US7630635B1 - Channel wavelength assignment with transient reduction - Google Patents
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Definitions
- the invention resides in the field of optical telecommunications networks, and is directed in particular to channel wavelength assignment with transient reduction.
- regenerators and wavelengths are two of the most important network resources; methods to economically use these resources are crucial to cost reduction and operational efficiency.
- These resources are allocated to a connection according to certain rules, which are dictated by the class of service for the respective connection, and by the current network connectivity and loading. New rules may be readily added, or the existing rules may be amended for a certain desired result.
- the channel reach is a natural function of the channel wavelength.
- current technologies being used in WDM systems such as Raman and/or EDFA optical amplification and slope matched dispersion compensation, further differentiate the performance of a channel according to its wavelength and to the wavelengths of the co-propagating channels.
- the ratio between the reach of the “best” and “worst” performing wavelengths can be more than 2:1 for the same launch power. Therefore, the wavelength assignment may be optimized if the network management takes into account the individual wavelength performance.
- U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/128,092 (Kotikalapudi et al.) describes the basic rules for wavelength assignment, which take into account the wavelength performance and current wavelength assignment.
- the wavelengths are organized in binning tables, or bins, based on their performance. Once a bin corresponding to the length of the optical path under consideration is identified in the binning table, the wavelength for that path is selected based on path length alone, or based on the length and one or more additional parameters. Such additional parameters are for example the wavelength spacing, the load on the respective optical path, the fiber type, network-wide wavelength utilization (fragmentation), etc.
- the optical path performance is estimated for the selected wavelength, and the search continues if the estimated path performance is not satisfactory. Several available wavelengths are identified and the wavelength that is most used is selected and assigned to the respective optical path.
- SRS stimulated Raman scattering
- the invention provides a method of assigning a wavelength to an optical path for connecting two end nodes of an automatically switched optical network operating according to a wavelength plan, comprising: (a) grouping all wavelengths provided by the wavelength plan into static bins according to a wavelength natural performance parameter ⁇ Q; (b) determining a performance threshold value Th for the optical path for qualifying selection of a wavelength for the optical path; and (c) selecting from the static bins a set S 0 of dynamic bins B S0 based on the threshold and the ⁇ Q.
- a wavelength routing manager for a photonic WDM network operating according to a wavelength plan comprises a plurality of static wavelength bins for grouping all wavelengths provided by the wavelength plan based on a wavelength natural performance parameter ⁇ Q; and a wavelength selection rules WSR block with a plurality or wavelength selection rules, for organizing the static bins into dynamic bins according to the current topology and loading of the optical path and selects the wavelength according to the rules.
- the invention provides a method of organizing the wavelengths available in an automatically switched optical network operating according to a wavelength plan comprising: grouping all wavelengths provided by the wavelength plan into static bins according to a wavelength natural performance parameter ⁇ Q; selecting from the static bins a set S 0 of dynamic bins B S0 based on a threshold value Th and the ⁇ Q; and arranging the bins B S0 into subsets based on a plurality of bin constraints designed for differentiating the subsets according to the extent of SRS transient reduction.
- the present invention provides a method of selecting a wavelength for an optical path across an automatically switched optical network operating according to a wavelength plan, comprising: providing a plurality of configurable global variables, set according to the performance requirements of the network; grouping all wavelengths provided by the wavelength plan into static bins and, based on a plurality of bin constraints, organizing the static bins into subsets of dynamic bins S 0 , S 1 , S 2 and S 3 which include all wavelengths available for the optical path; and searching within the subsets for a wavelength (Lam) for the optical path that has an individual performance parameter ⁇ Q( ⁇ ) above a threshold and satisfies a maximum number of wavelength constraints, wherein the bin constraints and the wavelength constraints are designed for offering various degrees of SRS transient reduction
- wavelength selection rules block enables addition of new rules to the existing ones, as well as rule changes. Furthermore, organizing the wavelengths into static wavelength bins allows manipulation of these bins as requested by a particular rule or set of rules.
- the bins may be organized based on a certain wavelength natural performance parameter (e.g. reach, or cost), fiber type and the wavelength plan (density, L-band or C-band). This enables the wavelength selection with various degrees of sophistication, and also adds flexibility to the process, in that it enables steering the selection for obtaining a desired mode of operation on the network. Still further, user-specific rules may be designed and used when/if required.
- wavelength bins and wavelength selection rules enables optimization of the wavelength selection process with minimal additional costs, since no new hardware is necessary.
- the particular optimization of the present invention biases the channel (wavelength) selection to increase operating margins with regard to Raman transient immunity.
- FIG. 1 shows an agile network and an exemplary A-Z connection with intermediate regeneration
- FIG. 2 illustrates the routing management system of the agile network shown in FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 shows an example of an optical path with access and tandem channels at the ingress and egress nodes
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing how the wavelength bins are organized for assigning a wavelength to an A-Z optical path, taking into account transient reduction according to the invention.
- FIGS. 5 a and 5 b is a flowchart showing the steps for finding a wavelength that satisfies the wavelength assignment rules according to an embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of a photonic network 1 to which the present invention applies.
- network 1 comprises bidirectional fiber links 10 connecting a plurality of flexibility sites, which are nodes A, B, C, D, E, F, Z in this example.
- the nodes could be switching nodes A, B, D, E, F, or OADM (optical add/drop multiplexing) nodes C, Z.
- User traffic 8 originating and terminating on a service platform 7 (e.g. a router, an ATM switch, an EXC, etc.), accesses network 1 at a switching node or an OADM node, also called a flexibility site.
- a service platform 7 e.g. a router, an ATM switch, an EXC, etc.
- a flexibility site or node of agile network 1 may be partitioned into the following building blocks:
- Wavelength switches 2 and OADMs 3 which provide optical passthrough, (bypassing OEO conversions), and optical add/drop of the local traffic from/to the service platform 7 .
- System 6 may include for each express fiber a pool of transponders (Tx-Rx pairs) that are the end points of any connection in network 1 , and a pool of wavelength converters/regenerators R, that provide OEO-based wavelength conversion and/or regeneration in the network core.
- Tx-Rx pairs transponders
- R wavelength converters/regenerators
- Access multiplexing/demultiplexing and switching subsystem 4 that routes the add channels from a transmitter Tx of the electro-optics subsystem 6 along the converging branches of an add tree to the output side of the respective node.
- Subsystem 4 also routes the drop channels from the input of the respective switch 2 or OADM 3 along the diverging branches of a drop tree to a respective receiver Rx of the electro-optics sub-system 6 . It also routes automatically individual channels between the line system and the regenerators for OEO conversion and signal processing.
- FIG. 1 also shows a network management system MNS 5 that controls and manages operation of all network entities to achieve, among other functionality, automatic routing and switching of connections across network 1 .
- MNS 5 network management system 5 that controls and manages operation of all network entities to achieve, among other functionality, automatic routing and switching of connections across network 1 .
- NMS 5 selects the best route for a connection based on the knowledge of the current available network resources (wavelengths per link and regenerators and transponders per node) and on channel performance information.
- a connection is a network connection that carries a user signal from a source node to a destination node along a certain end-to-end route (or trail).
- A-Z connection travels along route ABCDEZ.
- other alternative routes are possible for this connection, such as ABEZ, or AFZ, or ABFZ.
- connection A-Z may be established along one optical path, or along a succession of optical paths if regeneration or wavelength conversion is necessary at intermediate nodes.
- connection A-Z originates at node A, where the user signal is modulated over a carrier channel.
- Connection A-Z passes through switching node B and OADM node C in optical format, and is OEO converted at node D where the user signal is processed in electrical format. For example, if the network management determines that the performance of the respective channel on the link C-D is unsatisfactory, it switches a regenerator R at node D to amplify, re-format and re-time the user signal. After this electronic processing, the user signal is re-launched towards node Z over the same wavelength or a different wavelength.
- trail ABCDEZ has two optical paths, ABCD (OP 1 ) and DEZ (OP 2 ).
- FIG. 2 illustrates a logical overview of the modules of the network management system 5 , which are involved in wavelength routing and switching. This figure also shows the interaction between the modules, and is described in more details in the parent patent application Ser. No. 09/909,265. The following description provides general functionality of the most relevant blocks to this invention.
- a call management block 30 provides a routing management platform 20 with a connection request.
- a request defines certain conditions and constraints, set according to the class of services applicable to the respective user.
- Routing management platform RM 20 comprises a routing module RM 23 , a regenerator placement module RPM 25 , and a wavelength assignment module WAM 27 , operating under supervision of a routing management control RMC 21 .
- RMC 21 receives the call from block 30 and operates modules RM 23 , RPM 27 and WAM 29 to generate a list 26 of possible best paths, which is kept in a database 22 .
- Routing module 23 is responsible for finding ‘n’ potential trails between source node A and destination node Z, based on the particulars of the call received with the connection request from call management 30 .
- Regenerator placement module 25 is responsible for determining ‘m’ sets of optical paths by tentatively placing regenerators at various nodes along each potential trail. RPM 25 orders these paths according to their chances of success and cost in list 26 , and presents the paths from the list, one by one to the call management 30 for path set-up. If the first path on the list fails, the call management 31 requests the next path from the RMC 21 the next path, and so on, until a path is successful. This module operates based on regenerator placement constraints or rules shown generically at 24 in database 22 .
- the wavelength assignment module 27 is responsible with finding a single end-to-end wavelength, or a set of wavelengths for each trail (i.e. a wavelength for each optical path of the trail) based on wavelength constraints or rules 32 stored in a database 28 .
- database 28 maintains wavelength performance information 35 , as discussed in the above-identified patent application Ser. No. 10/128,092. This information is organized in static wavelengths tables (bins) 34 , pre-stored in database 28 during link commissioning, and dynamic wavelengths tables (bins) 36 that are constructed during wavelength assignment as seen later.
- databases 22 and 28 provide an intuitive representation of the type of information used by the routing management 20 , the respective information being stored in the network MIB (management information base) and accessed using a distributed topology system 15 .
- Distributed topology system DTS 15 provides unit 20 with an updated view of network topology and connectivity, to allow automatic and dynamic network resource allocation to connections.
- a Q calculator 40 is available for use by the modules of the routing management 20 .
- the Q calculator is a module provided on an optical engineering platform (not shown) for estimating the performance of a trail based upon knowledge of the topology and characteristics of the network. It encapsulates the physics of the propagation of signals through optical devices and tries to estimate the amount of distortion to a signal due to physical effects, such as cross-talk between wavelengths, to produce an estimate of the quality of the signal.
- calculator 40 also provides a faster path quality estimate based on a limited numbers of trail parameters.
- the path performance (quality) parameter is denoted in the following with ⁇ Q.
- the regenerator placement is based on regenerator availability, path cost and ⁇ Q
- wavelength assignment is based on wavelength availability, wavelength reach and ⁇ Q.
- the invention proposes the following wavelength assignment rules 32 , which take into account besides wavelength availability, the reach, path cost, SRS channel coupling, and wavelength fragmentation.
- wavelength assignment rules 32 which take into account besides wavelength availability, the reach, path cost, SRS channel coupling, and wavelength fragmentation.
- the network uses 100 channels, the lowest wavelength channel being ⁇ 1 and the highest, ⁇ 100 .
- the first G channels (G is a configurable integer) added at any access subsystem are selected from a configurable range of channels given by a low limit F 1 _lowerLimit and a high limit F 1 _upperLimit.
- the range is between ⁇ 11 - ⁇ 90 . If the only available wavelengths for the respective link are outside this range, the connection will use the most centred wavelength that remains and that satisfies the performance (reach) requirement of the optical path.
- ⁇ (n i ) is the range of the wavelength in the spectrum.
- the value for ⁇ 87 is 87 .
- Center is preferably set initially at 50.5, so that use of the equation EQ1 will tend to keep wavelength selection centered in the spectrum.
- Power is a value that allows the user to change the weight of the channels in the spectrum. For example, a Power>1 forces a stronger bias of the wavelength selection towards the center of the spectrum.
- Limit is preferably set initially at 200. In this way, if a short optical path is repetitively provisioned with the same A-Z demand, the wavelength selection sequence will minimize wavelength grouping as seen in the examples below.
- FIG. 3 shows the route ABCDZ, which is generically designated as A-Z trail.
- node A is the ingress node
- node Z is the egress node
- the add access is shown generically by the branch after node A and the drop access is shown by the branch before node Z.
- access channels is used for the channels added at node A towards node Z and the channels dropped at node Z.
- tandem channels is used for the channels passing through node A and node Z, respectively.
- selection of the new access wavelength(s) takes into account the position of the channels currently accessing the network at node A (here channels ⁇ 17 , ⁇ 18 , ⁇ 19 and ⁇ 20 ), so as to minimize SRS in the access tree at node A.
- the selection of the new wavelength which may be different from those added at node A (due to eventual wavelengths conversions along trail A-Z), takes into account the position of the channels currently exiting the network at node Z (here channels ⁇ 17 , ⁇ 20 , ⁇ 22 , ⁇ 29 and ⁇ 99 ), so as to minimize SRS in the access tree at node Z.
- selection of the new access wavelength(s) takes into account the position of all tandem channels at nodes A ( ⁇ 15 , ⁇ 16 , ⁇ 98 and ⁇ 99 ) and Z ( ⁇ 16 ), in an attempt to reduce the transients at the ingress side of the node A (postamplifier) and at the egress side of the node Z (preamplifier).
- the wavelength selection is determined by the value that is farthest from the center. For example, if the ingress value for EQ1 is ⁇ 180 and the egress value is +50, the wavelength selection scheme would be geared towards the ingress side, without causing the egress value to exceed the Limit on the positive side. If no unique wavelength exists that will keep ingress/egress values of EQ1 below the Limit, then the wavelength that minimizes the sum of the absolute values of the ingress and egress functions should be chosen.
- Function F 2 calculates EQ1 for ingress and egress wavelengths only, as discussed in connection with Table 1 and FIG. 3 .
- EQ1 gives a farther from the center value for the ingress side than for the egress side of the optical paths and this is why the example only shows the calculations for the ingress access point A.
- F 2 function calculates the sum for all ingress wavelengths as they are selected. When F 2 exceeds the Limit, the respective wavelength is not selected and the wavelength search continues within a bin whose wavelengths will reduce F 2 .
- Limit 2 can take other values; to provide more flexibility to the wavelength selection rules Limit 2 is made configurable.
- a plurality of successive calls specify the ingress node A and egress node Z of optical path A-Z of FIG. 3 .
- the Limit 2 (for F 2 ) is equal to the Limit 3 (for F 3 ), and is assumed at 200
- the Power is assumed 1 and the Center is assumed at 50.5. It is to be noted that the Limit 3 may be different from Limit 2 .
- EQ1 gives a farther from the center value for the ingress side than for the egress side of the optical paths and this is why the example only shows the calculations for the ingress access point A.
- Function F 3 calculates EQ1 for all access wavelengths and all tandem wavelength at node A, as described next and shown in Table 2. Again, when F 3 exceeds the Limit 3 , the respective wavelength is not selected and the wavelength search continues with a bin whose wavelengths will reduce F 3 .
- the first access wavelengths must be in the range 11-90.
- ⁇ 15 , ⁇ 16 , ⁇ 98 and ⁇ 99 are tandem wavelengths, while ⁇ 17 - ⁇ 20 are access wavelengths, as shown in Table 2.
- F 2 and F 3 functions are calculated as shown above starting with the wavelengths available in Bin- 2 . Both functions F 2 and F 3 must be less than the respective Limit 2 and Limit 3 .
- the initial wavelength selection would be ⁇ 10 . However, while this selection does not violate the access function F 2 , it would violate access and tandem function F 3 . To avoid this, a wavelength ⁇ 50 is chosen instead, which only adds 0.5 to these functions.
- the next tandem wavelengths are ⁇ 99 and ⁇ 98 in Bin- 10 , which add negative terms to the F 2 and F 3 .
- the wavelength that centers the F 2 /F 3 function the most is to be selected If more than one wavelength in the candidate bin has the same maximum fragmentation value, the wavelength that centers the F 2 /F 3 function the most is to be selected.
- This rule prioritizes the wavelength selection criteria as follows:
- the ⁇ Q constraint limits the candidate bins by biasing the wavelength selection process towards cost. Criteria 2-4 attempt to choose a wavelength within the least ⁇ Q bin that minimizes F 1 , F 2 , and F 3 functions without violating any limits. If all bins violate some subset of F 1 , F 2 , F 3 , then F 1 takes priority over F 2 , which takes priority over F 3 in being kept within the limits. If it is not possible to find a wavelength that satisfies to F 1 , F 2 and F 3 functions, then the wavelength selection should minimize the magnitude of the violation based on the order of priorities listed above.
- the wavelength assignment chooses the wavelength that best minimizes the impact to F 1 function. If F 2 and F 3 are violated, then the wavelength assignment chooses the wavelength that best minimizes the impact to F 2 function.
- criterion 5 is in fact takes precedence over F 1 , F 2 and F 3 , since these functions are applied taking into account the ⁇ fragmentation, to bias the selection towards the most fragmented wavelengths. It is advantageous to select wavelength from the most used wavelengths in the network, in order to minimize further the wavelength fragmentation. This results in better network economics, as less fragmentation means a lower number of regenerators needed for wavelength conversion. A lower wavelength fragmentation also reduces the call blocking.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing how the wavelength bins are organized for assigning a wavelength to an A-Z optical path, taking into account transient reduction according to the invention.
- each bin 34 is characterized by a wavelength quality factor ⁇ Q reflecting the performance of the wavelengths it contains.
- ⁇ Q is calculated for a wavelength in the middle of the bin.
- B 1 assumes the ⁇ Q of ⁇ 5
- B 10 assumes the ⁇ Q of ⁇ 95 .
- Q-calculator 40 can provide ⁇ Q and WAM 27 can determine which bins to consider and which to disregard in order to reduce the searching time, based on the bin ⁇ Q. It is to be noted that any other performance estimation/measurement may be used for qualifying the bins instead of ⁇ Q for the middle wavelength.
- Step 100 of FIG. 4 shows that the bins B S0 that have the performance parameter better than a certain threshold “Th” are grouped in a set S 0 of bins.
- S 0 will include only the bins B S0 with: ⁇ Q>Thresh EQ2
- FIG. 2 shows this operation intuitively as “moving and grouping” the bins B S0 into dynamic wavelength bins area 36 .
- the term “dynamic” is used to indicate that the bins in area 36 and the wavelengths in these bins are manipulated by the WAM 27 and change in time as bins are moved and as the network connectivity changes.
- the bins in area 34 are “static” because they remain as they were organized at network commissioning time.
- Step 100 also shows that the unusable channels (e.g. channels that are already used for other connections at nodes A and Z route) are removed from all bins B S0 .
- the bins are then ordered by ⁇ Q and the wavelengths in each bin B S0 are ordered by fragmentation as shown by step 101 .
- step 102 The following global variables are defined as shown in step 102 :
- G is a configurable integer.
- this is a non-negative real value representing the center of the spectrum around which channels have to be balanced using F 2 and F 3 .
- F 1 _lowerLimit is the number of the lower available channel if less than G access channels are added on the optical path.
- F 1 upperLimit is the number of the upper available channel if up to G access channels are added on the optical path.
- Limit 2 is a non-negative real value used for constraining F 2 .
- Limit 3 is a non-negative real value used for constraining F 3 . As discussed above, use of two different values for functions F 2 and F 3 allows increased flexibility; in the above examples in Table 1 and Table 2, Limit 3 is equal to Limit 2 and both are 200.
- WAM 27 characterizes all bins by determining these parameters so as to enable an optimized wavelength selection according to the invention.
- step 104 the bins of set S 0 , which contains all bins B S0 with a viable wavelength that satisfies function F 1 at both nodes A and Z of the path A-Z, are grouped into a subset S 1 .
- WAM 27 finds for each bin the channel with the shortest wavelength, denoted with Bmin and the channel with the longest wavelength Bmax.
- F 1Diff max ⁇ ( B min ⁇ F 1upperLimit),( F 1lowerLimit ⁇ B max ⁇ ) EQ3
- F 1 Diff is ⁇ 0, F 1 is set to True.
- a subset S 2 of bins B S2 with at least a wavelength that satisfies function F 2 is constructed next, as shown in step 106 .
- Power ⁇ ; F 2 A max Current F 2 A + ⁇ sign(center ⁇ B max) ⁇
- Power ⁇ ; F 2 Z min Current F 2 Z + ⁇ sign(center ⁇ B min) ⁇
- Power ⁇ ; F 2 Z max Current F 2 Z + ⁇ sign(center ⁇ B max) ⁇
- Facc is calculated for the bins that satisfy C2, and for each wavelength Lam in these bins, to move into subset S 2 only the bins with at least one wavelength that satisfies function F 2 .
- Facc depends on the wavelengths accessing currently the respective nodes (see FIG. 3 ), given by the CurrentF 2 .
- Current F 2 A/Z ⁇ sign(center ⁇ i ) ⁇
- i is the index for the current wavelength added at the access tree.
- F 2 ALam is the value of function F 2 for wavelength Lam at node A
- F 2 ZLam is the value of function F 2 for wavelength Lam at end Z.
- F 2 ALam Current F 2 A + ⁇ sign(center ⁇ Lam )
- F 2 ZLam Current F 2 Z + ⁇ sign(center ⁇ Lam )
- a subset S 3 of bins B S3 with at least one wavelength that satisfies function F 3 is constructed next, as shown in step 108 .
- Power ⁇ ; F 3 A max Current F 3 A + ⁇ sign(center ⁇ B max) ⁇ (center ⁇ B max)
- Power ⁇ ; F 3 Z min Current F 3 Z + ⁇ sign(center ⁇ B min) ⁇
- Power ⁇ ; F 3 Z max Current F 3 Z + ⁇ sign(center ⁇ B max) ⁇ (center ⁇ B max)
- F 3 ALam is the value of function F 3 for wavelength Lam at node A
- F 3 ZLam is the value of function F 3 for wavelength Lam at end Z:
- F 3 ALam Current F 3 A + ⁇ sign(center ⁇ Lam )
- F 3 ZLam Current F 3 Z + ⁇ sign(center ⁇ Lam )
- wavelength selection is performed as in FIGS. 5 a and 5 b , which illustrate the steps for finding a wavelength that satisfies rules 1-6 for wavelength selection with transient reduction.
- the bins B S3 of subset S 3 are searched first; as seen above in connection with flowchart of FIG. 4 , this subset includes the bins with wavelengths that satisfy all three functions F 1 , F 2 and F 3 ordered according to ⁇ Q and wavelength fragmentation. If there is no bin in subset S 3 , step 202 , no wavelength satisfying all rules is available and the search continues in subset S 2 , for a wavelength satisfying a reduced number of rules.
- Fneeded is the value of function F 1 determined for a wavelength Lam (channel under the consideration) and is True or False if the respective channel satisfies F 1 .
- the ⁇ Q( ⁇ ) for that Lam is estimated and compared with the threshold Th. This is because the performance ⁇ Q( ⁇ ) of some wavelengths in a bin with ⁇ Q>Th may be in fact worse than Th; ⁇ Q indicates the performance of a wavelength in the middle of the bin.
- ⁇ Q indicates the performance of a wavelength in the middle of the bin.
- the wavelength that satisfies EQ11 and also has an acceptable performance parameter ⁇ Q( ⁇ ) is selected for the respective A-Z path, as shown by branch Yes of decision block 208 and step 210 .
- the search continues in the next bin B S3 , i.e. the bin in set S 3 with the next higher ⁇ Q, until all bins of S 3 were checked, as shown by steps 204 , 206 and 208 . If still no wavelength is found over the entire S 3 , branch ‘No’ of decision block 208 , the search continues in subset S 2 .
- WAM 27 maintains a cost violation function for each direction, denoted with CV. This function is increased for each violation occurring at the respective end, namely whenever a wavelength that is nonetheless selected does not satisfy one of the rules.
- the CV will indicate how far from the ideal solution the respective wavelength is.
- the depth of the violation may also be pre-set to a specific value for each rule, according to the gravity of violation, in the order provided by Rule 6 above. CV is then used to differentiate the solutions if the regenerator placement has already been performed, in which case the routing module opts for the solution for the direction that has a lower CV.
- step 211 (branch No of decision block 208 ) since there is no wavelength that satisfies F 3 , CV is increased with a cost violation CF 3 V specified for failure of the selected wavelength to satisfy function F 3 . This is shown in step 211 .
- the subset S 2 is checked to find if it is empty, step 212 . Since S 3 is a subset of S 2 , all bins in S 3 are also present in S 2 . If S 2 is empty, there is no wavelength that satisfies function F 2 , and the wavelength selection will continue with step 220 .
- WAM 27 calculates in step 213 the minimum values for functions F 3 for all bins B S2 :
- F 3Min min ⁇
- the bins are ordered in S 2 in increasing order of F 3 min, and all B S2 are searched for a wavelength Lam that satisfies function F 2 , as shown by steps 214 , 216 and 218 .
- the search now uses only constraints a and b, starting with the bin with the lowest F3 min.
- step 220 If after searching all bins B S2 no wavelength satisfies EQ13, as shown by branch No of decision block 218 , the search continues with step 220 .
- the wavelength with the lowest F 3 Lam is selected and the performance of the respective Lam is estimated for the threshold check. If the performance of this wavelength is acceptable, Lam is selected for the respective A-Z path, as shown by branch Yes of decision block 218 and step 219 . If not, the next wavelength with the lowest F 3 Lam is selected, and the performance of this Lam is estimated for the threshold check, etc. until all wavelengths are checked.
- the wavelength selection continues on FIG. 5 b with the bins B S1 of set S 1 . Now, the subset S 1 is checked to find if it is empty, step 222 . Since S 2 is a subset of S 1 , all bins in S 2 are also present in S 1 . If S 1 is empty, there is no wavelength that satisfies function F 1 , and the wavelength selection will continue with step 2302 .
- WAM 27 calculates the minimum values for functions F 2 for all bins B S1 in step 223 , as follows: F 2Min:min ⁇ (
- the bins in S 1 are ordered in increasing order of F 2 min, and all B S1 are searched for a wavelength Lam that satisfies function F 1 , as shown by steps 224 , 226 and 228 .
- step 230 If after searching all bins B S1 no wavelength satisfies EQ15 as shown by branch No of decision block 228 , the search continues with step 230 .
- Lam is selected for the respective A-Z path, as shown by branch Yes of decision block 228 and step 229 .
- the CV is increased with a preset cost violation value for violation of functions F 2 , denoted with CF 2 V, as shown in step 230 .
- step 232 the set S 0 is checked to find if it is empty, step 232 . If S 0 is empty, selection proceeds to step 241 . If S 0 is not empty, the bins in S 0 are ordered in increasing order of F 1 diff, and the search begins with the bin BS 0 with the minimum F 1 diff, steps 234 , 236 and 238 . F 1 diff is already present statically for each bin, as seen before (EQ3).
- the WAM 27 calculates in step 236 a wavelength constraint d: (d)min ⁇ max[( Lam ⁇ F 1_upperLimit),( F 1_lowerLimit ⁇ Lam )] ⁇ EQ16
- This constraint provides a most centered wavelength available, even if it does not satisfy function F 1 .
- the threshold check is performed on the wavelength that satisfies EQ16. As shown by decision block 238 , if no wavelength can be found to satisfy constraint d and the threshold check, and with no more bins remaining.
- the CV is increased with a cost violation value preset for the violations of function F 1 , denoted with CF 1 V, step 241 .
- a wavelength that satisfies only Rule 4 (the threshold check) is selected for the A-Z path, as shown by steps 242 , 244 and 246 .
- the threshold check a wavelength that satisfies only Rule 4
- a scenario with no available wavelength that satisfies only the threshold check is rather unlikely. If for some reason this still occurs, or if there are no contiguous wavelengths for path A-Z, as shown by branch No of decision block 244 , and with no wavelength found and no bins remaining, the optical path A-Z can not be assigned a wavelength with a satisfactory ⁇ Q( ⁇ ).
- the WAM 27 processes the rest of the trail and then performs regenerator re-placement, step 248 .
- set S 0 is constructed as before from the optical path profile (length, fiber type, etc) to include all bins that has passed performance threshold. Now, the following operations may be performed instead of calculating complete subsets of S 1 , S 2 and S 3 .
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Abstract
Description
|ΣSign(Center−λ(n i))−(Center−λ(n i))Power|<Limit EQ1
-
- In the first 4 wavelength selections, function F1 (first rule) is enforced so that only bins 2-9 are valid. Bin-2 has the lowest ΔQ value so that wavelengths λ17, λ18, λ19 and λ20 in Bin-2 that minimize F2 are chosen, assuming that wavelength fragmentation is equal and greatest for all wavelengths. ΔQ characterizes the bin performance and is determined by the Q-
calculator 40 ofFIG. 2 . - On the 5th wavelength, Bin-1 can be used and again with all else being equal, wavelength λ10 is chosen to minimize F2.
- λ9 would be the next choice, but the sum given by F2 would exceed the “Limit”. Therefore, the bin with the lowest ΔQ and that contains a wavelength that would keep the function below the Limit is chosen. This is Bin-3 and λ30 minimizes F2 with all else being equal.
- On the next two calls, λ40 in Bin-4 and then λ60 in Bin-6 are chosen similarly.
- In the first 4 wavelength selections, function F1 (first rule) is enforced so that only bins 2-9 are valid. Bin-2 has the lowest ΔQ value so that wavelengths λ17, λ18, λ19 and λ20 in Bin-2 that minimize F2 are chosen, assuming that wavelength fragmentation is equal and greatest for all wavelengths. ΔQ characterizes the bin performance and is determined by the Q-
TABLE 1 | |||||
Order | Wavelength | Center- | F2 | ||
1 | λ20 | 30.5 | 30.5 | ||
2 | λ19 | 31.5 | 62.0 | ||
3 | λ18 | 32.5 | 94.5 | ||
4 | λ17 | 33.5 | 128.0 | ||
5 | λ10 | 40.5 | 168.5 | ||
6 | λ30 | 20.5 | 189.0 | ||
7 | λ40 | 10.5 | 199.5 | ||
8 | λ60 | −9.5 | 190.0 | ||
TABLE 2 | |||||||
Order | Wavelength | Type | Center- | F2 | F3 | ||
1 | λ16 | tandem | 34.5 | 0.0 | 34.5 | ||
2 | λ15 | tandem | 35.5 | 0.0 | 70.0 | ||
3 | λ20 | access | 30.5 | 30.5 | 100.5 | ||
4 | λ19 | access | 31.5 | 62.0 | 132.0 | ||
5 | λ18 | access | 32.5 | 94.5 | 164.5 | ||
6 | λ17 | access | 33.5 | 128.0 | 198.0 | ||
7 | λ50 | access | 0.5 | 128.5 | 198.5 | ||
8 | λ99 | tandem | −48.5 | 128.5 | 150.0 | ||
9 | λ98 | tandem | −47.5 | 128.5 | 102.5 | ||
10 | λ10 | access | 40.5 | 169.0 | 143.0 | ||
11 | λ30 | access | 20.5 | 189.5 | 163.5 | ||
ΔQ>Thresh EQ2
F1Diff=max{(Bmin−F1upperLimit),(F1lowerLimit−Bmax}) EQ3
F1_lowerLimit<Lam<F1_upperLimit (C1)
F2A min=CurrentF2A+{Sign(center−Bmin)·|(center−Bmin)|Power};
F2A max=CurrentF2A+{sign(center−Bmax)·|(center−Bmax)|Power};
F2Z min=CurrentF2Z+{sign(center−Bmin)·|(center−Bmin)|Power};
F2Z max=CurrentF2Z+{sign(center−Bmax)·|(center−Bmax)|Power}; EQ4
{[(−Limit2<F2Amax<Limit2)OR(−Limit2<F2Amin<Limit2)OR
(sign(F2Amin)!=sign(F2Amax))]AND[(−Limit2<F2Zmax<Limit2)OR
(−Limit2<F2Zmin<Limit2)OR(sign(F2Zmin)!=sign(F2Zmax))]} (C2)
CurrentF2A/Z=Σ{sign(center−i)·|(center−i)|Power} EQ5
F2ALam=CurrentF2A+{sign(center−Lam)|(center−Lam)Power|};
F2ZLam=CurrentF2Z+{sign(center−Lam)|(center−Lam)Power|}; EQ6
[(−Limit2<F2ALam<Limit2)AND(−Limit2<F2ZLam<Limit2)]=True EQ7
F3Amin=CurrentF3A+{sign(center−Bmin)·|(center−Bmin)|Power};
F3Amax=CurrentF3A+{sign(center−Bmax)·(center−Bmax)|Power};
F3Zmin=CurrentF3Z+{sign(center−Bmin)·|(center−Bmin)|Power};
F3Zmax=CurrentF3Z+{sign(center−Bmax)·(center−Bmax)|Power}; 8
{[(−Limit3<F3Amax<Limit3)OR(−Limit3<F3Amin<Limit3)OR
(sign(F3Amin)!=sign(F3Amax))]AND[(−Limit3<F3Zmax<Limit3)OR
(−Limit3<F3Zmin<Limit3)]OR(sign(F3Zmin) !=sign(F3Zmax))} (C3)
F3ALam=CurrentF3A+{sign(center−Lam)|(center−)Power|};
F3ZLam=CurrentF3Z+{sign(center−Lam)|(center−Lam)Power|}; EQ9
[(−Limit3<F3ALam<Limit3)AND(−Limit3<F3ZLam<Limit3)]=True EQ10
(a)(F1Needed==False)
(b)[(−Limit2<F2ALam<Limit2)AND(−Limit2<F2ZLam<Limit2)]
(c)[(−Limit3<F3ALam<Limit3)AND(−Limit3<F3ZLam<Limit3)] EQ11
F3Min=min{|F3Amin|+|F3Zmin|),(|F3Amax|+|F3Zmax|)} EQ12
(a)[(F1Needed==False)
(b)[(−Limit2<F2ALam<Limit2)AND(−Limit2<F2ZLam<Limit2)] EQ13
F2Min:min{(|F2Amin|+|F2Zmin|),(|F2Amax|+|F2Zmax|)} EQ14
(a)[(F1Needed==False)] EQ15
(d)min{max[(Lam−F1_upperLimit),(F1_lowerLimit−Lam)]} EQ16
-
- 1. Order the bins in S0 in increasing order of ΔQ
- 2. Pick the bin with least ΔQ.
- 3. Find if this bin passes all conditions to fit in S1.
- 4. If it does, check if it fits in S2.
- 5. If it does fit in S2, check if it fits in S3.
- 6. If it does fit in S3, then perform the steps in
FIG. 5 . - 7. If the bin fails to qualify for S1 or S2 or S3, then go to S0 and pick the next bin, with a higher ΔQ and perform all steps from 3 above.
- 8. Once a bin has qualified all checks for S3, if no wavelength can be found that satisfies the first set of constraints, then try next bin in S0 and perform all steps from 3.
- 9. If the bin has a wavelength which passes the first set of constraints, but fails the a ΔQ check, then eliminate all bins which have a ΔQ less than that of the bin with the failed wavelength. Then, select the next bin in S0 and perform the steps from 3.
- 10. If all bins in S0 have been checked and still no wavelength can be found which satisfies all constraints ΔQ, F1, F2, F3, then perform the
step 212 and start processing as specified there and further.
Claims (12)
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US20100028006A1 (en) | 2010-02-04 |
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