US6375422B1 - Apparatus for pumping liquids at or below the boiling point - Google Patents
Apparatus for pumping liquids at or below the boiling point Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US6375422B1 US6375422B1 US09/627,461 US62746100A US6375422B1 US 6375422 B1 US6375422 B1 US 6375422B1 US 62746100 A US62746100 A US 62746100A US 6375422 B1 US6375422 B1 US 6375422B1
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- Prior art keywords
- impeller
- mating surface
- piece
- pump
- cross
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
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Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D7/00—Pumps adapted for handling specific fluids, e.g. by selection of specific materials for pumps or pump parts
- F04D7/02—Pumps adapted for handling specific fluids, e.g. by selection of specific materials for pumps or pump parts of centrifugal type
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
- F04D29/18—Rotors
- F04D29/22—Rotors specially for centrifugal pumps
- F04D29/2205—Conventional flow pattern
- F04D29/2222—Construction and assembly
- F04D29/2227—Construction and assembly for special materials
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
- F04D29/18—Rotors
- F04D29/22—Rotors specially for centrifugal pumps
- F04D29/2238—Special flow patterns
- F04D29/2255—Special flow patterns flow-channels with a special cross-section contour, e.g. ejecting, throttling or diffusing effect
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04D—NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04D29/00—Details, component parts, or accessories
- F04D29/60—Mounting; Assembling; Disassembling
- F04D29/605—Mounting; Assembling; Disassembling specially adapted for liquid pumps
Definitions
- This invention relates to pumps in general and more specifically to a cryogenic pump for pumping a liquid at or below the boiling point.
- centrifugal pump Various types of pumps and pumping apparatus are well-known in the art and have been used for decades, and in many cases for centuries, to pump any of a wide variety of materials.
- One common type of pump is the centrifugal pump, so named because it pumps the material by centrifugal action, i.e., by using a spinning impeller to accelerate the material being pumped radially outward into a surrounding casing or chamber.
- Centrifugal pumps come in a wide range of sizes and configurations and may be used in a wide range of applications. For example, centrifugal pumps are commonly used to pump water and other liquids.
- Centrifugal pumps may be used to pump gases as well and are commonly used in superchargers and in turbo-superchargers for internal combustion engines to compress or pump the intake charge (e.g, air or a fuel/air mix) into the engine. Centrifugal pumps or compressors have also been used in jet engines.
- Centrifugal pumps typically comprise an impeller that is mounted for rotation within a casing or chamber.
- the impeller usually comprises a round or circular member having a central axis or hub about which the impeller rotates.
- the impeller is also provided with one or more blades or vanes which extend generally radially outward from the hub to the outer circumference of the impeller.
- the pump inlet is provided at or near the hub or inner radius of the impeller.
- the outlet is usually provided at one or more locations in the chamber or casing that surrounds the outer circumference of the impeller.
- the velocity imparted to the material is converted into pressure in the casing that surrounds the impeller and is commonly referred to as the diffuser section or simply, the diffuser.
- the pressurized material is then drawn-off through the one or more pump outlets provided.
- the material required to replace the material accelerated by the impeller is drawn into the pump inlet near the hub of the impeller.
- impeller vanes or blades With different shapes depending on the type of material being pumped and on the performance parameters (e.g., pressure ratio, discharge velocity, pumping stability, etc.) desired for the particular application.
- Many pumps are provided with radially oriented blades or vanes, as they tend to be the easiest to manufacture.
- other blade configurations may be better for certain applications.
- centrifugal compressors have been produced with forward curved blades (i.e., blades that are curved in the direction of rotation of the impeller) and backward curved blades (i.e., blades that are curved in the direction opposite the direction of rotation of the impeller).
- forward curved blades provide a greater pressure ratio or “head” for a given volume flow rate (at constant impeller rpm), with radial blades and backward curved blades providing progressively lower pressure ratios at the same volume flow rate.
- head for a given volume flow rate (at constant impeller rpm)
- radial blades and backward curved blades providing progressively lower pressure ratios at the same volume flow rate.
- other considerations associated with the particular application may dictate whether the best arrangement is to have forward, backward, or radial impeller blades or vanes.
- impellers having such cross-sectional area variations have been designed and are being used, but typically involve complex shapes which can only be formed by casting processes.
- centrifugal pumps of the type described above work well and are being used, they still are not without their disadvantages.
- the impellers used in such pumps are typically formed by casting and may need to be subsequently machined depending the blade shape required.
- impellers having such characteristics typically have complex shapes that are difficult and expensive to manufacture.
- Another problem that currently exists in the field of material pumping relates to the pumping of liquids and other materials that are maintained at temperatures that are at or near their boiling points.
- the liquids involved in such applications are typically cryogenic liquids, such as liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen, and others, although there are also occasions wherein the liquids are not cryogenic.
- the pumping of a liquid that is at or near its boiling point is difficult because the reduced pressures located in the inlet portions of the pump can cause the liquid to boil, resulting in pump cavitation and a loss of pumping efficiency.
- Such boiling problems are often made worse if the pump body is warmer than the liquid being pumped. In such cases, heat from the pump body and other components is transferred to the liquid being pumped. The extra heat is often sufficient to boil the liquid which, again, can lead to cavitation and a loss of pumping efficiency.
- a need remains for a pump having an impeller that can be quickly and easily manufactured while at the same time allowing the flow passages defined by the impeller to be formed with any of a wide range of cross-sectional areas and configurations in order to optimize pump operation.
- Other advantages could be realized if a pump having such an improved impeller design could be used to pump liquids at or near their boiling points, but with a reduced likelihood that the liquid will vaporize and/or boil as it is being pumped.
- a pump according to the present invention may comprise a housing having an inlet and an outlet.
- An impeller assembly mounted for rotation within the housing includes a first impeller piece having a first mating surface thereon and a second impeller piece having a second mating surface therein.
- the second mating surface of the second impeller piece includes at least one groove therein so that at least one flow channel is defined between the groove and the first mating surface of the first impeller piece.
- a drive system operatively associated with the impeller assembly rotates the impeller assembly within the housing.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a pump according to the present invention that is suitable for pumping liquids at or below the boiling point;
- FIG. 2 is a side view in elevation of the lower portion of the pump, with portions of the support column and pump housing broken away to reveal the two piece impeller assembly;
- FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the two piece impeller assembly according to the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of the two piece impeller assembly and drive shaft
- FIG. 5 is a plan view of the mating surface of the upper impeller piece showing the orientations of the grooves provided therein;
- FIG. 6 is a sectional side view of the upper impeller piece taken along the line 66 of FIG. 5;
- FIG. 7 is a sectional side view of the lower impeller piece
- FIG. 8 is a plan view of a second embodiment of an upper impeller piece having a modified groove arrangement
- FIG. 9 is a perspective view of another embodiment of a pump having an inlet inducer pipe.
- FIG. 10 is a sectional view of the inlet inducer pipe taken along the line 10 — 10 of FIG. 9 .
- a pump 10 is best seen in FIGS. 1-3 and may be used for pumping a liquid, particularly a cryogenic liquid, at temperatures that are at or below the boiling point for the liquid.
- a liquid particularly a cryogenic liquid
- the pump 10 may comprise a submersible, sump-type configuration designed to be positioned within a sump (not shown) containing the liquid (also not shown) to be pumped.
- the pump 10 is provided with a pump body or housing 12 positioned at the lower end 16 of a support column 18 so that the pump body 12 will be submerged within the liquid contained within the sump.
- a drive system 20 such as a motor 22 , is positioned at the upper end 24 of the support column 18 , so that the drive system 20 remains above the level of the liquid contained within the sump.
- the drive system 20 is connected to the pump housing 12 via a drive shaft 26 contained within the support column 18 .
- An inlet 14 may be provided at the lower end 16 of support column 18 so that the inlet 14 is below the level of the liquid within the sump.
- One or more outlets 28 may be provided on the pump housing 12 , as best seen in FIG. 1 .
- the outlets 28 may be connected to a discharge pipe or conduit (not shown) suitable for carrying the liquid to the desired location.
- the pump housing 12 may comprise a generally circular member sized to receive for rotation therein a two-piece impeller assembly 30 .
- the two-piece impeller assembly 30 may comprise a first or lower impeller piece 32 having a mating surface 34 provided thereon.
- a second or upper impeller piece 36 is provided with a mating surface 38 thereon.
- the mating surface 38 of the upper impeller piece 36 is sized and shaped to mate with the mating surface 34 provided on the lower impeller piece 32 so that the two mating surfaces 34 and 38 fit tightly together.
- the mating surface 38 of upper impeller piece 36 is provided with at least one, and preferably a plurality, of grooves 40 therein that extend generally radially outwardly, as best seen in FIG.
- the mating surfaces 34 and 38 of the respective lower and upper impeller pieces 32 and 36 may comprise any of a wide range of shapes or configurations.
- the mating surfaces 34 and 38 comprise truncated cones. That is, each mating surface 34 and 38 defines a portion of a cone.
- the mating surfaces 34 and 38 may define any of a wide range of other shapes.
- the mating surfaces 34 and 38 may define portions of any of the so-called conic sections (e.g., a circle, an ellipse, a parabola, and a hyperbola), as will be discussed below.
- each channel 42 defined by the two piece impeller assembly 30 has a cross-sectional area that decreases with increasing radial distance from the central axis 43 of the impeller assembly 30 .
- Such a decreasing cross-sectional area is provided by the generally concave mating surface 34 of the lower impeller piece 32 and the generally convex mating surface 38 of the upper impeller piece 36 .
- the channel or channels 42 may be provided with increasing cross-sectional areas with increasing radial distance by providing a generally convex mating surface 34 on the lower impeller piece 32 and a generally concave mating surface 38 on the upper impeller piece 36 .
- the rate of area decrease/increase of the channels 42 can be made to vary by changing the shape function of the mating surfaces 34 and 38 .
- the rate function of the surfaces is linear, as in the case of a truncated cone, the rate of cross-section variation will also be linear (for grooves 40 of constant width and distance from the top surface 50 of upper impeller piece 36 ).
- the shape function of the surfaces 34 and 38 is non-linear, so will be the rate of area change.
- the pump 10 according to the present invention may be configured to provide any of a wide range of pumping parameters and operating points for a wide range of materials by simply providing the mating surfaces 34 and 38 with the desired shape.
- the pump 10 operates in a manner akin to a conventional centrifugal pump, wherein the material being pumped is moved or carried from the center inlet region 44 of the impeller 30 outward to the outer periphery 46 of the impeller 30 .
- the drive system 20 e.g., motor 22
- the rotating impeller 30 draws in the material being pumped through the inlet 14 , through the center inlet region 44 of the impeller 30 and thence outward through the channels 42 defined by the two impeller pieces 32 and 36 .
- the material After exiting the channels 42 at the outer periphery 46 of the impeller 30 , the material is discharged into an annular region or diffuser 48 defined between the outer periphery 46 of impeller 30 and the pump housing 12 . See FIG. 2 . Thereafter, the material being pumped is discharged from the outlets 28 provided in the pump housing 12 , as best seen in FIG. 1 .
- a significant advantage of the pump 10 according to the present invention is that it is particularly useful in the pumping of liquids, particularly cryogenic liquids, having temperatures that are at or below their boiling points.
- the sump-type configuration of the pump 10 allows the pump housing 12 and impeller 30 to be substantially submerged within the liquid (not shown) being pumped.
- the surrounding liquid acts a heat sink, thus helping to maintain the various components of the pump 10 at the temperature of the surrounding liquid. This reduces the tendency of the liquid contained within the pump to boil (i.e., vaporize), which can result in cavitation and a loss of pumping efficiency.
- the sump-type configuration of the pump 10 also allows the drive system 20 to be elevated above the level of the liquid being pumped, thereby preventing the heat generated by the drive system 20 from being transferred into the liquid being pumped.
- the two piece impeller assembly 30 is extremely easy to manufacture and does not require any complicated casting and/or machining steps.
- the impeller assembly 30 may be quickly and easily fabricated with any of a wide variety of computer controlled machine tools which are readily commercially available.
- the lower impeller piece 32 may be manufactured from bar-stock material, with the cone-shaped concave mating surface 34 being formed on a lathe or by a milling machine.
- the convex cone-shaped mating surface 38 on the upper impeller piece 36 may be similarly formed.
- the grooves 40 in the mating surface 38 on the upper impeller piece 36 may be formed with the aid of a milling machine and a conventional ball-end mill.
- the provision of the lower and upper impeller pieces 32 and 36 with the respective concave/convex mating surfaces 34 and 38 allows the flow channels 42 defined by the grooves 40 and the mating surface 34 of-the lower impeller piece 32 to be provided with decreasing cross-sectional areas (as a function of the radial distance from the central axis 43 ), but without requiring any complicated machining or forming of the grooves 40 so that they have varying cross-sectional areas.
- the grooves 40 are formed by means of constant-depth cut (with respect to the top surface 50 of the upper impeller piece 36 ) with a ball-end mill having a constant width. Therefore, the grooves 40 are formed in a manner akin to forming a channel having a constant cross-sectional area yet, when combined with the concave/convex meeting surfaces 34 , 38 , define channels having varying cross-sectional areas.
- the pump 10 may be used ideally and advantageously to pump liquids, particularly cryogenic liquids (e.g., liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen, etc.), that are maintained at temperatures that are at and below the boiling points for such liquids, the pump 10 may be used to pump liquids at other temperatures.
- cryogenic liquids e.g., liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen, etc.
- the pump 10 is not even limited pumping liquids and could be used to pump any of a wide range of other materials (e.g., slurries and gases) as well. Consequently, the present invention should not be regarded as limited to the pumping applications and materials shown and described herein.
- the pump 10 is best seen in FIGS. 1-3 and may be used to pump liquid nitrogen (not shown), although other materials may also be pumped.
- the liquid nitrogen may be contained in a sump (also not shown).
- the pump 10 may comprise a sump-type configuration in which the pump body 12 and impeller 30 are submerged in the liquid (e.g., liquid nitrogen) contained in the sump.
- the pump body 12 is mounted to the lower end 16 of an elongate support column 18 in the manner best seen in FIG. 1 .
- the lower end 16 of support column 18 may be provided with one or more slots 52 which define the pump inlet 14 .
- each of the slots 52 should be well below the minimum anticipated level of the liquid contained within the sump in which the pump 10 is submerged.
- the drive system 20 e.g., motor 22 , for the pump 10 may be mounted to the upper end 24 of the support column 18 .
- the length of the support column 18 should be sufficient so that the drive system 20 is maintained above the maximum anticipated level of the liquid (not shown) contained within the sump (not shown) in which the pump 10 is submerged.
- the drive system 20 may be operatively connected to the impeller assembly 30 by any convenient drive coupling, such as by a drive shaft 26 .
- the various components just described may be fabricated from any of a wide range of materials suitable for the intended application.
- the pump body 30 , the support column 18 , and the drive shaft 26 are fabricated from stainless steel.
- other materials that are now known in the art or that may be developed in the future, may also be used, as would be obvious to persons having ordinary skill in the art after having become familiar with the teachings of the present invention.
- the pump body 12 may comprise a generally circular member sized to receive for rotation therein the two piece impeller assembly 30 .
- the pump body 12 comprises a generally circular bottom plate 54 which may be provided with a bearing 56 therein sized to receive the drive shaft 26 .
- a generally ring-shaped or cylindrically shaped main body section 58 may be mounted to the bottom plate 54 and is provided with an inside diameter 60 that is greater than the outside diameter 62 (FIG. 5) of impeller 30 so that an annular region or diffuser section 48 is formed therebetween.
- the main body section 58 of pump body 12 may be surmounted by a top plate 64 .
- Top plate 64 may be provided with an opening or inlet passage 66 therein that is sized to receive the lower end 16 of the support column 18 , as best seen in FIG. 3 .
- the inlet passage 66 allows the liquid to flow through the pump inlet 14 and into the rotating impeller assembly 30 .
- Top plate 64 may also be provided with a pair of outlets 28 therein (FIG. 1) through which is discharged the material being pumped.
- the pump outlets 28 may be provided with NPT-type pipe threads (not shown) to allow a suitable discharge pipe or conduit (not shown) to be attached to the outlets 28 .
- other types of pipe connection systems and devices may be used, as would be obvious to persons having ordinary skill in the art after having become familiar with the teachings of the present invention.
- the various component parts comprising the pump body 12 may be fabricated from any of a wide range of materials suitable for the intended application and the material to be pumped.
- the bottom plate 54 , main body 58 , and top plate 64 are fabricated from stainless steel.
- other materials may be used, as would be obvious to persons having ordinary skill in the art after having become familiar with the teachings of the present invention.
- the various component parts (e.g., 54 , 58 , and 64 ) of the pump body 12 may be held or mounted together by any of a wide range of fastening systems and devices now known in the art or that may be developed in the future.
- the bottom and top plates 54 and 64 are fastened to the main body section 58 by means of machine screws (not shown) in the manner that would be obvious to persons having ordinary skill in the art.
- the two piece impeller assembly 30 is best seen in FIGS. 3 — 7 and comprises a lower impeller piece 32 and an upper impeller piece 36 which are fastened together so that the two impeller pieces 32 , 36 rotate together.
- the lower and upper impeller pieces 32 and 36 are fastened together by machine screws (not shown).
- other types of fastening systems now known in the art or that may be developed in the future may also be used.
- the threaded fastener may be provided with a head (also not shown) sized to be received by the bearing 56 provided in the bottom plate 54 of the pump body 12 .
- the drive shaft 26 may be secured to the lower impeller piece 32 by other means (e.g., by a slotted keyway), in which case the end of the drive shaft 26 may be journalled directly in the bearing 56 .
- the connection of the lower impeller piece 32 to the end of the drive shaft 26 and the journalling of the drive shaft 26 in the bottom plate 54 could be accomplished in accordance with any of a wide variety of arrangements well-known in the art, the particular arrangement utilized in one preferred embodiment of the invention will not be described in greater detail herein.
- the upper impeller piece 36 may also be provided with one or more grooves 40 therein which extend between the inlet region 44 and the outer periphery 46 of the impeller assembly 30 . See FIG. 5 .
- the grooves 40 may be configured in any of a wide variety of positional orientations so that they extend generally radially outwardly between the inlet region 44 and the outer periphery 46 .
- each groove 40 is oriented so that it is substantially tangential to the central hole or opening 70 in the upper impeller piece 36 .
- Each groove 40 then extends straight out to the outer periphery 46 of the upper impeller piece 36 . See FIG. 5 .
- other configurations are possible.
- each groove 40 could be “forward curved” (i.e., in the direction of impeller rotation) or “backward curved” (i.e., in the direction opposite impeller rotation).
- forward curved i.e., in the direction of impeller rotation
- backward curved i.e., in the direction opposite impeller rotation.
- different configurations e.g., straight, forward, or backward orientations
- the present invention should not be regarded as limited to grooves 40 having the particular orientations shown and described herein.
- the grooves 40 have a substantially constant “depth,” i.e., so that the distance 72 (FIG. 4) between the top of the groove and the top surface 50 of upper impeller piece 36 is substantially constant.
- a constant “depth” or configuration is easy to machine, thus helping to achieve one of the objects of the present invention.
- the cross-sectional area of each groove 40 can be made to vary in the radial direction by means of the shape functions provided to mating surfaces 34 , 38 , as will be described in greater detail below.
- the lower and upper impeller pieces 32 and 36 may be fabricated from any of a wide range of materials, such as metals or plastics, that would be suitable for the intended application and for the type of material to be pumped. Consequently, the present invention should not be regarded as limited to impeller pieces fabricated from any particular material or type of material. However, by way of example, the lower and upper impeller pieces 32 and 36 utilized in one preferred embodiment of the present invention are fabricated from stainless steel.
- the rate of cross-sectional area variation (i.e., either a decrease or an increase) can be controlled by the shape function that describes the concave or convex mating surfaces 34 and 38 .
- the concave surface 34 of the lower impeller piece 32 (which makes the flow channels 42 have generally decreasing cross-sectional areas) comprises a section of a cone (i.e., a truncated cone)
- the rate of change of the cross-sectional area decrease will be substantially constant. That is, the cross-sectional areas of the channels 42 will decrease linearly.
- Non-linear cross-sectional area changes may be achieved by changing the shape or function used to define the mating surfaces 34 and 38 .
- the tangentially oriented inlet slots 215 are located on the lower end 216 of inducer tube 211 so that they are generally axially aligned with the inlet slots 52 comprising the inlet 14 of support column 18 (FIG. 1 ).
- the tangential inlet slots 215 add pre-whirl to the fluid entering the inlet region (e.g., 44 , FIG. 3) of impeller assembly 230 , which may enhance performance under certain conditions.
- such openings may be provided on both the top and bottom sides to allow the pump to draw in material from both the top and bottom sides.
- the various grooves 40 may be provided in the lower impeller piece (e.g., 32 ) instead of the upper impeller piece (e.g, 36 ).
- the grooves 40 could be provided in both the upper and lower impeller pieces, and could either be aligned with one another or staggered.
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Abstract
Description
Claims (21)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/627,461 US6375422B1 (en) | 2000-07-28 | 2000-07-28 | Apparatus for pumping liquids at or below the boiling point |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US09/627,461 US6375422B1 (en) | 2000-07-28 | 2000-07-28 | Apparatus for pumping liquids at or below the boiling point |
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US6375422B1 true US6375422B1 (en) | 2002-04-23 |
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US09/627,461 Expired - Fee Related US6375422B1 (en) | 2000-07-28 | 2000-07-28 | Apparatus for pumping liquids at or below the boiling point |
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Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20100132747A1 (en) * | 2008-12-01 | 2010-06-03 | Ken Smith | Thermal De-Scaling Surfaces With Cryogenic Liquids And Gases |
US20100314103A1 (en) * | 2009-06-15 | 2010-12-16 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Method and device for maintaining sub-cooled fluid to esp system |
US20140363309A1 (en) * | 2013-06-07 | 2014-12-11 | Pyrotek, Inc, | Emergency molten metal pump out |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6146094A (en) * | 1997-07-11 | 2000-11-14 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Motor-driven blower and method of manufacturing impeller for motor-driven blower |
US6152691A (en) * | 1999-02-04 | 2000-11-28 | Thut; Bruno H. | Pumps for pumping molten metal |
US6210116B1 (en) * | 1998-11-05 | 2001-04-03 | John E. Kuczaj | High efficiency pump impeller |
US6254340B1 (en) * | 1997-04-23 | 2001-07-03 | Metaullics Systems Co., L.P. | Molten metal impeller |
-
2000
- 2000-07-28 US US09/627,461 patent/US6375422B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6254340B1 (en) * | 1997-04-23 | 2001-07-03 | Metaullics Systems Co., L.P. | Molten metal impeller |
US6146094A (en) * | 1997-07-11 | 2000-11-14 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Motor-driven blower and method of manufacturing impeller for motor-driven blower |
US6210116B1 (en) * | 1998-11-05 | 2001-04-03 | John E. Kuczaj | High efficiency pump impeller |
US6152691A (en) * | 1999-02-04 | 2000-11-28 | Thut; Bruno H. | Pumps for pumping molten metal |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20100132747A1 (en) * | 2008-12-01 | 2010-06-03 | Ken Smith | Thermal De-Scaling Surfaces With Cryogenic Liquids And Gases |
US20100314103A1 (en) * | 2009-06-15 | 2010-12-16 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Method and device for maintaining sub-cooled fluid to esp system |
US8042612B2 (en) | 2009-06-15 | 2011-10-25 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Method and device for maintaining sub-cooled fluid to ESP system |
US20140363309A1 (en) * | 2013-06-07 | 2014-12-11 | Pyrotek, Inc, | Emergency molten metal pump out |
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