US6308583B1

US6308583B1 - Axle force and moment transducer

Info

Publication number: US6308583B1
Application number: US09/289,312
Authority: US
Inventors: Peter D. Gunness; Robin Tuluie
Original assignee: MTS Systems Corp
Current assignee: MTS Systems Corp
Priority date: 1998-04-10
Filing date: 1999-04-09
Publication date: 2001-10-30
Anticipated expiration: 2019-04-09
Also published as: JP2002511578A; EP1070238A1; JP4594521B2; WO1999053285A1; EP1070238B1; DE69925904T2; DE69925904D1

Abstract

A transducer assembly adapted for use for measuring forces and moments including a stationary center load axle having an elongated extend extending along an elongated axis between spaced opposed ends. The transducer assembly including first and second load cells interposed in a force path between opposed first and second ends of the load axle measuring applied load in the suspension load path of a two wheel vehicle.

Description

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to provisional application Serial No. 60/081,306 filed Apr. 10, 1998 and entitled “AXLE FORCE AND MOMENT TRANSDUCER”.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a device for measuring forces and moments applied to a wheel axle for analyzing suspension and operating characteristics of a vehicle. In particular, the present invention relates to but is not limited to, a motorcycle force transducer device that is used for designing motorcycles or controlling motorcycle tests based upon measurements of dynamic forces and moments for improving ride and handling.

During operation of a two wheeled vehicle, such as a motorcycle, various forces and moments are imparted to the suspension system or chassis. Measurement of these forces and moments is useful for designing and evaluating performance of such vehicles. For example, axial forces F_x, F_yand F_zand roll M_xand steer M_zmoments are useful for evaluating performance and handling of two wheel vehicles such as motorcycles during cornering maneuvering, braking and acceleration events to evaluate stress and strain on various chassis locations.

To measure actual operating forces and moments, a vehicle can be adapted with “on-board” measurement equipment which measures operating forces and moments on the suspension system or chassis as an operator drives the vehicle over various terrain and conditions, or alternatively operating conditions can be simulated in a laboratory. In such application, measurement equipment is integrated with the suspension system or frame to measure and analyze loads to the suspension or chassis of the vehicle.

Prior measurement was incorporated into the rotating wheel axle of a two wheeled vehicle or into the vehicle suspension. For example, strain gauges have been incorporated into an inner bore of a wheel axle supported between suspension rods for force measurement. Use of a wheel axle having an inner bore reduces the strength of the wheel axle. Additionally, incorporation of measurement equipment into a rotating wheel axle requires the use of slip rings or other devices for measurement and requires a complex transformation from a rotating wheel coordinate system to a fixed vehicle coordinate system. Incorporation of measurement equipment into the suspension can provide large cross-coupling and complications due to suspension geometry.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a load transducer for measuring axle force and moments applied in a suspension load path of a two-wheeled vehicle. The present invention can be adapted for “on-board” data collection for “on-road” testing. The load transducer of the present invention includes first and second load cells coupled to opposed ends of a center load axle which supports a rotating wheel hub.

In application, the center load axle and first and second load cells are interposed in the suspension load path between a rotating wheel, load axle and suspension members of the suspension. Force is supplied to the load axle and is transferred to the suspension members through the load cells. Load cells measure reactive loads supplied to the load axle in the suspension path for analyzing operating and maneuvering performance of a two wheel vehicle without slip rings or other such devices nor complex transformations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a motorcycle in which the present invention can be adapted for measuring operating forces and moments.

FIG. 2 illustrates a front elevational view of an embodiment of a transducer assembly of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a front elevational view illustrating a cornering or roll event.

FIG. 3-1 illustrates calculation of a roll moment.

FIG. 4 is a top view illustrating a steer event.

FIG. 4-1 illustrates calculation of a steer moment.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of operation of an embodiment of a computer coupled to the transducer assembly for calculating operating characteristics.

FIG. 6 is a detailed view of an embodiment of a transducer assembly of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a detailed view of a fastener coupling the suspension members to a load cell for measuring operating characteristics.

FIG. 8 is an alternate embodiment of a transducer assembly for measuring operating characteristics.

FIG. 9 is an exploded view illustrating components of the transducer assembly of FIG. 7.

FIG. 10 is a partial view of one side of an embodiment of a transducer assembly of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 is a side elevational view of a motorcycle 10 including front and

rear wheel assemblies

12, 14 having a wheel supported by a rotating axle (not shown) coupled to suspension members 16. During operation, various forces and moments are applied to a suspension and chassis of the vehicle through the wheels. Measurement and analysis of forces and moments on the vehicle suspension and chassis is useful for design and performance evaluation.

FIG. 2 is a front elevational view of an embodiment of a transducer assembly of the present invention which can be incorporated into a two wheel vehicle for test application and analysis. As shown, the transducer assembly includes a stationary rod or load axle 24 and a wheel hub 26 supporting wheel 27 for rotation. The stationary rod 24 and wheel hub 26 are rotationally coupled via

bearings

28, 30 to form a wheel assembly. Stationary rod 24 is fixedly coupled to a frame of a vehicle (not shown) via fork rods or

suspension members

32, 33. During use of the vehicle, forces are applied through wheel hub 26 from wheel 27 to stationary rod or load axle 24. The transducer assembly of the present invention includes spaced dual

triaxial load cells

34 and 36 enclosed in individual housings coupled to rod 24 at spaced locations for measuring forces acting on the stationary rod 24 for analysis of operating dynamics and stress for various operating characteristics such as, cornering and steering.

FIG. 2 illustrates the transducer assembly superimposed with a Cartesian x-y-z coordinate system. The dual spaced

triaxial load cells

34, 36 are coupled to the stationary rod or load axle 24 in the suspension load path to measure triaxial loads F_x, F_yand F_z. Output measurements from the

load cells

34, 36 are coupled to a computer 38 for calculation of F_x, F_yand F_zfor analysis. Process data may also be stored by the computer 38. As shown, the resultant F_xforce to the frame is provided by F_x1+F_x2; the resultant F_yforce is provided by F_y1−F_y2and the resultant F_zforce is provided by F_z1+F_z2.

The transducer assembly of the present invention has particular application for a motorcycle. Motorcycles roll, as illustrated in FIG. 3, relative to the x axis during cornering, or other maneuvering events. FIG. 3 is a front elevational view of the transducer assembly rolling about x axis. As shown in FIG. 3,

triaxial load cells

34, 36 are used to measure the forces and moment transmitted to the motorcycle suspension and chassis during the cornering event. Transducer assembly is relatively symmetric about a center point 40 (center of stationary rod 24) and has a relatively balanced mass about point 40.

Load cells

34, 36 are supported via stationary rod 24 on opposed side of point 40 equal distance from point 40 to measure forces at the wheel axle in the suspension load path at pivot point 40 without complex coordinate transformation.

The roll moment about the x axis is calculated based upon differential F_zforce measured by

load cells

34, 36 times R, the distance from the center point 40 to

load cells

34, 36 which is the same for

load cells

34, 36 since

load cells

34, 36 are equally spaced from center point 40. Thus, as shown, load cell 34 measures F_z1and load cell 36 measures F_z2which is outputted to computer 38 to determine the roll moment or M_x=(F_z1−F_z2)×R of the wheel assembly as illustrated in FIG. 3-1. If the load cells are not symmetric, a differential moment may be calculated based upon F_z1times distance of load cell 34, from point 40 and F_z2times the distance of load cell 36 from the point 40.

FIG. 4 is a top elevational view showing rotation of the transducer assembly about a z axis for steering. Rotation about z axis or the steer moment is measured based upon F_x1and F_x2from the

load cells

34, 36. Since load cells are symmetric about z axis, the moment is calculated via M_z=(F_x2−F_x1) x R, where R is the distance from either

load cell

34, 36 to point 40 by computer 38, as illustrated in FIG. 4-1.

FIG. 5 is a flow chart diagram of the operation of the computer 38 to measure F_x, F_yand F_z, and the steer moment and roll moment of a vehicle, e.g. a motorcycle. As illustrated by

blocks

46 and 48, the F_xload is measured from

load cells

34 and 36. Thereafter, as illustrated by block 50, a resultant force is calculated based upon (F_x1+F_x2), where F_x1is the force measured from load cell 34 and F_x2is the force measured from load cell 36. The resultant force measurement is outputted or stored as illustrated by block 52.

Similarly, as illustrated by blocks 54, 56, the F_y1and F_y2force is measured from load cell 34 and load cell 36 to calculate a resultant F_yload as illustrated in block 58 based upon (F_y2−F_y1), where F_y1is the F_yforce from load cell 34 and F_y2is the F_yforce from load cell 36. Thereafter, the result in F_yforce is outputted or stored as illustrated by block 60. Similarly, the resultant F_yforce is calculated by F_z=F_z1+F_z1as illustrated by

blocks

62, 63, 64, 65 and 66, and is outputted or stored as illustrated by block 68.

The computer 38 also calculates the roll and steer moment. The measured F_z1and F_z2forces from

load cells

34 and 36 are used to calculate the roll moment as illustrated by block 70. As previously explained, the roll moment is equivalent to the difference of the forces F_z1and F_z2times the moment arm which is the distance R of the load cells from point 40. The roll moment is outputted or stored as illustrated by block 72. Similarly, the steer moment is calculated via F_x1and F_x1force components measured by

load cells

34 and 36. A steer moment is calculated based upon the difference between F_x2measured by load cell 36 and F_x1measured by load cell 34 times the distance R of the load cell from the point 40 as illustrated by block 74. The steer moment is outputted or stored as illustrated by block 76.

FIG. 6 is a detailed view of an embodiment of a front motorcycle wheel assembly 80 incorporating the present invention where similar numbers are used to identify similar parts of the wheel assembly shown in FIGS. 2-4. Wheel 27 is not shown in FIG. 6. Stationary rod 24 is formed of an elongated member having an elongated extent extending along an elongated axis. Elongated member includes opposed ends transverse to the elongated axis having threaded bores 82.

Bearings

28, 30 rotationally couple wheel hub 26 to an outer circumference of rod 24 between opposed ends of rod 24 for rotationally supporting a wheel (not shown).

Load cells

34, 36 are supported relative to transverse ends of stationary rod 24 at spaced symmetric locations and are interposed in the load path between rod 24 and fork rods or

suspension members

32, 33.

Load cells

34 and 36 are cylindrically shaped triaxial load cells such as those available from Michigan Scientific Corporation, Charlevoix, Mich. and include triaxial sensing elements enclosed in a housing having opposed threaded bores 84 and 86 (load bases) on opposed first and second housing faces. In the embodiment shown,

load cells

34, 36 are interposed between ends of stationary rod 24 and

suspension members

32, 33.

Load cells

34 and 36 are coupled to rod 24 at opposed ends of rod 24 via a threaded fastener 88 which extends into cooperating threaded bore 84 of rod 24 and threaded bore 86 of

load cells

34 and 36. The threaded connection transfers the load from rod 24 to load

cells

34 and 36 for measurement. The opposed faces of the

load cells

34,36 are coupled to fork rods or

suspension members

32, 33 via threaded bore 86 of

load cells

34, 36.

Elongated fastener

90 extends through a fastener hole 91 on

suspension members

32, 33. Fastener 90 includes an externally threaded end 92 which is secured into threaded bore 86 of

load cells

34 and 36 for connecting stationary rod 24 and

load cells

34, 36 to the frame. Pinch bolt 94 secures fastener 90 to secure fastener 90 relative to

suspension members

32, 33.

The elongated fastener 90 also includes a flange 98 extending about an outer perimeter of fastener 90.

Suspension members

32, 33 include a side recess 100.

Load cells

34 and 36 extend into recess 100 and the housings of the

load cells

34, 36 align with a longitudinal surface 102 of

suspension members

32, 33. Flange 98 on fastener 90 is relatively thin and spaces housing faces of

load cells

34, 36 from the longitudinal surface 102 to decouple

suspension members

32, 33 from axle 24 to transfer load through

load cells

34, 36.

The force path for all force F_x, F_y, F_zand moments roll moment (M_x) and steer moment (M_z) is exclusively from wheel hub 26 through

bearings

28, 30, stationary rod 24, fastener 88 into

load cells

34, 36, then measured by

load cells

34, 36 and then through fastener 90 into

suspension members

32, 33 onto the motorcycle or vehicle. Faces of

load cells

34, 36 are spaced from surface 102 to limit influence of suspension members 32, 33 (frame) to counteract or balance the moment or force on stationary rod or load axle 24 so that the moment is isolated to the

load cells

34, 36 for measurement and transferred to

suspension members

32, 33 via fastener 90. The faces of the

load cells

34 and 36 are spaced from longitudinal surface 102 via the spacer flange 98 extending about an outer perimeter of fastener 90 which is shown in detail in FIG. 7.

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a rear wheel assembly 110 incorporating the device of the present invention having symmetric dual

triaxial load cells

34, 36 mounted between rods 32-1 and 33-1 where like numbers are used to identify like parts illustrated in FIGS. 2-7. As shown in FIG. 8, stationary rod 24-1 is formed of an elongated cylindrical member having threaded ends 112 and 114.

Ends

112 and 114 are coupled to internally threaded bores 86 of

load cells

34 and 36 via internally and externally threaded spacer rings 116. Spacer ring 116 provide a rigid support for

bearings

28, 30 and wheel hub 26 for transmission of moments to the

load cells

34, 36 for measurement. The external threads on rings 116 are threaded into threaded bore 86 of

load cells

34, 36 to secure rings 116 to load

cells

34, 36 and threaded ends of stationary rod 24-1 are secured to internal threads of rings 116 to secure rod 24-1 to load

cells

34, 36.

As shown in FIG. 8, a housing face of

load cells

34 and 36 include a raised center portion 118 or load base. The raised center portion 118 abuts rods 32-1, 33-1 to limit contact of the load cells face with rods 32-1, 33-1. An end bolt 122 couples load

cells

34, 36 to rods 32-1, 33-1 via threaded bore 84 at raised center portion 118. Since only the raised center portion 118 abuts rods 32-1, 33-1, the transfer of force is directed through the load cell for measurement and is not balanced by contact of the load cell faces with rods 32-1, 33-1. FIG. 9 is a detailed illustration of bolt 122, spacer rings 116 and threaded elongated shaft forming the stationary rod 24. Thus, the measurement of the

dual load cells

34 and 36 is transferred to computer 38 to measure F_x, F_yand F_zand the roll and steer moments as previously explained.

Alternatively, the load cells may be placed on the outside of suspension members or

rods

32, 33, as illustrated in the embodiment shown in FIG. 10 where like numbers are used to refer to like parts in the previous FIGS. FIG. 10 is a front elevational view of half of the transducer assembly for simplicity. As shown in FIG. 10, stationary rod 24 includes a threaded end 130. The stationary rod 34 is sized smaller than opening 132 on

suspension members

32, 33 and extends therethrough into an internally threaded bore 136 of

load cells

34, 36. Stationary rod 24 is connected to load

cells

34, 36 via cooperation of threaded end 130 and threaded bore 136 of

load cells

34, 36.

Load cells

34, 36 are bolted via bolts 138 to

suspension members

32, 33 as shown. The opening 132 of

fork rods

32, 33 is larger than the dimension of rod 24 to provide sufficient clearance between stationary rod 24 and

suspension members

32, 33 so that the path of the force and moments are from the stationary rod 24 through the

load cell

34, 36 to the

suspension members

32, 33.

In an alternate embodiment, the load cells may be used to calculate brake or drive torque moments. Although, the invention is described with respect to

triaxial loads cells

34, 36 which calculate F_x, F_yand F_z, load cells which calculate a moment in addition to F_x, F_yand F_z, may be used to measure brake moment. The transducer assembly of the present invention may incorporated as described in a two wheeled vehicle for “on-road” testing. Test data may be collected by an “on-board” computer for later analysis and use. Alternatively, the transducer assembly of the present invention can be incorporated into a simulated test application in a laboratory where simulated test loads are applied and measurement data is collected for analysis and use.

Although particular connection members are shown, it should be understood that various connection screws may be used for securing load cells and shaft to a frame as described. Although, the invention is illustrated with respect to a specific embodiment, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the specific embodiment shown and may be used on any vehicle, including two wheeled vehicles, such as bicycles.

Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. In combination:

a load axle having an elongated extent extending along an elongated axis and the load axle having opposed first and second ends;

a wheel hub rotationally connected about an outer circumference of the load axle; and

first and second spaced load cells having sensing elements enclosed within a housing and a hub having a hub axis coaxially aligned with the elongated axis of the load axle, the first end of the load axle being operably coupled to the hub of the first load cell and the second end of the load axle being operably coupled to the hub of the second load cell to transfer load from the load axle to the load cells to measure the load supplied to the load axle.

2. The combination of claim 1 including opposed spaced vehicle suspension members and the spaced suspension members are operably coupled to the opposed first and second end of the load axle through an intermediate connection with the load cells to transmit the load from the load axle to the suspension members through the first and second load cells.

3. The combination of claim 2 wherein the first and second load cells include opposed first and second hubs and the first end of the load axle is operably coupled to the first hub of the first load cell and the second end of the load axle is operably coupled to the first hub of the second load cell and the opposed spaced suspension members are operably coupled to the second hubs of the first and second load cells to transmit the load imparted to the load axle to the suspension members through the load cells.

4. The combination of claim 2 wherein the load cells include opposed first and second ends, and the first end of the load axle is operably coupled to the hub on the first end of the first load cell and the second end of the load axle is operably coupled to the hub on the first end of the second load cell and the suspension members are operably coupled to the first ends of the load cells to impart the load from the load axle to the suspension members through the load cells in a load path from the load axle through the load cells to the suspension members.

5. The combination of claim 1 including a computer to store measurement data from the first and second load cells.

6. The combination of claim 2 wherein the load cells include opposed first and second ends and the first and second ends of the load axle are operably coupled to the first ends of the load cells and the suspension members are operably coupled to the second ends of the load cells to transmit the load from the load axle to the suspension members through the load cells in a load path from the load axle to the suspension members.

7. The combination of claim 1 wherein the first and second load cells are triaxial load cells.

8. The combination of claim 1 wherein the first and second load cells measure x, y, z-axis forces along an x, y, z axis and including a processor coupled to the first and second load cells to calculate the x, y, z, axis forces along the x, y, z-axis.

9. The combination of claim 1 including a processor operably coupled to the first and second load cells wherein the first and second load cells measure a z-axis force relative to the load axle and the processor calculates an x-axis moment relative to the load axle based upon M_x=(F_z2−F_z1)R where:

M_xis the x-axis moment;

F_z2is the z-axis force measured by the second load cell;

F_z1is the z-axis force measured by the first load cell; and

R is a distance between the first and second load cells.

10. The combination of claim 1 including a processor operably coupled to the first and second load cells wherein the first and second load cells measure an x-axis force relative to the load axle and the processor calculates a z-axis moment relative to the load axle based upon M_z=(F_x1−F_x2)R where;

M_zis the z-axis moment;

F_x1is the x-axis force measured by the first load cell;

F_x2is the x-axis force measured by the second load cell; and

R is a distance between the first and second load cells.

11. The combination of claim 4 wherein the suspension members include openings sized for insertion of the load axle therethrough to operably couple to the hubs on the first and second load cells the opening having sufficient clearance for the load axle to decouple the load axle from the suspension members so that the load from the load axle is transferred to the suspension members through the first and second load cells.

12. The combination of claim 2 wherein the first and second load cells include opposed first and second hubs on opposed first and second ends and the load axle is connected to the first hubs on the first ends of the first and second load cells and the suspension members are connected to the second hubs on the second ends of the first and second load cells and the combination including at least one flange proximate to the second hubs on the second ends of the first and second load cells to decouple the suspension members from the load axle to transmit the load from the load axle to the suspension members through the first and second load cells.

13. In combination:

first and second spaced load cells having sensing elements enclosed with a housing and having a hub and the first end of the load axle being operably coupled to the hub of the first load cell and the second end of the load axle being operably coupled to the hub of the second load cell; and

first and second suspension members operably coupled to the opposed first and second ends of the load axle through an intermediary connection to the load cells to transmit load from the load axle to the suspension members through the load cells.

14. The combination of claim 13 wherein the first and second load cells include first and second hubs and the first end of the load axle is operably coupled to the first hub of the first load cell and the second end of the load axle is operably coupled to the first hub of the second load cell and the suspension members are operably coupled to the second hubs of the first and second load cells to transmit the load from the load axle to the suspension members through the load cells.

15. The combination of claim 13 wherein the first and second load cells include first and second ends and the first end of the load axle is operably coupled to the hub on the first end of the first load cell and the second end of the load axle is operably coupled to the hub on the first end of the second load cell and the suspension members are operably coupled to the first ends of the load cells to transmit the load from the load axle to the suspension members through the load cells.

16. The combination of claim 13 wherein the load cells are triaxial load cells.

17. The combination of claim 13 wherein the first and second load cells measure x, y, z-axis forces along an x, y, z axis and including a processor coupled to the first and second load cells to calculate the forces along the x, y, z axis.

18. The combination of claim 13 including a processor operably coupled to the first and second load cells wherein the first and second load cells measure a z-axis force relative to the load axle and the processor calculates an x-axis moment relative to the load axle based upon M_x=(F_z2−F_z1)R where:

M_xis the x-axis moment;

F_z2is the z-axis force measured by the second load cell;

F_z1is the z-axis force measured by the first load cell; and

R is a distance between the first and second load cells.

19. The combination of claim 13 including a processor operably coupled to the first and second load cells wherein the first and second load cells measure a x-axis force relative to the load axle and the processor calculates an z-axis moment relative to the load axle based upon M_z=(F_x1−F_x2)R where:

M_zis the z-axis moment;

F_x1is the x-axis force measured by the first load cell;

F_x2is the x-axis force measured by the second load cell; and

R is a distance between the first and second load cells.