono- or polyunsaturated hexenyl, heptenyl or octenyl group.
- an aryl radical is understood to mean a cyclic or polycyclic aromatic group, for example phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl and anthracyl.
- a heterocyclic radical is a saturated or unsaturated, cyclic or polycyclic radical which contains one or more heteroatoms.
- heterocyclic radical examples include thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, imidazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, pyranyl, pyronyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuryl, indolyl, oxyindolyl, isoindolyl, indazolyl, indolinyl, 7-azaindolyl, isoindazolyl, benzopyranyl, coumarinyl, isocoumarinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, naphthridinyl, quinolinyl, quinazolinyl,
- aryl and C 1-8 -alkyl radicals apply correspondingly to other substituents which contain an aryl and/or C 1-8 -alkyl group.
- substituents which contain an aryl and/or C 1-8 -alkyl group.
- These may be an arylcarbonyl radical, a C 1-8 -alkylcarbonyl radical, a C 1-8 -alkylamino radical, a C 1-8 -dialkylamino radical, a C 1-8 -alkylamido radical, a C 1-8 -dialkylamido radical, a C 1-8 -alkyloxycarbonylamino radical, an aryloxycarbonylamino radical, a C 1-8 -alkyloxy radical, an aryloxy radical, an arylalkyloxy radical, a C 1-8 -alkylsulfonylamido radical or an arylsulfonylamido radical.
- the compounds of the general formulae (I) to (IX) according to the present invention may have X substituents which are bonded terminally to an E atom and/or connect two E atoms to one another in the manner of a bridge.
- the X substituents may be the same or different and may each independently be selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, thio, cyano, sulfo, carboxyl, a straight- or branched-chain C 1-8 -alkyl radical, a C 3-7 -cycloalkyl radical, a straight- or branched-chain C 2-8 -alkenyl radical, an aryl radical, a heterocyclic radical, an arylcarbonyl radical, a C 1-8 -alkylcarbonyl radical, a carbonyloxy radical, a sulfonyl radical, an amino radical, a C 1-8 -alkylamino radical, a C 1-8 -dialkylamino radical, an amido radical, a C 1-8 -alkylamido radical, a C 1-8 -dialkylamido radical, a C 1-8 -alkyloxycarbonylamino radical, an aryloxycarbonylamino radical, an
- the X substituents are each independently hydrogen, halogen, especially fluorine, an amino radical, a C 1-8 -alkylamino radical or a C 1-8 -dialkylamino radical.
- halogen especially fluorine, an amino radical, a C 1-8 -alkylamino radical or a C 1-8 -dialkylamino radical.
- the compounds (I) to (IX) are capable either of absorbing and/or of releasing hydrogen.
- the ability to release hydrogen is understood to mean that the corresponding compound has at least one X substituent for which X is hydrogen.
- the corresponding compound preferably contains at least two substituents for which X is hydrogen. This relates exclusively to the compounds of the general formulae (I), (II), (III), (V), (VI), (VII) and (VIII), since these have X substituents.
- the ability to absorb hydrogen is understood to mean that the corresponding compound is at least monounsaturated with regard to an addition of hydrogen.
- any two or more than two R 1 to R 6 and/or X radicals form one or more rings with one another and/or that the molecule has two or more of the structural features shown in the formulae (I) to (IX).
- A is an —NR 3 CR 4 NR 5 — group and X is hydrogen, halogen, a straight- or branched-chain C 1-8 -alkyl radical or NH 2 .
- the A group is preferably an amidinate with R 4 as hydrogen or C 1-8 -alkyl radical, or a guanidinate with R 4 as C 1-8 -dialkylamino radical.
- amidinate bridges is advantageous with regard to the storage capacity of hydrogen. For instance, when amidinate bridges are used, up to about 6% by weight of hydrogen can be stored in the compounds of the general formula (I). Amidinate and guanidinate bridges are also advantageous from a kinetic and thermodynamic point of view.
- A is therefore one of the following groups (X) to (XII):
- (X) to (XII) radicals may be substituted by one or more straight- or branched-chain C 1-8 -alkyl radicals, aryl radicals and/or halogen atoms.
- the material used in the process according to the invention comprises at least one compound of the following formulae (XIII) to (XV):
- A is a C 2 -alkenylene group which may be substituted by one or more C 1-8 -alkyl radicals, aryl radicals and/or halogen atoms, and X is hydrogen, halogen, a straight- or branched-chain C 1-8 -alkyl radical or NH 2 .
- the material used in the process according to the invention comprises at least one compound of the following formula (XVI):
- the compound of the formula (XVI) is especially advantageous with regard to the hydrogen storage capacity.
- the compound can eliminate up to about 8% by weight of hydrogen to form a corresponding diboracyclobutene derivative.
- the A radical is an aromatic ring which may be substituted by one or more C 1-8 -alkyl radicals, aryl radicals and/or halogen atoms
- X is hydrogen, halogen, a straight- or branched-chain C 1-8 -alkyl radical or NH 2
- the material used in the process according to the invention comprises at least one compound of the following formula (XVII), where X is halogen or hydrogen:
- the material used in the process according to the invention comprises at least one compound of the following formula (XVIII):
- the process according to the invention surprisingly enables rapid and reversible hydrogen storage at a comparatively low pressure.
- the pressure is preferably in the range from about 0.1 to 5 bar, more preferably a pressure of about 1 bar.
- the process according to the invention can be performed at comparatively mild temperatures of less than 150° C.
- the high flexibility with regard to the selection of the bridging A ligand and of the X substituent is also advantageous with regard to an adjustment of the process according to the invention to different applications, for example hydrogen storage in the context of motor vehicle technology or hydrogen release in stoichiometric olefin hydrogenation.
- the material used in the process according to the invention is comparatively simple and inexpensive to produce.
- the present invention further relates to a material for reversible hydrogen storage, comprising at least one compound of the following general formulae (I) to (IX), where E is boron and the A and X groups are each as defined above:
- the compounds (I) to (IX) are capable either of absorbing and/or of releasing hydrogen.
- the ability to release hydrogen is understood to mean that the corresponding compound has at least one X substituent for which X is hydrogen.
- the corresponding compound preferably contains at least two substituents for which X is hydrogen. This relates exclusively to the compounds of the general formulae (I), (II), (III), (V), (VI), (VII) and (VIII), since these have X substituents.
- the ability to absorb hydrogen is understood to mean that the corresponding compound is at least monounsaturated with regard to an addition of hydrogen.
- the inventive material it is thus possible with the inventive material to rapidly and reversibly store hydrogen and/or to rapidly and safely release hydrogen.
- the hydrogen release or absorption is essentially complete, i.e. to an extent of more than 95%, within less than 15 minutes, more preferably within less than 10 minutes and even more preferably within one minute.
- the inventive material may be present either in liquid form or in the form of a molecular, oligomeric or polymeric solid.
- the state depends more particularly on the structure of the compounds of the general formulae (I) to (IX), i.e. more particularly on the nature of the A bridge and of the X substituents, and on the way in which the compounds of the general formulae (I) to (IX) are processed within the material.
- A is an —NR 3 CR 4 NR 5 — group and X is hydrogen, halogen, a straight- or branched-chain C 1-8 -alkyl radical or NH 2 .
- A is especially preferably one of the following groups (X) to (XII):
- (X) to (XII) radicals may be substituted by one or more straight- or branched-chain C 1-8 -alkyl radicals, aryl radicals and/or halogen atoms.
- the inventive material comprises at least one compound of the following formulae (XIII) to (XV)
- A is a C 2 -alkenylene group which may be substituted by one or more C 1-8 -alkyl radicals, aryl radicals and/or halogen atoms, and X is hydrogen, halogen, a straight- or branched-chain C 1-8 -alkyl radical or NH 2 .
- the inventive material comprises at least one compound of the following formula (XVI):
- the A radical is an aromatic ring which may be substituted by one or more C 1-8 -alkyl radicals, aryl radicals and/or halogen atoms
- X is hydrogen, halogen, a straight- or branched-chain C 1-8 -alkyl radical or NH 2
- the inventive material comprises at least one compound of the following formula (XVII) where X is halogen or hydrogen.
- the inventive material comprises at least one compound of the following formula (XVIII):
- reversible hydrogen storage is understood to mean a process which comprises firstly the reaction of the inventive material with hydrogen for hydrogen absorption and secondly the release of hydrogen from the hydrogen-containing material obtained by hydrogen absorption.
- inventive material can be used, for example, as a hydrogen store in fuel cell technology, for example in the motor vehicle sector, or else for release of hydrogen for olefin hydrogenation either on the laboratory scale or on the industrial scale.
- the compounds of the general formulae (I) to (IX) can be prepared in any suitable manner. Corresponding processes are known to those skilled in the art.
- reaction scheme (2) The compound obtained in this reaction is able to reversibly absorb and release hydrogen according to the following reaction scheme (2):
- inventive compounds can be prepared with only one A bridge, for example, in the following manner (reaction scheme (3) and reaction scheme (4)), where E is boron and Y is a halogen, preferably chlorine:
- the structure of the inventive compounds obtained may be of the salt (general formula (VIII)) or covalent (general formulae (VI) and (VII)) type. This depends essentially on the nature (electronic and steric properties) of the X substituent.
- the counteranion may be any desired suitable anion. It is preferably, however, identical to the X substituent.
- the counterion is more preferably a halide.
- Reaction scheme (5) shows how, proceeding from a diborylated alkyne derivative, obtainable by reaction of CaC 2 with BX 3 —OEt 2 , catalytic cyclotrimerization can form a hexaborylbenzene derivative.
- Reduction with Li or another suitable reducing agent gives rise to the compound of the general formula (XVII) according to the present invention.
- X 2 elimination can form the oligomer or polymer of the general formula (XVIII).
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Abstract
Description
where
E is selected from the group consisting of B, Al and Ga,
A is independently a C1-8-alkylene group which may optionally be substituted by one or more R1 radicals, a C2-8-alkenylene group which may optionally be substituted by one or more R2 radicals, an —NR3CR4NR5— group, an —NR3—(CR4R4)n—NR5— group where n=1-10 or an aromatic or heterocyclic ring which may optionally be substituted by one or more R6 radicals,
R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and R6 are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, thio, cyano, sulfo, carboxyl, a straight- or branched-chain C1-8-alkyl radical, a C3-7-cycloalkyl radical, a straight- or branched-chain C2-8-alkenyl radical, an aryl radical, a heterocyclic radical, an arylcarbonyl radical, a C1-8-alkylcarbonyl radical, a carbonyloxy radical, a sulfonyl radical, an amino radical, a C1-8-alkylamino radical, a C1-8-dialkylamino radical, an amido radical, a C1-8-alkylamido radical, a C1-8-dialkylamido radical, a C1-8-alkyloxycarbonylamino radical, an aryloxy-carbonylamino radical, an amidino radical, a guanidino radical, a C1-8-alkyloxy radical, an aryloxy radical, an arylalkyloxy radical, a sulfonylamido radical, a C1-8-alkylsulfonylamido radical, an arylsulfonylamido radical, an amino acid radical or a protected amino acid radical,
X is selected independently from hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, thio, cyano, sulfo, carboxyl, a straight- or branched-chain C1-8-alkyl radical, a C3-7-cycloalkyl radical, a straight- or branched-chain C2-8-alkenyl radical, an aryl radical, a heterocyclic radical, an arylcarbonyl radical, a C1-8-alkylcarbonyl radical, a carbonyloxy radical, a sulfonyl radical, an amino radical, a C1-8-alkylamino radical, a C1-8-dialkylamino radical, an amido radical, a C1-8-alkylamido radical, a C1-8-dialkylamido radical, a C1-8-alkyloxycarbonylamino radical, an aryloxycarbonylamino radical, an amidino radical, a guanidino radical, a C1-8-alkyloxy radical, an aryloxy radical, an arylalkyloxy radical, a sulfonylamido radical, a C1-8-alkylsulfonylamido radical, an arylsulfonylamido radical, an amino acid radical or a protected amino acid radical,
where any two or more than two R1 to R6 and/or X radicals with one another may form one or more rings, and where the molecule may have two or more of the structural features shown in the formulae (I) to (IX), with the proviso that the compounds (I) to (IX) are capable either of absorbing and/or releasing hydrogen.
where the (X) to (XII) radicals may be substituted by one or more straight- or branched-chain C1-8-alkyl radicals, aryl radicals and/or halogen atoms.
where the (X) to (XII) radicals may be substituted by one or more straight- or branched-chain C1-8-alkyl radicals, aryl radicals and/or halogen atoms.
Claims (11)
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DE102007024145A DE102007024145B3 (en) | 2007-05-24 | 2007-05-24 | Molecular hydrogen storage and hydrogen transfer reagents for hydrogenation reactions |
DE102007024145.5 | 2007-05-24 | ||
PCT/EP2008/003003 WO2008141705A2 (en) | 2007-05-24 | 2008-04-15 | Molecular hydrogen stores and hydrogen transfer reagents for hydrogenation reactions |
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EP1475349A2 (en) | 2003-05-06 | 2004-11-10 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Hydrogen storage by reversible hydrogenation of pi-conjugated substrates |
US20060292068A1 (en) * | 2005-06-23 | 2006-12-28 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Acid-catalyzed dehydrogenation of amine-boranes |
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JP2003277004A (en) * | 2002-03-26 | 2003-10-02 | Toyota Motor Corp | Storage/separation tank and hydrogen gas producing apparatus |
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EP1475349A2 (en) | 2003-05-06 | 2004-11-10 | Air Products And Chemicals, Inc. | Hydrogen storage by reversible hydrogenation of pi-conjugated substrates |
US20060292068A1 (en) * | 2005-06-23 | 2006-12-28 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Acid-catalyzed dehydrogenation of amine-boranes |
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WO2008141705A2 (en) | 2008-11-27 |
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