US844778A - Luminant in electric incandescent lamps. - Google Patents

Description

No. 844,778. PATENTED FEB. 19, 1907. F. M. F. GAZIN. LUMINANT IN ELECTRIC INGANDESGENT LAMPS.

APPLICATION FILED JULY 27, 1899.

FRANCIS MJFPCAZIN, OF IIOBOKEN, NEW JERSEY.

LUMINANT IN ELECTFHCINCANDESCENT LAMPS.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Feb. 19, 1907.

Application filed July 27,1899. Serial No. 725.283.

To all; whom, it may concern:

Be it known that I, FRANCIS M. F. UAZIN,

. a citizen of the United States, residing at 1108 Bloomfield street, city of lloboken, in the county of Hudson and State of New Jersey, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in for Luminants in Electric Incandescent Lamps, of which the following is a specification.

The purpose of this present application is of the same character and in the same relation to my Patents No. 523,460, of July 24., 1894, and No. 523,461, of same date, and No. 566,285, of August 18, 1896; No. 020,640, of March 7, and Nos. 621,291 and 621,292, of March 14, 1899, and No. 640,620, of January 2, 1900, and to all the applications therefor,

as my application of February 2, 1899, Se-

rial No. 704.,2l8-namel v, to obtain patent on certain modifications in the processes of manufacturing electric incandescent lamps invented by me and on the lamps that are the products of such manufacture, which processes and lamps were alluded to in these patents, but were not explicitly enough specitied and not suflicientlydisclosed for formulating on the said specifications and disclosures the proper claims for their protection by patent, though the invention as such or in its essential characteristics 'has then and I there been set forth, and, as conditioned on 1 such identity of pur ose and similarity of subiect-matter, as we 1 as to facilitate a clear and full understanding of the in'iprovement claimed by this application, I have selected from these my prior applications a few parts to recite, and in special docs applicant proose to congregate all matter herein which as been objected to as new in his application Serial No. 704,218, in order to preserve the continuity as between this application and its redccessors by the same applicant n my prior application. Serial No. 704,218, filed February 2, 1899, and since renewed on A ril 15, 1902, as Serial No. 102,993, and on W ich Patent No. 835,938 was issued on November 13, 1906, I have described certain improvements in the luminant for incandescent electric lamps consisting of a metal core covered with a film of metal having less ailinity for oxygen than the metal of the core embedded in rare-metal oxids, which under the influence of heat generated by the passage of electric current become luminous.

This, my present invention, relates to cortain improvements upon the structure disclosed in said previous application in that I now prefer to construct the core of metal or metals of the rutlienium-osmium class and preferably of an alloy of two or more such metals, the same to be coated with alloy of metal of less affinity for oxygen than the core metal.

It is my intention, therefore, to secure'patcnt for using, in combination with a filament proper, an accessory conducting part or layer such as mentioned in my Patent No. 621,291 in the statement, page 3, lines 111, &c., where the statement is made that the essential con (litions for practical light increase are that between these (surface) oxide and the filament (proper) there be intercohesiveness and that filament and oXids be insulated by an intermediate stratum as not to deteriorate one another, and the selection of material for the intermediate layer is limited only by functional requirements, as often explained, the base metals of the oxids of the surface layer being functionally fit and adapted.

l have used hereabove the Word alloy in its older sense, specifying a metallic compound in portions of the single metals cntircly independent of their proportional atomic Weight.

My invention further consists in the construction, arrangement. and combination of the several parts of which it is com osed, and which will be hereinafter more fu .y described and claimed.

In the matter of visible form of my im proved luminant I have disclosed different forms of luminous bodies, according to the functions assigned thereto and to the parts thereof, any one of which forms may be selected. All and every form which ada ts itself to the functional conditions assigned to the different improved parts is embraced in my improvements.

The figure re resents a view of the luminant as claime inelosed in glass parts and equipped for current connection in a similar manner as by me shown in my prior applica- 'tions.

The symbols marked on said figure indicate parts as follows, namely:

1 and 2 indicate the inleadiug and outleading wires. r

3 indicates the main all-glass base part, with the following subparts. namely: 3*, the reflecting top face of such base: 3*. the open tubular collar, intendedto hold hermetically the it per part; 3, the inverted test-tube, 1 I alloyed with one or more of these metals sealer hermetically at both ends, though erforated by an in or out leading wire, or by both, by means of fused glass-powder, held in place at both ends by collars of the base 3; 3, the smaller and screw-slumped end of the main all-glass base 3; 3, the openings in the all-glass base 3 for air circulation and the differential cooling of 3,

4 indicates one and 4 the other pole-cap of the lamp.

5 and 0 indicate an inner and an outerhermetically-sealed air-exlmusted glass bulbs, with 5 a perforation of 5 for the purpose of simultaneous air evacuation.

11 indicate the exposed parts of the in' and out leading wires.

12 indicates the terminals of the luminant 15.

15 indicates in exaggerated size and in an exterior view the luminant, the composition and construction of which is described in this specification.

In regard to thc-luminant thus shown I refer to my general statements in my Patent No. 620,640, in line 96, on page 1, describing the same in the matter of general structure as follows: The luminous body as such is an integrally-compound body or an integral structure of different materials, though of different composition chemically, physically in immediate and permanent contact with one another; and in lines 88, &c., on page 2: The dimensions that lam dealing with in making up the luminous body or structure are altogether extren'tely minute, and its component parts or elements or materials can 111 consequence not be otherwise than of extremely minute dimensions and cannot be of thicknesses that can by common means be measured, though in still so minute thicknesses they by their chemical and distinct nature perform the function to them assigned; and in regard to the state that I use metals in when they enter into the construction or composition of my improved luminants I refer to my Patent No. 640,620, issued on January 2, 1900, or to my application of March 21, 1899, (forty-eight days prior to this application) viz., to the fifty-fourth line on second page of the said patent, which reads as follows: l/Vhere a metal core is used, I cite the use of an alloy of the metals of the platinum class-such as platinum, paladium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium, and iridium--as occurs in nature (iridiosmine) or artificially produced, with suitable proportions of all or of some, and when in my prior a plications I disclosed the selection. of a metalifor making therewith a filament of the highest practicable fusionpoint, or of a metal of the ruthenitun-osmium class, I intended to use the metals of this class indiscriminately, singly or together, viz., as alloys; and in one of my methods another metal of a lower point of fusion and the general inner structure of my improved electric incandescent lamp as herein claimed has been by me disclosed in my Patent No. 620,640 and illustrated as Fig. 8 to the said patent, such figure being described, (page 4, line 2): Fig. 8 represents the luminous body in my improved lam with a filament of curvatures (longitudina ly, such as loops, &c. as now commonly used and with successive layers of material adapted to such filament and curvatures.

Fig. 2, representing a luminant exclusively, illustrates the same as consisting of a spiral -t'ormed metallic currcntconducting core, of a layer or layers of metals, be they plated singly or as alloys unto the said core, and modifying. the spiral form of the metal core as such into a simple cylindrical form for the luminant as a whole, and a surface coating, which may consist of metal of less allinity for oxygen than that of the core metal or metals and may have an oxidized surface or not.

1 do not wish to be understood as limiting it in any way to the theoretical statement that the rare-metal oxids become in themselves conductive by heat and subsequently accessory conductors, as the nature of my invention is entirely independent of whether or not such be the case, it being based merely upon the construction employed whereby the rare-nLctal oxids, from whatever cause it may be, become luminous when the main conductive element is connected in circuit with the proper voltage; nor do I wish it to be understood, contrary to my conception of my invention, that the application of an embedding coat or of a surface coating of rare-metal oxids be limited to any kind of my infusiblemetal filaments exclusively, but that such coat or coating is applied by me as well to a metallic core as well as to such a core protected by a metallic chemical insulating coat, since, as fully explained in my Patent No. 620,640, page 2, lines 99 and following, there is under current applied an automatic reaction between a conducting-core which has allinity for oxygen, on the one hand, and rare-metal oxids, on the other hand, both being in ade quate proportion, by which reaction a part of the oxids is reduced to metal and as such' then forms a chemical insulating metallic stratum or intermediate coating.

The filament as proposed in this application consists of metal of the rutheniumosmium class or of an alloy of said metals, the metals of the said class bein confined to those combining a high point of fusion with allinity for oxygen and including Wolfram, uranium, manganum, rhodium, iridium, and thorium, as well as others of like characteristics.

A further characteristic quality of these ICC metals is their brittleness or their capability of being powdered in their normal pure or native state; but'it should not be overlooked that while I-have divided .out of this applica- -ural qualities or by artificial preparation thereof, such as reducing excessive conductivity b powdering such as may be powdered by mec anical {means or b making compounds or alloys thereof wit matter of less conductivity, or be it by reducing the transverse section to cause the solid linear mass to become incandescent and to so produce light. (Compare my Patent No. 523,460, page 2, lines 128, &c.)

In the matter of form I declared, among other things and as in special ap licable to the lamp asillustratedherewith, as ollows: The form ofaspiral serpentine curve is sim ly one of the innumerable shapes which mig t be chosen, (compare my Patent N 0.

523,461, pa e 2, lines 54, &c and I described the functional purposes of the 02ndbody stratum or film in the luminant-body as a solid bearing in or on its face and interal therewith lines of matter adapted to heat the solid body by means of the dark heat rays produced by the electric current under adequate resistance. (Compare my Patent No. 566,285, page 3, lines 14, &c.) In the matter of material selected applicant has never waived his declaration in his Patent No. 621,291, lines 55, &c., namely: I have in all of my preceding applications qualified the current passing and resisting filament by function and not by material. (Compare my patent No. 621,291, page 1, lines 55, &c.) In corroboration of this my declaration the Board of Examiners-in-Ohief in an appeal in the matter of the last-mentioned patent or of the application therefor of October 29, 1895, decided as follows: The use of a metal filament was not specifically mentioned, although the language used was such as to indicate that applicants invention was broad enough to include any materlal the equivalent of carbon and having the properties indicated.

In relation to the rare-metal oxlds used 1n some of my improved electric lamps it should be stated that they have by me been qualified mainly as follows: My improved lamp has a body of solid material, which body conslsts of dielectric or non-conductive materlals, which will not fuse at the temperature produced in the lamp and which all or in part are peculiarly adapted to become luminous, (compare my Patent No. 620,640 page 1, lines 66, &c. and in the matter of not using a stratum of \chemical insulation between the primary conductive element and the rare-metal oxids in my improved electrical luminants I have adhered to my declaration as contained in my Patent No. 621,291, page 1, lines 74, &c.,'namely; I ma or may not use an intermediate film that lnsulates the filament from the coat both electrically and chemically or to one (only) of'these pur oses.

T e fact that metals of the above class have aflinity for oxygen precludes their use in the eventual presence of oxygen without some means of protecting them against oxygenation, and for this I provide a chemical insulation consisting of a fine metal hav-.

in virtually no aflinity for ox gennamely go (1, silver, platinum, &c.w 'ch is applie 1n the form of a thin coating 2. Such main conductin element consisting of a core and eventual c emical insulation, such as herein described, may then be embedded in a body 3, constituting the accessor conductive element above referred to, w 'ch element may consist of rare-metal oxids, the words raremetal oxid being used in contradistinction to the oxidssuch as magnesia, lime,and silicaof metal having virtually no afiinity for oxygen or having, as above indicated, materiall less aflinity or oxygen than those of which the core is mainly made-via, of metals which form solid oxids or such as form ox-' ids as may be used as surface coating to my luminants, and whichmetals then in themselves form the rare-metal-oxid body in which the luminant is embedded, becoming,

under the influence of heat generated by the electric current, highly luminous.

As the metals selected b meto form the core are preferably of high usion-point, difiiculty is encountered in shaping them into the filaments or core of the roper dimensions, and for overcoming this I have devised a method which also forms the subject-matter of this invention. In carrying this out I alloy with the selected metal or metals o the ruthenium osmium class anothenmetal, such as copper or some other one of lower fusionpoint than the point of fusion of the ruthenium-osmium metal or alloy, and from such composite alloy of metals of low and high fusion-point metals shape the core or fila ment. This having been reduced to the desired shape, I eliminate the low-fusion-point metal. This may be done either by subje ting the core mounted upon a porous base-plate to atemperature suflicient to fuse the metal of lower fusion-point which is absorbed by the base-plate, or I eliminate the copper or equivalent metal by a chemical reaction in using or a suitable solvent removing the metal by a suitable diluted acid which leaves the highfusion metal or metals unaffected, due to the chemicallyresisting nature of the metals of the ruthenium-osmium class.

Having thus described my invention, what I claim, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is-- 1. A luminant for an electric incandescent lamp, being a combination of alloys of metals in layers of higher and lower. ailinity to oxyen, the latter coated on their exposed surface with their own oxids.

2. A luminant for an electric incandescent lamp, being a combination of an alloy of metals, having a lLgh point of fusion, brittleness in their native state and affinity for .oxygen, and of a covering of an alloy of rare metals, which have less a'flinity for oxygen, which is coated with their own oxide.

3. A luminant for electric incandescent lamps, being a combination of the alloys of metals of lL'gher and of lower allinity to oxygen; the former being an alloy of metals of the ruthenium-osmium class, which have a hi h point of fusion, brittleness in their native state, and affinity for oxygen, and the latter being concentrlcal with but on the outside of the former being an alloy of so-called rare metals and of less allinity'for oxygen and coated on their outside with their own oxids.

4. A luminant for an electric incandescent lamp, being a combination of concentrical layers of alloys of metals, the metals o the outside layer having less aflinity for oxygen than the metals of the inner layer and being in part of their thickness oxidized on the surface, a metallic, chemically-insulating contact with the inner layer being preserved.

5. A luminant for electric incande cent lamps, which consists of concentrically-adhering parts, the inner part being an alloy mainly of metals of the ruthenium-o.-mium class which combine with a high point of fu-.

sion and brittleness in their native s ate, affinity for oxygen, and the outer part, which is exposed to the surrounding space on its entire filament-shaped surface, consisting of metals of mainly less affinity to oxygen, called rare metals coated with their own oxid.

6. The method of manufacturing luminants for electric incandescent lamps, which consists in preparing a filament of an alloy of metals of the ruthenium-osmium lass and in completing a luminant, of filament shape and exposed to surrounding space with its entire surface, by coating the filament with other metal-of less affinity for oxygen, called rare metals, and by coating these rare metals on their outer surface with their own oxids thereby forming a combination of 0on5 centrical metal and oxid layers in filament shape.

7. The method of manufacturing luminants for electric incandescent lamps, which consists of primarily making a filament of mainly an alloy of metals of the rutheniumosmium class, which combine with alligh point offusion and with brittleness in their native state, affinity for oxygen, and hen covering the same with an alloy of meta s of less allinity to oxygen, called rare metals. and by finally coating this alloy of rare metals with their own oxids, leaving the surfa e of the luminant exposed to the surroun ing space on its entire exterior thereby forming a combination of concentrical metal and oxid layers in filament shape.

8. A luminant in an electric incandescent lamp, which consists of a permanent metal alloy core, covered with a film of other metal of less allinity for oxygen than the metal of the core.

9. A luminant or filament in an electric incandescent lamp, which consists of a plurality of permanent layers of different metal alloys, composed of metals of a different degree of affinity for oxygen, the alloy composed of metals of least affinity for oxygen being upon the outside.

10. A luminant or filament in an electric incandescent lamp, which filament consists of a plurality of layers of different metal alloys, which alloys are composed of metals, that have different degrees of aflinity for oxygen, the central alloy of which is composed of the more oxygenatable and more infusible metals.

11. In the luminant of an electric incandescent lamp a conductive element or filament, which consists of metal alloy, having a'llinity for oxygen and a high point of fusion, coated with metal of less aflinity for oxygen.

12. A luminant for an electric incandescent lamp, which consists of a conductive filament of layers of different metal alloys, and of a coating thereon of rare-metal oxids.

13. In a luminant for an electric incandescent lamp a filament, which filament consists of a metallic core havinga high oint of fusion and affinity for oxygen, and of an electrolytic plating thereon of a metal alloy, having little aflinity for oxygen, the whole being embedded in rare-metal oxids. 14. The combination in a luminant for an electric incandescent lamp, of a core of metal alloy, the component metals of which alloy have affinity for oxygen and high points of fusion, and of an insulating coat therefor, and of a surrounding light-emitting body.

FRANCIS M. F. CAZIN.

Witnesses:

ADELE CAZIN, O. K. CAzIN.

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