US8345406B2 - Electric double layer capacitor - Google Patents
Electric double layer capacitor Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US8345406B2 US8345406B2 US12/408,832 US40883209A US8345406B2 US 8345406 B2 US8345406 B2 US 8345406B2 US 40883209 A US40883209 A US 40883209A US 8345406 B2 US8345406 B2 US 8345406B2
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- double layer
- electric double
- layer capacitor
- electrolyte
- capacitor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/62—Liquid electrolytes characterised by the solute, e.g. salts, anions or cations therein
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES OR LIGHT-SENSITIVE DEVICES, OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/58—Liquid electrolytes
- H01G11/64—Liquid electrolytes characterised by additives
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- H01G9/038—
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- H01G9/155—
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
Definitions
- An electric double layer capacitor generally employs a pair of polarizable electrodes that contain a porous matrix formed from conductive particles (e.g., activated carbon).
- the porous matrix is impregnated with a liquid electrolyte, which may be aqueous in nature. Due to the effective surface area of the porous material and the small spacing between the electrodes, large capacitance values may be achieved for the resulting capacitor. Nevertheless, one problem often associated with such capacitors is that the aqueous electrolyte tends to undergo thermal expansion when exposed to high temperature environments. This may cause leakage of the electrolyte from the capacitor, which may in turn lead to reduced capacitance and increased equivalent series resistance (“ESR”). As such, a need currently exists for an improved electric double layer capacitor that can exhibit good electrical performance, even when exposed to a high temperature environment.
- ESR equivalent series resistance
- an electric double layer capacitor comprising an electrochemical cell.
- the electrochemical cell comprises first and second electrodes that each comprise a porous matrix of electrochemically-active particles.
- the cell also comprises an aqueous-based electrolyte disposed in contact with the electrochemically-active particles.
- the electrolyte includes an anionic polymer and a polyprotic acid.
- a method for forming an electrochemical cell of an electric double layer capacitor comprises placing a paste in contact with an electrode, wherein the paste includes electrochemically-active particles and an aqueous-based electrolyte, and the electrolyte includes a polyprotic acid and an anionic polymer.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a capacitor formed according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is an exploded view of one embodiment of an electrochemical cell that may be employed in the capacitor of the present invention.
- the present invention is directed an electric double layer capacitor that contains at least one electrochemical cell.
- the cell contains electrodes (e.g., two electrodes) that each contain a porous matrix of electrochemically-active particles (e.g., carbon).
- An aqueous-based electrolyte is disposed in contact with the porous matrix.
- the electrolyte is provided with an anionic polymer that serves as binding agent for the electrochemically active particles and thus reduces electrolyte loss, especially at higher temperatures. Because the polymer is anionic in nature, it is generally hydrophilic and thus can retain its binding properties in the presence of water.
- a capacitor may be formed that is capable of exhibiting good electrical performance (e.g., high capacitance and low ESR), even at high temperatures (e.g., 70° C. and above).
- the anionic polymer used in the aqueous electrolyte typically contains one or more anionic functional groups, which may be pendant from and/or contained within the polymer backbone. Suitable anionic groups may include, for instance, carboxylate, sulfonate, sulphate, and/or any other negatively charged ionizable groups.
- the polymer backbone may be formed from a variety of different monomers, such as aromatic monomers, aliphatic monomers, and combinations thereof.
- Particularly suitable monomers for use in forming the anionic polymer are vinyl aromatic monomers, such as styrene, 2-vinyl naphthalene, alpha-methyl styrene, 3-methylstyrene, 4-methylstyrene, 2,4-dimethylstyrene, 2,5-dimethylstyrene, 3,5-dimethylstyrene, 2,4,6-trimethylstyrene, 4-tert-butylstyrene, 4-methoxystyrene, 4-ethoxystyrene, 2-chlorostyrene, 3-chlorostyrene, 4-chlorostyrene, 2,6-dichlorostyrene, 4-bromostyrene, 4-acetoxystyrene, 4-hydroxystyrene, 4-amino styrene, p-dimethylethoxy siloxy styrene, 2-vinyl pyridine, 4-vinyl pyridine,
- anionic polymers include sulfonated polymers, such as poly(styrenesulfonic acid), poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid), sulfonated poly(etheretherketone), sulfonated lignin, poly(ethylenesulfonic acid), poly(methacryloxyethylsulfonic acid), etc.; carboxylated polymers, such as poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), etc.; sulfated polymers, such as carrageenan, etc; salts of any of the foregoing polymers, as well as combinations thereof.
- sulfonated polymers such as poly(styrenesulfonic acid), poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid), sulfonated poly(etheretherketone), sulfonated lignin, poly(ethylenesulfonic acid), poly(methacryloxyethylsul
- Salts of such polymers may, for example, contain a metal cation, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, lithium, cesium, zinc, copper, iron, aluminum, zirconium, lanthanum, yttrium, magnesium, strontium, cerium, etc.
- a metal cation such as sodium, potassium, calcium, lithium, cesium, zinc, copper, iron, aluminum, zirconium, lanthanum, yttrium, magnesium, strontium, cerium, etc.
- salts may include, for instance, sodium or lithium salts of poly(styrenesulfonic acid).
- the aqueous electrolyte also includes a polyprotic acid, which is capable of undergoing two or more proton dissociations (e.g., two, three, etc.).
- a polyprotic acid which is capable of undergoing two or more proton dissociations (e.g., two, three, etc.).
- suitable polyprotic acids include, for instance, hydrogen sulfide (diprotic), sulfuric acid (diprotic), sulfurous acid (diprotic), phosophoric acid (triprotic), oxalic acid (diprotic), carbonic acid (diprotic), malonic acid (diprotic), etc.
- Sulfuric acid may, for instance, donate one proton to form a bisulfate anion (HSO 4 ⁇ ) and a second proton to form a sulfate anion (SO 4 2 ⁇ ).
- the electrolyte may also contain monoprotic acidic compounds, such as nitric acid, nitrous acid, hydrochloric acid, perchloric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrofluoric acid, etc.
- the relative concentration of the components of the electrolyte is generally selected to achieve a balance of electrical properties for the capacitor.
- high anionic polymer concentrations may enhance the stability of the electrolyte when exposed to high temperatures, too high of a concentration may adversely affect the conductivity of the electrolyte and the resulting capacitance value for the capacitor.
- the present inventors have discovered that a weight ratio of polyprotic acid(s) to anionic polymer(s) of from about 2:1 to about 40:1 , in some embodiments from about 5:1 to about 30:1, and in some embodiments, from about 10:1 to about 20:1 may be employed to achieve the desired electrical performance.
- anionic polymer(s) may constitute from about 0.05 wt.
- Polyprotic acid(s) may likewise constitute from about 10 wt. % to about 70 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 20 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 25 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, based on the weight of the electrolyte.
- the aqueous electrolyte may generally possess any of a variety of forms, such as a solution, dispersion, gel, etc. Regardless of its form, however, the aqueous electrolyte typically contains water (e.g., deionized water) in an amount of from about 30 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 40 wt. % to about 80 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 50 wt. % to about 70 wt. %, based on the weight of the components of the electrolyte (e.g., anionic polymer, polyprotic acid, and water).
- water e.g., deionized water
- the resulting aqueous electrolyte may have an electrical conductivity of about 10 or more milliSiemens per centimeter (“mS/cm”), in some embodiments about 30 mS/cm or more, and in some embodiments, from about 40 mS/cm to about 100 mS/cm, determined at a temperature of 25° C.
- the value of electric conductivity may obtained by using any known electric conductivity meter (e.g., Oakton Con Series 11) at a temperature of 25° C.
- the electrochemically active particles used in the electrodes of the capacitor are configured to increase the effective surface area of the electrode. Such an increased effective surface area allows for the formation of capacitors with increased cell capacitance for a given size and/or capacitors with a reduced size for a given capacitance.
- the electrochemically-active particles have a specific surface area of at least about 200 m 2 /g, in some embodiments at least about 500 m 2 /g, and in some embodiments, at least about 1500 m 2 /g. To achieve the desired surface area, the electrochemically-active particles generally have a small size.
- the median size of the electrochemically-active particles may be less than about 100 micrometers, in some embodiments from about 0.01 to about 50 micrometers, and in some embodiments, from about 0.1 to about 20 micrometers.
- the electrochemically-active particles may be porous.
- the electrochemically-active particles may have pores/channels with a mean diameter of greater than about 5 angstroms, in some embodiments greater than about 20 angstroms, and in some embodiments, greater than about 50 angstroms.
- electrochemically-active particles may be employed in the present invention.
- carbonaceous particles may be employed that have the desired level of conductivity, such as activated carbon, carbon black, graphite, carbon nanotubes, etc., as well as mixtures thereof.
- activated carbon Some suitable forms of activated carbon and techniques for formation thereof are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,726,118 to Ivey, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,911 to Wellen, et al.; as well as U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0158342 to Shinozaki, et al., all of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference thereto for all purposes.
- Various metals may also be employed as electrochemically-active particles, such as particles formed from ruthenium, iridium, nickel, rhodium, rhenium, cobalt, tungsten, manganese, tantalum, niobium, molybdenum, lead, titanium, platinum, palladium, and osmium, as well as combinations of these metals.
- Non-insulating oxide particles that generate electrical current through a reversible faradaic reaction sequence may also be employed.
- Suitable oxides may include a metal selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, iridium, nickel, rhodium, rhenium, cobalt, tungsten, manganese, tantalum, niobium, molybdenum, aluminum, lead, titanium, platinum, palladium, and osmium, as well as combinations of these metals.
- Particularly suitable metal oxides for use in the present invention include ruthenium dioxide (RuO 2 ).
- the electrochemically-active particles are generally disposed in contact with an electrode, which may be formed from any of a variety of different electrically conductive materials, such as tantalum, niobium, aluminum, nickel, hafnium, titanium, copper, silver, aluminum, steel (e.g., stainless), alloys thereof (e.g., electrically conductive oxides), and so forth. Titanium metals, as well as alloys thereof, are particularly suitable for use in the present invention.
- the geometric configuration of the electrode may generally vary as is well known to those skilled in the art, such as in the form of a container, can, foil, sheet, screen, frame, etc.
- an electric double layer capacitor 10 is schematically shown that includes an aqueous-based electrolyte 20 in contact with a first electrode 32 and a second electrode 42 .
- the first electrode 32 is coated with a porous matrix of electrochemically-active particles 34 .
- the second electrode 42 is coated with a porous matrix of electrochemically-active particles 44 .
- the electrodes 32 and 42 are spaced apart by a distance of from about 10 micrometers to about 1000 micrometers.
- a separator 50 is also positioned between the electrodes to inhibit shorting of the charge collected on either the electrodes.
- the separator 50 is permeable to permit ionic current flow of the electrolyte 20 .
- suitable materials for this purpose include, for instance, porous polymer materials (e.g., polypropylene, polyethylene, etc.), porous inorganic materials (e.g., fiberglass mats, porous glass paper, etc.), ion exchange resin materials, etc.
- Particular examples include ionic perfluoronated sulfonic acid polymer membranes (e.g., NafionTM from the DuPont), sulphonated fluorocarbon polymer membranes, polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes, and polyetherether ketone (PEEK) membranes.
- the aqueous electrolyte is initially mixed with the electrochemically-active particles to form a paste.
- the solids content of the paste is typically from about 5 wt. % to about 55 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 10 wt. % to about 50 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 15 wt. % to about 40 wt. %.
- the electrochemically-active particles e.g., carbon black, graphite, etc.
- the aqueous electrolyte may also constitute from about 50 wt. % to about 95 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 60 wt. % to about 90 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 70 wt. % to about 85 wt. % of the paste.
- anionic polymers may constitute from about 0.01 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 0.05 wt. % to about 4 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 0.2 wt.
- polyprotic acids may constitute from about 10 wt. % to about 40 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 15 wt. % to about 35 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 20 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of the paste; and water may constitute from about 30 wt. % to about 70 wt. %, in some embodiments from about 35 wt. % to about 65 wt. %, and in some embodiments, from about 40 wt. % to about 60 wt. % of the paste.
- a paste 126 is initially formed from a mixture of the aqueous electrolyte and electrochemically-active particles.
- the paste 126 and an electrode 128 are then disposed within an opening 122 of an isolating frame 120 (illustrated by the directional arrow) that is connected to another electrode 124 .
- the frame 120 may be non-conductive and perforated in nature, such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,790,556 to Meitav, et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,576,365 to Meitav, et al., which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference thereto for all purposes.
- the capacitor of the present invention may also contain two or more electrochemical cells.
- the capacitor may include a stack of two or more electrochemical cells, which may be the same or different.
- the electric double layer capacitor of the present invention may exhibit excellent electrical properties even when exposed to high temperature environments.
- the capacitor may have an equivalence series resistance (“ESR”) of about 100 ohms or less, in some embodiments about 50 ohms or less, in some embodiments from about 0.01 to about 500 milliohms, in some embodiments from about 0.1 to about 100 milliohms, and in some embodiments, from about 0.1 to about 50 milliohms, measured at an operating frequency of 120 Hz.
- ESR equivalence series resistance
- the capacitance may be about 1 milliFarad per square centimeter (“mF/cm 2 ”) or more, in some embodiments about 2 mF/cm 2 or more, in some embodiments from about 5 to about 50 mF/cm 2 , and in some embodiments, from about 8 to about 20 mF/cm 2 .
- mF/cm 2 milliFarad per square centimeter
- Such ESR and capacitance values may even be maintained even at high temperatures. For example, the values may be maintained at temperatures ranging from about 60° C. to about 80° C. (e.g., 70° C.).
- capacitors are well suited for use in a wide variety of applications, such as in medical devices (e.g., implantable defibrillators, pacemakers, cardioverters, neural stimulators, drug administering devices, etc.); automotive applications; military applications (e.g., s RADAR systems); consumer electronics (e.g., radios, televisions, etc.); and so forth.
- the capacitor may be employed in an implantable medical device configured to provide a therapeutic high voltage (e.g., between approximately 500 Volts and approximately 850 Volts, or, desirably, between approximately 600 Volts and approximately 800 Volts) treatment for a patient.
- the device may contain a container or housing that is hermetically sealed and biologically inert.
- One or more leads are electrically coupled between the device and the patient's heart via a vein.
- Cardiac electrodes are provided to sense cardiac activity and/or provide a voltage to the heart.
- At least a portion of the leads e.g., an end portion of the leads
- the device also contains a capacitor bank that typically contains two or more capacitors connected in series and coupled to a battery that is internal or external to the device and supplies energy to the capacitor bank.
- Equivalence series resistance was measured using an Agilent LCR meter (Model 4263B) with Kelvin or equivalent 4 point (source and sense) probe configuration.
- the measurement settings were: mode: Rs, time: long, and DC bias: 0V, frequency: 1000 Hz and LVL: 1000 mV.
- an open and short compensation was performed that accounts for the lead length and the probe contact resistance using an internal algorithm in the Agilent LCR meter model 4263B.
- a resistance measurement was performed using a resistor of similar value to the rated ESR of the capacitor with a 1% tolerance. The four point probes were connected with the capacitor and the ESR was measured by triggering the LCR meter.
Abstract
Description
TABLE 1 | |||
Time (hours) |
0 | 504 | ||
Capacitance (Farads) |
Example 1 | 0.020 F | 0.028 F |
Leakage Current (μA) |
Example 1 | 7.2 μA | 3.8 μA |
ESR (Ω) |
Example 1 | 0.184 Ω | 0.328 Ω | ||
TABLE 2 | |||||
ESR (Ω) | ESR (Ω) | ESR (Ω) | ESR (Ω) | ||
Time (hours) | 0 | 168 | 336 | 504 |
Example 1 | 0.184 | 0.206 | 0.258 | 0.328 |
TABLE 3 |
Single Cells Stored at 70° C. |
ESR | ESR | ESR | ESR | ESR | ESR | ESR | ESR | ||||||||
(1) | Cap | (2) | Cap | (3) | Cap | (4) | Cap | (5) | Cap | (6) | Cap | (7) | Cap | (8) | Cap |
mΩ | (1) F | mΩ | (2) F | mΩ | (3) F | mΩ | (4) F | mΩ | (5) F | mΩ | (6) F | mΩ | (7) F | mΩ | (8) F |
27 | 1.28 | 17 | 1 | 18 | 1.02 | 20 | 1.01 | 20 | 0.97 | 21.26 | 0.95 | 22.64 | 0.93 | 26.33 | 0.89 |
29 | 1.33 | 22 | 1.06 | 22 | 1.09 | 23 | 1.07 | 24 | 1.05 | 23.22 | 1.02 | 24.81 | 0.99 | 26.43 | 0.85 |
25 | 1.27 | 17 | 1 | 17 | 1.01 | 18 | 1.02 | 19 | 1 | 19.44 | 0.99 | 21.36 | 0.98 | 22.49 | 0.96 |
29.5 | 1.26 | 19 | 0.98 | 21 | 0.99 | 21 | 1 | 22 | 0.99 | 22.81 | 0.97 | 24.39 | 0.95 | 25.56 | 0.93 |
TABLE 4 |
Single Cells Stored at 25° C. |
ESR | ESR | ESR | ESR | ESR | ESR | ESR | ESR | ||||||||
(1) | Cap | (2) | Cap | (3) | Cap | (4) | Cap | (5) | Cap | (6) | Cap | (7) | Cap | (8) | Cap |
mΩ | (1) F | mΩ | (2) F | mΩ | (3) F | mΩ | (4) F | mΩ | (5) F | mΩ | (6) F | mΩ | (7) F | mΩ | (8) F |
27.5 | 1.32 | 20 | 1.36 | 19 | 1.28 | 18 | 1.27 | 18 | 1.34 | 17.41 | 1.31 | 17.53 | 1.33 | 17.4 | 1.27 |
26.5 | 1.3 | 20 | 1.31 | 18 | 1.25 | 17 | 1.24 | 17 | 1.3 | 16.42 | 1.28 | 16.25 | 1.28 | 16.01 | 1.28 |
27 | 1.28 | 23 | 1.31 | 20 | 1.23 | 19 | 1.23 | 18 | 1.29 | 18.07 | 1.29 | 17.96 | 1.24 | 17.73 | 1.30 |
30 | 1.25 | 23 | 1.25 | 22 | 1.24 | 21 | 1.2 | 21 | 1.23 | 20.36 | 1.23 | 20.45 | 1.22 | 20.03 | 1.24 |
TABLE 5 |
Single Cells Stored at 70° C. |
ESR | ESR | ESR | ESR | ESR | ESR | ESR | |||||||||
ESR (1) | Cap | (2) | Cap | (3) | Cap | (4) | Cap | (5) | Cap | (6) | Cap | (7) | Cap | (8) | Cap |
mΩ | (1) F | mΩ | (2) F | mΩ | (3) F | mΩ | (4) F | mΩ | (5) F | mΩ | (6) F | mΩ | (7) F | mΩ | (8) F |
18 | 1.29 | 18 | 1.27 | 19 | 1.26 | 18.59 | 1.24 | 18.86 | 1.21 | 18.93 | 1.20 | 22.97 | 1.06 | 39.12 | 1.12 |
16 | 1.30 | 16 | 1.3 | 16 | 1.26 | 16.56 | 1.25 | 16.54 | 1.23 | 16.83 | 1.22 | 19.36 | 1.21 | 32.27 | 1.18 |
18 | 1.27 | 18 | 1.26 | 19 | 1.23 | 19.05 | 1.22 | 19.21 | 1.21 | 20.31 | 1.18 | 26.22 | 1.17 | 38.01 | 1.10 |
19 | 1.26 | 20 | 1.24 | 21 | 1.22 | 20.62 | 1.20 | 20.62 | 1.20 | 21.23 | 1.18 | 22.82 | 1.16 | 37.21 | 1.12 |
Av. 17.86 | 1.28 | 18.26 | 1.27 | 18.54 | 1.24 | 18.71 | 1.23 | 18.81 | 1.21 | 19.33 | 1.20 | 22.84 | 1.15 | 36.65 | 1.13 |
TABLE 6 |
Single Cells Stored at 25° C. |
ESR | ESR | ESR | ESR | ESR | ESR | ESR | |||||||||
ESR (1) | Cap | (2) | Cap | (3) | Cap | (4) | Cap | (5) | Cap | (6) | Cap | (7) | Cap | (8) | Cap |
mΩ | (1) F | mΩ | (2) F | mΩ | (3) F | mΩ | (4) F | mΩ | (5) F | mΩ | (6) F | mΩ | (7) F | mΩ | (8) F |
18.27 | 1.49 | 18 | 1.50 | 17 | 1.5 | 16.83 | 1.49 | 17.01 | 1.50 | 16.99 | 1.50 | 16.67 | 1.55 | 16.68 | 1.54 |
16.93 | 1.49 | 16 | 1.52 | 16 | 1.5 | 15.51 | 1.50 | 15.17 | 1.50 | 15.15 | 1.51 | 15.13 | 1.52 | 15.19 | 1.58 |
18.20 | 1.54 | 17 | 1.56 | 17 | 1.56 | 16.3 | 1.56 | 16.36 | 1.58 | 16.17 | 1.57 | 16.04 | 1.59 | 16.08 | 1.59 |
20.23 | 1.52 | 19 | 1.50 | 19 | 1.54 | 17.4 | 1.56 | 17.55 | 1.55 | 16.98 | 1.55 | 16.8 | 1.55 | 16.8 | 1.56 |
Av. 18.41 | 1.51 | 18 | 1.52 | 17.25 | 1.53 | 16.51 | 1.53 | 16.52 | 1.53 | 16.32 | 1.53 | 16.16 | 1.55 | 16.19 | 1.57 |
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US12/408,832 US8345406B2 (en) | 2009-03-23 | 2009-03-23 | Electric double layer capacitor |
GB0920675.6A GB2468938B (en) | 2009-03-23 | 2009-11-25 | Electric double layer capacitor |
KR1020090125575A KR20100106196A (en) | 2009-03-23 | 2009-12-16 | Electric double layer capacitor |
DE102010010422A DE102010010422A1 (en) | 2009-03-23 | 2010-03-05 | Electric double layer capacitor |
CN201010142554.7A CN101847522B (en) | 2009-03-23 | 2010-03-09 | Electric double layer capacitor |
JP2010065612A JP5676123B2 (en) | 2009-03-23 | 2010-03-23 | Electric double layer capacitor |
HK11101345.7A HK1147347A1 (en) | 2009-03-23 | 2011-02-11 | Electric double layer capacitor |
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US20170338055A1 (en) * | 2016-05-20 | 2017-11-23 | Avx Corporation | Ultracapacitor for Use at High Temperatures |
US11043337B2 (en) * | 2018-02-22 | 2021-06-22 | Avx Corporation | Meter including a supercapacitor |
US11170944B2 (en) | 2017-09-18 | 2021-11-09 | KYOCERA AVX Components Corporation | Ultracapacitor with a low leakage current |
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CN102652277B (en) | 2010-10-28 | 2015-04-08 | Lg电子株式会社 | Display apparatus |
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US11043337B2 (en) * | 2018-02-22 | 2021-06-22 | Avx Corporation | Meter including a supercapacitor |
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JP2010226111A (en) | 2010-10-07 |
KR20100106196A (en) | 2010-10-01 |
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GB2468938A (en) | 2010-09-29 |
HK1147347A1 (en) | 2011-08-05 |
CN101847522A (en) | 2010-09-29 |
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GB2468938B (en) | 2013-05-15 |
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