US7418652B2 - Method and apparatus for interleaving parts of a document - Google Patents

Method and apparatus for interleaving parts of a document Download PDF

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US7418652B2
US7418652B2 US10/837,042 US83704204A US7418652B2 US 7418652 B2 US7418652 B2 US 7418652B2 US 83704204 A US83704204 A US 83704204A US 7418652 B2 US7418652 B2 US 7418652B2
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parts
document
processing
package
xml
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US20050248790A1 (en
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David Ornstein
Jean Paoli
Mike Hillberg
Oliver Foehr
Josh Pollock
Jerry Dunietz
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Microsoft Technology Licensing LLC
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Microsoft Corp
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Priority to CN2004800013951A priority patent/CN1961304B/zh
Priority to PCT/US2004/023373 priority patent/WO2005111828A2/fr
Priority to EP04778743A priority patent/EP1646952A4/fr
Priority to JP2007510683A priority patent/JP2007535749A/ja
Priority to KR1020057006684A priority patent/KR101109396B1/ko
Assigned to MICROSOFT CORPORATION reassignment MICROSOFT CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ORNSTEIN, DAVID, HILLBERG, MICHAEL J., DUNIETZ, JERRY, PAOLI, JEAN, FOEHR, OLIVER H., POLLOCK, JOSH
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F40/00—Handling natural language data
    • G06F40/10—Text processing
    • G06F40/12—Use of codes for handling textual entities
    • G06F40/131—Fragmentation of text files, e.g. creating reusable text-blocks; Linking to fragments, e.g. using XInclude; Namespaces
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F15/00—Digital computers in general; Data processing equipment in general

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a content framework, document format and related methods and systems that can utilize both.
  • Modular content framework and document format methods and systems are described.
  • the described framework and format define a set of building blocks for composing, packaging, distributing, and rendering document-centered content. These building blocks define a platform-independent framework for document formats that enable software and hardware systems to generate, exchange, and display documents reliably and consistently.
  • the framework and format have been designed in a flexible and extensible fashion.
  • FIG. 1 is a block diagram of components of an exemplary framework and format in accordance with one embodiment.
  • FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary package holding a document comprising a number of parts in accordance with one embodiment.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates some examples of writers and readers working together to communicate about a package, in accordance with one embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates an example of interleaving multiple parts of a document.
  • FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate different examples of packaging the multiple parts of the document shown in FIG. 7 .
  • FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary reach package and each of the valid types of parts that can make up or be found in a package, in accordance with one embodiment.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary mapping of Common Language Runtime concepts to XML in accordance with one embodiment.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates both upright and sideways glyph metrics in accordance with one embodiment.
  • FIG. 13 illustrates a one-to-one cluster map in accordance with one embodiment.
  • FIG. 14 illustrates a many-to-one cluster map in accordance with one embodiment.
  • FIG. 15 illustrates a one-to-many cluster map in accordance with one embodiment.
  • FIG. 16 illustrates a many-to-many cluster map in accordance with one embodiment.
  • the framework and format define a set of building blocks for composing, packaging, distributing, and rendering document-centered content. These building blocks define a platform-independent framework for document formats that enable software and hardware systems to generate, exchange, and display documents reliably and consistently.
  • the framework and format have been designed in a flexible and extensible fashion. In various embodiments, there is no restriction to the type of content that can be included, how the content is presented, or the platform on which to build clients for handling the content.
  • a particular format is defined using the general framework.
  • This format is referred to as the reach package format in this document, and is a format for storing paginated or pre-paginated documents.
  • the contents of a reach package can be displayed or printed with full fidelity among devices and applications in a wide range of environments and across a wide range of scenarios.
  • One of the goals of the framework described below is to ensure the interoperability of independently-written software and hardware systems reading or writing content produced in accordance with the framework and format described below.
  • the described format defines formal requirements that systems that read or write content must satisfy.
  • the section entitled “The Framework” presents an illustrative packaging model and describes the various parts and relationships that make up framework packages. Information about using descriptive metadata in framework packages is discussed, as well as the process of mapping to physical containers, extending framework markup, and the use of framework versioning mechanisms.
  • the section entitled “The Reach Package Format” explores the structure of one particular type of framework-built package referred to as the reach package. This section also describes the package parts specific to a fixed payload and defines a reach package markup model and drawing model. This section concludes with exemplary reach markup elements and their properties along with illustrated samples.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates aspects of the inventive framework and format generally at 100 .
  • Certain exemplary components of the framework are illustrated at 102
  • certain components of the reach package format are illustrated at 104 .
  • Framework 102 comprises exemplary components which include, without limitation, a relationship component, a pluggable containers component, an interleaving/streaming component and a versioning/extensibility component, each of which is explored in more detail below.
  • Reach package format 104 comprises components which include a selector/sequencer component and a package markup definition component.
  • Each primary sub-heading has one or more related sub-headings.
  • This section describes the package model and includes sub-headings that describe packages and parts, drivers, relationships, package relationships and the start part.
  • a package is a logical entity that holds a collection of related parts.
  • the package's purpose is to gather up all of the pieces of a document (or other types of content) into one object that is easy for programmers and end-users to work with.
  • FIG. 2 which illustrates an exemplary package 200 holding a document comprising a number of parts including an XML markup part 202 representing the document, a font part 204 describing a font that is used in the document, a number of page parts 206 describing pages of the document, and a picture part representing a picture within the document.
  • the XML markup part 202 that represents a document is advantageous in that it can permit easy searchability and referencing without requiring the entire content of a package to be parsed. This will become more apparent below.
  • a reader refers to an entity that reads modular content format-based files or packages.
  • a writer refers to an entity that writes modular content format-based files or packages.
  • FIG. 3 which shows a writer that produces a package and a reader that reads a package.
  • the writer and reader will be embodied as software.
  • much of the processing overhead and complexities associated with creating and formatting packages is placed on the writer. This, in turn, removes much of the processing complexity and overhead from readers which, as will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, is a departure from many current models. This aspect will become apparent below.
  • a single package contains one or more representations of the content held in the package.
  • a package will be a single file, referred to in this application as a container. This gives end-users, for example, a convenient way to distribute their documents with all of the component pieces of the document (images, fonts, data, etc.). While packages often correspond directly to a single file, this is not necessarily always so.
  • a package is a logical entity that may be represented physically in a variety of ways (e.g., without limitation, in a single file, a collection of loose files, in a database, ephemerally in transit over a network connection, etc.). Thus containers hold packages, but not all packages are stored in containers.
  • An abstract model describes packages independently of any physical storage mechanism. For example, the abstract model does not refer to “files”, “streams”, or other physical terms related to the physical world in which the package is located. As discussed below, the abstract model allows users to create drivers for various physical formats, communication protocols, and the like. By analogy, when an application wants to print an image, it uses an abstraction of a printer (presented by the driver that understands the specific kind of printer). Thus, the application is not required to know about the specific printing device or how to communicate with the printing device.
  • a container provides many benefits over what might otherwise be a collection of loose, disconnected files. For example, similar components may be aggregated and content may be indexed and compressed. In addition, relationships between components may be identified and rights management, digital signatures, encryption and metadata may be applied to components. Of course, containers can be used for and can embody other features which are not specifically enumerated above.
  • a part comprises common properties (e.g., name) and a stream of bytes. This is analogous to a file in a file system or a resource on an HTTP server.
  • each part has some common part properties. These include a name—which is the name of the part, and a content type—which is the type of content stored in the part. Parts may also have one or more associated relationships, as discussed below.
  • Part names are used whenever it is necessary to refer in some way to a part. In the illustrated and described embodiment, names are organized into a hierarchy, similar to paths on a file system or paths in URIs. Below are examples of part names:
  • part names have the following characteristics:
  • part name rules are specific to the framework described in this document. These part name rules are based on internet-standard URI naming rules.
  • the grammar used for specifying part names in this embodiment exactly matches abs_path syntax defined in Sections 3.3 (Path Component) and 5 (Relative URI References) of RFC2396, (Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI: Generic Syntax) specification.
  • “ ”
  • “,” unreserved alphanum
  • “f” mark “-”
  • “)” alpha lowalpha
  • upalpha lowalpha “a”
  • the segments of the names of all parts in a package can be seen to form a tree. This is analogous to what happens in file systems, in which all of the non-leaf nodes in the tree are folders and the leaf nodes are the actual files containing content. These folder-like nodes (i.e., non-leaf nodes) in the name tree serve a similar function of organizing the parts in the package. It is important to remember, however, that these “folders” exist only as a concept in the naming hierarchy—they have no other manifestation in the persistence format.
  • Part names can not live at the “folder” level. Specifically, non-leaf nodes in the part naming hierarchy (“folder”) cannot contain a part and a subfolder with the same name.
  • every part has a content type which identifies what type of content is stored in a part.
  • content types include:
  • media type e.g., text
  • subtype e.g., plain
  • a special URI interpretation rule must be used when evaluating URIs in package-based content: the package itself should be treated as the “authority” for URI references and the path component of the URI is used to navigate the part name hierarchy in the package.
  • Relative URIs should be used when it is necessary to have a reference from one part to another in a container. Using relative references allows the contents of the container to be moved together into a different container (or into the container from, for example, the file system) without modifying the cross-part references.
  • Relative references from a part are interpreted relative to the “base URI” of the part containing the reference.
  • the base URI of a part is the part's name.
  • Some content types provide a way to override the default base URI by specifying a different base in the content. In the presence of one of these overrides, the explicitly specified base URI should be used instead of the default.
  • the fragment is a string that contains additional information that is understood in the context of the content type of the addressed part. For example, in a video file a fragment might identify a frame, in an XML file it might identify a portion of the XML file via an xpath.
  • a fragment identifier is used in conjunction with a URI that addresses a part to identify fragments of the addressed part.
  • the fragment identifier is optional and is separated from the URI by a crosshatch (“#”) character. As such, it is not part of a URI, but is often used in conjunction with a URI.
  • the file format described herein can be used by different applications, different document types, etc.—many of which have conflicting uses, conflicting formats, and the like.
  • One or more drivers are used to resolve various conflicts, such as differences in file formats, differences in communication protocols, and the like.
  • different file formats include loose files and compound files
  • different communication protocols include http, network, and wireless protocols.
  • a group of drivers abstract various file formats and communication protocols into a single model. Multiple drivers can be provided for different scenarios, different customer requirements, different physical configurations, etc.
  • Parts in a package may contain references to other parts in that package.
  • these references are represented inside the referring part in ways that are specific to the content type of the part; that is, in arbitrary markup or an application-specific encoding. This effectively hides the internal linkages between parts from readers that don't understand the content types of the parts containing such references.
  • a spreadsheet application uses this format and stores different spreadsheets as parts.
  • An application that knows nothing about the spreadsheet language can still discover various relationships associated with the spreadsheets.
  • the application can discover images in the spreadsheets and metadata associated with the spreadsheets.
  • An example relationship schema is provided below:
  • This schema defines two XML elements, one called “relationships” and one called “relationship.”
  • This “relationship” element is used to describe a single relationship as described herein and has the following attributes: (1) “target,” which indicates the part to which the source part is related, (2) “name” which indicates the type or nature of the relationship.
  • the “relationships” element is defined to allow it to hold zero or more “relationship” elements and serves simply to collect these “relationship” elements together in a unit.
  • Relationships provide an additional way to represent the kind of connection between a source part and a target part in a package. Relationships make the connections between parts directly “discoverable” without looking at the content in the parts, so they are independent of content-specific schema and faster to resolve. Additionally, these relationships are protocol independent. A variety of different relationships may be associated with a particular part.
  • Relationships provide a second important function: allowing parts to be related without modifying them.
  • this information serves as a form of “annotation” where the content type of the “annotated” part does not define a way to attach the given information.
  • Potential examples include attached descriptive metadata, print tickets and true annotations.
  • some scenarios require information to be attached to an existing part specifically without modifying that part—for example, when the part is encrypted and can not be decrypted or when the part is digitally signed and changing it would invalidate the signature.
  • a user may want to attach an annotation to a JPEG image file.
  • the JPEG image format does not currently provide support for identifying annotations. Changing the JPEG format to accommodate this user's desire is not practical.
  • the systems and methods discussed herein allow the user to provide an annotation to a JPEG file without modifying the JPEG image format.
  • relationships are represented using XML in relationship parts.
  • Each part in the container that is the source of one or more relationships has an associated relationship part.
  • This relationship part holds (expressed in XML using the content type application/PLACEHOLDER) the list of relationships for that source part.
  • FIG. 4 below shows an environment 400 in which a “spine” part 402 (similar to a FixedPanel) binds together three pages 406 , 408 and 410 .
  • the set of pages bound together by the spine has an associated “print ticket” 404 .
  • page 2 has its own print ticket 412 .
  • the connections from the spine part 402 to its print ticket 404 and from page 2 to its print ticket 412 are represented using relationships.
  • the spine part 402 would have an associated relationship part which contained a relationship that connects the spine to ticket 1 , as shown in the example below.
  • Relationships are represented using ⁇ Relationship> elements nested in a single ⁇ Relationships> element. These elements are defined in the http://mmcfrels (PLACEHOLDER) namespace. See the example schema above, and related discussion, for example relationships.
  • the relationship element has the following additional attributes:
  • Attribute Required Meaning Target Yes A URI that points to the part at the other end of the relationship. Relative URIs MUST be interpreted relative to the source part. Name Yes An absolute URI that uniquely defines the role or purpose of the relationship.
  • the Name attribute is not necessarily an actual address. Different types of relationships are identified by their Names. These names are defined in the same way that namespaces are defined for XML namespaces. Specifically, by using names patterned after the Internet domain name space, non-coordinating parties can safely create non-conflicting relationship names—just as they can for XML namespaces.
  • the relationships part is not permitted to participate in other relationships. However, it is a first class part in all other senses (e.g., it is URI addressable, it can be opened, read, deleted, etc.). Relationships do not typically point at things outside the package. URIs used to identify relationship targets do not generally include a URI scheme.
  • a part and its associated relationship part are connected by a naming convention.
  • the relationship part for the spine would be stored in /content/_rels/spine.xml.rels and the relationships for page 2 would be stored in /content/_rels/p2.xml.rels.
  • the relationship part for some (other) part in a given “folder” in the name hierarchy is stored in a “sub-folder” called _rels (to identify relationships).
  • the name of this relationship-holding part is formed by appending the .rels extension to the name of the original part.
  • relationship parts are of the content type application/xml+relationshipsPLACEHOLDER.
  • a relationship represents a directed connection between two parts. Because of the way that the relationship is being represented, it is efficient to traverse relationships from their source parts (since it is trivial to find the relationships part for any given part). However, it is not efficient to traverse relationships backwards from the target of the relationship (since the way to find all of the relationships to a part is to look through all of the relationships in the container).
  • Package relationships are special relationships whose target is a part, but whose source is not: the source is the package as a whole. To have a “well-known” part is really to have a “well-known” relationship name that helps you find that part. This works because there is a well-defined mechanism to allow relationships to be named by non-coordinating parties, while certain embodiments contain no such mechanism for part name—those embodiments are limited to a set of guidelines.
  • the package relationships are found in the package relationships part and is named using the standard naming conventions for relationship parts. Thus: it's named “/_rels/.rels”
  • Relationships in this package relationships part are useful in finding well-known parts.
  • the package “start” part is the part that is typically processed when a package is opened. It represents the logical root of the document content stored in the package.
  • the start part of a package is located by following a well-known package relationship. In one example, this relationship has the following name: http://mmcf-start-part-PLACEHOLDER.
  • composition Parts Selector and Sequence
  • the described framework defines two mechanisms for building higher-order structures from parts: selectors and sequences.
  • a selector is a part which “selects” between a number of other parts.
  • a selector part might “select” between a part representing the English version of a document and a part representing the French version of a document.
  • a sequence is a part which “sequences” a number of other parts.
  • a sequence part might combine (into a linear sequence) two parts, one of which represents a five-page document and one of which represents a ten-page document.
  • composition parts can compose other composition parts, so one could have, for example, a selector that selects between two compositions.
  • a selector 500 selects between the English and French representation of the report. If the English representation is selected, sequence 502 sequences the English introduction part 506 with the English financial part 508 . Alternately, if the French representation is selected, sequence 504 sequences the French introduction part 510 with the French financial part 512 .
  • composition parts are described using a small number of XML elements, all drawn from a common composition namespace.
  • XML elements all drawn from a common composition namespace.
  • MainDocument.xml represents an entire part in the package and indicates, by virtue of the “selection” tag, that a selection is to be made between different items encapsulated by the “item” tag, i.e., the “EnglishRollup.xml” and the “FrenchRollup.xml”.
  • the described framework also defines the following well-known content types for selectors and sequences that all readers or reading devices must understand.
  • the producer might, in addition to defining the video as a part of the package, define a JPEG image for the page and interpose a SupportedContentType selector so that if the user's computer has software that understands the Quicktime video, the Quicktime video is selected, otherwise the JPEG image is selected.
  • descriptive metadata parts provide writers or producers of packages with a way in which to store values of properties that enable readers of the packages to reliably discover the values. These properties are typically used to record additional information about the package as a whole, as well as individual parts within the container. For example, a descriptive metadata part in a package might hold information such as the author of the package, keywords, a summary, and the like.
  • the descriptive metadata is expressed in XML, is stored in parts with well-known content types, and can be found using well-known relationship types.
  • Metadata properties are represented by a property name and one or many property values.
  • Property values have simple data types, so each data type is described by a single XML qname.
  • descriptive metadata properties do not mean that one cannot store data with complex XML types in a package. In this case, one must store the information as a full XML part. When this is done, all constraints about only using simple types are removed, but the simplicity of the “flat” descriptive metadata property model is lost.
  • document core properties are commonly used to describe documents and include properties like title, keywords, author, etc.
  • Metadata parts holding these document core properties can also hold additional, custom-defined properties in addition to the document core properties.
  • descriptive metadata parts have a content type and are targeted by relationships according to the following rules:
  • Content type of a descriptive application/xml-SimpleTypeProperties- metadata part MUST be: PLACEHOLDER Content type of a source ANY ANY part which can have relationship targeting descriptive metadata part may be: Name of the relationship *custom-defined Uri- http://mmcf- targeting descriptive namespace* DocumentCore- metadata part may be either: PLACEHOLDER Number of descriptive UNBOUNDED 0 or 1 metadata parts, which can be attached to the source part may be: Number of source parts UNBOUNDED UNBOUNDED which can have the same descriptive metadata part attached MUST be
  • Property elements are considered to be immediate children of the root element.
  • prns:name Property Name: string attribute which holds property name mcs:type “datatype”
  • the following is a table of document core properties that includes the name of the property, the property type and a description.
  • RevisionNumber String, optional, single-valued Revision of the document.
  • Subtitle String, optional, single-valued A secondary or explanatory title of the document TextDataProperties TextDataProperties, optional, If this document has text, this property defines a single-valued collection of the text properties of the document, CharacterCount int64 such as paragraph count, line count, etc LineCount int64 PageCount int64 ParagraphCount int64 WordCount int64 TimeLastPrinted datetime, optional, single-valued Date and time when this document was last printed.
  • Title String, optional, single-valued The document title, as understood by the application that handles the document. This is different than the name of the file that contains the package.
  • TitleSortOrder String, optional, single-valued
  • the sort order of the title e.g. “The Beatles” will have SortOrder “Beatles”, with no leading “The”.
  • ContentType Keyword string256
  • Document type as set by application logic.
  • the multi-valued type that is stored here should be a recognized “mime-type” This property may be useful for categorizing or searching for documents of certain types.
  • the physical model defines various ways in which a package is used by writers and readers. This model is based on three components: a writer, a reader and a pipe between them. FIG. 6 shows some examples of writers and readers working together to communicate about a package.
  • the pipe carries data from the writer to the reader.
  • the pipe can simply comprise the API calls that the reader makes to read the package from the local file system. This is referred to as direct access.
  • any physical package format be designed to allow a reader to begin interpreting and processing the data it receives the data (e.g., parts), before all of the bits of the package have been delivered through the pipe. This capability is called streaming consumption.
  • a writer begins to create a package, it does not always know what it will be putting in the package. As an example, when an application begins to build a print spool file package, it may not know how many pages will need to be put into the package. As another example, a program on a server that is dynamically generating a report may not realize how long the report will be or how many pictures the report will have—until it has completely generated the report. In order to allow writers like this, physical packages should allow writers to dynamically add parts after other parts have already been added (for example, a writer must not be required to state up front how many parts it will be creating when it starts writing). Additionally, physical packages should allow a writer to begin writing the contents of a part without knowing the ultimate length of that part. Together, these requirements enable streaming creation.
  • streaming creation and streaming consumption can occur simultaneously for a specific package.
  • supporting streaming creation and supporting streaming consumption can push a design in opposite directions.
  • Physical packages hold a collection of parts. These parts can be laid out in one of two styles: simple ordering and interleaved. With simple ordering, the parts in the package are laid out with a defined ordering. When such a package is delivered in a pure linear fashion, starting with the first byte in the package through to the last, all of the bytes for the first part arrive first, then all of the bytes for the second part, and so on.
  • interleaved layout With interleaved layout, the bytes of the multiple parts are interleaved, allowing for improved performance in certain scenarios.
  • Two scenarios that benefit significantly from interleaving are multi-media playback (e.g., delivering video and audio at the same time) and inline resource reference (e.g., a reference in the middle of a markup file to an image).
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a simple example involving two parts: content.xml 702 and image.jpeg 704 .
  • the first part, content.xml describes the contents of a page and in the middle of that page is a reference to an image (image.jpeg) that should appear on the page.
  • interleaving may or may not be supported. Different physical packages may handle the internal representation of interleaving differently. Regardless of how the physical package handles interleaving, it's important to remember that interleaving is an optimization that occurs at the physical level and a part that is broken into multiple pieces in the physical file is still one logical part; the pieces themselves aren't parts.
  • Communication between writer and reader can be based on sequential delivery of parts or by random-access to parts, allowing them to be accessed out of order. Which of these communication styles is utilized depends on the capabilities of both the pipe and the physical package format. Generally, all pipes will support sequential delivery. Physical packages must support sequential delivery. To support random-access scenarios, both the pipe in use and the physical package must support random-access. Some pipes are based on protocols that can enable random access (e.g., HTTP 1.1 with byte-range support). In order to allow maximum performance when these pipes are in use, it is recommended that physical packages support random-access. In the absence of this support, readers will simply wait until the parts they need are delivered sequentially.
  • the logical packaging model defines a package abstraction; an actual instance of a package is based on some particular physical representation of a package.
  • the packaging model may be mapped to physical persistence formats, as well as to various transports (e.g., network-based protocols).
  • a physical package format can be described as a mapping from the components of the abstract packaging model to the features of a particular physical format.
  • the packaging model does not specify which physical package formats should be used for archiving, distributing, or spooling packages. In one embodiment, only the logical structure is specified.
  • a package may be “physically” embodied by a collection of loose files, a ZIP file archive, a compound file, or some other format. The format chosen is supported by the targeted consuming device, or by a driver for the device.
  • Each physical package format defines a mapping for the following components. Some components are optional and a specific physical package format may not support these optional components.
  • Optional Parts Name Names a part. Required Content type Identified the kind of content Required stored in the part. Part contents Stores the actual content of the part. Required Common Mapping Patterns Access Styles Streaming Allows readers to begin processing Optional Consumption parts before the entire package has arrived. Streaming Allows writers to begin writing parts to Optional Creation the package without knowing, in advance, all of the parts that will be written. Simultaneous Allows streaming creation and Optional Creation and streaming consumption to happen at Consumption the same time on the same package. Layout Styles Simple All of the bytes for part N appear in Optional Ordering the package before the bytes for part N + 1. Interleaved The bytes for multiple parts are Optional interleaved. Communication Sequential All of part N is delivered to a reader Optional Styles Delivery before part N + 1. Random- A reader can request the delivery of a Optional Access part out of sequential order.
  • mappings from the packaging model to such storage formats it may be desirable to take advantage of any similarities in capabilities between the packaging model and the physical storage medium, while using layers of mapping to provide additional capabilities not inherently present in the physical storage medium.
  • some physical package formats may store individual parts as individual files in a file system. In such a physical format, it would be natural to map many part names directly to identical physical file names. Part names using characters which are not valid file system file names may require some kind of escaping mechanism.
  • Physical package format mappings define a mechanism for storing a content type for each part.
  • Some physical package formats have a native mechanism for representing content types (for example, the “Content-Type” header in MIME). For such physical packages, it is recommended that the mapping use the native mechanism to represent content types for parts.
  • some other mechanism is used to represent content types.
  • the recommended mechanism for representing content types in these packages is by including a specially-named XML stream in the package, known as the types stream. This stream is not a part, and is therefore not itself URI-addressable. However, it can be interleaved in the physical package using the same mechanisms used for interleaving parts.
  • the types stream contains XML with a top level “Types” element, and one or more “Default” and “Override” sub-elements.
  • the “Default” elements define default mappings from part name extensions to content types. This takes advantage of the fact that file extensions often correspond to content type.
  • “Override” elements are used to specify content types on parts that are not covered by, or are not consistent with, the default mappings. Package writers may use “Default” elements to reduce the number of per-part “Override” elements, but are not required to do so.
  • the “Default” element has the following attributes:
  • Name Description Required Extension A part name extension.
  • a Yes “Default” element matches any part whose name ends with a period followed by this attribute's value.
  • ContentType A content type as defined in Yes RFC2045. Indicates the content type of any matching parts (unless overridden by an “Override” element; see below).
  • the “Override” element has the following attributes:
  • the types stream contains either (a) one matching “Default” element, (b) one matching “Override” element, or (c) both a matching “Default” element and a matching “Override” element (in which case the “Override” element takes precedence).
  • “Default” element for any given extension
  • “Override” element for any given part name.
  • a mapping to any such physical package uses the general mechanism described in this section to allow interleaving of parts.
  • the general mechanism works by breaking the data stream of a part into multiple pieces that can then be interleaved with pieces of other parts, or whole parts.
  • the individual pieces of a part exist in the physical mapping and are not addressable in the logical packaging model. Pieces may have a zero size.
  • Piece_name part_name“/”“[”1*digit “]”[“.last”]“.piece”
  • interleaved (pieced) parts can also contain non-interleaved (one-piece) parts, so the following example would be valid:
  • Part File(s) Part name File name with path (which should look like URI, changes slash to backslash, etc.).
  • Part Content Type File containing XML expressing simple list of file names and their associated types
  • the part names are translated into valid Windows file names, as illustrated by the table below.
  • “Escaping” is used as a technique to produces valid filename characters when a part name contains a character that can not be used in a file name. To escape a character, the caret symbol ( ⁇ ) is used, followed by the hexadecimal representation of the character.
  • the part name /a:b/c/d*.xaml becomes the following file name a ⁇ 25b ⁇ c ⁇ d ⁇ 2a.xaml.
  • the specification contained herein may evolve with future enhancements.
  • the design of the first edition of this specification includes plans for the future interchange of documents between software systems written based on the first edition, and software systems written for future editions.
  • this specification allows for third-parties to create extensions to the specification. Such an extension might, for example, allow for the construction of a document which exploits a feature of some specific printer, while still retaining compatibility with other readers that are unaware of that printer's existence.
  • New printers, browsers, and other clients may implement a variety of support for future features. Document authors exploiting new versions or extensions must carefully consider the behavior of readers unaware of those versions of extensions.
  • XML markup recognition is based on namespace URIs. For any XML-namespace, a reader is expected to recognize either all or none of the XML-elements and XML-attributes defined in that namespace. If the reader does not recognize the new namespace, the reader will need to perform fallback rendering operations as specified within the document.
  • the XML namespace URI ‘http://PLACEHOLDER/version-control’ includes the XML elements and attributes used to construct Fixed payload markup that is version-adaptive and extensions-adaptive. Fixed Payloads are not required to have versioning elements within them. In order to build adaptive content, however, one must use at least one of the ⁇ ver:Compatibility.Rules> and ⁇ ver:AlternativeContent> XML-elements.
  • This Fixed-Payload markup specification has an xmlns URI associated with it: ‘http://PLACEHOLDER/pdl’. Using this namespace in a Fixed Payload will indicate to a reader application that only elements defined in this specification will be used. Future versions of this specification will have their own namespaces. Reader applications familiar with the new namespace will know how to support the superset of elements of attributes defined in previous versions. Reader applications that are not familiar with the new version will consider the URI of the new version as if it were the URI of some unknown extension to the PDL. These applications may not know that a relationship exists between the namespaces, that one is a superset of the other.
  • compatibility is indicated by the ability of clients to parse and display documents that were authored using previous versions of the specification, or unknown extensions or versions of the specification.
  • Various versioning mechanisms address “backward compatibility,” allowing future implementations of clients to be able to support documents based on down-level versions of the specification, as illustrated below.
  • a printer or viewer encounters extensions that are unknown, it will look for information embedded alongside the use of the extension for guidance about adaptively rendering the surrounding content.
  • This adaptation involves replacing unknown elements or attributes with content that is understood.
  • adaptation can take other forms, including purely ignoring unknown content.
  • a reader should treat the presence of an unrecognized extension in the markup as an error-condition. If guidance is not provided, the extension is presumed to be fundamental to understanding the content. The rendering failure will be captured and reported to the user.
  • the XML vocabulary for supporting extension-adaptive behavior includes the following elements:
  • Versioning Element and Hierarchy Description Controls how the parser reacts to an unknown element or attribute.
  • ⁇ Ignorable> Declares that the associated namespace URI is ignorable.
  • ⁇ ProcessContent> Declares that if an element is ignored, the contents of the element will be processed as if it was contained by the container of the ignored element.
  • ⁇ CarryAlong> Indicates to the document editing tools whether ignorable content should be preserved when the document is modified.
  • ⁇ MustUnderstand> Reverses the effect of an element declared ignorable.
  • ⁇ AlternateContent> In markup that exploits versioning/extension features, the ⁇ AlternateContent> element associates substitute “fallback” markup to be used by reader applications that are not able to handle the markup specified as Preferred.
  • ⁇ Prefer> Specifies preferred content. This content will that a client is aware of version/extension features.
  • ⁇ Fallback> For down-level clients, specifies the ‘down-level’ content to be substituted for the preferred content.
  • Compatibility.Rules can be attached to any element that can hold an attached attribute, as well as to the Xaml root element.
  • the ⁇ Compatibility.Rules> element controls how the parser reacts to unknown elements or attributes. Normally such items are reported as errors. Adding an Ignorable element to a Compatibilitiy.Rules property informs the compiler that items from certain namespaces can be ignored.
  • Compatibility.Rules can contain the elements Ignorable and MustUnderstand. By default, all elements and attributes are assumed to be MustUnderstand. Elements and attributes can be made Ignorable by adding an Ignorable element into its container's Compatibility.Rules property. An element or property can be made MustUnderstand again by adding a MustUnderstand element to one of the nested containers. One Ignorable or MustUnderstand refers to a particular namespace URI within the same Compatibility.Rules element.
  • the ⁇ Compatibility.Rules> element affects the contents of a container, not the container's own tag or attributes. To affect a container's tag or attributes, its container must contain the compatibility rules.
  • the Xaml root element can be used to specify compatibility rules for elements that would otherwise be root elements, such as Canvas.
  • the Compatibility.Rules compound attribute is the first element in a container.
  • the ⁇ Ignorable> element declares that the enclosed namespace URI is ignorable. An item can be considered ignorable if an ⁇ Ignorable> tag is declared ahead of the item in the current block or a container block, and the namespace URI is unknown to the parser. If the URI is known, the Ignorable tag is disregarded and all items are understood. In one embodiment, all items not explicitly declared as Ignorable must be understood.
  • the Ignorable element can contain ⁇ ProcessContent> and ⁇ CarryAlong> elements, which are used to modify how an element is ignored as well as give guidance to document editing tools how such content should be preserved in edited documents.
  • the ⁇ ProcessContent> element declares that if an element is ignored, the contents of the element will be processed as if it was contained by the container of the ignored element.
  • the optional ⁇ CarryAlong> element indicates to the document editing tools whether ignorable content should be preserved when the document is modified.
  • the method by which an editing tool preserves or discards the ignorable content is in the domain of the editing tool. If multiple ⁇ CarryAlong> elements refer to the same element or attribute in a namespace, the last ⁇ CarryAlong> specified has precedence.
  • Attributes A space delimited list of element names that are requested to be carried along when the document is edited, or “*” indicating the contents of all elements in the namespace should be carried along. The Elements attribute defaults to “*” if it is not specified. Attributes A space delimited list of attribute names within the elements that are to be carried along, or a “*” indicating that all attributes of the elements should be carried along. When an element is ignored and carried along, all attributes are carried along regardless of the contents of this attribute. This attribute only has an effect if the attribute specified is used in an element that is not ignored, as in the example below. By default, Attributes is “*”.
  • ⁇ MustUnderstand> is an element that reverses the effects of an Ignorable element. This technique is useful, for example, when combined with alternate content. Outside the scope defined by the ⁇ MustUnderstand> element, the element remains Ignorable.
  • the ⁇ AlternateContent> element allows alternate content to be provided if any part of the specified content is not understood.
  • An AlternateContent block uses both a ⁇ Prefer> and a ⁇ Fallback> block. If anything in the ⁇ Prefer> block is not understood, then the contents of the ⁇ Fallback> block are used.
  • a namespace is declared ⁇ MustUnderstand> in order to indicate that the fallback is to be used. If a namespace is declared ignorable and that namespace is used within a ⁇ Prefer> block, the content in the ⁇ Fallback> block will not be used.
  • This example uses a fictitious markup namespace, http://PLACEHOLDER/Circle, that defines an element Circle in its initial version and uses the Opacity attribute of Circle introduced in a future version of the markup (version 2) and the Luminance property introduced in an even later version of the markup (version 3).
  • This markup remains loadable in versions 1 and 2, as well as and beyond.
  • the ⁇ CarryAlong> element specifies that v3:Luminance MUST be preserved when editing even when the editor doesn't understand v3:Luminance.
  • ⁇ MustUnderstand> element causes the references to v3:Luminance to be in error, even though it was declared to Ignorable in the root element. This technique is useful if combined with alternate content that uses, for example, the Luminance property of Canvas added in Version 2 instead (see below). Outside the scope of the Canvas element, Circle's Luminance property is ignorable again.
  • Readers and writers of reach packages can implement their own parsers and rendering engines, based on the specification of the reach package format.
  • reach packages address the requirements that information workers have for distributing, archiving, and rendering documents.
  • reach packages can be unambiguously and exactly reproduced or printed from the format in which they are saved, without tying client devices or applications to specific operating systems or service libraries.
  • the reach payload is expressed in a neutral, application-independent way, the document can typically be viewed and printed without the application used to create the package. To provide this ability, the notion of a fixed payload is introduced and contained in a reach package.
  • a reach package can contain additional payloads that are not fixed payloads, but instead are richer and perhaps editable representations of the document. This allows a package to contain a rich, editable document that works well in an editor application as well as a representation that is visually accurate and can be viewed without the editing application.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary reach package and, in this embodiment, each of the valid types of parts that can make up or be found in a package.
  • the table provided just below lists each valid part type and provides a description of each:
  • Each FixedPage part represents the content of a page application/xml+FixedPage-PLACEHOLDER FixedPanel
  • Each FixedPanel glues together a set of FixedPages in application/xml+FixedPanel-PLACEHOLDER order Font Fonts can be embedded in a package to ensure reliable reproduction of the document's glyphs.
  • Image Image parts can be included image/jpeg image/png Composition Parts Selectors and sequences can be used to build a application/xml+Selector+[XXX] “composition” block, introducing higher-level organization Application/xml+Sequence+[XXX] to the package.
  • Descriptive Metadata Descriptive metadata (e.g., title, keywords) can be application/xml+SimpleTypeProperties-PLACEHOLDER included for the document.
  • Print Ticket A print ticket can be included to provide settings to be application/xml+PRINTTICKET-PLACEHOLDER used when printing the package.
  • terminal nodes refer (via their ⁇ item> elements) to a set of parts called the reach payload roots.
  • a fixed payload is a payload whose root part is a FixedPanel part.
  • each of the fixed payloads in FIG. 10 has as its root part an associated FixedPanel part.
  • the payload includes the full closure of all of the parts required for valid processing of the FixedPanel. These include:
  • a reach package may contain many types of composition part, only a well-defined set of types of composition parts have well-defined behavior according to this document. These composition parts with well-defined behavior are called reach composition parts. Parts other than these are not relevant when determining validity of a reach package.
  • composition parts are defined as reach composition parts:
  • reach selectors Those selector composition parts defined as reach composition parts are called reach selectors.
  • a language selector picks between representations based on their natural language, such as English or French. To discover this language, the selector inspects each of its items. Only those that are XML are considered. For those, the root element of each one is inspected to determine its language. If the xml:lang attribute is not present, the part is ignored. The selector then considers each of these parts in turn, selecting the first one whose language matches the system's default language.
  • a color selector chooses between representations based on whether they are monochromatic or color.
  • the page size selector chooses between representations based on their page size.
  • a content type selector chooses between representations based on whether their content types can be understood by the system.
  • reach composition parts Those sequence composition parts defined as reach composition parts are called reach sequences.
  • a fixed sequence combines children that are fixed content into a sequence.
  • the fixed payload can contain the following kinds of parts: a FixedPanel part, a FixedPage part, Image parts, Font parts, Print Ticket parts, and Descriptive Metadata parts, each of which is discussed below under its own sub-heading.
  • the document structure of the Fixed-Payload identifies FixedPages as part of a spine, as shown below.
  • the relationships between the spine part and the page parts are defined within the relationships stream for the spine.
  • the FixedPanel part is of content type application/xml+PLACEHOLDER.
  • the spine of the Fixed-Payload content is specified in markup by including a ⁇ FixedPanel> element within a ⁇ Document> element.
  • the ⁇ FixedPanel> element specifies the sources of the pages that are held in the spine.
  • the ⁇ Document> element has no attributes and must have only one child: ⁇ FixedPanel>.
  • the ⁇ FixedPanel> element is the document spine, logically binding an ordered sequence of pages together into a single multi-page document. Pages always specify their own width and height, but a ⁇ FixedPanel> element may also optionally specify a height and width. This information can be used for a variety of purposes including, for example, selecting between alternate representations based on page size. If a ⁇ FixedPanel> element specifies a height and width, it will usually be aligned with the width and height of the pages within the ⁇ FixedPanel>, but these dimensions do not specify the height and width of individual pages.
  • PageHeight Typical height of pages contained in the ⁇ FixedPanel Optional
  • PageWidth Typical width of pages contained in the ⁇ FixedPanel Optional
  • the ⁇ PageContent> element is the only allowable child element of the ⁇ FixedPanel> element.
  • the ⁇ PageContent> elements are in sequential markup order matching the page order of the document.
  • Each ⁇ PageContent> element refers to the source of the content for a single page. To determine the number of pages in the document, one would count the number of ⁇ PageContent> children contained within the ⁇ FixedPanel>.
  • the ⁇ PageContent> element has no allowable children, and has a single required attribute, Source, which refers to the FixedPage part for the contents of a page.
  • the ⁇ PageContent> element may optionally include a PageHeight and PageWidth attribute, here reflecting the size of the single page.
  • the required page size is specified in the FixedPage part; the optional size on ⁇ PageContent> is advisory only.
  • the ⁇ PageContent> size attributes allow applications such as document viewers to make visual layout estimates for a document quickly, without loading and parsing all of the individual FixedPage parts.
  • the URI string of the page content must reference the part location of the content relative to the package.
  • Each ⁇ PageContent> element in the ⁇ FixedPanel> references by name (URI) a FixedPage part.
  • Each FixedPage part contains FixedPage markup describing the rendering of a single page of content.
  • the FixedPage part is of Content Type application/xml+PLACEHOLDER-FixedPage.
  • the markup order of the Glyphs child elements contained within a FixedPage must be the same as the desired reading order of the text content of the page.
  • This reading order may be used both for interactive selection/copy of sequential text from a FixedPage in a viewer, and for enabling access to sequential text by accessibility technology. It is the responsibility of the application generating the FixedPage markup to ensure this correspondence between markup order and reading order.
  • image parts used by FixedPages in a reach package can be in a fixed number of formats, e.g., PNG or JPEG, although other formats can be used.
  • reach packages support a limited number of font formats.
  • the supported font format include the TrueType format and the OpenType format.
  • OpenType font format is an extension of the TrueType font format, adding support for PostScript font data and complex typographical layout.
  • An OpenType font file contains data, in table format, that comprises either a TrueType outline font or a PostScript outline font.
  • font formats are not supported in reach packages: Adobe type 1, Bitmap font, Font with hidden attribute (use system Flag to decide whether to enumerate it or not), Vector fonts, and EUDC font (whose font family name is EUDC).
  • Print ticket parts provide settings that can be used when the package is printed. These print tickets can be attached in a variety of ways to achieve substantial flexibility. For example, a print ticket can be “attached” to an entire package and its settings will affect the whole package. Print tickets can be further attached at lower levels in the structure (e.g., to individual pages) and these print tickets will provide override settings to be used when printing the part to which they are attached.
  • descriptive metadata parts provide writers or producers of packages with a way in which to store values of properties that enable readers of the packages to reliably discover the values. These properties are typically used to record additional information about the package as a whole, as well as individual parts within the container.
  • This section describes some basic information associated with the FixedPage markup and includes the following sections: “Fixed Payload and Other Markup Standards”, “FixedPage Markup Model”, “Resources and Resource References”, and “FixedPage Drawing Model”.
  • the FixedPanel and FixedPage markup for the Fixed Payload in a reach package is a subset from Windows® Longhorn's Avalon XAML markup. That is, while the Fixed Payload markup stands alone as an independent XML markup format (as documented in this document), it loads in the same way as in Longhorn systems, and renders a WYSIWYG reproduction of the original multi-page document.
  • XAML markup is a mechanism that allows a user to specify a hierarchy of objects and the programming logic behind the objects as an XML-based markup language. This provides the ability for an object model to be described in XML. This allows extensible classes, such as classes in the Common Language Runtime (CLR) of the NET Framework by Microsoft Corporation, to be accessed in XML.
  • CLR Common Language Runtime
  • the XAML mechanism provides a direct mapping of XML tags to CLR objects and the ability to represent related code in the markup. It is to be appreciated and understood that various implementations need not specifically utilize a CLR-based implementation of XAML. Rather, a CLR-based implementation constitutes but one way in which XAML can be employed in the context of the embodiments described in this document.
  • FIG. 11 illustrates an exemplary mapping of CLR concepts (left side components) to XML (right side components).
  • Namespaces are found in the xmlns declaration using a CLR concept called reflection.
  • Classes map directly to XML tags.
  • Properties and events map directly to attributes.
  • a user can specify a hierarchy tree of any CLR objects in XML markup files.
  • Xaml files are xml files with a .xaml extension and a mediatype of application/xaml+xml.
  • Xaml files have one root tag that typically specifies a namespace using the xmlns attribute.
  • the namespace may be specified in other types of tags.
  • tags in a xaml file generally map to CLR objects.
  • Tags can be elements, compound properties, definitions or resources. Elements are CLR objects that are generally instantiated during runtime and form a hierarchy of objects.
  • Compound property tags are used to set a property in a parent tag.
  • Definition tags are used to add code into a page and define resources. The resource tag provides the ability to reuse a tree of objects merely by specifying the tree as a resource. Definition tags may also be defined within another tag as an xmlns attribute.
  • the markup can be parsed and processed (typically by a reader).
  • a suitably configured parser determines from the root tag which CLR assemblies and namespaces should be searched to find a tag. In many instances, the parser looks for and will find a namespace definition file in a URL specified by the xmlns attribute.
  • the namespace definition file provides the name of assemblies and their install path and a list of CLR namespaces.
  • the parser determines which CLR class the tag refers to using the xmlns of the tag and the xmlns definition file for that xmlns.
  • the parser searches in the order that the assemblies and namespaces are specified in the definition file. When it finds a match, the parser instantiates an object of the class.
  • object models can be represented in an XML-based file using markup tags.
  • This ability to represent object models as markup tags can be used to create vector graphic drawings, fixed-format documents, adaptive-flow documents, and application UIs asynchronously or synchronously.
  • the Fixed Payload markup is a very minimal, nearly completely parsimonious subset of Avalon XAML rendering primitives. It represents visually anything that can be represented in Avalon, with full fidelity.
  • the Fixed Payload markup is a subset of Avalon XAML elements and properties—plus additional conventions, canonical forms, or restrictions in usage compared to Avalon XAML.
  • the radically-minimal Fixed Payload markup set defined reduces the cost associated with implementation and testing of reach package readers, such as printer RIPs or interactive viewer applications—as well as reducing the complexity and memory footprint of the associated parser.
  • the parsimonious markup set also minimizes the opportunities for subsetting, errors, or inconsistencies among reach package writers and readers, making the format and its ecosystem inherently more robust.
  • the reach package will specify markup for additional semantic information to support viewers or presentations of reach package documents with features such as hyperlinks, section/outline structure and navigation, text selection, and document accessibility.
  • a FixedPage part is expressed in an XML-based markup language, based on XML-Elements, XML-Attributes, and XML-Namespaces.
  • Three XML-Namespaces are defined in this document for inclusion in FixedPage markup.
  • One such namespace references the Version-control elements and attributes defined elsewhere in this specification.
  • the principle namespace used for elements and attributes in the FixedPage markup is “http://schemas.microsoft.com/MMCF-PLACEHOLDER-FixedPage”.
  • FixedPage markup introduces a concept of “Resources” which requires a third namespace, described below.
  • FixedPage markup is expressed using XML-Elements and XML-Attributes, its specification is based upon a higher-level abstract model of “Contents” and “Properties”.
  • the FixedPage elements are all expressed as XML-elements. Only a handful of FixedPage elements can hold “Contents”, expressed as child XML-elements. But a property-value may be expressed using an XML-Attribute or using a child XML-element.
  • FixedPage Markup also depends upon the twin concepts of a Resource-Dictionary and Resource-Reference.
  • the combination of a Resource-Dictionary and multiple Resource-References allows for a single property-value to be shared by multiple properties of multiple FixedPage-markup elements.
  • markup which can be used to specify the value of a FixedPage-markup property.
  • the property name is used as an XML-attribute name, and a special syntax for the attribute-value indicates the presence of a resource reference.
  • the syntax for expressing resource-references is described in the section entitled “Resources and Resource-References”.
  • Any property-value that is not specified as a resource-reference may be expressed in XML using a nested child XML-element identifying the property whose value is being set. This “Compound-Property Syntax” is described below.
  • non-resource-reference property-values can be expressed as simple-text strings. Although all such property-values may be expressed using Compound-Property Syntax, they may also be expressed using simple XML-attribute syntax
  • any property may be set no more than once, regardless of the syntax used for specifying a value.
  • XML-attribute-syntax may be used to specify a property-value.
  • SolidColorBrush FixedPage-markup element
  • Color the property called “Color”
  • property values cannot be expressed as a simple string, e.g. an XML-element is used to describe the property value. Such a property value cannot be expressed using simple attribute syntax. But they can be expressed using compound-property syntax.
  • a child XML-Element In compound-property syntax, a child XML-Element is used, but the XML-Element name is derived from a combination of the parent-element name and the property name, separated by dot.
  • the FixedPage-markup element ⁇ Path> which has a property “Fill” which may be set to a ⁇ SolidColorBrush>
  • the following markup can be used to set the “Fill” property of the ⁇ Path> element:
  • Child XML-elements representing “Properties” must appear before child XML-elements representing “Contents”.
  • the order of individual Compound-Property child XML-elements is not important, only that they appear together before any “Contents” of the parent-element.
  • Resource Dictionaries can be used to hold shareable property values, each called a resource. Any property value which is itself a FixedPage-markup element may be held in a Resource Dictionary. Each resource in a Resource Dictionary carries a name. The resource's name can be used to reference the resource from a property's XML-attribute.
  • the ⁇ Canvas> and ⁇ FixedPage> elements can carry a Resource Dictionary.
  • a Resource Dictionary is expressed in markup as a property of the ⁇ Canvas> and ⁇ FixedPage> elements in a property called “Resources”.
  • Resources individual resource-values are embedded directly within the ⁇ FixedPage.Resources> or ⁇ Canvas.Resources> XML-element. Syntactically, the markup for ⁇ Canvas.Resources> and ⁇ FixedPage.Resource> resembles that for markup elements with “Contents”.
  • ⁇ Canvas.Resources> or ⁇ FixedPage.Resources> must precede any compound-property-syntax property values of the ⁇ Canvas> or ⁇ FixedPage>. They similarly must precede any “Contents” of the ⁇ Canvas> or ⁇ FixedPage>.
  • Any ⁇ FixedPage> or ⁇ Canvas> can carry a Resource Dictionary, expressed using the ⁇ Canvas.Resources> XML-element.
  • Each element within a single resource dictionary is given a unique name, identified by using an XML-attribute associated with the element.
  • the Name attribute is taken from a namespace other than that of the FixedFormat elements.
  • the URI for that XML-namespace is “http://schemas.microsoft.com/PLACEHOLDER-for-resources”.
  • two geometries are defined: one for a rectangle and the other for a circle.
  • ⁇ Rectangle ⁇ will denote the geometry to be used.
  • the rectangular region defined by the geometry objects in the dictionary will be filled by the SolidColorBrush.
  • a resource reference must not occur within the definition of a resource in a Resource Dictionary.
  • the Resource Dictionary of an inner ⁇ Canvas> may re-use a Name defined in the Resource Dictionary of some outer ⁇ Canvas> or ⁇ FixedPage>.
  • the FixedPage (or a nested Canvas child) element is the element on which other elements are rendered.
  • the arrangement of content is controlled by properties specified for the FixedPage (or Canvas), the properties specified for elements on the FixedPage (or Canvas), and by compositional rules defined for the Fixed-Payload namespace.
  • all elements are positioned relative to the current origin (0,0) of the coordinate system.
  • the current origin can be moved by applying the RenderTransform attribute to each element of the FixedPage or Canvas that contains an element.
  • the following example illustrates positioning of elements through RenderTransform.
  • the coordinate system is initially set up so that one unit in that coordinate system is equal to 1/96 th of an inch, expressed as a floating point value, the origin (0,0) of the coordinate system is the left top corner of the FixedPage element.
  • a RenderTransform attribute can be specified on any child element to apply an affine transform to the current coordinate system.
  • the page dimensions are specified by the “PageWidth” and “PageHeight” parameters on the FixedPage element.
  • composition must occur according to these rules, and in the following order:
  • the Fixed Payload includes a small set of XML elements used in markup to represent pages and their contents.
  • the markup in a FixedPanel part brings the pages of a document together to a common, easily-indexed root, using ⁇ Document>, ⁇ FixedPanel>, and ⁇ PageContent> elements.
  • Each FixedPage part represents a page's contents in a ⁇ FixedPage> element with only ⁇ Path> and ⁇ Glyphs> elements (which together do all of the drawing), and the ⁇ Canvas> element to group them.
  • the Fixed-Payload markup's element hierarchy is summarized in following sections entitled “Top-level elements”, “Geometry for Path, Clip”, “Brushes used to fill a Path, Glyphs, or OpacityMask”, “Resource dictionaries for FixedPage or Canvas”, “Opacity masks for alpha transparency”, “Clipping paths” and “Transforms”.
  • Each FixedPage part represents a page's contents in XML markup rooted in a ⁇ FixedPage> element.
  • This FixedPage markup provides WYSIWYG fidelity of a document between writers and readers, with only a small set of elements and properties: ⁇ Path> and ⁇ Glyphs> elements (which together do all of the drawing), and the ⁇ Canvas> element to group them.
  • Opacity is used to transparently blend the two elements when rendering (Alpha Blending).
  • the Opacity attribute ranges from 0 (fully transparent) to 1 (fully opaque). Values outside of this inclusive range are clamped to this range during markup parsing. So, effectively, [ ⁇ . . . 0] is transparent and [1 . . . ⁇ ] is opaque.
  • the Opacity Attribute is applied through the following computations (assuming non-premultiplied source and destination colors, both specified as scRGB):
  • a S Alpha value present in source surface
  • the Clip property is specified as one of the geometric elements ⁇ GeometryCollection> or ⁇ PathGeometry> (see Path.Data for details).
  • the Clip property is applied in the following way:
  • MatrixTransform is the only transformation attribute available to elements. It expresses an affine transformation. The syntax follows:
  • the six numbers specified in the Matrix attribute are m00, m01, m10, m11, dx, dy.
  • the full matrix looks like:
  • a given coordinate X,Y is transformed with a RenderTransform to yield the resulting coordinate X′,Y′ by applying these computations:
  • X′ X*m 00 +Y*m 10 +dx
  • Y′ X*m 01 +Y*m 11 +dy
  • the OpacityMask specifies a Brush, but in contrast to a Fill Brush, only the alpha channel (see Opacity attribute above) of the brush is used as an additional parameter for rendering the element.
  • Each alpha value for each pixel of the element is then additionally multiplied with the alpha value at the corresponding position in the OpacityMask Brush.
  • the ⁇ Canvas> element is used to group elements together.
  • FixedPage elements are grouped together in a ⁇ Canvas> when they share a composed common attribute (i.e., Opacity, Clip, RenderTransform, or OpacityMask).
  • a composed common attribute i.e., Opacity, Clip, RenderTransform, or OpacityMask.
  • the ⁇ Canvas> element has only the common attributes described earlier: Opacity, Clip, RenderTransform, and OpacityMask. They are used with the ⁇ Canvas> element as described in the table below:
  • Child Element Effect on Canvas Clip Clip describes the region to which a brush can be applied by the Canvas' child elements.
  • RenderTransform RenderTransform establishes a new coordinate frame for the children elements of the canvas, such as another canvas. Only MatrixTransform supported OpacityMask Specifies a rectangular mask of alpha values that is applied in the same fashion as the Opacity attribute, but allow different alpha value on a pixel-by-pixel basis
  • Child Glyphs elements contained within nested Canvas elements are ordered in-line between sibling Glyphs elements occurring before and after the Canvas.
  • the Path Element is an XML-based element that describes a geometric region.
  • the geometric region is a shape which may be filled, or used as a clipping path.
  • Common geometry types such as rectangle and ellipse, can be represented using Path geometries.
  • a path is described by specifying the required Geometry.Data child element and the rendering attributes, such as Fill or Opacity.
  • Child Element Effect on Path Clip Clip describes the region to which a brush can be applied by the path's geometry.
  • RenderTransform RenderTransform establishes a new coordinate frame for the children elements of the path, such as the geometry defined by Path.Data. Only MatrixTransform supported OpacityMask Specifies a rectangular mask of alpha values that is applied in the same fashion as the Opacity attribute, but allows different alpha value for different areas of the surface Data Describes the path's geometry. Fill Describes the brush used to paint the path's geometry.
  • a path's geometry is specified as a series of nested child elements of ⁇ Path.Data>, as shown below.
  • the geometry may be represented with either a ⁇ GeometryCollection> containing a set of ⁇ PathGeometry> child elements, or a single ⁇ PathGeometry> child element containing ⁇ Path Figures>.
  • ⁇ GeometryCollection> or ⁇ PathGeometry> elements define the geometry for a clipping path used in the Clip property of Canvas, Path, or Glyphs.
  • Geometry Elements Description GeometryCollection A set of PathGeometry elements rendered using Boolean CombineMode operations. PathGeometry A set of Path Figure elements that are each filled using the same FillRule option. Path Figure A set of one or more segment elements StartSegment, PolyLineSegment PolyBezierSegment CloseSegment
  • a GeometryCollection is a set of geometric objects that are combined together for rendering according to Boolean CombineMode options.
  • the GeometryCollection element is the mechanism in FixedPage markup for building visual combinations of geometric shapes.
  • the CombineMode attribute specifies the Boolean operation used to combine the set of geometric shapes in a GeometryCollection. Depending on the mode, different regions will be included or excluded.
  • CombineMode Options Description Complement Specifies that the existing region is replaced by the result of the existing region being removed from the new region. Said differently, the existing region is excluded from the new region. Exclude Specifies that the existing region is replaced by the result of the new region being removed from the existing region. Said differently, the new region is excluded from the existing region. Intersect Two regions are combined by taking their intersection. Union Two regions are combined by taking the union of both. Xor Two regions are combined by taking only the areas enclosed by one or the other region, but not both.
  • CombineModes are handled as follows:
  • a PathGeometry element contains a set of Path Figure elements. The union of the Path Figures defines the interior of the PathGeometry.
  • the filled area of PathGeometry is defined by taking all of the contained Path Figure that have their Filled attribute set to true and applying the FillRule to determine the enclosed area.
  • FillRule options specify how the intersecting areas of Figure elements contained in a Geometry are combined to form the resulting area of the Geometry.
  • the EvenOdd Fill algorithm determines the “insideness” of a point on the canvas by drawing a ray from that point to infinity in any direction and then examining the places where a segment of the shape crosses the ray. Starting with a count of zero, add one each time a Segment crosses the ray from left to right and subtract one each time a path segment crosses the ray from right to left. After counting the crossings, if the result is zero then the point is outside the path. Otherwise, it is inside.
  • the NonZero Fill algorithm determines the “insideness” of a point on the canvas by drawing a ray from that point to infinity in any direction and counting the number of path Segments from the given shape that the ray crosses. If this number is odd, the point is inside; if even, the point is outside.
  • a Path Figure element is composed of a set of one or more line or curve segments.
  • the segment elements define the shape of the Path Figure.
  • the Path Figure must always define a closed shape.
  • a figure requires a starting point, after which each line or curve segment continues from the last point added.
  • the first segment in the Path Figure set must be a StartSegment, and CloseSegment must be the last segment.
  • StartSegment has a Point attribute.
  • CloseSegment has no attributes.
  • StartSegment Attribute Description Point The location of the line segment (starting point).
  • Fixed-Payload markup includes the PolyBezierSegment for drawing cubic Bézier curves.
  • a brush is used to paint the interior of geometric shapes defined by the ⁇ Path> element, and to fill the character bitmaps rendered with a ⁇ Glyphs> element.
  • a brush is also used in defining the alpha-transparency mask in ⁇ Canvas.OpacityMask>, ⁇ Path.OpacityMask>, and ⁇ Glyphs.OpacityMask>.
  • the FixedPage markup includes the following brushes:
  • SolidColorBrush Fills defined geometric regions with a solid color.
  • ImageBrush Fills a region with an image.
  • DrawingBrush Fills a region with a vector drawing.
  • LinearGradientBrush Fills a region with a linear gradient.
  • RadialGradientBrush Fills a region with a radial gradient.
  • the following properties are applicable to all brushes, except for the simple brush SolidColorBrush, which has fewer optional child elements.
  • the Horizontal Alignment attribute specifies how the brush is aligned horizontally within the area it fills out.
  • the Vertical Alignment attribute specifies how the brush is aligned vertically within the area it fills out.
  • the ViewBox attribute has a default value of (0,0,0,0), interpreted as unset. When unset, no adjustment is made and the Stretch attribute is ignored.
  • the viewbox specifies a new coordinate system for the contents, i.e. redefines the extent and origin of the viewport.
  • the Stretch attribute helps to specify how those contents map into the viewport.
  • the value of the viewBox attribute is a list of four “unitless” numbers ⁇ min-x>, ⁇ min-y>, ⁇ width> and ⁇ height>, separated by whitespace and/or a comma, and is of type Rect.
  • the Viewbox rect specifies the rectangle in user space that maps to the bounding box. It works the same as inserting a scaleX and scaleY.
  • the Stretch attribute (in case the option is other than none) provides additional control for preserving the aspect ratio of the graphics. An additional transformation is applied to all descendants of the given element to achieve the specified effect. If there is a transform on the Brush, it is applied “above” the mapping to ViewBox.
  • the Stretch attribute has the following modes: None, Fill, Uniform, UniformToFill.
  • the Path.Brush and Canvas.Brush child elements include the following: SolidColorBrush, ImageBrush, and DrawingBrush.
  • SolidColorBrush fills defined geometric regions with a solid color. If there is an alpha component of the color, it is combined in a multiplicative way with the corresponding opacity attribute in the Brush.
  • ImageBrush can be used to fill a space with an image.
  • the markup for ImageBrush allows a URI to be specified. If all other attributes are set to their default values, the image will be stretched to fill the bounding box of the region.
  • the ImageSource attribute must reference either one of the supported Reach Image Formats or a selector which leads to an image of one of these types.
  • DrawingBrush can be used to fill a space with a vector drawing.
  • DrawingBrush has a Drawing Child Element, whose use in markup is shown below.
  • Gradients are drawn by specifying a set of gradient stops as XML Child Elements of the gradient brushes. These gradient stops specify the colors along some sort of progression. There are two types of gradient brushes supported in this framework: linear and radial.
  • LinearGradientBrush and GradientBrush share the following common attributes:
  • Attribute Description SpreadMethod This property describes how the brush should fill the content area outside of the primary, initial gradient area. Default value is Pad. MappingMode This property determines whether the parameters describing the gradient are interpreted relative to the object bounding box. Default value is relative-to- bounding-box.
  • SpreadMethod options specify how the space is filled.
  • the default value is Pad.
  • the LinearGradientBrush specifies a linear gradient brush along a vector.
  • This example shows a page with a rectangular path that is filled with a linear gradient.
  • the Path also has a clip property in the shape of an octagon which clips it.
  • the RadialGradient is similar in programming model to the linear gradient. However, whereas the linear gradient has a start and end point to define the gradient vector, the radial gradient has a circle along with a focal point to define the gradient behavior.
  • the circle defines the end point of the gradient—in other words, a gradient stop at 1.0 defines the color at the circle's circumference.
  • the focal point defines center of the gradient.
  • a gradient stop at 0.0 defines the color at the focal point.
  • the RadialGradientBrush interpolates the colors from the Focus to the circumference of the ellipse. The circumference is determined by the Center and the radii. Default is 0.5, 0.5 Focus Focus of the radial gradient. RadiusX Radius in the X dimension of the ellipse which defines the radial gradient. Default is 0.5 RadiusY Radius in the Y dimension of the ellipse which defines the radial gradient. Default is 0.5 FillGradient Pad, Reflect, Repeat
  • each pixel of each element carries an alpha value ranging from 0.0 (completely transparent) to 1.0 (fully opaque).
  • the alpha value is used when blending elements to achieve the visual effect of transparency.
  • Each element can have an Opacity attribute with which the alpha value of each pixel of the element will be multiplied uniformly.
  • OpacityMask allow the specification of per-pixel opacity which will control how rendered content will be blended into its destination.
  • the opacity specified by OpacityMask is combined multiplicatively with any opacity which may already happen to be present in the alpha channel of the contents.
  • the per-pixel Opacity specified by the OpacityMask is determined by looking at the alpha channel of each pixel in the mask—the color data is ignored.
  • OpacityMask The type of OpacityMask is Brush. This allows the specification of how the Brush's content is mapped to the extent of the content in a variety of different ways. Just as when used to fill geometry, the Brushes default to filling the entire content space, stretching or replicating its content as appropriate. This means that an ImageBrush will stretch its ImageSource to completely cover the contents, a GradientBrush will extend from edge to edge.
  • the following example illustrates how an OpacityMask is used to create a “fade effect” on a Glyphs element.
  • the OpacityMask in the example is a linear gradient that fades from opaque black to transparent black.
  • the Fill property of the Path element specifies the fill contents for the described region. Images are one type of fill, drawn into a region by the ImageBrush. All brushes have default behavior that will fill an entire region by either stretching or repeating (tiling) the brush content as appropriate. In the case of ImageBrush, the content specified by the ImageSource property will be stretched to completely cover the region.
  • the markup below demonstrates how to place an image onto a Canvas.
  • ⁇ Canvas> ⁇ Path> ⁇ Path.Data> ⁇ GeometryCollection> ... ⁇ /GeometryCollection> ⁇ /Path.Data> ⁇ Path.Fill> ⁇ ImageBrush ImageSource “/images/dog.jpg” /> ⁇ /Path.Fill> ⁇ /Path> ⁇ /Canvas>
  • Colors can be specified in illustrated and described markup using scRGB or sRGB notation.
  • the scRGB specification is known as “IEC 61966-2-2 scRGB” and can be obtained from www.iec.ch
  • the ARGB parameters are described in the table below.
  • Metadata could contain an ICC color profile, or other color definition data.
  • Text is represented in Fixed Payloads using a Glyphs element.
  • the element is designed to meet requirements for printing and reach documents.
  • Glyphs elements may have combinations of the following properties.
  • FontRenderingEmSize Font size in drawing surface units Measured in (default 96ths of an inch) Length units. FontHintingEmSize Size to hint for in points. Fonts may Measured in include hinting to produce subtle doubles differences at different sizes, such as representing thicker stems and more open bowls in points size of the smaller sizes, to produce results that font look more like the same style than pure scaling can. This is not the same as hinting for device pixel resolution, which is handled automatically.
  • GlyphIndices Array of 16 bit glyph numbers that Part of Indices represent this run. property. See below for representation. AdvanceWidths Array of advance widths, one for each Part of Indices glyph in GlyphIndices. The nominal property. See origin of the nth glyph in the run (n > 0) below for is the nominal origin of the n ⁇ 1th glyph representation. plus the n ⁇ 1th advance width added along the runs advance vector. Base glyphs generally have a non-zero advance width, combining glyphs generally have a zero advance width. GlyphOffsets Array of glyph offsets.
  • Base glyphs generally have a glyph offset of (0, 0), combining glyphs generally have an offset that places them correctly on top of the nearest preceding base glyph.
  • GlyphTypeface The physical font from which all FontUri, glyphs in this run are drawn. FontFaceIndex and StyleSimulations properties UnicodeString Optional* yes Array of characters represented by this glyph run.
  • the character or character(s) and glyph or glyph(s) are called a cluster. All entries in the ClusterMap for a multi-character cluster map to the offset in the GlyphIndices array of the first glyph of the cluster. Sideways The glyphs are laid out on their side. yes By default, glyphs are rendered as they would be in horizontal text, with the origin corresponding to the Western baseline origin. With the sideways flag set, the glyph is turned on it's side, with the origin being the top center of the unturned glyph. BidiLevel The Unicode algorithm bidi nesting yes level.
  • Each glyph defines metrics that specify how it aligns with other glyphs. Exemplary metrics in accordance with one embodiment are shown in FIG. 12 .
  • glyphs within a font are either base glyphs or combining marks that may be attached to base glyphs.
  • Base glyphs usually have an advance width that is non-zero, and a 0,0 offset vector.
  • Combining marks usually have a zero advance width. The offset vector may be used to adjust the position of a combining mark and so may have a non 0,0 value for combining marks.
  • Each glyph in the glyph run has three values controlling its position.
  • the values indicate origin, advance width, and glyph offset, each of which is described below:
  • Cluster maps contain one entry per Unicode codepoint.
  • the value in the entry is the offset of the first glyph in the GlyphIndices array that represents this codepoint.
  • the codepoint is part of a group of codepoints representing an indivisible character cluster
  • the first glyph in the GlyphIndices array represents the offset of the first glyph that represents that cluster.
  • the cluster map can represent codepoint-to-glyph mappings that are one-to-one, many-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many.
  • One-to-one mappings are when each codepoint is represented by exactly one glyph, the cluster map entries in FIG. 13 are 0, 1, 2, . . .
  • mappings are when two or more codepoints map to a single glyph.
  • the entries for those codepoints specify the offset of that glyph in the glpyh index buffer.
  • the ‘f’ and ‘i’ characters have been replaced by a ligature, as is common typesetting practice in many serif fonts.
  • an indivisible group of codepoints for a character cluster maps to more than one glyph. For example, this is common in fonts supporting Indic scripts.
  • the value in the ClusterMap for each of the codepoints reference the first glyph in the GlyphIndeces array that represents that codepoint.
  • the following example shows the Unicode and glyph representations of the Tamil word ⁇ .
  • the first two codepoints combine to generate three glyphs.
  • Cluster specifications precede the glyph specification for the first glyph of a non 1:1 cluster (mappings are more complex than one-character-to-one-glyph).
  • Each glyph specification has the following form:
  • Glyph specification part Purpose Default value GlyphIndex Index of glyph in the rendering physical font As defined by the fonts character map table for the corresponding Unicode codepoint in the inner text. Advance Placement for next glyph relative to origin of this glyph. As defined by Measured in direction of advance as defined by the fonts HMTX sideways and BidiLevel attributes. or VMTX font Measured in 100ths of the font em size. metric tables. Advance must be calculated such that rounding errors do not accumulate. See note below on how to achieve this requirement. uOffset, vOffset Offset relative to glyph origin to move this glyph. 0, 0 Usually used to attach marks to base characters. Measured in 100ths of the font em size. Flags Distinguishes base glyphs and combining marks 0 (base glyph)
  • Each advance value must be calculated as the exact unrounded origin of the subsequent glyph minus the sum of the calculated (i.e. rounded) advance widths of the preceding glyphs. In this way each glyph is positioned to within 0.5% of an em of its exact position.
  • Markup details such as glyph indices and advance widths, can be omitted from the markup if a targeted client can regenerate them reliably.
  • the following options allow dramatic optimization of commonly used simple scripts.
  • Glyph indices may be omitted from markup where there is a one-to-one mapping between the positions of characters in the Unicode string and the positions of glyphs in the glyph string, and the glyph index is the value in the CMAP (character mapping) table of the font, and the Unicode character has unambiguous semantics.
  • Glyph advance width may be omitted from the markup where the advance width required is exactly that for the glyph in the HMTX (horizontal metrics) or VMTX (vertical metrics) tables of the font.
  • Glyph vertical offset may be omitted from the markup where it is zero. This is almost always true for base characters, and commonly true for combining marks in simpler scripts. However, this is often false for combining marks in more complex scripts such as Arabic and Indic.
  • Glyph flags may be omitted for base glyphs with normal justification priority.
  • the above-described modular content framework and document format methods and systems provide a set of building blocks for composing, packaging, distributing, and rendering document-centered content. These building blocks define a platform-independent framework for document formats that enable software and hardware systems to generate, exchange, and display documents reliably and consistently.
  • the illustrated and described reach package format provides a format for storing paginated or pre-paginated documents in a manner in which contents of a reach package can be displayed or printed with full fidelity among devices and applications in a wide range of environments and across a wide range of scenarios.
  • computer-readable media are capable of storing thereon a computer program that, when executed by one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform one or more functions.

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