US832611A

US832611A - Process of determining the heating power of combustibles.

Info

Publication number: US832611A
Application number: US22020004D
Authority: US
Inventors: Hugo Junkers
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 1904-08-10
Filing date: 1904-08-10
Publication date: 1906-10-09
Anticipated expiration: 1923-10-09

Description

No. 832,611. PATENTED OCT. 9, 1906.

H. JUNKERS. PROCESS FOR DETERMINING THE HEATING POWER OF OOMBUSTIBLBS.

APPLICATION FILED AUG IO. 1904.

s SHEETSSHEBT Jhvnior er Hugo Jz zz'zken wzzb am? PATENTED OCT. 9, 1906.

H. JUNKERS. S FOR DETERMINING THE HEATING PDWER 0P OOMBUSTIBLES.

PROGBS APPLICATION FILED AUGJO, 1904.

a SHEETS-SHBET z MEAN- Zflifnesses.

No. 832,611. PATENTED OCT. 9, 1906.

H. JUNKERS. PROCESS FOR DETERMINING THE HEATING POWER OF GOMBUSTIBLBS.

APPLICATION FILED AUG. 10, 1904.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 3 HUGO JUNKERS,"

or A1 x-Ln eh A P LLE, GER M A PRocEss,koa brrsri'mmme THE HEliTING POWER OF COMBUSTIBLES.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, HUGo.JUNKERs,.professor in the Royal Polytechnicum at Aix-la- Ohapelle, Germany, a subject of the King of 5 Prussia, German Em eror, residing at N o. 64

Brabantstrasse, Aixa-Cha elle, in the Kingdom of Prussia, Empire of a ermany, have in 'vented certain new and si useful Improvements in Processes for Determining the Heat- IO ing Power of Combustibles and I do hereby declare the following to be a full, clear, and exact description of the invention, such as will enable others skilledin the art to which it appertains to make and use the same. i x 5 My present invention relates .to a process for determiningthe heating .power of com bustibles, and more particularly of gaseous combustibles. l The determination ofthe heating power of gaseous combustibles by means of a calorim-- eter, as described in my American Patent No. 555,956, is accomplishedinfiziccordanco with the general equation Heating value Quantity of liquid X difle rence 01' temperature,

2 5 Quantity of combustible or, in another form,

Quantity of liquid entity 0t combustible Heating value (Qu Dilference of 0 and a moment's thou ht will suflice to show that the first factor ofthe'right-hand side of the equation can be fixed at will by the aid of mechanical means to suit the nature of a combustible whose heating oweris to be del 3 5 termined. This being so, t ere is remaining desired difference of temperatureon a differential thermometer, or upon a galvanometer- 5 scale when electrical means are employed, or, a ain, by the aid of a common thermometer w en one of the two tem eratures-is kept constant, which can I be .on'e" 'keeping either the cooling liquid fiowinggintothe calo- 5o rimeter constant by employing ice water or by keeping the temperature of the ofl flowing cooling liquid constant by lowering- 01 the temperature of the cooling liquid bjiti entering the calorimeter, as circumstah may demand. As the last-named met would cause great inconveniences,-b'esids' 1 Specification of etters Patent.

-temperatures, a

temperature this 'end in view. -.tus,= shown in Fig. 1, in which the calorim- Patented Oct. 9, 1906.

, Application 5115a Avigust ojiao :seraino. 220300;;

lforming thesource of inaccurate results, the experimenter would naturally decide in favor of the cooling liquid showing a constant temperature on entering the calorimeter.

'Generally speaking, my present invention is most suitable for liquid and gaseous combustibles,but I wish it particularly understood that when in the following explanations the word combustible is employed without any 6 5 nearer designation a gaseous combustible is meant, as the determination of the heating power of gaseous combustibles in accordance with this process is the most important.

In the accompanying drawings, Figure 1 sh ws acomplete apparatus for determining the heating power of combustibles accord-- ing to mylnvention; Figs. 2 and 3 are elevations of a similar apparatus, showing certain modifications more particularly hereinafter referred to. Fig. 4 is a sectional view of the temperature-governor shown in Figs. 2 and 3. Fig. 5 shows a difi erential thermometer. Fig. 6 is a side view of another device for reading off the difference in the n Fig. 7 is an end view of said device having certain of the parts shown in Fig. 6 removed and other parts added thereto. Fig. 8 shows an arrangement of the thermo elements. and 10 is a plan view, of a diagrammatical arrangement for reading off the cubical units or the calories having passed through a combustible meter. Fig. 11 is an elevation of a complete plant for indicating and record- 0 ing the heating power of combustibles accord ing to the present invention. Fig. 12 is an elevation of the indicating and recording device having a side wall removed to show the working arts thereof. Fig. 13 is an elevation 5 of the in icating and recording device driven by a gas-meter. Fig. 14 is a plan view of a part of the recording-strip. f

The object of my present invention is to show how this important and time-saving 10o -result.namely, the determination 'ofg the heating power of combustiblesmay be accomplished without calculations, as thede- 'sired' result may be directly read ofi a scale with exceedingly rare exceptionsr. With1 r0 5 am employing an apparaetei'ii' l' is bliilt in accordance with my AmericanjPatent' No. 555,956, whereas the combustibleme.ter 2 and the liquid-meter 3 may I 10 be.;of any suitable construction. but of a. yen capacity. gBoth .meters are here.

Fig. 9 is an elevation,

shown as being coupled by a sprocket-chain 4, running over the sprocket-wheels 5 of the combustible-meter 2 and over the sprocketwheel 6 of the water-meter 3. The diameters of the sprocket-wheels are to be chosen according to the ratio the volume of the coolmg liquid is to bear to the volume of the combustible, so that the rise in the temperature of the cooling liquid is kept within convenient boundaries. By determining the heating power of a very high graded combustible more cooling liquid would naturally have to be taken per cubical unit of the combustible than it would, for instance, be necessary with weak gases. This ratio once fixed determines the constant of the instrument employed and of the division of the scale into calories, which constants, of course, would be different from those-where another ratio has been chosen.

It is evident that instead of sprocketchains and sprocket-wheels any other suitable driving connection-as, for instance, cog-wheels, as shown in Fig. 2might be employed. As shown in Fig. 1, the combustible is led by the pipe 7 to the inside of the calorimeter 1, where it is ignited to heat the cooling liquid, as described in my American Patent N 0. 555,956, whereas the cooling liquid is led into the calorimeter byv means of the pipe 8 and leaves it by way-of the branch 9 and the discharge-pipe 10. The pipe 8 is provided with a thermometer 11 and the top of the calorimeter 1 with another thermometer 12. To make the difference of the temperature the cooling liquid is showing on en'- tering and on leaving the calorimeter visible at a glance, a device is employed consisting of the capsules 13 and 14, containing air or another suitable gas. These capsules are communicating with the interior of a partly or wholly transparent tube 15, containing a quicksilver thread 16, playing upon a scale 17, divided on the one side in degrees of centigrade and on the other side into calories, which scale might, of course, be divided into degrees of Fahrenheit or Raumur and calories to correspond to such divisions. For the reception of the capsule .13 the pipe 8 is provided with a casing 18, through which the one end of the tube 15 is passing water-tight, whereasthe capsule 14 is incased in a similar manner in the branch 9, through which the other end of the tube 15 is passing. As the capsule 13 is thus obliged to assume the temperature of the cooling liquid fiowln to the calorimeter and the capsule 14 is' ikewise compelled to assume the temperature of the heated cooling liquid flowing through the branch 9, the quicksilver thread 16 must vary its position in accordance with the difference of temperature shown by the inflowing and off-flowing cooling liquid or by the thermometers 11' and 12', which difference of the two temperatures then may be employed for any calculations, or the calories may be read off direc! 1;, on scale 17.

Fig. 2 shows an apparatus for serving the same purpose as the one shown in Fig. 1. In this apparatus a calorimeter as described in my American Patent No. 555,956 and a heater 19 as described in my American Patent No. 762,910 are employed, but may be of any other suitable construction. For heating the cooling liquid a as-jet 20 is provided and connected with t e temperaturegovernor 21. (Shown in section on a larger scale in Fig. 4.) The construction of this governor is well-known and clearly shown in Fig. 4. The liquid or a gas contained in the capsule 22 standing under the influence of the cooling liquid is expanding when the temperature of the latter rises, so that through the motion of the membrane 23 and the valve '24, attached thereto, the free area for the passage of the gas to the gas-jet 20 is reduced at 25, for which reason the gas-jet 20 is reduced in size and in consequence thereof the temperature of the cooling liquid lowered. When, however, the temperature is sinking too fast, the volume of the liquid or gas in the capsule 22 will be reduced, thus causing more gas to pass by 25 to the gas-jet 20, increase the size of the latter, and raise the temperature of the cooling liquid accord ingly, so that in this manner the temperature of the cooling liquid is kept constant.

Instead of employing the described governor any other governor of suitable construction may be employed. Fig. 3 differs from Fig. 2 inasmuch as the capsule 22 of Fig. 2 is not placed in the short branch tube 26, but in the branch 9, leading the water away from the calorimeter, and that here a thermometer 27 is placed on the short branch tube 26. Besides this, the combustible-meter and the liquid-meter (shown in Fig. 2 as being driven by gear-wheels) are shown in Fig. 3 as .being driven by sprocket-wheels and a sprocketchain, as shown in Fig. 1. The gear-wheels shown in Fig. 2 may of course bear any desired ratio to each other to comply with the.

conditions of each individual trial.

It is obvious that for making the volume of the combustible bear a fixed ratio to the volume of the cooling liquid other than the mechanical means shown here might be employed. Where the combustibles and the cooling liquid are standing under a higher than atmospheric pressure, as it is supposed to be the case when the two meters are arranged as shown in Figs. 1, 2, and 3, then the combustible, as Well as the cooling liquid, is set in motion by the energy stored up in them; but in case the coolingliquid is standing under pressure and the combustibleis a suction-gas standing under a less than atmospheric pressure then the-energy of-thecooling liquid might be employed to force the combustible into the calorimeter under a .1. .......r... nr

pressure necessary for combustion. If, on the other hand, the combustible should stand under pressure, but not so the coolingliquid, then the energy of the combustible might be employed to force the cooling liquid into the calorimeter. When, however, neither the combustible nor the cooling liquid is standing under pressure, then it becomes necessary to employ mechanical meansas, for instance, clockwork, a line-shaft, or any other suitable means-from which the combustiblemeter and water-meter may receive their motion jointly, or each of the meters may be provided with its own motive device capable of running at difierent speeds to vary the ratio to suit the nature of different combustibles. If both meters are driven by the same motive device, a uniform speed of the latter does not become an absolute necessity, as the ratio fixed by the mode of coupling the meters to the common motive device is remaining the same whether the speed of said motive device be a high or a low one. As, however, none of such devices are the object of my present invention, they are not shown here and may be easily arranged by any skilled mechanic.

The differential thermometers employed for putting my process into practicemay be of any, suitable construction. Fig. 5 shows a device for reading off the difierence ofthe temperatures shown by the to and ofl flow ing cooling liquid. In this device the

thermometers

28 and 29 are placed sidewise of an adjustable scale 30. This scale can be set to have its zero-point coincide with the same point of the thermometer showing the higher temperature as the other thermometer is showing, so that the quicksilver thread of the first thermometer shows at a glance the desired difference of the temperatures under consideration upon the scale 30.

Another device for serving the same purpose is shown in Figs. 6 and 7. Here two flat

hollow spirals

31 and 32 are connected with their adjacent ends to the bevel-wheels 33 and 34, respectively, whereas their outer ends are communicating separately with the

capsules

35 and 36, containing quicksilver, which capsules are in a similar manner brought in connection with the calorimeter as the capsules 13 and 14 in Fig. 1. Between the two wheels 33 and 34

similar wheels

37 and 38 are arranged and seated upon the same shaft 39, upon which a pointer 40 is seated, whose movements are made visible upon a scale 41, graduated to show the difference in the temperatures in degrees and, if desired, in colories also. The expansion of the quicksilver in the one vessel or the contraction of the quicksilver in the other will, as is well known, influence the spirals 3.1 and 32 in such a manner as to cause the rotation of the wheels 33 and 34 in the one way or in the other, and thus cause the wheels 37 and u 38 to turn accordingly. As the wheel 37 is secured to the shaft 39, the latter must rotate too, which rotation is duly indicated upon the scale 41 by the pointer 40.

The differential thermometers employed may of course be of any other constructions than these shown herein fact, may be of any reliable type; but preference is given to thermo elements as shown in Fig. 8, whose

soldered joints

42 and 43 may be inserted in any suitable manner into the cooling liquid before entering the calorimeter, whereas the soldered joints 44 and 45 may beinserted into the heated liquid on leaving the calorimeter. In doing so an electric current will bestarted in said thermo elements whose varying tension is made visible by the needle of the voltmeter 46, so that the tension of this electric current is thus giving an exact measure of the difference in the temperatures of the cooling liquid, since the variation in the tension of the current is the natural result of the fluctuations in the temperature of the cooling liquid. The scale of the voltmeter is of course graduated to show the difference in the temperatures of the cooling liquid in degrees of the centigrade, Fahrenheit, or Raumur scale, as the case may be, and is preferably further provided with a second scale running concentric with the first-named scale and giving the calories corresponding to any difference of the temperatures indicated on the first-named scale, so that any calculations become superfluous, as the heating power of the fuel is given directly in calories.

Y To meet any possibilities, the scale for indicating the calories on the voltmeter is made exchangeable, so that in case the ratio of the quantity or volume of the combusti ble to that of the coolingliquid transferred to the calorimeter per unit of time is changed another scale graduated to suit the new ratio may be affixed to the voltmeter. It is evident that removable scales graduated to suit any ratios in which the combustible and the cooling liquid are introduced into the calorimeter may be employed on other differential thermometers than the one employing thermo elements.

The difference of temperature indicated by the differential thermometer may also be made visible to the eye by recording the difference of temperature automatically upon a recording-strip, on which this difference of temperature may be read off'later on. According to the purpose for which the determining of the heating power is taking place, the recording-strip may be uniformly ad vanced by means of clockwork while the trial is lasting, so that it is made possible to ascertain at any time the heating power of the combustible as recorded by the differential thermometer. The uniform advancement of the recording-strip may also be accomplished by means of a train of wheels driven by the combustible-meter, so that records for each cubical unit of the combustible which passed through the combustible-meter during the trial may be read ofl the recording-strip. This mode of recording is particularly very important for gas-works, as thereby the progress of manufacture can be controlled very exactly, besides which it is made possible to exactly determine how many cubic feet of gas of a high heating ower and how many cubic feet of gas of a ow heating power have been produced. It is even possible to arrange an automatic addition device to indicate the number of calories produced by the gas-works or to indicate how many calories, for instance, a gasengine has been consuming during a given time.

- In Figs. 9 and 10 is shown a diagrammatical arrangement of a device suitable for reading off the cubical contents or the calories passing through a combustible-meter. In this device, 47 represents a disk seated upon the shaft of the drum of a combustiblemeter, whereas 48 indicates anautomatic addition device whose spindle 49 is journaled parallel and radial to the surface of said disk 47. The little friction-roller 50 may be kept by any suitable means (not shown here) to the surface of said disk and be connected to a differential thermometer by means of the shifting rod 51 in such a manner as to be moved toward or away from the center of the disk 47. For this purpose the device shown in Fig. 6 could be advantageously employed by keying an arm to the shaft 39 and connecting this arm with said shifting rod 51. If, however, the arrangement shown in Figs. 2 and 3 is employed, a suitable single thermometer may be employed. It is evident that when the frictionroller 50 is standing on the center of the disk 47 it does not rotate at all; but the more it approaches the periphery of the disk 47 the more revolutions the friction-roller will make per minute in accordance with the greater number of cubical units of the combustible or calories contained in them passing through said combustible-meter.

Fig. 11 shows a complete plant for indicating and recording the heating power of combustibles. The general arrangement of this plant is similar to that of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1; but instead of showing the differential thermometer employed there the device illustrated in Figs. 6 and 7 is made use of, which device is provided with means for indicating the temperature in degrees and the heating power in calories and is co6perating with a recording-drum 52. This recordingthermometer is shown in Fig. 12 in elevation, havin one of its side walls removed. The capsu e 35, arranged in the pipe 8, is connected by the tube 53 with the hollow spiral 31, whereas the capsule 36, arranged in the branch 9, is connected by the tube 54 to the hollow spiral 32. As shown in Fig. 12, the pointer 40 carries a writing-stylus 55 and is moved back and forth in the manner explained above, according to the difference of temperature or variation in Y the heating power of the combustible under consideration. During these movements of the pointer 40 the writing-stylus 55 traces a line 56 on a recording-strip 57 of the drum 52, rotated by any suitable clockwork 58, which meshes with the wheel 59, seated on the shaft of said drum. Simultaneously herewith the difference of temperature in degrees and the heating power of the combustible in calories are shown by the pointer 40 on scale 41. The scale 41 and the recording-strip-57 are visible through the window 60.

Fig. 13 shows how the recording-drum 52 is driven by a gas-meter 61for instance, a station gas-meter as employed at gas-works. The gas passing through the gas-meter will rotate the chain-wheel 62, carried on its shaft 63, which in turn transmits its motion to the chain-wheel 64 of. the clockwork 58 by means of the chain 65. The motion thus imparted to the clockwork 58 is transmitted to the recording-drum 52 by means of a suitable train of wheels, and thus the speed of the record- 5 ing-drum is proportioned to that of the gasmeter 61 in such a manner that one revolution of the drum corresponds to a given number of cubical units of gassay one thousand cubic feetpassing through said gas-meter during the same length of time. By this arrangement it is made possible to see at any time how many cubical units of gas have passed through said gas-meter and the calories represented thereby. It is evident that during the time the recording-drum is driven by the gas-meter 61 the spri and escapement must be removed from t e clockwork 58 or switched out.

I claim 1. The process for determining the heating power of combustibles consisting in introducingthe combustible and a cooling liquid in a predetermined ratio to each other into a calorimeter, and subsequently measuring the difference in the temperatures the coolingliquid had on entering the calorimeter and possesses on leaving the same, substantially as described.

2. The process for determining the heating power of combustibles consisting in introducing the combustible and a cooling liquid in a predetermined ratio to each other into a calorimeter by speeding independently of each other the means for measuring and delivering the combustible and the means for measuring and delivering the cooling li uid to maintain the most suitable ratio for t e combustible, and subsequently measuring the difference in the temperatures the cooling liquid IIO had on entering the calorimeter and possesses on leaving the same, substantially as described.

3. The process for-determining the heating power of combustibles consisting in maintaining a fixed relation between the speed of the means for measuring and delivering combustibles-and the speed of the means for measuring and delivering a cooling liquid to make the volume of the combustible and that of the cooling liquid delivered per unit of time into the calorimeter bear a fixed ratio to each other, and subsequently determining the difference in the temperatures the cooling liquid had on entering the calorimeter and possesses on leaving it, substantially as described.

4. The process for determining the heating power of combustibles consisting in introducing into a calorimeter per unit of time a volume of the combustible bearing a fixed ratio to the volume of a cooling 1i uid introduced into said calorimeter durin t e same unit of time, and subsequently in icating the difference in the temperatures the coolin liquid had on entering said calorimeter an which it is showing on leaving it in degrees, substantially as described.

5. The process for determining the heating power of combustibles consisting in introducing into a calorimeter per unit of time a volume of the combustible bearing a fixed ratio to the volume of a cooling li uid introduced into said calorimeter during the same unit of time, and subsequently indicating simultaneously with the heating power of the combustible in calories, the difference between the temperature of the cooling liquid on entering and its temperature on leaving the calorimeter, substantially as described.

6. The process for determining the heating power of combustibles consisting in introducing the combustible and a cooling li uid into a calorimeter in such a manner as to ave the volume of the combustible and the volume of the cooling liquid delivered per unit of time into said calorimeter bear a fixed ratio to each other, and then recording the heating power of the combustible in calories upon a recording-strip, substantially as described.

7. The process fordetermining the heating power of combustibles consisting in introducing the combustible and a cooling liquid in a predeterminated ratio to each other per unit of time into a calorimeter; and then recording the heating power of the combustible in calories upon a recording-strip driven by a gas meter measuring industrially utilized gas, thus advancing said recording-strip proportionally to the speed of the gas meter and to the gas consumption and indicating by the line traced on said recording-strip the heating power of each cubical unit of gas industrially utilized, substantially as described.

8. The process for determining the heating power of combustibles consisting in introducing the combustible and a cooling liquid in a predeterminated ratio to each other into a calorimetcr,then indicating the difference in the temperature the cooling liquid had on entering the calorimeter and possesses on leaving same in degrees and the heatin power of the combustible in calories, and subsequently recording the heating power of the combustible in colories upon a recordingstrip, substantially as described.

9. The process for determining the heating power of combustibles consisting in introducing the combustible and a cooling liquid in a redeterminated ratio to each other per unit of time into a calorimeter, then keeping the temperature of the cooling-liquid flowing into the calorimeter constant, and finally measuring the temperature of the cooling liquid by a common thermometer on leaving said calorimeter, substantially as described.

In testimony whereof I have signed my name to this specification in the presence of two subscribing witnesses.

HUGO JUNKERS.

Witnesses HENRY CUADFING, E. M. BRUNDAGE.