US846274A - Carpenter's square. - Google Patents

Description

N. 846,'274. PATENTED MAR. 5, 1907. G. YATES.

GARPENTERS SQUARE. APPLIUATION FILED FEB. 5, 190e.

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l @nvm/vm? Alfamqv PATEN'IED MAR. 5, 1907. G. YATES.

GARPENTERS SQUARE.

VAPPLICATION FILED FEB. 5. 1906.

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GEORGE YATES, OF WYOMING, PENNSYLVANIA.

CARPENTERS SQUARE.

Specification 'of Letters Patent.

Patented March 5, 1907.

Application fuea February 5, 1906. serial No. 99;520.

To 'all whom t may concern,.-

Be it known that I, GEORGE YATEs, a citizen of the United States, residing at Vyo- .ming, in the county of Luzerne and State of Pennsylvania, have invented certain .new

and useful Improvements in Carpenters Squares, of which the following is a specification, reference being had' therein to the accompanying drawing.

. lMy invention relates to an improvement 1n carpenters squares, and has for its object theprovision of a device whereby the carbut a rudimentary knowledge of mathematics, may estimate correctly and rapidly the length of rafter having a certain pitch necessary for -a structure of given dimensions, thus entrating the manner of valley rafters, 'may abling him to calculate the requisite amount of material Without wastage, and by means oi` which square hecan make the upper and lower terminal cuts of the rafter at the proper angles thout supplementary tools or calculations. Y

Further provision made by which .thev

successive rafters of gables, as well as the and accurately cut without' the use of additional tools; Alsoready means are aorded for laying-ofil and cutting the frame-timbersv for polygonal tions. A

VVth these objects inv view my invention consists in the tion hereinafter trated,and claimed. 4In the drawing accompanying this speciforming a4 partI hereof, Figure l a square constructed 1n accordance with my invention. Fig. 2

structures in `,various situashows the reverse side of the A square, and.

Figs. 3 and tare-.diagrammatic views illususe." .'Like reference-numerals designate similar parts 1n all the views.

Referring to the drawing more'pin detail,

-2 designates a square having the general form'of the ordinary carpenters square and with divisions indicating decimal parts of" a foot., While. l represents the reverse side of the same square, the divisions marking inches and certain fractional portionsthereof-di. e., one-half, one-fourth, one-twelfth, &o. rEhe principle'oi construction and manner of use-of the two sides is the same, lthe readings differing only according to ltional'unit used in diiierent lkinds of work and .by preference 'of the operator.v

y On the shorter' arm of the square, which may be" called the base a point is located one foot from the corner of the square, and adjacent thereto is described a quadrant 3 about such point as a center.

. On thellonger-arm of the square, which maybe called the altitude, diagonal scores 4, and 5 aref'orined cutting the graduations (in Fig. 1 the inches and in of a foot) and extending in a direct line toward the vpoint-6 on the base, one foot be quickly estimated from the corner and forming the centerv aforesaid of the quadrant 3. These scores, it will'be seen, indicate the Iespective hypotenuses of. right-angle triangles having a base one foot long and altitudes corresponding to the graduations intersected by such score.

Each inch and half-inch 'graduation bears a legend giving the length ofthe hypotenuse indicated by the score with which it intersects-e. g., the one-inch graduation is marked '1-0.04; two inches, '1- O.16; three inches,- -0.36\; eight inches, 1-2.42, &c., signifying lthe length of the hypotenuse of -a ri htangle triangle having a one-foot base an an altitude of one, two, three, and eight inches,

novel features V o f construc-` nl'ore fully described, illusres ectively. i

lgs a rafter represents thev hypotenuse of such'a triangle-having a base e ual to onehalf the Width of the building andl an altitude l equal to the vertical distance between the eaves-plate and the ridge-piece, it follows' that if a' rafter in a building thirty feet wide is-,to be given a rise of, say, eight inches to the foot it will correspond in pitch to the hypotenuse of a. triangle having a base of one foot and an altitude of eight inches. The length of such hypotenuse is, shown by reference to the unit-square to bey-2.42, and in order to ascertain the exact length of the rafter desired in thebuilding it only remains to multiply the length of this'hypotenuse, 1( '-2.42, by -fifteen,vthe'base in the building, andthe.' required rafter-will befound to beA precisely by 1-2'.42 or 18-O.3.

Knowing the `number of rafters needed, it is easy to estimate the total amount of matcrial which will bc necessary. To properlycut each'rafter, theoperator will make two 'marks on the timber 18,0 apart. He will then place the. point- 6 at the' 'the frac.-

twelve-inch mark on the base nfthe square at IOC ' square.

one of the marks indicated on the timber (as indicated at the left hand of Fig. 3,) with thel upper edge of the timber coinciding with the score 'cutting the eight-inch graduation and marked 1-2.42 and Will make the lower terminal horizontal cut of the rafter -along the lower edge of the base of the square. He

will then place the square with the eight-inch 'Graduation at the mark on the timber (as .indicated at the right hand of Fig. 3) with the upper edge of the timber coinciding with said score and'intcrsecting'the point 6 each other and respectively horizontal and.

vertical.

It will be seen 4that absolutely no calculation is required other than to multiply the value of the score corresponding to the desired pitch by one-half the width of the building, thus providing for rapidity and accuracy in designing, estimating, and framing, and a resultant economy in time and material and greater degree of perfection in workmanship.

In the narrow column 7, Fig. 1, just inside the score-index will be found numerals opposite each inch graduation which govern the amount to be deducted in the` cutting of jackrafters as follows: If the pitch is three inches to the foot and the length of the first rafter of a gable is' found to be 12-4.32 on a twelve-foot base, then the second rafter of the valley. in an eighteen-inch run will be 12-4.32 minus 4.5l (the numeral opposite the three-inch graduation) or 11-'11.82. The third will be 4.5 shorter than the second, and so on to the junction of the ridge A and valley. If the rafters are sixteen inches apart, the amount to be deducted from the length of the preceding rafter is four inches' instead of 4.5, and the second rafter of the valley would be in the instance given above 12J-4.32 minus four inches, or 12-.32, and so on.

It will thus be seen that by the use of this'l square builders are enabled not only to estimate and cut rafters of a straight run, but

' the varying rafters of a valley without other su plemental tools.

n many classes of work, as in breakers, housework, tinners Work, &c., it becomes necessary to frame in polygonal structure, and the task of calculating the lenO'th of the timbers-and the cuts is onebeyond the ability of the ordinary carpenter, necessitating the laying oif of plans and the reduction of the measurements taken thereon to the work in hand. In the square Iforming the subject of' this application provision is made whereby measured bythe difference between the mcetin Y angle of the sides and one hundred and eig ty degrees. As the sides of an octagon, for instance, meet at an angle of fortyiive degrees the embrace an angle of one hundred and eig ty degrees minus forty-iive degrees, or one hundred and thirty-iive degrees, and as in cutting the meeting ends of the timbers the divergent angle is divided equally between the two timber ends each will be cut at an angle of 62.5 degrees to its` sides.

To simplify the operation and obviate-the necessity of any calculation, and taking advantage of the fact that/'the two arms of the square meet at an angle of ninety degrees,

the quadrant 3 is provided with radial lines S alining with the scores 4 on the altitude of the square, which make-with that edge of the square angles corresponding to one-half the angles made by thepboundary-linesv of ordinary polygonal figures.

It will also be noted that along the tongue l or base of the `square are indicated several polygonal iigure's for the guidance ofthe user, illustrating the number of sides in each ordinary polygon and each with a legend, 9 giving4 the extreme length of a timber formmg one side of that polygon constructed within a circle having a radius of one foot. A further legend, 10,7'givesthe cut for the end of each timber to insurea perfect it.

To illustrate, if a room or roof is to 'be framed in as an Octagon having an extreme radius often feet a reference to the Octagon ligure will show that the length of each side will bel() by 9.18 or 7-7.8, and to cut the timbers to fit the square will be .placed with the poi-nt 6 of th'e quadrant 3 (which coincides with the twelve-inch raduation of the base of the square) at one e gefof the 4timber and in such position that that edge of the timber coincides with the radial line of the quadrant marked Octagon The timber is then cut along the outer edge of the longer side ofthe square. (See Fig. 4.) In placing the square in this position it will be noted that the edge of the timber coincides With the five-inch graduation on the longer arm of the square, as the diagonal score intersecting that gradua tion alines with the sai-d radial line. By this fact the greatest accuracy is secured in placing the square in position, and for this reason the legend, 10, referring to the cut gives the IIO ' structure with ytersection to their ends, said base graduations oneach arm of the squarewhich the edge ofthe timber will intersect, in'this( instance five inches by twelve inches. v v

The same application of the square will enable the carpenter to quickly calculate and cut the. timbers for framing any polygonal square cuts. r

--Havingthus described my said invention',

what I claim as new, 'and desire to secure by Letters Patent of thegUnited States,- is- The hereinadescribed" carpenters square' having the short arm or base and the long arm or altitude perpendicular one to the other With their outside edges graduated in.

Oint of in# aving the inches and halfinches from their quadrant j mark as center, an d both the base and altitude f inch mark on the base' and-intersecting the' having the scores 4 radiating `from the twelve# as great accuracy asA for 3 described about its twelve-inchinch land half-inch vgraduations on the altitude,vlegends adjacent to the graduations on the altitudevsignifying the length of rafters having a twelve-inch base and a pitch corresponding to the respective graduations, a roW of legends on the altitude adjacent to said graduations, the legends of said row-signifiin the decrease in length of succeeding jac ra ters at the same pitch arranged sixteen and eighteen inches apart, representations of fragments of various` polygons on said base and legends upon said base adjacent to said polygons signifying the length. of each side based upon a' given unit of measurement, substantially as shown and described.

In testimony whereof I hereunto aiiix my signaimre in presence of two witnesses.

4MARY E. DEAN,

MARK LUVERICK.

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