US7573160B2 - Methods and apparatus for controlling windfarms and windfarms controlled thereby - Google Patents

Methods and apparatus for controlling windfarms and windfarms controlled thereby Download PDF

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US7573160B2
US7573160B2 US11/185,474 US18547405A US7573160B2 US 7573160 B2 US7573160 B2 US 7573160B2 US 18547405 A US18547405 A US 18547405A US 7573160 B2 US7573160 B2 US 7573160B2
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power
setpoint
windfarm
apparent power
apparent
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US20070018510A1 (en
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Mark Edward Cardinal
Jignesh Govindlal Gandhi
Andreas Kirchner
Reinhard Brugger
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GE Infrastructure Technology LLC
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General Electric Co
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Assigned to GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY reassignment GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GANDHI, JIGNESH GOVINDLAL, CARDINAL, MARK EDWARD, BRUGGER, REINHARD, KIRCHNER, ANDREAS
Priority to US11/185,474 priority Critical patent/US7573160B2/en
Application filed by General Electric Co filed Critical General Electric Co
Priority to DK06253665T priority patent/DK1746285T3/en
Priority to ES06253665T priority patent/ES2448840T3/es
Priority to EP20060253665 priority patent/EP1746285B1/fr
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Publication of US7573160B2 publication Critical patent/US7573160B2/en
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/028—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling wind motor output power
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/04—Automatic control; Regulation
    • F03D7/042—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller
    • F03D7/048—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller controlling wind farms
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/40—Type of control system
    • F05B2270/404—Type of control system active, predictive, or anticipative
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/70—Type of control algorithm
    • F05B2270/708—Type of control algorithm with comparison tables
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to wind turbine energy generation systems and more particularly to methods and apparatus for controlling power generated therefrom and to the wind turbine energy generation systems controlled by such methods and apparatus.
  • windfarms It is a common desire to regulate and/or limit apparent power in wind power plants (hereinafter referred to as “windfarms”). Otherwise, the power generated from the windfarm will vary with the power captured by the blades of each turbine, and that power varies with and the captured power is highly dependent upon instantaneous wind speed. Power can be regulated by, for example, pitching the blades of the wind turbines or rotating the axis of the rotor away from the direction of the wind.
  • the output of a wind farm can be characterized, at least in part, by an apparent power.
  • the apparent power is the sum of the actual, real power, measured in watts and dissipated through a resistive load, and the reactive power, measured in VARs.
  • the sum of the squares of the real power and of the reactive power is equal to the square of the apparent power.
  • Many uses of windfarms require that the apparent power, i.e., volts times amperes, be limited as a scalar quantity. However, to a wire, the transmission of power corresponds to voltage and amperage.
  • some configurations of the present invention therefore provide a method for controlling power produced by a windfarm.
  • the method includes regulating active power produced by the windfarm in accordance with an apparent power setpoint, and regulating a power factor of the windfarm in accordance with a power factor setpoint.
  • the method includes reducing a magnitude of an angle of a power factor setpoint towards zero and regulating the power factor of the windfarm in accordance with the reduced power factor setpoint angle magnitude.
  • some configurations of the present invention provide an apparatus for controlling power produced by a windfarm.
  • the apparatus is configured to regulate active power produced by the windfarm in accordance with an apparent power setpoint, and regulate a power factor of the windfarm in accordance with a power factor setpoint.
  • a magnitude of an angle of a power factor setpoint is reduced towards zero and the apparatus is further configured, during these periods, to regulate the power factor of the windfarm in accordance with the reduced power factor setpoint angle magnitude.
  • some configurations of the present invention provide a regulated windfarm.
  • the regulated windfarm includes one or more wind turbines having a combined output coupled to a utility grid and measuring instruments configured to provide measurements of at least apparent power and power factor.
  • the regulated windfarm further includes an apparent power control loop responsive to an apparent power setpoint and a measured apparent power to provide power commands to the one or more wind turbines to regulate the active power output of the windfarm towards the apparent power setpoint.
  • the regulated windfarm also includes a power factor control loop responsive to the measured apparent power and the measured power factor to regulate a power factor of the windfarm in accordance with a power factor setpoint.
  • the power factor loop further includes a power factor foldback function so that during periods in which the apparent power setpoint is approached or exceeded, an angle magnitude of the power factor setpoint is reduced towards zero and the power factor control loop regulates the power factor of the windfarm in accordance with the reduced power factor setpoint angle magnitude.
  • FIG. 1 is a pictorial block diagram of a configuration of a regulated windfarm system.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the output of a foldback function as a function of measured apparent power with a 95% threshold.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing active power production per unit for the windfarm of FIG. 1 .
  • signals indicative of” the values or measurements are considered as “signals indicative of” the values or measurements.
  • signals can be scaled, offset, or mapped in an appropriate manner as a design choice to facilitate circuit design.
  • a “signal indicative of” a value or measurement can be, for example, an analog voltage from a control or measuring device or a digital value stored in a memory or measured using a digital measuring instrument. Unless otherwise noted, such a signal can include a scaling factor, an offset, or another mapping as a design choice to facilitate the implementation of functional blocks of circuitry described herein.
  • a windfarm control system 10 for a windfarm 12 comprising one or more wind turbines 14 includes an apparent power control loop 16 and a power factor control loop 18 .
  • Apparent power control loop 16 regulates active power of windfarm 12 in accordance with an apparent power setpoint.
  • Power factor control loop 18 regulates a power factor of the windfarm in accordance with a power factor setpoint, except that, during periods in which the apparent power setpoint is approached or exceeded, the magnitude of an angle of a power factor setpoint is reduced towards zero, and power factor control loop regulates the power fact of windfarm 12 in accordance with the reduced power factor setpoint angle magnitude.
  • Apparent power is measured by an appropriate measuring instrument (not shown in the Figures) at a point 19 at an output of windfarm 12 at which a summed aggregate total power from the one or more wind turbines 14 is electrically connected to a utility grid (not shown in detail in FIG. 1 ).
  • the apparent power of the farm is controlled by reducing an active power component, referred to herein as P, of the electrical apparent power of windfarm 12 .
  • apparent power control loop 16 is configured to reduce only an active power component to regulate the apparent power, simultaneous regulation of the power factor by power factor control loop 18 is possible, wherein the power factor is related to the relative amounts of active power and reactive power.
  • a signal indicative of an apparent power setpoint S setpoint is input to apparent power control loop 16 .
  • This signal is converted to an active power command at block 20 , which is a command indicative of the value ⁇ square root over (S setpoint 2 ⁇ Q measured 2 ) ⁇ .
  • the active power command is modified by the effective subtraction of the measured system active power P measured at a subtraction block 22 , and the result input to an active power regulator, such as active power proportional integrator (PI) 24 .
  • the output is an active power command that is sent to windfarm 12 .
  • the active power command sent to windfarm 12 is distributed to one or more wind turbines 14 to effect a change in power output.
  • the active power command may comprise a plurality of commands configured to effect different changes in power output from each wind turbine.
  • a power angle ( ⁇ ) is defined as a geometric relationship between the reactive power and active power components written:
  • a power factor PF is then defined as the cosine of the power angle ⁇ :
  • power factor PF maps directly to power angle ⁇ , there is no difference, insofar as the present invention is concerned, between regulating a power factor of a windfarm in accordance with a power factor setpoint on the one hand, and regulating the power factor in accordance with the magnitude of the angle of the power factor setpoint on the other. Moreover, by reducing the magnitude of the angle of the power factor setpoint, the power factor setpoint value is also reduced. Therefore, if a value is dependent upon a reduced power factor angle magnitude, it is also considered dependent upon a reduced power factor setpoint.
  • a power factor setpoint PF setpoint is input to power factor control loop 18 .
  • PF setpoint is converted to an angle in a block 26 that determines cos ⁇ 1 (PF setpoint ).
  • This angle is multiplied at 28 by a power factor foldback function Foldback(S/S setpoint ) is then determined at multiplier 28 to obtain a modified angle command for a power factor (angle) regulator 30 , such as a PI regulator.
  • the result ⁇ measured is subtracted from the modified angle command.
  • the output of power factor (angle) regulator is a VAR or power factor command to turbine farm 12 .
  • the VAR or power factor command comprises a plurality of different commands to separately control individual turbines 14 .
  • the apparent power regulator 16 and power factor regulator 18 functions allow a windfarm 12 to simultaneously regulate power factor and apparent power when the power of the wind plus the VARs required to maintain the correct power factor are less than the required apparent power setpoint.
  • the power factor foldback function Foldback(S measured /S setpoint ) in some configurations continuously and seamlessly reduces the power factor of windfarm 12 , thereby allowing an increased production of active power. This advantage is transparent to control regulators 24 and 30 and need not induce any mode switching or step changes in active or reactive power production.
  • power factor foldback function Foldback(S measured /S setpoint ) linearly reduces the power angle, effectively driving the power factor to unity when the apparent power S measured of the windfarm approaches an adjustable threshold S threshold which can be represented as a percentage of the apparent power setpoint S setpoint .
  • an adjustable threshold S threshold which can be represented as a percentage of the apparent power setpoint S setpoint .
  • the effective value of the function Foldback(S measured /S setpoint ) begins monotonically decreasing from 1 to 0. (The “effective value” ignores scaling and offsets such as those that might be introduced in particular configurations to simplify circuit design.)
  • the output of Foldback(S measured /S setpoint ) clamps at 0 in some configurations when the apparent power S measured of windfarm 12 exceeds or reaches the apparent power setpoint S setpoint .
  • a magnitude of the angle of the power factor setpoint is reduced towards zero by a process and functional block that utilizes a function dependent upon measured apparent power, the apparent power setpoint, and a foldback threshold.
  • the foldback threshold is set at a point at which the measured apparent power is 95% of the apparent power setpoint.
  • the foldback threshold in other configurations is set at a different percentage of the apparent power setpoint. For example, in some configurations, the foldback threshold is set at 85%. In other configurations, it is set at 90%. In still other configurations, it is set at 95%, as in the illustrated configuration, and in still others, at 100%.
  • the reduction occurs only when the measured apparent power of windfarm 12 is greater than the apparent power setpoint.
  • the reduction is a linear reduction as a function of apparent power. Also in some configurations, the reduction is a monotonic decrease to zero, and/or the reduction is clamped at zero when the apparent power reaches or exceeds the apparent power setpoint.
  • the measured apparent power S measured is filtered to remove short-term variations.
  • some configurations determine Foldback(S measured /S setpoint ) as a result of a test stated as,
  • the output is clamped to zero if the measured apparent power S measured is greater than the apparent power setpoint S setpoint .
  • an apparent power regulator block and a power factor regulator block are used in conjunction with the windfarm to simultaneously regulate power factor and apparent power when the power of the wind plus the VARs required to maintain the correct power factor are less than the required apparent power setpoint.
  • a foldback function is used to reduce the power factor of the windfarm. In some configurations, this reduction is continuous and/or seamless. The foldback function thus allows the windfarm to increase, and in some configurations, maximize its active power production. Also, in some configurations, the increase in active power production can be provided transparently to control regulators and need not induce mode switching or step changes in active or reactive power production.
  • the power factor foldback function provides a reduction in the power angle, effectively driving the power factor to unity or at least a value near unity when the apparent power of the windfarm approaches an adjustable threshold value.
  • the power factor foldback function is a linear function that linearly reduces the power angle.
  • the power factor foldback function is a monotonically decreasing function, and in still other configurations, it is a non-increasing function, or at least a substantially non-increasing function that has no substantial region of increasing values.
  • the adjustable threshold value can be represented as a percentage of the apparent power setpoint. When the measured apparent power of the windfarm is less than the threshold, little or no modification to the power angle setpoint is made in some configurations of the present invention and the output of the foldback function can be assigned a value of 1.
  • the output of the foldback function begins decreasing from 1 to 0.
  • the output of the foldback function will clamp at 0 when the apparent power of the windfarm exceeds or reaches the apparent power setpoint.
  • the amount of active power production 100 in watts per unit windfarm MVA is increased beyond a threshold (in this case, 95% of the MVA setpoint) relative to the active power that would have been produced 102 without the foldback function.
  • the power factor is decreased, as indicated by reduced VARs 104 above the setpoint.
  • the threshold shown in FIG. 3 differs in some other configurations of the present invention.
  • the threshold in some configurations is a selected value between 85% to 100% of the MVA setpoint.
  • the threshold is 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%, or within a range between any two of these values. Lower percentage values could be used in some configurations, but may not provide optimum results.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
US11/185,474 2005-07-20 2005-07-20 Methods and apparatus for controlling windfarms and windfarms controlled thereby Active 2026-06-20 US7573160B2 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US11/185,474 US7573160B2 (en) 2005-07-20 2005-07-20 Methods and apparatus for controlling windfarms and windfarms controlled thereby
DK06253665T DK1746285T3 (en) 2005-07-20 2006-07-13 A method of controlling wind farms and wind farms controlled thereby
EP20060253665 EP1746285B1 (fr) 2005-07-20 2006-07-13 Méthode de réglage d'un parc d'éoliennes ainsi qu'un parc d'éoliennes
ES06253665T ES2448840T3 (es) 2005-07-20 2006-07-13 Procedimiento de control de parques eólicos y parque eólico controlado por dicho procedimiento

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US20100250012A1 (en) * 2007-12-14 2010-09-30 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Wind-power generation system and operation control method therefor
US20100312409A1 (en) * 2007-09-19 2010-12-09 Repower Systems Ag Wind park with voltage regulation of the wind energy systems and operating method
US20110095609A1 (en) * 2009-10-26 2011-04-28 General Electric Company Systems and methods for regulating power in renewable energy sources
US8876483B2 (en) 2010-01-14 2014-11-04 Neptco, Inc. Wind turbine rotor blade components and methods of making same
US20150249415A1 (en) * 2012-09-17 2015-09-03 Vestas Wind Systems A/S Method of determining individual set points in a power plant controller, and a power plant controller
US20170234299A1 (en) * 2014-05-30 2017-08-17 Vestas Wind Systems A/S A wind power plant with reduced losses
US10137542B2 (en) 2010-01-14 2018-11-27 Senvion Gmbh Wind turbine rotor blade components and machine for making same

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US8032614B2 (en) * 2006-04-30 2011-10-04 General Electric Company Method for configuring a windfarm network
US8041465B2 (en) * 2008-10-09 2011-10-18 General Electric Company Voltage control at windfarms
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CN103603767B (zh) * 2013-09-18 2016-03-30 国家电网公司 一种基于滑模的极值搜索控制参数自适应调整方法
CN105464902B (zh) * 2014-09-11 2018-02-13 西南石油大学 一种风力发电最大功率点跟踪控制方法
CN109931230B (zh) * 2017-12-19 2020-02-28 北京金风科创风电设备有限公司 检测风力发电机组的有功功率的方法和设备
EP3852211A1 (fr) 2020-01-16 2021-07-21 Nordex Energy SE & Co. KG Procédé de régulation de la puissance délivrée d'un parc éolien

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US20100312409A1 (en) * 2007-09-19 2010-12-09 Repower Systems Ag Wind park with voltage regulation of the wind energy systems and operating method
US8373291B2 (en) * 2007-09-19 2013-02-12 Repower Systems Ag Wind park with voltage regulation of the wind energy systems and operating method
US20100250012A1 (en) * 2007-12-14 2010-09-30 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Wind-power generation system and operation control method therefor
US8355829B2 (en) * 2007-12-14 2013-01-15 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Wind-power generation system and operation control method therefor
US20110095609A1 (en) * 2009-10-26 2011-04-28 General Electric Company Systems and methods for regulating power in renewable energy sources
US8427118B2 (en) 2009-10-26 2013-04-23 General Electric Company Systems and methods for regulating power in renewable energy sources
US8876483B2 (en) 2010-01-14 2014-11-04 Neptco, Inc. Wind turbine rotor blade components and methods of making same
US9394882B2 (en) 2010-01-14 2016-07-19 Senvion Gmbh Wind turbine rotor blade components and methods of making same
US9429140B2 (en) 2010-01-14 2016-08-30 Senvion Gmbh Wind turbine rotor blade components and methods of making same
US9945355B2 (en) 2010-01-14 2018-04-17 Senvion Gmbh Wind turbine rotor blade components and methods of making same
US10137542B2 (en) 2010-01-14 2018-11-27 Senvion Gmbh Wind turbine rotor blade components and machine for making same
US20150249415A1 (en) * 2012-09-17 2015-09-03 Vestas Wind Systems A/S Method of determining individual set points in a power plant controller, and a power plant controller
US9407186B2 (en) * 2012-09-17 2016-08-02 Vestas Wind Systems, A/S Method of determining individual set points in a power plant controller, and a power plant controller
US20170234299A1 (en) * 2014-05-30 2017-08-17 Vestas Wind Systems A/S A wind power plant with reduced losses
US10018180B2 (en) * 2014-05-30 2018-07-10 Vestas Wind Systems A/S Wind power plant with reduced losses

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ES2448840T3 (es) 2014-03-17
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EP1746285B1 (fr) 2013-12-25
EP1746285A2 (fr) 2007-01-24

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