US8401222B2 - System and process for roof measurement using aerial imagery - Google Patents
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
- G01B11/00—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical means
- G01B11/28—Measuring arrangements characterised by the use of optical means for measuring areas
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
- G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
- G06F3/048—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI]
- G06F3/0481—Interaction techniques based on graphical user interfaces [GUI] based on specific properties of the displayed interaction object or a metaphor-based environment, e.g. interaction with desktop elements like windows or icons, or assisted by a cursor's changing behaviour or appearance
- G06F3/04815—Interaction with three-dimensional environments, e.g. control of viewpoint to navigate in the environment
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/10—Geometric CAD
- G06F30/13—Architectural design, e.g. computer-aided architectural design [CAAD] related to design of buildings, bridges, landscapes, production plants or roads
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06K—RECOGNITION OF DATA; PRESENTATION OF DATA; RECORD CARRIERS; HANDLING RECORD CARRIERS
- G06K9/00—Methods or arrangements for reading or recognising printed or written characters or for recognising patterns, e.g. fingerprints
- G06K9/00624—Recognising scenes, i.e. recognition of a whole field of perception; recognising scene-specific objects
- G06K9/0063—Recognising patterns in remote scenes, e.g. aerial images, vegetation versus urban areas
- G06K9/00637—Recognising patterns in remote scenes, e.g. aerial images, vegetation versus urban areas of urban or other man made structures
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
- G06T7/00—Image analysis
- G06T7/60—Analysis of geometric attributes
- G06T7/62—Analysis of geometric attributes of area, perimeter, diameter or volume
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- G06T2207/10032—Satellite or aerial image; Remote sensing
Abstract
Description
The present invention is in the field of measuring roofing dimensions and other attributes, and more particularly pertains to the use of aerial imagery in that field.
Roof measuring, for example, dimension, length and areas has been done for many years, such as in connection with for estimating and bidding roofing jobs. Also, for many years, companies and products have offered such estimation services and reporting software reports using aerial imagery on which roof line outlines are traced, dimensions and areas are automatically based on those tracings, and vertical elevations (via pitch or otherwise) are included in mathematical models.
The present invention is an improvement on such aerial imagery, systems and processes, providing non-obvious features that enhance convenience, flexibility, and/or accuracy.
The claims, and only the claims, define the invention. The present invention includes several, but not necessarily all, of creating a first layer and a second layer, in computer memory and substantially overlapping at least a segment of line from said first layer with at least a segment of another line from said second layer, wherein said first non-dimensional attribute is different from said second non-dimensional attribute; and/or an interactive computer file, said interactive computer file including: length numeric values and at least one user length field enabling a client with said interactive file to override at least one of said length numeric values, where said area operator may automatically recalculate area based on said length field override; and/or, providing at least one computer input field for a user to input first location data generally corresponding to the location of the building; on said imagery of an area providing a visual marker that is moveable on said computer monitor around a region, said marker initially corresponding to said first location data, wherein said marker may be moved to a final location on top of the building to more precisely identify the location of the building roof structure; and providing a computer input capable of signaling user-acceptance of the final location of said marker; and/or other features, optionally combined in various ways as set forth in the claims.
For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the examples, sometimes referred to as embodiments, illustrated and/or described herein. Those are mere examples. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended. Such alterations and further modifications in the described processes, systems or devices, any further applications of the principles of the invention as described herein, are contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates, now and/or in the future in light of this document.
As used in the claims and the specification, the following terms have the following definitions:
The term “adjustment roof plane” means a roof plane, having at least three border lines, that may be hidden (partially or totally) from view from some or all aerial imagery and which may be included to add to (or subtract from) an aggregate roof area or other attributes.
The term “aerial imagery” means pictures, normally including photographs (visual light, infrared, color, black and white, or otherwise) taken from an overhead view (straight down, oblique, or otherwise) with respect to a building roof. This may include imagery taken from airplanes, satellites, balloons, or otherwise.
The term “attributes” means one or more distinguishing or identifying characteristic.
The term “border line” means a line segment, straight, curved, free form or otherwise that generally corresponds with the edge of a roof plane.
The term “building” means a real estate structure, such as for example, a house, condominium, office building, outbuilding, garage, warehouse, factory or otherwise.
The term “client” means a person or entity that orders or obtains an aerial imagery report.
The term “computer input” means data, information and/or signals provided by a computer user. This may include numbers, words, mouse clicks, “enter”, check boxes, dialog boxes, and otherwise.
The term “computer monitor” includes any computer screen or other visual output, including projectors, flat panel screens, LCD screens, LED screens and otherwise that provide visual output from a computer.
The term “computer processing means” means computer hardware and software, including computer memory, microprocessors, computer code and computer logic to provide digital computing.
The term “contrast” means discernable relative differences in lightness and darkness.
The term “deliverable” means that which is or may be delivered to a client, including printed and/or electronic reports and information.
The term “digital” means using numeric digits, specifically including binary digits.
The term “direct proportion” means that one or more variables that change as a function as another value in a generally linear function.
The term “dissects” means to sub-divide into two or more parts.
The term “electronic drawing” means to draw lines and/or shapes electronically via computer. This can include pixel-based drawings, vector-based drawings, and/or otherwise.
The term “field” means a location for computer data input and/or output of a value having at least one corresponding associated place in computer memory.
The term “final location” is the relative spot for placing a marker. This normally corresponds to unique latitude and longitude coordinates.
The term “generating” means to make or create.
The term “imagery database” means a computer database containing aerial imagery computer files and the associated location coordinates.
The term “interactive computer file” is a computer file in which a user may input and/or override one or more numeric values stored in memory as part of the file.
The term “internet-based imagery” means imagery, such as aerial imagery, which is accessible through an internet access connection. One popular example is Google® Earth.
The term “latitude and longitude coordinates” mean numeric coordinates for a location on the planet corresponding to latitude (east, west) and longitude (north, south).
The term “layer” means a part of a graphic computer file that visually overlays one or more other parts and which has at least partially transparent portions allowing visualizations of parts/layers below it.
The term “lines” means a straight, curved, and/or free form segment.
The term “location data” means information which uniquely identifies geographic position. This may include latitude and longitude coordinates, street addresses and/or otherwise.
The term “non-dimensional attribute” means an attribute other than a numeric value, such as other than length, width, height, or area.
The term “numeric values” means alphanumeric numbers, and/or their binary equivalent.
The term “operator” means a mathematical function including, but not limited multiplication, division, addition, subtraction, sum, average, square root and/or the foregoing with or without constant and/or co-efficient.
The term “orientation” means the direction of something with respect to something else.
The term “outline” means the path or collection of lines generally coinciding with the outside of a shape.
The term “outline drawing” means drawing of lines around an outline.
The term “over said imagery” means position on top of and in alignment with underlying imagery.
The term “override” means to substitute or replace one value for another value. This may be done with numeric values, non-dimensional attributes and otherwise.
The term “perimeter lines” means a line or lines that outline the outer most edge of a roof structure. This can include, but is not limited to, a roof free edge with a gutter and to a roof free edge without a gutter.
The term “pitch numeric value” is a single numeric value corresponding to the pitch or slope of a portion of roofing.
The term “proportioning” means to increase or decrease the size of a line, outline or other object to directly proportional to the change in another object.
The term “region” means a location on earth that is depicted in aerial imagery. Ordinarily, it will include at least one entire building structure, and preferably, will include at least some features, such as streets, trees, or other buildings adjacent the building structure.
The term “report” means one or more pages or screen shots, or both, made available to a user including aerial imagery and/or data from such imagery. This includes, but is not limited to, one or more interactive computer files.
The term “roof flashing edge” means an edge where roofing meets with a generally vertical structure, such as a wall, typically with flashing.
The term “roof free edge with a gutter” means the unbound edge of a roof with a rain drainage gutter.
The term “roof free edge without a gutter” means the unbound edge of a roof without a rain drainage gutter.
The term “roof hip” means an edge where two roof planes meet to form a generally upward sloping ridge.
The term “roof pitch” means the slope of a roof plane. It may be expressed in angles, ratios, or otherwise. This includes stating the rise over run, as well as stating merely the rise in view of an assumed or industry standard run. For example, a slope of 6 inch rise for every 12 inch run (horizontal”) may be stated to be a “6” pitch.
The term “roof plane” means a generally planer, segment of a roof.
The term “roof ridge” means an edge where two generally upward sloping roof planes meet.
The term “roof structure” means the top of a building which shelters the building from weather.
The term “roof valley” means an edge where two generally downward sloping roof planes meet.
The term “street address data” means the location typically used by postal identification, typically including at least one numeric value and at least one street name, and further typically including a zip code or other postal code and/or a town and state or province.
The term “street address look up field” means a computer field for entry of street address data.
The term “substantially overlapping” means that where one line, in whole or in substantial part, coincides with another line in terms of direction and overlap. This may include situations where the respective lines are of substantially different length, or not.
The term “substituent triangles” means two or more congruent triangles which collectively form a subset of another geometric shape.
The term “tracing” means drawing around an outline or along a line or feature depicted in imagery.
The term “user-acceptance” means an affirmative step or series of steps or computer input, undertaken by user to make a selection.
The term “vector direction” means, in relative space, either two dimensionally or three dimensionally where a vector is pointing.
The term “visual marker” is a shape, pointer, label, icon, avatar or other indicator which is movable or displayable on a computer screen and which may be visually differentiated from other objects on the computer screen.
The term “visually depicting” means to show or illustrate something on a computer monitor as a graphical image.
Articles and phases such as, “the”, “a”, “an”, “at least one”, and “a first”, are not limited to mean only one, but rather are inclusive and open ended to also include, optionally, two or more of such elements.
The language used in the claims is to only have its plain and ordinary meaning, except as explicitly defined above. Such plain and ordinary meaning is inclusive of all consistent dictionary definitions from the most recently published Webster's dictionaries and Random House dictionaries.
Referring to the drawing figures, these are only examples of the invention, and the invention is not limited to what is shown in the drawings.
Referring to
The creation of the first line drawing 2 may be done a multitude of ways, in one example is illustrated in
Another optional feature is computer processing means for calculating a vector direction corresponding to roof pitch for a roof plane. Optionally, this may be based on at least one of said non-dimensional attributes of roof plane outline lines and their orientation. Such computer processing means typically includes computer logic and/or code with a set of rules to establish such vector. Examples of such vector are shown in
An example of computer programming to determine pitch direction is as follows.
1.) Pitch will run towards a perimeter line. If only one perimeter line pitch goes towards the perimeter (most standard roofs, all but the ends of hips);
2.) If there are multiple perimeters that are not parallel, look for ridge. If there is only a single ridge line and it is parallel to one of the perimeter lines, pitch runs from the ridge towards the perimeter. (Perimeters that are not straight and have small outcroppings where the roof extends further down the same slope).
3.) If a shape has no multiple perimeters and multiple ridges where none are parallel, take an average of the ridge angles and see if that direction is perpendicular to a perimeter line. If so, that direction is the direction of the pitch. (The end of hip roofs).
Most planes are resolved by the above acts, 2 and/or 3. Acts 4 and 5, below, are also optional but preferred, and are address totally enclosed roof planes which most standard roofs do not have.
4.) If there are no perimeter lines and a single ridge line, the pitch is from the ridge.
5.) If there are no perimeter lines and multiple ridge lines, once finding the pitch for all other shapes look at the ridges and the shared shapes. If the shared shape has a pitch directly away (is perpendicular) from the shared ridge, use that ridge as if it were 2 (from above). If the other pitch goes at an angle to the ridge, look at other ridges.
The case where you can make it past act 5 and not have pitch direction is for completely enclosed shapes where all sides are valleys at the intersection of multiple planes, set forth in this optional act:
6.) take the average slope of all other planes connected via shared lines and average the slope direction of the planes whose pitch runs into the plane in question; use that direction as the pitch direction for the plane.
Variations on that logic, including changing the order, and/or combining or splitting acts, may optionally be used. For example, rather than beginning with logic looking to run pitch towards a perimeter, the logic could begin to look to first run the pitch vector away from a ridge line, although this is less preferred.
As illustrated in report 550 as seen in
Optionally, one or more deliverables to the client include one or more reports such as report 550. Report 550 may include one or more of the features as depicted in the various drawings of
Optionally, such report may be printed on a piece of paper, or provided on a non-interactive computer file such as a .pdf (Adobe® Acrobat®) type image or otherwise, illustrated on a computer screen for the user to print out (web based or otherwise) and/or delivered on recordable media such USB drive, floppy disk, CD, DVD, email attachment or otherwise. However, preferably, such file is delivered as an interactive computer file. For example, referring again to
As can be appreciated in three-dimensional geometry, given the shape of plane D (516) the value of the pitch ordinarily will affect the overall area of such roofing (see e.g.
Mathmatical equations demonstrating-area relationship for a sloped, rectangular roof plane are known, an example of which is set forth below:
-
- Area=W×Z
- Z=square root of: (X2+Y2)
- Where:
- W=width
- X=horizontal run
- Y=vertical rise
- Z=hypotenuse of X-Y-Z right triangle.
Other, geometries may be calculated using known math, coefficients and/or tables. See for example: Miller, Mark; Miller's Guide to Roofing (2005) ISBN 0-07-145144-7. Thus, in combination with the perimeter measurements supplied with the report based on the creation of roof plane D from the imagery, the addition of the roof pitch value may lead to the calculation such as in the example 357.93 sq. ft. shown at 516 b. Likewise, for plane O, the value of “6” may be entered in the table at 515 c to arrive at the area calculation 515 b as previously described. It should be appreciated, that optionally these pitch values may be provided by the end user or other persons based on field measurement. However, optionally, they also may be based on measurements and/or computer calculations precisely, by estimate or otherwise, such as by viewing oblique imagery such as region image 502 shown in
Another optional feature may include other attributes deliverable to the client including an interactive computer file. For example, the length values of lines forming an outline of a drawing may be overridden. For example, referring again to 5D, a reference line 514 is depicted. In this one example, it is depicted in the parenthetical quote (“R”), although this is not required. In such case, it is denoted “26” corresponding to 26 ft. in length. Note that all dimensions in this case may be converted to or express in metric, rather than English units, although for purpose of illustration English dimensions are utilized here.
In such case, even thought the referenced dimension 26 is based on scaling that line off of the imagery, such as imagery 506 (see
Moreover, while not illustrated, optional report 550 may include a separate table and/or field entry point apart from the drawing of the building roof structure 501 in which the reference line may be overridden instead or, or in addition to, fields directly overlying the aerial imagery and/or the drawn lines.
Optionally, but preferably, in addition to the length of the other lines being proportionally recalculated, likewise the area values, such as depicted in the area column of the table at
Various area calculations used in connection with computer data processing means are available based on known geometry. These could include things as simple as multiplying length times width of a single rectangle. They also may include modifying such area to take into account the additional area generated by pitch, as previously discussed. However, while not limited to this, preferably, taking advantage of the pixilated imagery that may be used, one optional feature in determining one or more areas of the respective roof planes is as follows. If you know the points (corners) of the shape and can order them in a clockwise (or optionally, counter-clockwise) fashion following the perimeter or outline of the shape, then the following algorithm can apply. Starting at the first endpoint, 0 (zero), while N+1 is less than the total ordered end points take the triangle made by 3 points 0, N, arid N+1 and compute the area of the triangle created, which is done by the dot product method using vectors created by going from 0 to N and 0 to N+1. Add this area to a running sum.
Note that when the three ordered endpoints are not in the proper order (they create a convex perimeter or outline of the shape that reduces the overall area as opposed to adding to), the dot product method of finding the area will return a (−)negative area which subtracts from the overall area in the running sum.
Dot product (2-Dimensional Vectors) can be expressed in the equation:
u·v=u 1 v 1 +u 2 v 2
This can be used to find the area of the square that the two vectors produce. Dividing the result by two (2) gives the area of the triangle the two vectors produce.
Thus, in this way an example is provided of computer data processing means that dissects the outlines of the roof planes into substituent triangles and calculates the area of such triangles. The areas are aggregated to provide the area of respective roof planes, and the areas of such respective roof planes may in turn be aggregated (summed) to arrive at the total area of the roof structure. Examples of this are shown in the table in
Hence, in
Another optional feature is to provide for user acceptance of the final location of a roof structure. One optional way to do this is to provide an internet based interface for the customer/user. One example of such is shown in
Also with reference to
Such translation to latitude and longitude coordinates also provides another optional feature. The present system and method may optionally include two or more separate imagery databases. For example, a lower resolution and/or less expensive image database such Google® Earth may be used as a first database, whereas a higher quality, higher resolution and/or more robust image database, such as by Pictometry International (as depicted here) may be used. Other vendors of imagery databases may be used and/or one may use their own image database(s). Thus, by translating the street address stated in longitude and latitude, it is easier to correlate to the second database. In this way, first imagery database from which the final location is selected may be internet based imagery having to corresponding street address look up field. Only further using the latitude and longitude coordinates to access imagery from a second imagery database, such as for example Pictometry's database. Thereafter, using the imagery from the second database can generate in computer memory outline drawings around outlines corresponding to roof planes based on tracing from imagery from said second imagery database. Such outline drawings may include drawings such as depicted in
Such oblique imagery also permits the optional feature, as previously discussed, determining vertical measurements and/or roof pitches based on the imagery, as opposed to based on field measurements. Conversely, one can undertake this without any oblique imagery and/or any determination of vertical measurements or pitch, and instead rely on field measurements or other means for pitch.
In
Mere examples of other optional features are depicted in
Note further that
In this regard, the label “common” also corresponds to Line E′ in connection with roof plane 717′ illustrated in isolation as roof plane 717. Other terms may be used instead of “common”, but this indication denotes two lines that are substantially overlapping and in which the main purpose of the line is merely for dissecting a common roof plane, normally for determining square feet area, as opposed to a non-dimensional attribute. This is because such “common” lines, in a sense, are imaginary between roof plane 715 and roof plane 717′ and/or 717. Alternatively, in the context of this building the attribute of line E could be “flashing” (instead of line Y being flashing) based on the reasonable assumption that this flat planed porch roof abuts the side of the building and has roof flashing along line Y. However, in such situation by denoting line E as flashing, in lieu of line Y, since they are of common length, this is merely a substitute for the total linear estimate of flashing of the type illustrated, for example at 513 (
Plane 716 illustrates a minimum number of three lines, A, B and C, to denote the area of plane 716. Conversely, note that plane 715 includes not only three lines, lines E, F and G, but also a fourth line, line H since it rectilinear. This is consistent with the claiming of the present invention being open-ended in that at least three lines are required to define a roof plane, but it may be more. Likewise, a plane may be defined by 5, 6, 7 or more lines depending on its particular geometry.
As mentioned, it is not required, but is preferable that the lines defining the respective plane 715 and 716 are separate from each other, and even more preferable that they be in separate computer file layers overlaying one another. This helps facilitate having differing attributes along a common line as previously described in connection with the substantial overlap of lines A and E. Optionally, in the report the lines may be shown in different colors (and/or patterns) designated for each non-dimensional attribute.
Moreover, one or more additional adjustment planes, such as adjustment plane 717 prime, also depicted as free standing adjustment plane 717 may optionally be provided. This allows generating computer memory at least one adjustment roofing plane, such as by drawing lines E′, X, Y and Z (as well as others). This is useful for a variety of situations, such as, for example, to adjust for portions of the roof structure which are not fully visible from the aerial imagery. This is shown in
It should also be noted that optionally, this adjustment plane does not necessarily have to be graphically depicted, as shown in
Thus, for example, in
Additionally, such automatic and/or default generation of lines may optionally be coupled with the previously described pitch generation algorithms. In this way, default pitches may be generated by the computer and depicted in the report output. Again, this can be overridden by the user, including the vendor of such report information.
Note also that in
Another optional feature is that the information, including reporting, may be made to interface electronically (and/or manually) with other products. For example, the information provided here may be uploaded or transferred to Exaxtimate™ Insurance estimating software known in the prior art. Naturally, this feature, while helpful, is not required.
Claims (13)
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US14/018,943 US9244589B2 (en) | 2009-05-22 | 2013-09-05 | System and process for roof measurement using aerial imagery |
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US15/943,337 US10197391B2 (en) | 2009-05-22 | 2018-04-02 | System and process for roof measurement using imagery |
US16/265,338 US10648800B2 (en) | 2009-05-22 | 2019-02-01 | System and process for roof measurement using imagery |
US16/871,596 US20200386543A1 (en) | 2009-05-22 | 2020-05-11 | System and process for roof measurement using imagery |
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US8938090B2 (en) | 2015-01-20 |
US9244589B2 (en) | 2016-01-26 |
US20130138401A1 (en) | 2013-05-30 |
US20200386543A1 (en) | 2020-12-10 |
US10197391B2 (en) | 2019-02-05 |
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US20100296693A1 (en) | 2010-11-25 |
US9329749B2 (en) | 2016-05-03 |
US8542880B2 (en) | 2013-09-24 |
US9933254B2 (en) | 2018-04-03 |
US20140003707A1 (en) | 2014-01-02 |
US20130212536A1 (en) | 2013-08-15 |
US10648800B2 (en) | 2020-05-12 |
US20180224271A1 (en) | 2018-08-09 |
US20200003554A1 (en) | 2020-01-02 |
US20130170694A1 (en) | 2013-07-04 |
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