US761866A - High-torque reversing turbine. - Google Patents

Description

No. 761,866. PATEN TED JUNE 7, 1904.

J. WILKINSON. v HIGH TORQUE REVERSING TURBINE.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 29. 1904.

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No. 761,866. 7 PATENTED JUNE 7, 1904. J. WILKINSON. HIGH TORQUE REVERSING TURBINE.

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No. 761,866. PATENTED JUNE .7, 1904.

. J. WILKINSON. I HIGH TORQUE REVERSIN-G TURBINE.

APPLIOA'IION FILED MAR. 29, 1904.

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PATENTED JUNE '7, 1904.

J. WILKINSON. I HIGH TORQUE RBVERSING-TURBINE.-

APPLICATION FILED MAR 29. 1904.

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'J. WILKINSON.

HIGH TORQUE REVERSING TURBINE.

APPLIOATION FILED MAR. 29- 1904.

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UNITED STATES Patented June 7, 1904;.

PATENT OEEieE.

JAMES WILKINSON, OF BIRMINGHAM, ALABAMA, ASSIGNOR TO THE WILKINSON STEAIWI TURBINE COMPANY, OF BIRMINGHAM, ALA- BAMA, A CORPORATION OF ALABAMA.

HIGH-TORQUE REVERSING TURBINE.

SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 761,866, dated June 7, 1904. I

Application filed March 29, 1904.

To all whom it m/w concern:

. provide certain improvements in the construction and arrangement of parts which are equally applicable to turbines of all types; second, to provide turbines with high-torque working passages designed to bring them quickly to a stop and to drive them in a re- .verse direction at high power; third, to perfect and improve reversing and two-speed turbines such as shown and described in Letters Patent No. 752,496, issued to me, and which are most generally used for marine propulsion; fourth, to provide the simplest and most efficient fluid-pressure governing means for the valves controlling the supply of motor fluid to and, in case of multiple-stage turbines,its flow through the independently operating working passages in the latter type of turbine, and, fifth, to improve upon the manner of forming the conduits for the valve-actuating fluid, as shown and described in a pending application.

To raise the efficiency of turbines to the high est point where they can successfully compete from the standpoint of economy with the best reciprocating engines, it is essential that,

to the greatest extent possible, all loss of energy by radiation, condensation, leakage, and waste of the motor fluid should be avoided. Having these conditions before me, I have so constructed and arranged my present turbine that the loss of energy due to the above causes is reduced to a minimum, for it will be noted that the supply-passage for the motor fluid forms a superheating-jacket around the tur- Serial No. 200,558. (No model-l bine to reduce condensation and radiation and that the fluid-pressure utilized to control the operation of the turbine-valves is not conducted outside of the casing nor exhausted into a low-pressure stage or condenser or to the atmosphere, but acts at full eflieiency in driving the turbine, thus avoiding all waste. The leakage I control in a manner not herein shown and described.

Referring to the drawings which illustrate my invention, Figure 1 is a side elevation of a two-speed and reversing marine turbine embodying my present invention. Fig. 2 is an enlarged end view showing a part of the supply-head with the controller-easing broken away and illustrating the arrangement of the conduits for the valve-controlling fluidpressure. Fig. 3 is a detail bottom view of the controller-casing. Fig. 4: is a partial section along the line m m, Fig. 2. Fig. 5 is an enlarged partial sectional view of a three-stage turbine, illustrating a full-speed working passage into which the stream of valve-controlling fluid is discharged by the governor-actuated controller-nozzle shown in elevation. Fig. 6 is a similar view through one of the halfspeed reversing-passages, taken on the line 1 1 Fig. 2. Fig. 7 is a detail view of the valvecontrolling means for cutting off the supply of motor fluid to one or the other row of working passages. Fig. 8 is a detail view of a stage-nozzle plug. Fig. 9 is an outside view of the inner casing, showing in dotted lines the arrangement of the fluid-conduits which control the operation of the valves in the working passages into which the streams of controller fluid are discharged from the governornozzles. Fig. 10 is a section along the line .2- .2, Fig. 2.

Though I shall hereinafter describe my invention as applied to a multiple-stage reversing marine turbine, the improvements are applicable to turbines of various types and constructions, and I do not here limit myself to any particular character of turbine.

According to the drawings, 1 indicates a strengthening-shell surrounding the horizontal turbine and securely bolted to the main bed-frame 2, which also supports the bearings 3 and 4 'for the shaft 5. This shaft extends through suitable stufiing-boxes 6, secured to the supply-head 7 and the exhaust or condenser chamber 8, and has fixed thereto a plurality of rotor-wheels 9, provided each with an inner row of full-sized buckets 10 and two parallel rows of smaller buckets 11, disposed reversely to buckets 11, on whose head blocks or rim they are mounted. Each wheel 9 is disposed within a wheel compartment or stage formed by diaphragms 12, which in a multiple-stage turbine are shouldered at 13 and provided with flanges 14 around their peripheries, which abut against the top of each succeeding diaphragm. These diaphragms are held securely together by the shoulder 15 of the shell 1 and the locking-ring 16, which engages within a channel formed near the other end of the shell, being locked together between the shouldered exhaust head, which engages shoulder 15 and the supply-head 7, which is held in position by ring 16. I provide annular segmental rings 17 which fit closely against the inner walls of flanges 14 and form the sides of all but the last wheelcompartment. Thin segmental disks 18 are mounted in rings 17 and serve to catch the water of condensation thrown off by the buckets and reevaporate it in the manner hereinafter described. I also provide a row of stationary intermediates 19, supported by each ring 17 and disposed between each pair of rows of buckets 11. These intermediates are mounted on a web 20, which is provided at intervals with openings 21 to permit a free circulation of the fluid in the chamber. The intermediates for the last wheel compartment are formed on a body portion 22, which enters a cut-away portion of flange 14, between which and head 8 it is securely held in position.

Motor fluid is admitted to the elongated annular chamber 23, formed by coring out or channeling the inner wall of shell 1, through a port 24 in the shell, Fig. 1. The steam or other superheated elastic fluid circulates in the chamber, which is intended to surround the side walls of all but the last wheel-compartment, and acts like a jacket to keep the inner casing sufficiently hot to prevent the compartment-walls cooling by radiation and increasing the condensation of the motor fluid. The intermediates 19 will also be heated to further reduce condensation, the water of which is thrown off by the buckets and caught on the disks 18, which are highly heated and act to reevaporate this water. In this manner the benefit of its full energy is gained, and a greater economy is effected over those turbines which withdraw this water or introduce it into a lower stage.

I bore or otherwise provide an outer row of chambers around the supplyhead, from the inner ends of which lead oblique nozzlepassages 25, adapted to deliver motor fluid against the buckets 11 and intermediates 19 in the first wheel-compartment, as will be seen by reference to Fig. 6, which I am now describing. A block 26 is seated in the inner end of each chamber and is formed with a central passage 27, which flares at its-inlet end and whose discharge end is in alinement with and forms a part of a nozzle 25. The flaring entrance to passage 27 serves as a seat for the beveled supply-valve 28, whose stem 29 is connected to or formed integral with a piston 30, which moves in a cylinder 31, formed in a chambered plug 32, which is screwed into the outer end of each chamber in the supplyhead. The inner end of the plug 32, which abuts against. block 26, is reduced to form an annular chamber 33, which is in communication with chamber 31 below piston through ports 34 and with the motor-fluid pressure through dual passages 35, leading radially from the chamber in the head and entering the supply-chamber 23. Motor fluid when admitted to the turbine will enter the valvechambers 31, which are similar for all the valves, and therefore it is not necessary to describe more than one, and will act against the pistons 30 to open valves 28, when it will enter nozzle-passages 25 and be discharged into the first wheel-compartment. 1 provide asimilar row of oppositely-disposed chambers around each diaphragm 12 and seat therein blocks 36, similar to blocks 26, but of greater depth and having each an enlarged flaring chamber 37 from the bottom of which the stage nozzle passages 38 lead obliquely through the blocks and diaphragm.

A screw-plug 39 engages in the end of each chamber in the diaphragms and has a chamber 40, serving as a cylinder for the piston 41, which actuates each stage-valve 42. A circular row of passages 43 lead through each plug 39 in the manner shown in Fig. 8 and admit motor fluidfrom the preceding stage into the chambers 37, when it acts to move pistons 41 to open the stage-valves 42 and enter nozzle-passages 38. In the lower stages where this pressure becomes very low it is advisable to use the motor fluid to open the stage-valves, and I accordingly insert a plate 44 between plug 39 and block 36 through a suitably-packed opening, in which the operating-stem. for the valve passes. This plate has openings in alinement with passages 43, and a passage 45 leads from supply-chamber 23 through diaphragm 12 and plate 44 and enters the lower end of chamber 40 in plug 39. The motor fluid will therefore open the last row of stage-valves and discharge the pressure in the last stage against the buckets rotating in the exhaust or condenser chamber 8. The several supply and stage nozzles and their valves, constituting, with the buckets 11 and intermediates 19, the outer row of working passages, are similar with the exception of the working passage for the valve-controlling fluid-pressure, and the preceding description applies to them generally.

The inner or full speed forward working passages are formed by supply and stage nozzles and. 38, respectively, and the interposed rows of revolving buckets 10. The supply and flow of motor fluid through these passages is controlled by valves 28 and 42, and it will be seen that the passages as well as the buckets are reversely disposed to the outer rows of passages and buckets, as will be seen in Fig. 9 and are also of larger proportions to accommodate the increased volume of motor fluid which acts against the buckets 10, of which I provide but a single row in each compartment. The velocity or m's m'oa of the motor fluid will therefore be abstracted a less number of times in the inner row of passages than in the outer, producing a greater speed of shaft rotation with a lower starting torqe. As will be seen by reference to Fig. 2, the plugs 32, inserted in the outer ends of the inner row of chambers bored in the head 7, are arranged in staggered relation to the outer row 32, so that the passages 35, leading from the upper chamber 23 to admit motor fluid to the supply-nozzles 25, will pass between the chambers of the outer row. The chambers for the reception of blocks 36 and plugs 39' are of increasing proportions in the successive diaphragms, and to accommodate their increase in size they are moved in closer to the inner edge of shoulder 13 of each succeeding diaphragm, as will be seen in Fig. 5. The plugs 39 are provided with fluid-passages 43 and internal chambers 40, which serve as cylinders for the pistons 41, connected to the valves 42 by means of stems, which in the case of the row of valves in the last diaphragm pass through plates 44'. All of these several parts correspond in the design with the similarly-numbered parts described in connection with Fig. 6, and it will not be necessary,therefore,to further describe their construction in detail. Passages 45, leading through the last diaphragm, admit fluid-pressure from the passage 23 below the pistons 41 to open the stage-valves 42, and both the passages 45 and 45 will pass between two of the passages which lead transversely through the plugs 39 and 39' and deliver motor fluid to the chambers 37 and 37.

My improved governing mechanism is designed to utilize fluid-pressure to control the supply and stage valves of both rows of working passages by a direct action and without the interposition of any intermediate or secondary means. In this particular my present governing means is essentially different from the devices shown and described in my Letters Patent Nos. 753,772 and 753,774, where the governed pressure moves the supply-valves either directly or by means of secondary valves controlling a relay power, and this power, which is generally the motor-fluid pressure, is utilized under the control of the supply or secondary valves to actuate a group or row of stage-valves. It is my object to dispense with this secondary actuating power and its controlling means and to cause the governor to control, with a minimum expenditure of energy, an initial power capable of directly actuating a group of valves comprising a supply and one or more stage valves, and I claim this idea broadly in connection with fluid-pressure means to actuate the group or groups of valves.

In describing my governing mechanism I provide two conduits 46 and 46, which lead from the chamber 23 through the supply-head 7 and through a controller-casing 47, which is securely bolted to the head and provided with a shoulder 48, which engages within the channel in the shell 1 and constitutes a part or segment of the locking-ring 16. This casing is provided with two radially-disposed eham bers 49 49, circularin cross-section and serving as cylinders for the nozzle-pistons 5O 50, which move pressure-tight therein. Screwplugs 51 51 close the open ends of these cylinders and are provided with packing-glands, through which stems 52 52 for shifting the pistons pass, and are pivotally connected each to an end of an arm 53. This arm has a central elongated slot 54, by which it is pivotally mounted on a standard 55, secured to the head. A link 56 pivotally connects one end of arm 53 to a bell-crank lever 57, pivotally supported on a standard 58, mounted on the supply-head 7, and a rod 59 connects an arm of said lever to a similar bell-crank lever 60, pivotally mounted on a standard 61, secured to the shaft-bearing box 3. Agovernor, such as described in my Patent No. 752,496, is mounted on a vertical shaft 62, driven by suitable speed-reducing gears from the shaft 5, and shifts a sleeve 63, which carries a slipcollar 64, connected to lever 60. The governor is responsive to speed variations and, through the means described, moves arm to shift the nozzle-pistons in opposite directions in their respective cylinders.

The motor-fluid pressure through conduits 46 46 enters the outer ends of these cylinders and passes through curved passages 65, which lead from the outer ends of the pistons through nozzles 66 66, which project from the sides of the pistons and are disposed within pressure-controlled chambers 67 67, formed in the casing 47. These chambers may be formed by cutting away portions of the inner wall of the casing 47 and inserting blocks 68 68, which permit the nozzle-piston to be withdrawn when plugs are unscrewed. Re-

ferring to Fig. 5, it will be seen that the nozzle 66 is disposed above a block 69 and over the flaring inlet end of a fluid-passage 7 O, which leads in a curved direction through said block and continues at an incline through the supply-head to deliver fluid-pressure against IIS buckets 10. I provide a channel or groove 71, which begins in block 69 at a point adjacent to passage 7 O and continues around the supply-head from left to right until it terminates opposite to the plug 32' next on the left to casing 47. This channel is of equal depth throughout, but varies in width from its starting-point in block 69,where it is contracted to its widest point opposite the first plug 32 on the right. Here it is reduced by a shoulder 72, and similar reducing-shoulders are provided opposite to the successive-plugs 32 until at its end the channel corresponds in width to the thickness of one of the curved longitudinally-grooved strips 7 3, which are inserted edgewise in the channel and are of relatively different lengths. Near one end of each of these strips the groove 7 1 curves so as to lead through its outer edge and open into the controller-chamber, and at the other end the groove terminates opposite to a passage 75, leading at right angles thereto through the head and plugs 32 and entering the end of cylinder 31. The outer of these strips is the shortest and its end abuts against shoulder 7 2, which corresponds in width with the strip. Each succeeding strip increases in length and stops opposite to the next plug 32 in the row, and I prefer to dispose the channel 71 between the row of plugs 32 and the shaft. Where the grooves 7 4 enter chamber 67 the strips are reduced in thickness to leave practically knife edge division walls between the conduits. The nozzle 66 has an enlarged circular portion 76, which I term the ejector portion, for in all of its positions it will be diseharginga stream of fluid directly into passage 70, and since the chamber 67 is pressure-tight and the conduits, as I shall hereinafter term the grooves 7 1, are closed at their outer ends,which enter cylinders 31, this stream will act as an ejector to exhaust the pressure from the chamber, conduits, and cylinders 31. I also provide the nozzle with a narrow elongated controller portion 77, equal in width with the conduits 74: and designed to direct a portion of the stream of controller fluid into one or all of the conduits,

according to its governor-controlled position, and this fluid will act with an injector effect to raise the pressure in those of the conduits and cylinders into which it is discharged. After the pressure in the conduits disposed beneath the portion 77 has been raised by impact the surplus pressure will flow freely around the nozzle 66 and pass off through passage 7 O and the general operation of the controller mechanism will be the same as is more fully described in a pending application.

The channel 71, containing the grooved strips 73, corresponds in shape with channel 71, but leads from a point in block 69 so that it can pass around the outer row of plugs 32 from right to left and between them and the periphery of the head 7. This channel will be provided with shoulders 72 in its side nearest the plugs, and the grooved strips 73 inserted therein will form conduits 7 4:,which lead from the controller-chamber 67 and open into passages 78, which pass through the head and plugs 32 and enter the ends of cylinders 31. The passage 7 0 will be on the opposite side of the conduits from passage 7 O, and the nozzle 66 will be accordingly reversed. In this manner the governor, through the pivoted arm 53, will move the two controller-nozzles in exact correspondence and they will maintain the same relative positions over the conduits 7 1 and 7 1. The several parts comprising the outer row of. conduits 74 are similar to those described in the inner row of conduits, andI will not, therefore, duplicate their description.

In will be noted in Fig. 5 that the stream of controller fluid flowing through passage 70 will be discharged against the buckets 10 in the first stage and after performing useful work will pass through the stage-nozzles 38, formed in the diaphragms, and will be delivered against the wheels in the succeeding compartments. In this manner its action in passing through the turbine is the same as that of the motor fluid in any of the other working passages under the control of supply-valves 28 or, in case of the outer row of working passages, valves 28.

In adapting my governing mechanism to control the action of stage-valves 42 it will be noted in Fig. 6 that a branch passage 7 9 leads from the passage 78 at right angle beneath the strips 73 and enters a passage 80, formed by a grooved strip inserted in a channel formed in the inner casing. Branch passages 81 lead from this passage to the upper ends of the several stage-valve cylinders 40, so that when the governor-nozzle discharges pressure into one or more of the conduits 7 1 this pressure will be admitted to the passages 78, 79, and 80 and to the upper ends of a row of cylinders across the stages and will move the valves 28 and 42, by acting against pistons 30 and 41, to their closed position. In its open position the valve 28 and its piston 30 will be practically balanced, since the boiler or motor fluid exists above and below it. It is therefore necessary to provide means to move the valve to its closed position when this pressure equilibrium exists, and I accordingly recess the piston 30 and part of the stem 29 to receive a coiled spring 82, which seats against the outer end of the cylinder 31. A plug 83 closes the opening through the head, by means of which a part of the angled passage 79 is bored in the head, the outer portion of the passage being bored in the groove in the head before the channel-strip is inserted. This same construction and arrangement applies to all of the several valves controlling the supply and flow of fluid through the outer row of working passages, and it will be noted that a part of t11ernoto1-'-fluid pressure will act directly under the control of the governor-nozzle to positively actuate each row of valves across the stages simultaneously. vNo spring will be necessary to enable the pressure existing in passages 81 to move the supply-valves 4:2 totheir closed position, since the pressure of the controller fluid is superior to that of the fluid in the stage, and it is also superior, on account of the unbalanced condition of the stagevalves in the last diaphragm, to the pressure admitted through passages 45.

, The. arrangement for controlling the inner row of stage-valves is similar to that just described, with the exception that the passage 75, leadingfrom each conduit 7 4, continues across the plug 42 and admits the controller fluid to a rightangled passage 79, corresponding to 79, through which the fluid enters a passage 80, formed similar to passage 80. From this passage 80 branch passages 81 enter the upper'ends of cylinders 40 and act in the manner described to close the stage-valves. Springs 82' cause the supply-valves 28 to close when the Valve-actuating pressure exists in the passage 75.

I control the stage-valves in the working passages for the controller fluid by tapping the first controller-conduit of a series in the manner shown in' Fig. 10 and conducting controller-fluid pressure therefrom through passage 84, which leads inwardly through the head and beneath the strips 7 3 and enters a passage 85, which is formed by a grooved strip 86, inserted in a channel in the inner casing. From passage 85, as will be seen in Fig. 9, branch passages lead to a point opposite the chambers formed in the diaphragms and disposed in alinement with the nozzle 70, through which the fluid stream controlling the outer rows of valves flows. Transverse passages .87, corresponding to 81, will then conductthe fluid from the passage 85 through the diaphragms to the upper ends of the cylinders respectively, and operated by stems 9O to close the nozzles 70 70. Blocks '91 91 close the openings in the plugs after the insertion of the valves and are provided with central openings, through which stems 9O 90 pass. These stems are suitably packed at 92 92 and have cranks 93 93 connected to their outer ends. As seen in Fig. 7, a link 94 connects crank 93 to crank 93, which is provided with an operating-handle 95, and the Valves 89 89 are so disposed that when one is open the other is closed. By means of the handle 95 I can thus close valve 89 when opening valve 89, and vice versa, and it is not possible for both of the valves to be open at the same time. This is my device for reversing the flow of fluid through the turbine, for by closing a valve, as 89, the stream of controller fluid enters the controller-chamber 67 and the inlet end of the nozzle-passage 7 O and banks up therein, entering all of the conduits 7 4: and raising the pressure in cylinders 71 and L0 until it equals the pressure 'in chamber 23. This causes the pistons 30 and 41 to move toward their valve-closed position, and in this manner all of the valves of the inner or full-speed working passages will be maintained closed independently of the governor and the position of their controllernozzle 66, which under varying loads will be shifting in correspondence with the movements of the nozzle 66, which is directing pressure into so many of the conduits 74 as will open suflicient valves to supply the outer row of active working passages with fluidpressure proportioned to the load.

As seen in Fig. 4, set-screws 96 may be used to force the several strips 73 tightly against each other in the channel 7 O to prevent leakage from the conduits 74:, and any suitable packing means may be employed, if desired. Equivalent means may be used in connection with the strips 7 3.

Though I have described a plurality of working passages in each row andillustrated the passages as reversely disposed in the two rows, I do not expressly limit myself to such details of construction, as they may be altered or part of them dispensed with without departing from the spirit of my invention;

Having thus described my invention, what I claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is

1. In a turbine, means to fractionally expand the motor fluid in separate compartments, a fluid-pressure-actuated supply-valve for each compartment, a conduit leading to all of said valves, and a governor-actuated device for raising and lowering the pressure in said con- .duit to directly and substantially simultaneously actuate all said valves.

2. In a turbine, means to convert the motor fluid into @719 mine in stages, supply and stage valves actuated by fluid pressure, a plurality of conduits each common to an independent group of valves comprising one or more supply and one 01' more stage valves, and a controller device common to all said conduits to admit and exhaust fluid-pressure to and from them and operate the valves in groups.

3. In a turbine operating by stage expansion, fluid actuated supply and stage valves controlling the admission of motor fluid to the stages, a conduit leading to a supply and one or more stage valves, and a governor-actuated device to admit a valve-actuating fluid pressure to said conduit to operate said supply and stage valves together.

4:. In a turbine operating by stage expansion, aplurality of wheel-compartments, nozzles admitting motor fluid to each compartment, fluid-actuated valves therefor, conduits leading to one or more valves of each compartment, and means, actuated directly by a governor, to admit and exhaust valve-actuating fluid-pressure from said conduits successively, to operate said supply and stage valves in groups across stages.

5. In a turbine, successive stages in which the motor fluid is fractionally converted into 'uz's mica, supply-valves for said stages, fluidpressure means to actuate said valves in independent groups across stages, and a governoractuated controller device to successively admit an actuating pressure to or exhaust itfrom said groups ofvalves.

6. In a turbine operating by stage expansion, nozzles admitting motor fluid to the several stages, fluid-actuated valves therefor,conduits to conduct actuating fluid to a group of said valves across the stages, and a governoractuated device to admit valve-actuating fluid to said conduits and exhaust it therefrom into the first stage.

7. In a turbine operating by stage expansion, supply and stage nozzles, valves therefor, and fluid pressure actuating means for said valves comprising one or more conduits leading each to a supply and one or more stage valves, and a governor nozzle to admit and exhaust fluid-pressure from said conduits.

8. Ina turbine operating by stage expansion, fluid-pressure supply and stage valves admitting motor fluid to nozzles, a conduit common to a supply and one or more stage valves, and a governor-nozzle to admit pressure to and exhaustit from said conduit.

9. In a turbine, successive wheel-compartments, induction-nozzles supplying them with motor fluid, valves for said nozzles which are actuated by fluid-pressure in conduits leading across the stages, and a controller-chamber from which said conduits lead and are supplied with fluid-pressure under the control of a governing means.

10. In a governing means for a multiplestage turbine, supply and stage valves, a fluidconduit leading to said valves, a controllerchamber from which said conduit and a nozzle-passage lead, and a controller-nozzle which directs a stream of fluid into said conduit, to actuate said valves or exhausts said fluid therefrom by an ejector action in said nozzle-passage.

11. In a governing means for a multiplestage turbine, passages for the motor fluid, fluid-actuated supply and stage valves, a conduit for valve-actuating fluid leading to said valves across the stages, and a controller-nozzle to inject fluid-pressure into said conduit or eject it therefrom to control the operation of said valves.

12. In a governing mechanism for multiplestage turbines, motor-fluid passages, supply and stage valves therefor, fluid-pressure means to actuate said valves in groups across stages, and a governor-nozzle to divert part of a freelyflowing stream of fluid to said means to operate said valves.

13. In a multiple-stage turbine, a plurality of supply and stage valves controlling the flow of motor fluid through nozzle-passages, a plurality of conduits each common to a supply and one or more stage valves, and a nozzle which controls the admission of fluid-pressure to each of said conduits to actuate the set of Valves common thereto.

14. In a multiple-stage turbine, supply and stage nozzles, valves therefor actuated by pistons, cylinders for said pistons, a conduit leading to a group of said cylinders across stages, and a governor-actuated device to admit an actuating fluid to and exhaust it from said conduit.

15. In a multiple-stage turbine, a plurality of supply and stage nozzle passages, valves therefor, a piston for each valve which moves in a cylinder exposed at one end to the motor fluid pressure, and at the other to the pressure existing in a conduit common to a group of supply and stage cylinders, and a governoractuated means to vary the pressure in said conduit.

16. In a turbine provided with a steamjacket and one or more induction-nozzles, fluidcontrolled means to open and close said nozzles, and means to supply the controller-fluid pressure through said steam-jacket.

17. In a multiple-stage turbine, an annular chamber supplied with motor fluid and acting to superheat the side walls of the turbine, and passages leading from said chamber and entering the first stage to supply motor fluid to the turbine.

18. In a turbine, a superhcating-chamber surrounding its side walls into which the motor-fluid supply is introduced, induction-nozzles supplied with motor fluid from said chamber, valves for said passages and fluid-pressure controller means utilizing the fluid-pressure in said chamber to control the operation of said valves.

19. In a multiple-stage turbine, an outer shell between which and the walls of the turbine a chamber is provided, nozzle-passages for the first stage supplied with motor fluid from said chamber, valves controlling the. flow of motor fluid between stages, passages leading from said chamber to admit pressure to the supply-valves for a low-pressure stage to open them, and a controller means utilizing the pressure in said chamber to control the operation of the turbine-valves.

20. In a multiple-stage turbine, a steamjacket surrounding a stage compartment,

transverse passages leading from said jacket through the supply head, nozzles leading through said head and supplied with motor fluid by said passages, and valves controlling the admission of motor fluid to said nozzles.

21. In a turbine, a supply-head, one ormore chambers formed therein,'a nozzle-passage leading from said chamber through the head, aplug inserted in said chamber and peripherally channeled to form an annular chamber, a valve for said nozzle actuated by a piston, a cylinder for said piston formed in said plug, means to admit motorv fluid to said annular chamber and from said chamber to said nozzle, which pressure tends to open said Valve, and means to close said valve.

22. In a turbine, a nozzle-passage, a pistonactuated valve therefor, a su perh eating-jacket, passages to admit said jacket-pressure above and below said piston, a controller means to cut off said pressure from one end of said piston, and aspring to move said valve to aclosed position when it is substantially balanced between said jacket-pressure.

23. In a turbine, a nozzle-passage leading from a chamber in a stationary element, a reciprocating piston-actuated valve to open or close said nozzle, a cylinder for said piston and a plurality of passages supplying motor fluid to said chamber and disposed around said cylinder.

24. In a turbine, a supply-head for a wheelcompartment', a chamber formed therein, a

' nozzle-passage leading from said chamber, a

plug therein forming a valve-casing and provided with a cylinder, a valve actuated by a piston which moves in said cylinder, and two or more supply-passages for motor fluid disposed around said cylinder.

25. In a turbine whose interior is subdivided into stages by diaphragm-partitions, means to provide for the flow of motor fluid between stages, comprising a valve-chamber disposed in a diaphragm, a nozzle leading from said chamber to a succeeding stage, and a plurality of passages discharging motor flu id from the preceding stage into said valvechamber. I

26. In a multiple-stage turbine, a diaphragmpartition therein, a nozzle passage leading through said diaphragm and having its supply end formed in a block inserted in said diaphragm, a piston-actuated valve and a cylinder therefor disposed within said diaphragm and controlling said nozzle, and a plurality of separate passages which admit the preceding stage pressure below said piston, and into said'nozzle when said valve is open.

27. In a reversing turbine, one or more valves controlling the admission of motor fluid to drive the turbine forward, one or more valves to admit motor fluid to reverse it, a controller means for each set of valves, and a common governor for actuating said controller means.

28. In a turbine, the combination of rotating buckets, forward-driving nozzle-passages de livering fluid thereto, valves for controlling the flow of fluid through said nozzle-passages, and a governor-nozzle for controlling the operation of said valves, with similar means for driving the turbine in a reverse direction, a governor-nozzle for said latter means, means for actuating said governor-nozzles and means for maintaining one of the oppositely-acting driving means inactive while the other is in operation.

29. In a reversing turbine, working passages acting to drive the turbine in opposite directions, motor-fluid valves for said passages, and a compound controller means for the valves of both working passages, and means to maintain the working passages disposed in one direction active while the others are inactive.

30. In a reversing turbine, valves controlling the supply of motor fluid to drive the turbine in opposite directions, fluid pressure means to control the operation of said valves, a compound controller mechanism for said means, and means, independent of said controller mechanism, to maintain one or the other of the sets of similarly-disposed nozzles closed.

31. In a turbine operating by stage-expansion, supply and stage valves controlling the admission of motor fluid to nozzles acting to drive the turbine in one direction, supply and stage valves controlling the admission of motor fluid to nozzles acting to drive the turbine in a' reverse direction, an independent fluidpressurecontroller means for each set of valves.

32. In a turbine, nozzles discharging motor fluid against a rotating element to drive it in opposite directions, a fluid-pressure-control- 1 ling means for the motor-fluid supply to each set of similarly-disposed nozzles, and means for cutting one or the other set of nozzles out of service.

33. In a turbine, the combination of nozzles and moving buckets against which the motor fluid acts to produce forward movement, reversely-disposed nozzles and movingbuckets to produce a backward movement, fluid-pressure-actuated valves for said nozzles, a governor-nozzle for controlling, by the impact action of a freely-flowing stream of fluid, the operation of the valves admitting forwarddriving fluid, similar means for controlling the valves admitting backward-driving fluid, means for moving said governor-nozzles, and means to interrupt one of said streams of fluid to cause the valves controlled thereby to close.

34:. In a turbine, a plurality of forwarddriving working passages, a plurality of reversing working passages, a set of fluid-actuated turbine-valves for each class of working passages, separate sets of fluid-conduits leading to each set of valves, and a governor-nozzle for each set of conduits which controls the operation of the valves to which they lead.

35. In a turbine, reversely-disposed sets of nozzles at different distances from the shaft center, fluid-actuated valves therefor, a separate group of passages formed by contiguous strips and leading to the valves of each of said sets of nozzles, separate means to control the admission of fluid-pressure to each group of passages and means to maintain one of said sets of nozzles closed.

36. In a turbine, a supply-head through which reversely-disposed nozzles pass, a plurality of contiguous strips between which conduits are formed, a plurality of valves for nozzles disposed in one direction whose operation is controlled by the fluid-pressure in said conduits, a plurality of valves for reversely-disposed nozzles, whose operation is controlled by the fluid-pressure in a second set of conduits formed similarly to those first mentioned, separate controller-chambers from which said sets of conduits lead, a controller-nozzle in each chamber, which diverts a freely-flowing stream of fluid to control the operation of said valves, and means to supply fluid-pressure to said chambers and permit it to flow through but one of them at a time.

37. In a reversing turbine,nozzles discharging motor fluid against a rotating element to drive it in one direction, nozzles acting with an opposite effect on said element, a separate governor-nozzle controlling fluid-pressureactuated means to open and close said oppositelyacting nozzles, and means to maintain one governor-nozzle in active control of a set of nozzles while the other set is closed independently of the position of its governornozzle.

38. In a reversing turbine, a compound governing mechanism comprising two controllerchambers, a normally open passage and a plurality of valve-controller conduits leading from each chamber, means to introduce fluidpressure into said chambers through controller-nozzles, and valves for said passages which are connected up so that the flow of fluid through one or the other of said controller-chambers will be stopped.

39. In a governing mechanism for a reversing turbine, two controller-chambers from which separate sets of conduits conduct fluidpressure to actuate valves controlling the motor-fluid supply, a controller device in each chamber, and means to couple said devices up so they can be moved synchronously.

40. In a governing mechanism for a turbine, independent sets of nozzles which discharge motor fluid with difierent driving effects against a rotating element, means controlling the flow of fluid through said nozzles, controller devices for each set of nozzles, means to couple up said devices, and a governor means to actuate them.

41. An elastic-fluid turbine comprising a casing having head-sections, an outer shell provided with an abutment engaging one head and a channel adjacent to the other head, and a controller-casing forming part of an abutment which seats in said channel and engages said supply-head.

42. An elastic-fluid turbine comprising an inner casing and an outer strengthening-shell, an annular chamber formed between said shell and easing, a controller-chamber formed in an element engaging said shell, a passage connecting said chambers, and means to admit fluid-pressure to said annular chamber.

43. An elastic-fluid turbine comprising a casing, a compartment supplied with fluidpressure to superheat the side wall of said casing, a plurality of fluid pressurecontrolled motor-fluid-supply valves, a fluid controller chamber for said valves, and a conduit to supply said chamber with fluid-pressu re from said compartment.

44. In a governing means for a multiplestage turbine, working passages comprising supply and stage nozzles and rows of rotating buckets, supply and stage valves, a fluid-con troller means for said valves comprising a controller-chamber, conduits for the valve-controlling fluid leading therefrom, a freely-flowing stream of fluid-pressure which is diverted in said chamber to control said valves and which is discharged against the buckets in the several stages, and valves controlled by said controller fluid to interrupt its flow through the turbine.

45. In a turbine, supply and stage valves controlled by a diverted stream of motor fluid, a working passage for said controller-strewn, andv stage-valves therein which are also controlled by said stream.

46. In a multiple-stage turbine, a plurality of motor-fluid valves, fluid-pressure-governing means for said valves which diverts a stream of fluid to control said valves, a working passage :for said stream of controller fluid, means to interrupt the flow of said stream and fluid-actuated valves to control its flow through said working passage.

47. In a turbine, two independent sets of supply and stage Valves which operate with different driving effects, a diverted stream of motor fluid for controlling each set of said Valves, a working passage for each controllerstream, a valve therein to interrupt the stream and close the set of valves controlled thereby, a link-connecting operating means for said latter two valves to cause them to open alternately.

L8. In a turbine, a diaphrag1i1-partition, a chamber therein from the lower end of which a nozzle-passage leads, a valve therefor operated by a piston, and a plug inserted in the upper end of said chamber and provided with a cylinder for said piston and a row of passages in said plug surrounding said cylinder and admitting motor fluid to said nozzle.

49. In areversing turbine, independent sets of fluid-controlled supply-valves, two sets of conduits for the controller fluid disposed at diflerent distances from the shaft center, and means to control the admission of fluid to said conduits which are disposed around the supply-head.

50. In a reversing turbine provided with two rows of working passages at different distances from the shaft center, supply-valves for said rows supplied with motor fluid from a common annular chamber, two independent sets of conduits for the controller fluid for said rows of valves, and means to actively control but one set of valves at a time.

51. In a multiple-stage turbine, supply and

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