US857263A - Window-cleaning device. - Google Patents

Window-cleaning device. Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US857263A
US857263A US31718806A US1906317188A US857263A US 857263 A US857263 A US 857263A US 31718806 A US31718806 A US 31718806A US 1906317188 A US1906317188 A US 1906317188A US 857263 A US857263 A US 857263A
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
window
cross
tubings
bands
cross head
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US31718806A
Inventor
Harry E Walter
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ROBERT A BOSWELL
Original Assignee
ROBERT A BOSWELL
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ROBERT A BOSWELL filed Critical ROBERT A BOSWELL
Priority to US31718806A priority Critical patent/US857263A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US857263A publication Critical patent/US857263A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60SSERVICING, CLEANING, REPAIRING, SUPPORTING, LIFTING, OR MANOEUVRING OF VEHICLES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B60S1/00Cleaning of vehicles
    • B60S1/02Cleaning windscreens, windows or optical devices
    • B60S1/04Wipers or the like, e.g. scrapers
    • B60S1/32Wipers or the like, e.g. scrapers characterised by constructional features of wiper blade arms or blades
    • B60S1/34Wiper arms; Mountings therefor
    • B60S1/3402Wiper arms; Mountings therefor with means for obtaining particular wiping patterns
    • B60S1/3404Wiper arms; Mountings therefor with means for obtaining particular wiping patterns the wiper blades being moved substantially parallel with themselves

Definitions

  • This invention is relative to a new and useful window cleaning device, the object of ⁇ which'is to provide a device which is simple in construction,v and inexpensive to manufacture; this device is'adapted for removing the rain s ots, snow and ice from the outer face of the giass, and directly following the operation oi' removing the snow and ice, the'same face of the glass is wi ed, and at the same time this operation is eing carried out, the inner i'ace oi the glass is being also wiped.
  • a further object of the invention isto provide a device of this character which may be attached to the window sash, so the two will move together, thus obviating the necessity of removing the device, when it is desired to move the window to one side.
  • This device is not only adaptable to street car windows, but is equally as well ada ted for use in connection with any other win ow, from which rain spots, snow and ice is to be removed, so as to render the glass clearer and more transparent.
  • FIG. 2 is a sectional view through Fig. 1 on line 2 2 thereof.
  • Fig. 3 is a crosssectional view showing the devlce applied .to a different form of a car front, the latter having been constructed in the ordinary way, and without reference ⁇ to the use of any particular windowcleaner.
  • Fic'. 4 is a perspective view of the window used in Fig. 3, looking at one side thereof.
  • Fig. 5 is a view similar to Fig. 4, looking at theopposite side.
  • Fig. 6 is an enlar ed detail sectlonal view of the upper part of ig. -1.
  • Fig-[7 is a pers lective view of the cross-head which is use onthe outside of the glass.
  • 8 is' an Ven- Fi larged sectional view of theilower part of Fig. 1.
  • Fig. 9 is a detail sectional viewof the tightening device for the steel "bands, cables or thin braided rope.
  • l Fi 1() is a detail of the cross-head used on t e insideof the glass, showing the manner in which thel rubber for wiping the glass isheld therein.
  • Fig. 11 is a view of one of the curved-terminals showing the pulleys 17 dispensed with.
  • Fi 12 is a detail view of the braided ropes in ieu of the steel bands.
  • 1 designates the window, as shown 1n Fig. 1, lthe length ofwhich is twice its width and 2 indicates the window as illustrated in Figs. 4 and 5, its length being only one and a half times its width; the latter of the two being the most preferable in ractical use, but the ⁇ device is ap lied to bot windows in the same manner.
  • the window is guided in its horizontal movement by means of caster wheels 3, journaled to bracket plates 4, which are secured to the sash ofthe window, one adj acent eachfcornerof the window, but only one bracket plate and caster wheel being shown; these caiterswheels are desi "ed to ⁇ trave1 upon metallic tracks 5, whic are fastened Aby screws or other suitable means to a strip 6, against the lower face of which the upper edge of the sash abuts, this construction partly revents displacement of the window.
  • the llbwer ortion of the window is held in close relation with IOO the frame of the front of the car, by means of a steelspring loop 7 ,which is secured tothe sash' ⁇ of the window and is designed to bear against.
  • the window which is illustrated in Fig. 3 is guided inits horizontal movement by the strips 9, which'are secured, one to the u per portion of the frame of the ⁇ front an the other to the lower portion of the frame'of the front, but one strip being shown.
  • the upper and owertubi-ngs are yconnected by means of a'slotted tubing 16, .as illustrated in the drawings. Journaled within these tubings vare pulleys 17, over which the'steel bands'lS travel, that is when the cross-heads y 19 and 20 arefmoved up or down; thecross ⁇ head 20 being connected to the steel bands by the screw-threaded pintles 21 thereof which engage lthel circular threaded recess 22 of the connectingbar 23, which connects the two ends of the steel bandas yclearly shown in Fig. 7.
  • this clamping member 27 is securely u fastened withrelation to the body ofthe cross head, by screws or other. suitable fasy tening means, as will be observed.
  • the cross head 194 is securely fastened by its ends, to the steel band by means of screws 30, or'any other suitable fastening means; this cross head is rovided with a recess 3 1, horizontally of its ength, the walls of whichy slightly diverge, as at 32, as shown in Figs. 1 and 10 of the drawings, which recess receives a strip of rubber ⁇ 33, or any other suitable material, which'is desi ed to wi e the glass of the steam onthe inside thereof.
  • Fi 11 illustrates the semi-circular tubings 1n which the pulleys are dispensed with, thus allowing the steel bands to travel or move over the smoothl inner circumference of the said tubings, as will be observed.
  • Fig. 12 illustrates braided rope in lieu of using the steel bands
  • suitable handles 42 are provided upon the cross head 19 and by raising said cross head, their,
  • a window cleaning device the combination with 'a window sash, vof pairs of semieirculartubings fixed to the upper and lower portions of the sash thereof, a pair of slotted v tubings connecting said semi-circular tubings upon the outside of the sash, a cross head Vto move vertically between said slotted tubings, endless bands lying in said slotted Y face of the Window and secured to said bands, and means for tightening said bands.
  • a pair of cross heads In a window cleaning device, a pair of cross heads, endless bands connected to the cross heads, slotted tubings for guiding one of the cross heads and means carried by the bands for tightening the bands.
  • a cross head triangular in cross section to insure a firm bearing throughout the glass of the window and having a knife edge, one of the outer faces of said cross head being disposed angularly to said line of travel pintles at the ends of said cross head, clamping means on said face, and a strip of rubber held on said face by said 'clamping means combined with a band having a connecting bar upon each side of said cross head, the connecting bars receiving said pintles.
  • a cross head triangular in cross section to insure a firm bearing throughout the glass of the window and having a knife edge, one of the outer faces of said cross head being disposed angularly to ⁇ said line of travel, and havin means for clam ing a strip of suitable material for wiping tiie glass of the window, means for actuating the cross head, and means for i Aguiding said cross head and its actuating means.
  • a cross head triangular in cross section to insure a firm bearing throu hout the glass of the window and having a nife edge, said cross head being adapted to carry a Wiper, endless means to co erate with the cross head, slotted tubings or guiding the cross head and said endless means, and means carried by the endless means for tightening the same.
  • a cross. head triangular in cross section to insure a firm bearing throu hout the glass of the Window and having a nife edge, said cross head being adapted to carry a Wiper, endless means to coperate with the cross head, means carried by the endless means for tightening the same, slotted tubinr and.
  • a cross head triangular in cross section and having the knife edge dis osed to bear directly against the glass, a c amping member hinged to one of the faces of said cross head, a strip of rubber to be clamped thereby and means for securely fastening said clamping member'.
  • a pair of semi-circular tubings fixed to the upper and lower portions of the sash of the window, slotted tubings connecting the semi-circular tubings upon the outside of the window, bands to move through said tubings, a pair of cross heads connected to said bands, wipers carried by said cross heads, and means carried by said bands compensating for the slack or tightness of the bands.
  • a pair of cross heads endless bands to cooperate therewith, slotted tubings, curved terminals therefor, rollers in said terminals, and means carried by said bands for tightening said bands.
  • a pair of semi-circular tubings fixed tothe upper and lower portions of the sash of the window
  • slotted tubings connecting the semi-circular tubings upon tlie outside of the window, ⁇ pul leys journaled Within said spuri-circular tubings, endless bands designed to move through said tubings and over the pulleys; a cross head carrying a ⁇ Wi er, pintles projecting from each end of sai cross liead and screwthreaded, connecting bars for the bands and having a threaded recess to receive said pintles a second cross head connected with said bands, a wiper carried by said cross head, handles carried by said second cross head and means carried by said bands for compensating for the slack or tightness of the bands.

Description

PATENTED .TUNE 18, 1907.
H. E. WALTER.
WINDW CLEANING DEVICE.
APPLICATION FILED MAY 16,1906.
4 SHEETS-SHEET nucnfoz 62x51 |511 coges v No. 857,263.
PATENTED JUNE 18, 1907.
H. E. WALTER.
WINDCW CLEANING DEVICE.
APPLICATION FILED MAY 16,1906.
4 SHEETS-SHEET 3.
PATENTED JUNE 18, 1907. H. E. WALTER.
- WINDOW CLEANING DEVICE.
APPLIGATIUN FILED MAY 16 190B @WEZ/ifa? CNM fdd
UNITED sTATEs PATENT oEEIoE.
HARRY E. WALTER, OF WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, ASSIGNOR OF ONE-THIRD TO ROBERT A. BOSWELL, OF WASHINGTON, DISTRICT OF COLULBBIA.
WINDOW-CLEANING DEVICE.
Specication of Letters Patent.I
Patented June 18, 1,907.l
To all whom it may concern.-
Be it known that I, HARRY E. WALTER, a citizen oi' the United States o America, residing at Washington, in the District of Columbia, have invented a new and useful Window- Cleaning Device, of which the following is a specication.
This invention is relative to a new and useful window cleaning device, the object of` which'is to provide a device which is simple in construction,v and inexpensive to manufacture; this device is'adapted for removing the rain s ots, snow and ice from the outer face of the giass, and directly following the operation oi' removing the snow and ice, the'same face of the glass is wi ed, and at the same time this operation is eing carried out, the inner i'ace oi the glass is being also wiped.
A further object of the invention isto provide a device of this character which may be attached to the window sash, so the two will move together, thus obviating the necessity of removing the device, when it is desired to move the window to one side.
It will be observed that the drawings illustrate the exact construction of different cars actually in practical use; this is for the purpose of demonstrating the practicability of the device.
No springs are employed to return the device to its resting place, as will be observed the two cleaning cross-heads are operated in,
unison.
This device is not only adaptable to street car windows, but is equally as well ada ted for use in connection with any other win ow, from which rain spots, snow and ice is to be removed, so as to render the glass clearer and more transparent.
This invention comprises further combinations of elements which will be hereinafter more fully described, shown in the Aaccompanying drawings, and the, novel features thereof will be pointed out by the appended claims.
To obtain a full and correct understanding of the details of construction, combinations of elements and advantages, reference is to be had to thehereinafter setforth description and the accompanying drawings in connec-I 4 tion therewith, wherein Figure 1 is a verticalsectional view through theront of a vestibule of a car,
showing the improved window cleaningr device, applied to afront which was attached after vthe car-was constructed and in practical use. Fig. 2 isa sectional view through Fig. 1 on line 2 2 thereof. Fig. 3 is a crosssectional view showing the devlce applied .to a different form of a car front, the latter having been constructed in the ordinary way, and without reference `to the use of any particular windowcleaner. Fic'. 4 is a perspective view of the window used in Fig. 3, looking at one side thereof. Fig. 5 is a view similar to Fig. 4, looking at theopposite side.
Fig. 6 is an enlar ed detail sectlonal view of the upper part of ig. -1. Fig-[7 is a pers lective view of the cross-head which is use onthe outside of the glass. 8 is' an Ven- Fi larged sectional view of theilower part of Fig. 1. Fig. 9 is a detail sectional viewof the tightening device for the steel "bands, cables or thin braided rope. l Fi 1() is a detail of the cross-head used on t e insideof the glass, showing the manner in which thel rubber for wiping the glass isheld therein. Fig. 11 is a view of one of the curved-terminals showing the pulleys 17 dispensed with.
Fi 12 is a detail view of the braided ropes in ieu of the steel bands.
Making renewed reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein similar reference characters indicate Ycorresponding parts in the several illustrations, bygures, 1 designates the window, as shown 1n Fig. 1, lthe length ofwhich is twice its width and 2 indicates the window as illustrated in Figs. 4 and 5, its length being only one and a half times its width; the latter of the two being the most preferable in ractical use, but the` device is ap lied to bot windows in the same manner.
nFig. 1 the window is guided in its horizontal movement by means of caster wheels 3, journaled to bracket plates 4, which are secured to the sash ofthe window, one adj acent eachfcornerof the window, but only one bracket plate and caster wheel being shown; these caiterswheels are desi "ed to`trave1 upon metallic tracks 5, whic are fastened Aby screws or other suitable means to a strip 6, against the lower face of which the upper edge of the sash abuts, this construction partly revents displacement of the window.
The llbwer ortion of the window, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2, is held in close relation with IOO the frame of the front of the car, by means of a steelspring loop 7 ,which is secured tothe sash'` of the window and is designed to bear against.
l be clearly underthe uide strip 8, as wi stoo which guide strip is clearly illustrated inFigs.1and2. .i y
The window which is illustrated in Fig. 3, is guided inits horizontal movement by the strips 9, which'are secured, one to the u per portion of the frame of the` front an the other to the lower portion of the frame'of the front, but one strip being shown.` i
` Fixed to the u per and -lower portions of the sash of the wmdow are'two semicircular tubings 10, each consisting of two parts 11 and;` 12, which are `partly inserted through apertures 13, ofthe sash, leaving the adjacent ends to abut, which ends are rovided 4with rabbets 14, to provide a close t and to partly revent thegdis'placement ofthe two parts o *the tubing. i he twoparts of each tubing are. rovided with apertured lugs15, vwhich vareV astened by screws to the sash of the window', to prevent displacement thereof,'as elearl shown in Figs. 4 and 5. The upper and owertubi-ngs are yconnected by means of a'slotted tubing 16, .as illustrated in the drawings. Journaled within these tubings vare pulleys 17, over which the'steel bands'lS travel, that is when the cross-heads y 19 and 20 arefmoved up or down; thecross` head 20 being connected to the steel bands by the screw-threaded pintles 21 thereof which engage lthel circular threaded recess 22 of the connectingbar 23, which connects the two ends of the steel bandas yclearly shown in Fig. 7. The slots 24 of the tubing 16, through which the intles` 21 extend, guide vthe cross heads in t eir vertical movement, as will be clearly understood from the drawings; the said tubings 16 kbeing connected with the semi-circular tubinvs by means of screw threads, as at 25, as shown clearly in Figs.Y 6 and 8 of the accompanying drawings. This cross head 20 is made triangular in cross section, to. prevent` to agreat extent the bending at any point between its ends, by which an extremely rigid cross head is provided, throughout the `horizontal plane of .the ane of lass; this construction of cross hea i allows ie knife edge 26 thereof to have a firm bearing throughout its length, as will be clearly observed. lThis cross head-is prof.`
videdwith a clamping member'27; which'is hinged as at 28V, 4to the body thereof, between which and thecross head, astrip of rubber 29, or any other'suitable material is clamped, which rubber is for the purpose of wi ing the glass directly 'after the removal of t e`=snow and ice-j this clamping member 27 is securely u fastened withrelation to the body ofthe cross head, by screws or other. suitable fasy tening means, as will be observed.
The cross head 194 is securely fastened by its ends, to the steel band by means of screws 30, or'any other suitable fastening means; this cross head is rovided with a recess 3 1, horizontally of its ength, the walls of whichy slightly diverge, as at 32, as shown in Figs. 1 and 10 of the drawings, which recess receives a strip of rubber `33, or any other suitable material, which'is desi ed to wi e the glass of the steam onthe inside thereof.)
i The steel'bands 18, when adjusted in corl rect position with relation to the cross heads and the pulleys, are conveniently tivhtened by the tightening devices 34, whic `comprise a threaded socket member 35, which is riveted to the steel band, as at 36, and is desi ed to receive the threaded screw 37, w ich is swiveled, as at 38, toa cylindrical connecting member 39, by means of a screw Vthreaded cap 40,y which is passed overl the threaded screw and fitted to the cylindrical connecting member, as illustrated in Fig. 9 of the drawings; to tighten the steel. bands the threaded screws are rotated by means of a key 4l, whichl is inserted through an a erture of the said threadedl screw, as wil be clearly observed from Fig. 9.
Fi 11 illustrates the semi-circular tubings 1n which the pulleys are dispensed with, thus allowing the steel bands to travel or move over the smoothl inner circumference of the said tubings, as will be observed. A
Fig. 12 illustrates braided rope in lieu of using the steel bands,
To conveniently operate the device suitable handles 42 are provided upon the cross head 19 and by raising said cross head, their,
steam u on the inner face of the glass will be wiped t erefrom, at the same tune` the removal of the snow and ice from the outer face of the glass will be accomplished and di rectly following these operations, the `outer face of the glass willfbe wiped, as will be clearly understood from the above description in connection with the drawings.
Changes, variations andmodifications in detail Within the scope of the appended claimsmay be resorted to without departing from the spirit of the invention or sacriiicing an of its advantages.
rom the foregoing, the essential features,- elernents and operatlon of the device, will be clearly observed, and, when manufactured in accordance withthe invention, an exten sive market will be easily obtained, therefor. ,Y d Having thus fully described the invention, what is claimed as new and useful is:-
1. In a window cleaning device, the combination with 'a window sash, vof pairs of semieirculartubings fixed to the upper and lower portions of the sash thereof, a pair of slotted v tubings connecting said semi-circular tubings upon the outside of the sash, a cross head Vto move vertically between said slotted tubings, endless bands lying in said slotted Y face of the Window and secured to said bands, and means for tightening said bands.
2. In a window cleaning device, a pair of cross heads, endless bands connected to the cross heads, slotted tubings for guiding one of the cross heads and means carried by the bands for tightening the bands.
3. In a window cleaning-device, a cross head triangular in cross section to insure a firm bearing throughout the glass of the window and having a knife edge, one of the outer faces of said cross head being disposed angularly to said line of travel pintles at the ends of said cross head, clamping means on said face, and a strip of rubber held on said face by said 'clamping means combined with a band having a connecting bar upon each side of said cross head, the connecting bars receiving said pintles. y
4. In'a window cleaning device, a cross head triangular in cross section to insure a firm bearing throughout the glass of the window and having a knife edge, one of the outer faces of said cross head being disposed angularly to` said line of travel, and havin means for clam ing a strip of suitable material for wiping tiie glass of the window, means for actuating the cross head, and means for i Aguiding said cross head and its actuating means.
. 5. In a window cleaning device, a cross head triangular in cross section to insure a firm bearing throu hout the glass of the window and having a nife edge, said cross head being adapted to carry a Wiper, endless means to co erate with the cross head, slotted tubings or guiding the cross head and said endless means, and means carried by the endless means for tightening the same.
6. In a window cleaning device, a cross. head triangular in cross section to insure a firm bearing throu hout the glass of the Window and having a nife edge, said cross head being adapted to carry a Wiper, endless means to coperate with the cross head, means carried by the endless means for tightening the same, slotted tubinr and.
curved terminals thereforto guide sai cross head and the endless means.
7. In a window cleaning device, a pair of cross heads, endless bands connected therewith, slotted tubings secured to the window sash, top and bottom guides for said bands and means carried by said bands for tightening'the same. Y i
8. In a Window cleaning device, a cross head triangular in cross section and having the knife edge dis osed to bear directly against the glass, a c amping member hinged to one of the faces of said cross head, a strip of rubber to be clamped thereby and means for securely fastening said clamping member'.
9. In a window cleaning device, a pair of I semi-circular tubings fixed to the upper and lower ortions of the sash of the window, and slotted) tubings connecting the semi-circular tubings u on the outside' of the window, a cross hea guided in said slotted tubings, endless means connected with said cross head and a Wiper carried by said cross head.
10. In a windowcleaning device, a pair of semi-circular tubings fixed to the upper and lower portions of the sash of the window, slotted tubings connecting the semi-circular tubings upon the outside of the window, bands to move through said tubings, a pair of cross heads connected to said bands, wipers carried by said cross heads, and means carried by said bands compensating for the slack or tightness of the bands.
11. In a window cleaning device,'a pair of semi-circular tubings fixed to the upper and lower portions of the sash. of the window, slotted tubings connecting the semi-circular tubings u on the outside of the window, endless ban s designed to movethrough said tubings pulleys journaled within said semicircular tubings and over which said bands pass and a pair of cross heads connected to said bands.
12. In a windowcleaning device, a pair of cross heads, endless bands to cooperate therewith, slotted tubings, curved terminals therefor, rollers in said terminals, and means carried by said bands for tightening said bands.
13. In a window cleaning device, a pair of semi-circular tubings fixed tothe upper and lower portions of the sash of the window,
slotted tubings connecting the semi-circular tubings upon tlie outside of the window,`pul leys journaled Within said seini-circular tubings, endless bands designed to move through said tubings and over the pulleys; a cross head carrying a` Wi er, pintles projecting from each end of sai cross liead and screwthreaded, connecting bars for the bands and having a threaded recess to receive said pintles a second cross head connected with said bands, a wiper carried by said cross head, handles carried by said second cross head and means carried by said bands for compensating for the slack or tightness of the bands.
14. InV a 'window cleaning device, cross heads for operation upon opposite sides of the lass, endless means connecting said cross hea s, means inclosing and guidi-ng a portion ICO IIO
IIS
of said endless means, curved terminals for said guiding means, and means carried by said endless means for adjusting the tension thereof.
In witness whereof, my signature is bereunto affixed in the resence of two witnesses.
ARRY' E. WALTER.
Witnesses:
ROBERT A. BosWELL, M. A. BOND.
US31718806A 1906-05-16 1906-05-16 Window-cleaning device. Expired - Lifetime US857263A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US31718806A US857263A (en) 1906-05-16 1906-05-16 Window-cleaning device.

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US31718806A US857263A (en) 1906-05-16 1906-05-16 Window-cleaning device.

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US857263A true US857263A (en) 1907-06-18

Family

ID=2925718

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US31718806A Expired - Lifetime US857263A (en) 1906-05-16 1906-05-16 Window-cleaning device.

Country Status (1)

Country Link
US (1) US857263A (en)

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US2607944A (en) Combination windshield wiper
US857263A (en) Window-cleaning device.
US2149037A (en) Wiper for windshields
FR2443948A1 (en) WIPER ARM FOR WINDOWS OF A MOTOR VEHICLE
US1035796A (en) Window-cleaning device.
US1246829A (en) Window-cleaner.
US1169280A (en) Wiper for automobile wind-shields.
US1112793A (en) Wind-shield cleaner.
US869080A (en) Window-cleaner.
US1274445A (en) Window washer and wiper.
DE836892C (en) Windshield wipers for automobile windshields
US1340794A (en) Window-wiping device
US1249683A (en) Wind-shield cleaner.
US1219977A (en) Window-cleaner.
US743801A (en) Window-cleaning device.
US1232400A (en) Window-cleaner.
US910624A (en) Storm-front cleaner.
US386184A (en) Beough
US905945A (en) Window-cleaner.
US924685A (en) Window-cleaner.
US756229A (en) Window-cleaner.
US1355646A (en) Window-cleaner
US1083342A (en) Window-cleaning device.
US1347628A (en) Windshield-cleaner
US1423239A (en) Window cleaner