US8004353B2 - Circuit - Google Patents
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- Publication number
- US8004353B2 US8004353B2 US12/616,047 US61604709A US8004353B2 US 8004353 B2 US8004353 B2 US 8004353B2 US 61604709 A US61604709 A US 61604709A US 8004353 B2 US8004353 B2 US 8004353B2
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- United States
- Prior art keywords
- transistor
- amplifier
- differential amplifier
- series connection
- semiconductor switch
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/45—Differential amplifiers
- H03F3/45071—Differential amplifiers with semiconductor devices only
- H03F3/45076—Differential amplifiers with semiconductor devices only characterised by the way of implementation of the active amplifying circuit in the differential amplifier
- H03F3/45179—Differential amplifiers with semiconductor devices only characterised by the way of implementation of the active amplifying circuit in the differential amplifier using MOSFET transistors as the active amplifying circuit
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H03—ELECTRONIC CIRCUITRY
- H03F—AMPLIFIERS
- H03F3/00—Amplifiers with only discharge tubes or only semiconductor devices as amplifying elements
- H03F3/72—Gated amplifiers, i.e. amplifiers which are rendered operative or inoperative by means of a control signal
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an integrated circuit.
- WO/2007/101708 which corresponds to U.S. Publication No. 20090219103, discloses an oscillator arrangement, comprising a differential amplifier and a first and second terminal.
- the current driving capability of the transistors in the first branch is equal to the current driving capability of the transistors in the second branch of the differential amplifier, so that the differential amplifier has a symmetric configuration.
- a linearized differential amplifier is known from EP 0 400 650 B1, which corresponds to U.S. Pat. No. 5,079,515.
- DE 40 38 217 C2 an input voltage region is increased by means of offset voltage sources of a differential amplifier.
- DE 42 92 255 which corresponds to U.S. Pat. No. 5,258,664, T1 discloses an operational amplifier with a sample-and-hold device and with automatic zeroing.
- a circuit which can be monolithically integrated on a semiconductor chip.
- the circuit has a differential amplifier and a control circuit.
- the differential amplifier has a first branch with at least one first amplifier transistor and a second branch with at least one second amplifier transistor.
- both branches of the differential amplifier have a symmetric configuration.
- the first amplifier transistor in the first branch and the second amplifier transistor in the second branch are connected to the inputs of the differential amplifier.
- the differential amplifier has an inverting and a non-inverting input.
- the first amplifier transistor and the second amplifier transistor are formed as field-effect transistors.
- a control input (gate/source) of the first amplifier transistor is connected directly to a first input of the differential amplifier or indirectly via an impedance.
- a control input (gate/source) of the second amplifier transistor is connected directly to a second input of the differential amplifier or indirectly via an impedance.
- the differential amplifier has at least one first series connection with a first transistor and a first semiconductor switch.
- the first series connection is connected parallel to the first amplifier transistor.
- the first transistor is preferably a field-effect transistor, which has a smaller gate width than the first amplifier transistor.
- a source-drain path of the first transistor can be connected parallel to a source-drain path of the first amplifier transistor by means of the first semiconductor switch, in order to increase the amplification in this branch of the differential amplifier.
- the differential amplifier has at least one second series connection with a second transistor and a second semiconductor switch.
- the second series connection is connected parallel to the second amplifier transistor.
- the second transistor is preferably a field-effect transistor, which has a smaller gate width than the second amplifier transistor.
- a source-drain path of the second transistor can be connected parallel to a source-drain path of the second amplifier transistor by means of the second semiconductor switch, in order to increase the amplification in this second branch of the differential amplifier.
- the control circuit is connected to the switch inputs of the semiconductor switches to control the switching states of the semiconductor switches.
- the semiconductor switches are formed as field-effect transistors or bipolar transistors.
- the control circuit is connected, for example, to the gate terminals of the field-effect transistors as semiconductor switches.
- the control circuit is set up to adjust an offset output voltage of the differential amplifier. To adjust the offset output voltage, the control circuit is set up to control the switching states of the first semiconductor switch in the first series connection comprising the first transistor and the first semiconductor switch and the second semiconductor switch in the second series connection comprising the second transistor and the second semiconductor switch.
- the object of the invention furthermore is to provide as improved a method as possible. Accordingly, a method is provided for adjusting an offset output voltage of a differential amplifier.
- an output voltage of the differential amplifier is measured.
- a first transistor is connected parallel to a first amplifier transistor in a first branch of the differential amplifier to change the amplification by means of a first semiconductor switch.
- a second transistor is connected parallel to a second amplifier transistor in a second branch of the differential amplifier to change the amplification by means of a second semiconductor switch. In this way, an offset output voltage can be increased or decreased.
- the offset output voltage at the drain terminal of the first amplifier transistor is to be reduced, the amplification in the same branch of the differential amplifier is increased, in that to increase the amplification, the first transistor is connected parallel to the first amplifier transistor. If, for example, the offset output voltage at the drain terminal of the first amplifier transistor is to be increased, the amplification in another branch of the differential amplifier is increased, in that to increase the amplification, the second transistor is connected parallel to the second amplifier transistor.
- the control circuit can have a memory for storing the switching states.
- the memory is, for example, a register or formed by several flip-flops. It is also possible to form the memory as fuses, which are separated to adjust the switching states by currents.
- the adjustment can occur, for example, by means of programming of the control circuit memory.
- the overall amplification of the differential amplifier is affected only marginally by the adjustment of the offset output voltage.
- the effect is achieved that production differences in the two amplifier branches or the external wiring thereof are compensated at least partially by the additional connection of parallel amplifiers in the series connections. This occurs by the direct connection of amplifier transistors in one or both amplifier branches.
- the offset output voltage can therefore be compensated by a specifically adjusted asymmetry of a symmetric circuit.
- a control terminal of the first transistor of the first series connection can be or is directly connected to the control terminal of the first amplifier transistor by a switch. Therefore, the same signal is preferably applied at the first transistor as at the first amplifier transistor.
- a control terminal of the second transistor of the second series connection can be or is directly connected to the control terminal of the second amplifier transistor by the switch. Therefore, the same signal is preferably applied at the second transistor as at the second amplifier transistor.
- the differential amplifier has a plurality of first series connections comprising in each case a transistor and a semiconductor switch. Each first series connection can be connected parallel to the first amplifier transistor.
- the differential amplifier can have a plurality of second series connections comprising in each case a transistor and a semiconductor switch. Each second series connection is connected parallel to the second amplifier transistor.
- An embodiment provides that gate widths of the transistors in the first series connections are configured differently.
- a refinement provides that gate widths of the transistors in the second series connections are configured differently. It is also advantageous to configure the gate widths of the transistors in the first and second series connection different from one another, so that smaller increments can be adjusted by simultaneous parallel connection of transistors in the first and second branch of the differential amplifier.
- the difference in the gate widths of at least two transistors in the first series connection is smaller than the smallest structural width, particularly smaller than the smallest gate width that can be produced by the employed technology.
- the parallel connection of two transistors with a slightly different gate width in the first branch and in the second branch of the differential amplifier enables an especially finely resolved adjusting of the offset voltage.
- the smallest structural width in this case is determined by the manufacturing process, particularly by the employed lithography.
- the difference in the gate widths of at least two transistors in the second series connection is advantageously also smaller than the smallest structural width.
- a first input of the differential amplifier is connected to a bandgap reference voltage source.
- a second input of the differential amplifier is connected to a feedback network to form a control loop.
- the control circuit is preferably set up to change the output voltage of the differential amplifier.
- a drain terminal of the first transistor in the series connection is connected to a drain terminal of the first amplifier transistor.
- a source terminal of the first transistor in the series connection is connected to a source terminal of the first amplifier transistor.
- a drain terminal of the second transistor in the series connection is connected to a drain terminal of the second amplifier transistor.
- a source terminal of the second transistor in the series connection is connected to a source terminal of the second amplifier transistor.
- each first series connection has an additional first semiconductor switch.
- the series connection therefore has the first semiconductor switch, the first transistor, and the additional first semiconductor switch in series.
- the first transistor is connected between the first semiconductor switch and the additional first semiconductor switch.
- both the drain terminal and the source terminal of the first transistor can be separated from the first amplifier transistor by the first semiconductor switch or the additional first semiconductor switch, respectively.
- each first series connection has an additional first semiconductor switch.
- the first series connection therefore has the first semiconductor switch, the first transistor, and the additional first semiconductor switch in series.
- the first transistor is connected between the first semiconductor switch and the additional first semiconductor switch.
- both the drain terminal and the source terminal of the first transistor can be separated from the first amplifier transistor by the first semiconductor switch or the additional first semiconductor switch, respectively.
- each second series connection has an additional second semiconductor switch.
- the second series connection therefore has the second semiconductor switch, the second transistor, and the additional second semiconductor switch in series.
- the second transistor is connected between the second semiconductor switch and the additional second semiconductor switch.
- both the drain terminal and the source terminal of the second transistor can be separated from the second amplifier transistor by the second semiconductor switch or the additional second semiconductor switch, respectively.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic circuit diagram of a first exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram of a second exemplary embodiment.
- FIG. 1 A circuit diagram of a circuit with a differential amplifier 100 , connected to the supply voltages V+ and V ⁇ , and a control circuit 200 are shown schematically in FIG. 1 .
- the differential amplifier has a first branch with a first NMOS field-effect transistor MN 1 and a first load X 1 .
- the first NMOS field-effect transistor MN 1 is connected to first input 101 , first load X 1 , and a current drain 130 .
- the differential amplifier has a second branch with a second NMOS field-effect transistor MN 2 and a second load X 2 .
- the second NMOS field-effect transistor MN 2 is connected to second input 102 , second load X 2 , and a current drain 130 .
- the first load X 1 and the second load X 2 are, for example, an impedance, such as an ohmic resistor or an inductor, or an active load, such as, for example, a current source.
- an output 103 , 104 of differential amplifier 100 is connected to the first load X 1 and to the second load X 2 .
- Current drain 130 defines the sum of currents through the two branches of differential amplifier 100 in the case of an unloaded output.
- the first NMOS field-effect transistor MN 1 and the second NMOS field-effect transistor MN 2 are precisely the same, so that the current through the current drain divides into equal parts to NMOS field-effect transistors MN 1 and MN 2 .
- the output voltages at outputs 103 and 104 are also identical.
- NMOS field-effect transistors MN 1 and MN 2 can be dissimilar and have, for example, a dissimilar geometry, dissimilar threshold voltage, or a dissimilar transconductance coefficient. These dissimilarities cause a difference in the output voltage at outputs 103 and 104 , when the input voltages at inputs 101 and 102 are identical. The difference between the output voltages is also called the offset voltage.
- NMOS field-effect transistors MN 11 and MN 12 are provided in the first branch of differential amplifier 100 , whereby the control inputs (gates) of NMOS field-effect transistors MN 11 and MN 12 are connected to amplifier transistor MN 1 .
- a semiconductor switch S 11 , S 12 is connected in series to each NMOS field-effect transistors MN 11 and MN 12 .
- This series connection comprising NMOS field-effect transistor MN 11 and semiconductor switches S 11 (or MN 12 and S 12 , respectively) is connected parallel to amplifier transistor MN 1 .
- FIG. 1 In the exemplary embodiment of FIG.
- semiconductor switch S 11 , S 12 connects the source terminal of the respective NMOS field-effect transistor MN 11 , MN 12 to the source terminal of amplifier transistor MN 1 .
- the respective NMOS field-effect transistors MN 11 , MN 12 are connected parallel to amplifier transistor MN 1 and change the amplification of the first branch of differential amplifier 100 .
- Amplifier transistor MN 1 and NMOS field-effect transistors MN 11 and MN 12 in this case can have the same gate lengths within the scope of fabrication variations.
- the gate width of amplifier transistor MN 1 is larger by at least the factor 10 than the gate widths of NMOS field-effect transistors MN 11 and MN 12 .
- the gate widths of NMOS field-effect transistors MN 11 and MN 12 in this case are the same or larger than the smallest structural width achievable in the manufacturing process. The smallest structural width in this case is determined particularly by a lithography process.
- the second branch of differential amplifier 100 in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1 is formed symmetric to the first branch.
- Differential amplifier 100 , 100 ′ has two second series connections each comprising a second NMOS field-effect transistor MN 21 and MN 22 and a second semiconductor switch S 21 and S 22 , respectively.
- the second series connections are connected parallel to second amplifier transistor MN 2 .
- the offset voltage can be changed with the circuit shown in the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1 . If, for example, amplifier transistor MN 1 has a too low conductivity in comparison with amplifier transistor MN 2 , one or more transistors MN 11 , MN 12 are connected parallel to amplifier transistor MN 1 . As a result, the parallel-connected transistors MN 1 , MN 11 , MN 12 act as a transistor with an increased gate width, or with an increased conductivity. This can also be achieved in the second branch of differential amplifier 100 by parallel connection of transistors MN 21 and MN 22 to amplifier transistor MN 2 .
- transistors MN 11 , MN 12 , MN 21 , MN 22 can be connected or disconnected by series-connected semiconductor switches S 11 , S 12 , S 21 , or S 22 , respectively.
- Control circuit 200 is connected to the switch inputs of the semiconductor switches S 11 , S 12 , S 21 , S 22 to control the switching states of the semiconductor switches S 11 , S 12 , S 21 , S 22 .
- the differential amplifier has control inputs 111 , 112 , 121 , 122 , which are connected to control outputs 211 , 212 , 221 , 222 of control circuit 200 .
- Control circuit 200 has a memory 250 for storing the switching states of semiconductor switches S 11 , S 12 , S 21 , S 22 .
- Control circuit 200 has an analog or digital input 201 .
- Said input 201 can be connected as an analog input, for example, to at least one output 103 and/or 104 for measuring the output voltage or offset voltage of differential amplifier 100 (not shown in FIG. 1 ).
- input 201 is a digital interface for programming the memory by means of an additional circuit (not shown in FIG. 1 ).
- the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1 achieves the advantage that fabrication variations during the manufacture of CMOS circuits can be corrected on chip during operation or during the application by a programmable circuit.
- a precisely adjustable DC correction voltage (bias voltage) to be applied externally, in contrast, is not necessary.
- the overall amplification of the differential amplifier is influenced only marginally by the adjustment of the offset output voltage.
- the new basic principle is applied to compensate for the offset output voltage by the specifically adjusted asymmetry of the amplification in both branches of the amplifier.
- FIG. 2 Another exemplary embodiment of a circuit with a differential amplifier 100 ′ and a control circuit 200 ′ is shown as a schematic circuit diagram in FIG. 2 .
- amplifier transistors MP 1 , MP 2 in each branch of differential amplifier 100 ′ are formed as PMOS field-effect transistors MP 1 , MP 2 .
- PMOS field-effect transistors MS 11 , MS 12 , MS 21 , MS 22 , whose gates are connected to control circuit 200 ′, are provided as semiconductor switches.
- Control circuit 200 ′ has a register 250 ′ for storing the switching states of semiconductor switches MS 11 , MS 12 , MS 21 , MS 22 .
- Semiconductor switches MS 11 , MS 12 , MS 21 , MS 22 are connected in series with PMOS field-effect transistors MP 11 , MP 12 , MP 21 , or MP 22 , respectively, and to change the offset voltage connected to the respective amplifier transistor MP 1 , MP 2 .
- An NMOS transistor MX 1 connected as a current drain by means of a bias voltage VBS, is connected to first amplifier transistor MP 1 as a first load MX 1 .
- An NMOS transistor MX 2 connected as a current drain by means of the bias voltage VBS, is connected to second amplifier transistor MP 2 as a second load MX 2 .
- the source terminals of both amplifier transistors MP 1 and MP 2 are connected to current source 130 .
- a bandgap reference voltage source 300 and a voltage divider comprising resistors R 1 and R 2 are integrated in semiconductor chip 10 .
- Bandgap reference voltage source 300 in this case generates the voltage VBG and is connected to a non-inverting input of differential amplifier 100 ′.
- the other inverting input of differential amplifier 100 ′ is connected to the center tap of voltage divider R 1 , R 2 .
- Differential amplifier 100 ′ together with resistors R 1 and R 2 therefore forms a control loop to control the output voltage as a function of the reference voltage of bandgap reference voltage source 300 .
- Bandgap reference voltage source 300 , differential amplifier 100 ′, and voltage divider R 1 , R 2 in a feedback path provide an output voltage that deviates from the reference voltage VBG of bandgap reference voltage source 300 .
- the output voltage of differential amplifier 100 ′ is measurable at terminal 11 , for example, a pad, of semiconductor chip 10 . It is shown in FIG. 2 that a measuring device 20 with an analog input 21 is connected to terminal 11 to measure the output voltage. The output voltage is converted by an analog-to-digital converter 24 of measuring device 20 into a digital signal and supplied to arithmetic logic unit 23 , for example, a microcontroller. Arithmetic logic unit 24 is connected via a digital output 22 to terminal 12 of semiconductor chip 10 and via said terminal to digital input 201 ′ of control circuit 200 ′ to adjust the switching states of semiconductor switches MS 11 , MS 12 , MS 21 , MS 22 . Control circuit 250 ′ in this case retains the control signals for semiconductor switches MS 11 , MS 12 , MS 21 , MS 22 stored in the register 250 ′, when measuring device 20 is separated from terminals 11 , 12 of semiconductor chip 10 .
- the output voltage of the circuit in FIG. 2 can be adjusted by means of the changes in the offset voltage of differential amplifier 100 ′ in small steps by the switching on or off of PMOS field-effect transistors MP 11 , MP 12 , MP 21 , MP 22 , so that fabrication variations of both bandgap reference voltage source 300 and differential amplifier 100 ′, as well as of feedback network R 1 , R 2 , can be advantageously taken into account.
- the invention is not limited to the shown embodiment variants in FIGS. 1 and 2 .
- the amplification of at least one transistor in one of the stages can be changed in this case, according to the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1 or 2 , by parallel connection of transistors to adjust the offset voltage.
- the resolution of the adjusting of the offset voltage can be achieved advantageously with a greater number of parallel switchable transistors.
Abstract
Description
Claims (16)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
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DE102008056562 | 2008-11-10 | ||
DE102008056562.8A DE102008056562B4 (en) | 2008-11-10 | 2008-11-10 | circuit |
DE102008056562.8 | 2008-11-10 |
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US20100117735A1 US20100117735A1 (en) | 2010-05-13 |
US8004353B2 true US8004353B2 (en) | 2011-08-23 |
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US11264961B2 (en) * | 2019-03-15 | 2022-03-01 | Kioxia Corporation | Semiconductor circuitry |
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TWI442682B (en) * | 2010-03-16 | 2014-06-21 | Noveltek Semiconductor Corp | Oscillator having time-variant frequency deviation and related power supply |
US8461889B2 (en) | 2010-04-09 | 2013-06-11 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Clock signal generators having a reduced power feedback clock path and methods for generating clocks |
US8729941B2 (en) * | 2010-10-06 | 2014-05-20 | Micron Technology, Inc. | Differential amplifiers, clock generator circuits, delay lines and methods |
RU2624585C1 (en) * | 2016-03-18 | 2017-07-04 | федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования "Донской государственный технический университет" (ДГТУ) | Low temperature radiation resistant multidifferencial operation amplifier |
CN107346959B (en) * | 2017-06-15 | 2020-08-21 | 西安华泰半导体科技有限公司 | Operational amplifier for correcting offset voltage aiming at output working point |
KR20220057159A (en) * | 2020-10-29 | 2022-05-09 | 에스케이하이닉스 주식회사 | Semiconductor device including differential input circuit and calibration method thereof |
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2008
- 2008-11-10 DE DE102008056562.8A patent/DE102008056562B4/en active Active
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US4884039A (en) * | 1988-09-09 | 1989-11-28 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Differential amplifier with low noise offset compensation |
US4987327A (en) * | 1989-05-30 | 1991-01-22 | Motorola, Inc. | Apparatus for adjusting DC offset voltage |
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11264961B2 (en) * | 2019-03-15 | 2022-03-01 | Kioxia Corporation | Semiconductor circuitry |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US20100117735A1 (en) | 2010-05-13 |
DE102008056562B4 (en) | 2016-02-04 |
DE102008056562A1 (en) | 2010-05-20 |
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