US8405622B2 - Capacitance sensor, sense method, and manufacturing method - Google Patents
Capacitance sensor, sense method, and manufacturing method Download PDFInfo
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- US8405622B2 US8405622B2 US12/321,661 US32166109A US8405622B2 US 8405622 B2 US8405622 B2 US 8405622B2 US 32166109 A US32166109 A US 32166109A US 8405622 B2 US8405622 B2 US 8405622B2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
- G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
- G06F3/0412—Digitisers structurally integrated in a display
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
- G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
- G06F3/044—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means
- G06F3/0443—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means using a single layer of sensing electrodes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/03—Arrangements for converting the position or the displacement of a member into a coded form
- G06F3/041—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means
- G06F3/044—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means
- G06F3/0446—Digitisers, e.g. for touch screens or touch pads, characterised by the transducing means by capacitive means using a grid-like structure of electrodes in at least two directions, e.g. using row and column electrodes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/00 - G06F3/048
- G06F2203/041—Indexing scheme relating to G06F3/041 - G06F3/045
- G06F2203/04111—Cross over in capacitive digitiser, i.e. details of structures for connecting electrodes of the sensing pattern where the connections cross each other, e.g. bridge structures comprising an insulating layer, or vias through substrate
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to capacitance sensors, and more particularly to capacitance sensors used in conjunction with imaging devices, such as touch screens, and the like.
- Capacitance sensors may detect a change in capacitance to thereby indicate contact (e.g., by one or more fingers) with a surface.
- Capacitance sensors can be formed of a transparent material over a display to create touch screen devices.
- Touch screens formed with multiple layers of capacitance sensors may be expensive and difficult to manufacture. With multiple capacitance sense layers a bonding material formed between each group of capacitance sensors may cost more than the capacitance sensors themselves. Further it may be difficult to align each capacitance sense layer with one another, leading to complex and/or expensive manufacturing processes.
- FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a capacitance sense array according to an embodiment.
- FIGS. 2A to 2E are top plan views of capacitance sense arrays according to embodiments.
- FIGS. 3A to 3C are views showing a bridging structure according to an embodiment.
- FIG. 4 is a top plan view showing a position conversion approach according to an embodiment.
- FIGS. 5A to 5C are diagrams showing examples of position conversion methods according to embodiments.
- FIG. 6 is a block schematic diagram of a touch screen system according to an embodiment.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B are diagrams showing capacitance sense arrays according to embodiments.
- FIGS. 8A to 8I are side cross sectional views showing a method of manufacturing a touch screen according to an embodiment.
- a capacitance sense array 100 may include a number of sense pads (selected shown as 102 - 0 to 102 - 3 ).
- Sense pads e.g., 102 - 0 to 102 - 3
- Sense pads may be formed from a material that may be both conductive and transparent.
- Sense pads may be spaced from one another by a pad spacing.
- a pad spacing may be vertically aligned with pixel element spacings of a corresponding display. In such an arrangement, elements may be situated below a single sense pad layer to provide a uniform medium through which light may be transmitted from a display.
- sense pads may be conductively connected to one another in groups.
- such connections may include bridges where one conductive connection passes over (or under) another.
- Such connections may also be aligned with pixel element spacings to prevent such features from presenting a non-uniform light transmission path.
- sense pads may be arranged into an array, with sense pads extending in two directions.
- sense pads e.g., 102 - 0 to 102 - 3
- sense pads may be physically arranged (but not electrically connected) into an orthogonal array, extending in both a first direction (shown as X), as well as a second direction (shown as Y).
- sense pads e.g., 102 - 0 to 102 - 3
- sense pads may be separated from one another by a pad spacing.
- this may include a “Y” pad spacing (e.g., 104 ) and an X pad spacing (e.g., 106 ).
- Such sense pad spacings need not be uniform, but as noted above, may fit within a pixel element spacing.
- a pixel element spacings for both directions are shown as 110 - 0 and 110 - 1 .
- sense pads may be conductively connected to one another in groups.
- conductive connections between sense pads may be by way of a bridging structure that provides a conductive connection between adjacent sense pads in a direction different from an array direction (in this example the X and Y direction).
- bridging structures one shown as 108
- D 1 first diagonal direction
- D 2 second diagonal direction
- bridging structure 108 provides a conductive connection between sense pads of group “O” in a first diagonal direction (D 1 ), as well as a conductive connection between sense pads of group “J” in a second diagonal direction (D 2 ).
- a capacitance of non-orthogonal groups of sense pads may be sensed to determine a position of contact on sense pad array 100 .
- each group of sense pads may have an interface sense pad on a periphery of sense pad array 100 that may allow a capacitance of the sense pad group to be sensed.
- sense pad 102 - 0 may be an interface sense pad for group “A” that extends in diagonal direction D 1 .
- Sense pad 102 - 1 may be an interface sense pad for group “F” that extends in diagonal direction D 2 .
- Sense pad 102 - 2 may be an interface sense pad for group “E” that extends in diagonal direction D 1 .
- Sense pad 102 - 3 may be an interface sense pad for group “N” that extends in diagonal direction D 2 .
- a capacitance sense array 100 may also include two or more alignment features 189 -A and 189 -B. Alignment features may enable edges of capacitance sense pads (e.g., 102 - 0 to 102 - 3 ) as well as bridging structures (e.g., 108 ) to be aligned within pixel element spacings. While alignment features ( 189 -A and 189 -B) of FIG. 1 are shown to be separate from capacitance sense pads, in alternate embodiments, certain capacitance sense pads may function as alignment features. More particularly, capacitance sense pads at opposite corners of a capacitance sense pad array 100 may be alignment features.
- a capacitance sense array may include sense pads having a spacing that may be aligned between pixel elements for a uniform light path for such elements.
- FIGS. 2A to 2E various examples showing an alignment of sense pads with pixel element spacings are shown in a series of top plan views.
- FIG. 2A shows a first example of a touch screen embodiment.
- a capacitance sense array 200 -A having sense pads 202 - 0 A to 202 - 3 A (portions of which are shown with hatching) may be formed over a display having pixels (one shown as 212 -A), each formed by a number of pixel elements.
- a display may be a red/green/blue (RGB) type display, where each pixel includes a red pixel element (R), a green pixel element (G) and a blue pixel element (B).
- RGB red/green/blue
- Such elements (R,G,B) may be spaced from one another by element spacings.
- pixel elements may be arranged in an orthogonal array, matching an orientation of sense pads.
- pixel elements (R,G,B) may have a first pixel element spacing ( 210 - 0 A) in a Y direction, and second pixel element spacing ( 210 - 1 A) in an X direction.
- a sense pad spacing 204 A may be aligned to fall within a first pixel element spacing 210 - 0 A, while a sense pad spacing 206 A may be aligned to fall within a first pixel element spacing 210 - 1 A.
- pixel elements may have light paths through sense pads, and not through spacings between sense pads.
- FIG. 2A also shows a bridging structure 208 -A, also formed within a pixel element spacing.
- a bridging structure 208 -A may provide a conductive connection between sense pads 202 - 0 A and 202 - 3 -A and/or 202 - 1 A and 202 - 2 A.
- a bridging structure 208 -A may include any of the various bridging structures, or portions of such structures described herein, or equivalents.
- FIG. 2A shows a sense pad array in which pad spacings are aligned along pixel boundaries
- pad spacings may be aligned along pixel element boundaries that do not fall between pixels. That is, pad spacings may fall within pixel boundaries.
- FIG. 2B One particular embodiment showing such an arrangement is shown in FIG. 2B .
- FIG. 2B shows the same general arrangement as FIG. 2A , however, a display may be an RGBW type display (i.e., each pixel also includes a white pixel element), and a spacing 206 B between sense pads 202 - 0 B and 202 - 2 B may align with a pixel element spacing that falls between pixel elements of a same pixel 212 -B.
- RGBW RGBW type display
- FIGS. 2A and 2B show particular pixel element shapes (i.e., rectangular), other embodiments may include pixel elements having different shapes and arrangements.
- FIG. 2C shows but one example of pixels having a different pixel element shape (in this case, circular).
- spacings ( 204 C and 206 C) between sense pads may be aligned to fall within pixel element spacings ( 210 - 0 C and 210 - 1 C).
- a bridging structure 208 -C may also fall within a pixel element spacing.
- FIG. 2D shows an arrangement in which a pad spacing 204 -D in one direction may be smaller than a pad spacing 206 -D in another direction. In other embodiments, a pad spacing 204 -D may be larger than a pad spacing 206 -D.
- FIG. 2E shows an embodiment in which a pixel spacing may include an encroachment area 214 .
- An encroachment area may be a non-illuminating portion of a pixel elements having control elements and/or connections proximate to a light emitting portion.
- a bridging structure 208 -E may extend into (or alternatively be situated within) an encroachment area 214 .
- sense pads of a capacitance sense pad array may be arranged over a display, with pad spacings and bridging structures aligned within pixel element spacings.
- FIG. 3A shows a top plan view of a bridging structure 308 that may provide a conductive connection between a sense pad 302 - 0 and 302 - 3 , as well as a separate conductive connection between sense pad 302 - 1 and 302 - 2 .
- a bridging structure 308 is shown in a side cross sectional view along plane B-B shown in FIG. 3A .
- a bridging structure 308 may be formed over a substrate 316 , and may include a conductive member 318 , and a bridging member 320 .
- a conductive member 318 may be formed on a substrate 316 and from a same layer (or layers) as sense pads ( 302 - 0 to 302 - 3 ). That is, sense pad 302 - 1 , conductive member 318 , and sense pad 302 - 2 may be a contiguous structure.
- Bridging structure 308 may be formed over a portion of display substrate 316 that does not include any pixel elements.
- a bridging structure 308 is shown in a side cross sectional view along plane C-C shown in FIG. 3A .
- the view of FIG. 3C shows conductive member 318 , sense pad 302 - 1 and sense pad 302 - 2 as a contiguous structure, while bridging member 320 extends over conductive member 318 .
- a conductive member may be situated within a same plane as sense pads ( 302 - 1 and 302 - 2 ), while bridging member 320 may be situated on another plane (e.g., over or under the sense pads) with the two conductors separated by dielectric spacer 322 .
- 3C also shows pixel elements 322 - 0 and 322 - 1 formed in or positioned below display substrate 316 . As shown by light path arrows 324 , a light path from pixel elements ( 322 - 0 and 322 - 1 ) passes through a uniform structure that includes but one sense pad ( 302 - 1 or 302 - 2 ).
- FIG. 3D a bridging structure 308 is shown in a side cross sectional view along plane D-D shown in FIG. 3A .
- the view of FIG. 3D shows how a conductive member 318 may be electrically isolated from sense pads 302 - 0 and 302 - 3 (disposed in a different diagonal direction) by gaps 326 and by dielectric separator 322 .
- FIG. 3D also shows how bridging member 320 may provide a conductive connection between sense pads ( 302 - 0 and 302 - 3 ).
- FIG. 3D also shows pixel elements 322 - 2 and 322 - 3 formed in or positioned below display substrate 316 . As in the case of FIG.
- a light path from pixel elements passes through a uniform structure that includes but one sense pad ( 302 - 0 or 302 - 3 ).
- FIGS. 3A to 3D show a bridging structure formed over a conductive member
- alternate embodiments may include arrangements in which a bridging member is formed below a conductive member. That is, bridging structures may include both “overpass” and “underpass” conductive connections.
- a sense pad array 400 may have a configuration like that shown in FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 4 shows a sample contact (e.g., touch) location 428 , for example, where an object (e.g., finger) may alter a capacitance at a portion of a sense pad array 400 .
- an object e.g., finger
- Such a change in capacitance can affect sense pad group “A” and sense pad group “D”.
- a touch position may be determined.
- superimposed over FIG. 4 are intercept lines 430 - 0 and 430 - 1 that may represent positions identified by a capacitance change sensed with sense pad groups A and D.
- FIGS. 5A to 5C various particular embodiments showing how a screen position may be determined are shown.
- Each embodiment shows extents of a touch screen display 531 , and different contact location (at rectangular coordinates X,Y) on such screen displays.
- intercept lines ( 530 - 0 A to 530 - 1 C) are also shown corresponding to diagonal groups of sense pads detecting a touch at the X,Y position.
- an X and Y position (rectangular coordinate position) may be determined.
- coordinates (X,Y) of a contact location may simplify to (X 1 /2) ⁇ (X 0 /2) and (Y 1 /2) ⁇ (Y 0 /2), for a relatively easy arithmetic derivation of an angular transform operation.
- for each group of sense pads such values may be stored.
- values X 0 /2 and Y 0 /2 may be stored, while for sense pad group corresponding to intercept line 530 - 1 , values X 1 /2 and Y 1 /2 may be stored.
- two subtraction operations may derive the X,Y coordinates corresponding to such a contact location.
- Such an angular conversion may be accomplished by custom circuits, or by a processor programmed to execute such an angular conversion operation, or equivalent.
- positions indicated by capacitance sense pads arranged at a non-orthogonal angle with respect to a display may be converted to orthogonally referenced coordinates.
- a capacitance sense array 601 may have a structure according to any of the embodiments shown herein, or equivalents.
- a capacitance sense array 601 may be single layer structure having multiple sense pads where gaps between such sense pads may be aligned between pixel element spacings of a corresponding display.
- Such a structure may present a uniform light path for pixel elements that includes but one capacitance sense layer between a display and touch screen surface.
- Such a structure is in sharp contrast to touch screen designs that have some pixel elements below a capacitance sense layer, and other pixel elements below gaps in such a layer, resulting in non-uniform light paths.
- such a structure is in contrast to touch screen designs that have multiple capacitance sense layers (i.e., one layer in a column direction, another in a row direction) which result in light paths for pixel elements that pass through not only more than one capacitance sense layer, but through an adhesive layer between the two capacitance sense layers, as well.
- a vertical alignment tolerance between the two capacitance sense layers may make manufacturing expensive and/or complex, and add to a thickness of a touch screen.
- an adhesive layer between such capacitance sense layers may also add to overall cost in a touch screen device.
- the capacitance sense layers of the two substrates are not required to be of the same source batch, there may be differences in the optical transmittance of the separate capacitance sense layers which may also be visible to the user.
- a capacitance detect circuit 640 may be connected to sense pad groups within sense array 601 by group connections (selected shown as 643 ) to detect contact location(s) for sense pad groups according to changes in capacitance.
- a processing circuit 642 may generate a position based on capacitance changes detected by capacitance detect circuit 640 . Such a determination may be made according to any of the embodiments shown herein, or equivalents.
- a touch screen system may include a single capacitance layer that provides a uniform light path for pixel elements.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B show two of many possible examples of capacitance sense arrays having capacitance sense pads of varying shapes.
- FIG. 7A shows a capacitance sense array 700 having sense pads (one shown as 702 ) with a different rectangular shape. It is understood that FIG. 7A is not necessarily drawn to scale, and pad spacings ( 704 and 706 ) and well as bridging structures (one shown as 708 ) may fall within pixel element spacings.
- FIG. 7B shows a capacitance sense array 700 ′ having sense pads with various different shapes.
- pad spacings ( 704 ′ and 706 ′) and well as bridging structures (one shown as 708 ′) may fall within pixel element spacings.
- a capacitance sense array may have sense pads with various shapes.
- a substrate 816 ′ may be formed on which a capacitance sense array may be created.
- a substrate 816 ′ may be aligned to, bonded to, or otherwise formed on a display substrate that includes pixel elements.
- a substrate 816 ′ may include an alignment area 883 in which alignment features may be formed to enable a substrate 816 ′ to be aligned over (and/or on) a display substrate. It is understood that there may be two or more such alignment portions on substrate 816 ′ to ensure alignment in more than one direction.
- a substrate 816 ′ may be a transparent material.
- a capacitance sense film 872 may be formed on a substrate 816 ′.
- a capacitance sense film 872 may be formed from one or more transparent and conductive materials, such as indium tin oxide (ITO).
- ITO indium tin oxide
- a capacitance sense film 872 may be a single layer of ITO having a thickness of about 50 nm.
- a capacitance sense film may include other types if transparent conducting materials, including other transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) (e.g., tin oxide, titanium niobate).
- TCOs transparent conducting oxides
- a capacitance sense film 872 may also be formed within an alignment area 883 .
- an array etch mask 874 may be formed over capacitance sense film 872 .
- An array etch mask 874 may transfer a desired array mask pattern to capacitance sense film 872 .
- an array etch mask 874 may have openings a positions where gaps (i.e., pad spacings) are to be formed.
- FIG. 8C shows a touch screen device following an etch step that forms gaps 876 in a capacitance sense film to create a capacitance sense array 800 having sense pads 802 - 0 to 802 - 3 .
- gaps 876 may be gaps formed at locations of bridging structures 808 .
- array etch mask 874 may also form a portion of an alignment feature 889 - 0 from capacitance sense film within alignment area 883 .
- insulating material 880 may be formed within gaps and on a top surface of capacitance sense array 800 .
- An insulating material 880 may be formed from one or more transparent and insulating materials.
- an insulating material 880 may include silicon dioxide having a thickness of about 50 nm.
- a bridge contact etch mask 882 may be formed over insulating material 880 .
- a bridge contact etch mask 882 may transfer a desired bridge contact pattern through insulating material 880 .
- a bridge contact etch mask 882 may have openings at positions where contacts to sense pads ( 802 - 0 to 802 - 3 ) may be formed.
- FIG. 8E shows a structure following an etch step that forms contact openings 886 through insulating material 880 that expose a portion of a surface of sense pads 802 - 0 and 802 - 3 .
- a conductive bridge film 884 may be formed over insulating material 880 and within contact openings 886 to create a conductive connection between sense pads 802 - 0 and 802 - 3 .
- a conductive bridge film 884 may be formed from a conductive material that may or may not be transparent.
- a conductive bridge film may be formed from a same material as capacitance sense array.
- a conductive bridge film 884 may include a layer of ITO having a thickness of about 50 nm.
- a conductive bridge film 884 may also be formed within an alignment area 883 .
- a bridge member mask 888 may be formed over conductive bridge film 884 .
- a bridge member mask 888 may transfer a desired bridging member pattern to conductive bridge film 884 .
- a bridge member mask 888 may cover only locations where a bridging member is to be formed.
- FIG. 8G shows a structure following an etch step that forms bridging members 820 - 0 and 820 - 1 .
- Bridging member 820 - 0 may provide a conductive connection between sense pad 802 - 0 and sense pad 802 - 3 .
- bridge member mask 874 may also form another portion of an alignment feature 889 - 1 from the conductive bridge film within alignment area 883 .
- FIG. 8H shows the formation of a protective, transparent top surface 890 over capacitance sense array 800 and bridging members ( 820 - 0 and 820 - 1 ).
- FIG. 8H also shows a substrate 816 ′ being assembled with a display substrate 816 .
- a display substrate 816 may include pixel elements 822 - 0 to 822 - 3 separated from one another by a pixel element spacing ( 810 - 0 and 810 - 1 ).
- a substrate 816 containing capacitance sense array 800 may be aligned with display substrate 816 so that bridging structures 808 and edges of sense pads ( 802 - 0 to 802 - 3 ) may be aligned within a pixel element spacing ( 810 - 0 and 810 - 1 ).
- a display substrate 816 may include display alignment areas (one shown as 887 ) corresponding to alignment areas 883 of substrate 816 .
- Display alignment areas (e.g., 887 ) may each include a display alignment feature (one shown as 871 ) that may be a aligned with one or both alignment features 889 - 0 / 1 of substrate 816 ′, to thereby ensure that pixel elements ( 822 - 0 to 822 - 3 ) have a uniform light transmission path through but one capacitance sense pad.
- a substrate 816 ′ may be bonded to a display substrate 816 with a transparent adhesive 885 .
- FIG. 8I shows a touch screen device formed by assembling substrate 816 to display substrate 816 ′ with a proper alignment. As shown, a light transmission path 824 from pixel elements ( 822 - 0 to 822 - 3 ) passes through but one capacitance sense layer (e.g., one sense pad).
- a capacitance sense layer e.g., one sense pad
- a touch screen device may be formed having but one capacitance sense layer between a display substrate and a top surface (i.e., a display and touch surface).
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