US623963A - Photographic film - Google Patents
Photographic film Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US623963A US623963A US623963DA US623963A US 623963 A US623963 A US 623963A US 623963D A US623963D A US 623963DA US 623963 A US623963 A US 623963A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- pyroxylin
- film
- emulsion
- antacid
- gelatin
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- FJWGYAHXMCUOOM-QHOUIDNNSA-N [(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4,5-dinitrooxy-2-(nitrooxymethyl)-6-[(2R,3R,4S,5R,6S)-4,5,6-trinitrooxy-2-(nitrooxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,5-dinitrooxy-6-(nitrooxymethyl)oxan-4-yl] nitrate Chemical compound O([C@@H]1O[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H]1O[N+]([O-])=O)O[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@@H](CO[N+]([O-])=O)O1)O[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+](=O)[O-])[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO[N+]([O-])=O)O[C@@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H](O[N+]([O-])=O)[C@H]1O[N+]([O-])=O FJWGYAHXMCUOOM-QHOUIDNNSA-N 0.000 description 72
- 229940079938 Nitrocellulose Drugs 0.000 description 68
- 229920001220 nitrocellulos Polymers 0.000 description 68
- 229950006485 Pyroxylin Drugs 0.000 description 66
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 56
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 44
- 239000003159 antacid agent Substances 0.000 description 32
- 230000001458 anti-acid Effects 0.000 description 32
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 32
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 description 28
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 description 28
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 description 28
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 28
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 28
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 26
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 20
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 18
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrous acid Chemical compound ON=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229960000539 carbamide Drugs 0.000 description 16
- 235000013877 carbamide Nutrition 0.000 description 16
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 16
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 10
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 8
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 230000002939 deleterious Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229920002160 Celluloid Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229940045136 Urea Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229940069428 ANTACIDS Drugs 0.000 description 2
- DSSYKIVIOFKYAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Camphor Chemical compound C1CC2(C)C(=O)CC1C2(C)C DSSYKIVIOFKYAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229960000846 Camphor Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 241000723346 Cinnamomum camphora Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000010804 Maranta arundinacea Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000020 Nitrocellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 240000006809 Thalia geniculata Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000012419 Thalia geniculata Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000002238 attenuated Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000012970 cakes Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229930007890 camphor Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001186 cumulative Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004301 light adaptation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000018984 mastication Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010077 mastication Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000003472 neutralizing Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 2
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
- G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
- G03C1/76—Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers
- G03C1/91—Photosensitive materials characterised by the base or auxiliary layers characterised by subbing layers or subbing means
- G03C1/93—Macromolecular substances therefor
Definitions
- This invention relates to that class of photographic films which consist of a pyroxylin base or support, which base or support is coated with a sensitive photographic emulsion, the approved methods for the manufacture of which are well understood by those skilled in the art.
- Pyroxylin (by which I mean the soluble variety used for the manufacture of fluid or solid compounds thereof) is of an unstable nature, and if such pyroxylin in a dry state is confined in a closed vessel for any length of time it becomes what is technically known as acid.
- This development of acid is due to a decomposition of the pyroxylin itself or of certain impuritiescontained therein, which I decomposition gives rise to the formation of nitrous acid or its homologues.
- This same decomposition of pyroxylin occurs when it is exposed to the atmosphere in a dry state; but in this case the development of acid and other decomposition products appears to be less rapid than when the pyroxylin is confined.
- pyroxylin compounds formed by dissolving soluble pyroxylin or nitrocellulose, together with cam phor or other solid solvents, in asuitablemenstruum and either spreading the solution upon the surface of glass or metal and allowing it to dry and then stripping the dry sheet from the surface or else by subjecting the mixture to mastication in hot rolls, pressing it into a cake, and cutting it into sheets or other forms.
- the first indication of the deleterious action of the pyroxylin film on the emulsion is a loss of sensitiveness, by which the emulsion is rendered slower. With the lapse of time this loss of sensitiveness is intensified. By further keeping, in addition to the loss of sensitiveness, the
- the object of the present invention is to overcome this action, and I accomplish this by coating the sheet or film of pyroxylin material with a solution of gelatin or other suitable substance, which solution contains an antacidthat is, a substance capable of neutralizing or decomposing nitrous acid, and thus rendering it harmless.
- the sheet orfilm of pyroxylin material thus prepared is then coated with the sensitive emulsion.
- a solution is made consisting of gelatin dissolved in water containing an antacid substance and a certain proportion of glycerin to impart softness to the resultant film.
- glycerin may substitute other substances, such as the various soluble gums, albumen, starch, arrowroot, the. but in practice either a hard gelatin or a mixture of gelatin and albumen is to be preferred.
- I would state that a very good proportion of antacid substance is about two per cent. to the weight of the gelatin or other equivalent vehicle.
- glycerin to the antacid mixture is very beneficial. It possesses the property of retaining a certain amount of water in the film deposited by such mixture, thus enabling the antacid substance to react more quickly and completely with the nitrous acid than is the case when no glycerin is used, and consequently no moisture is present. It is a fact well known to chemists that the presence of water is generally necessary in order that a chemical reaction of this kind may occur quickly and completely.
- Asheet or film of pyroxylin material havphotographic emulsion, substantially as deingacoating of a mixture of gelatin, glycerin,
Description
NITED STATES PATENT Fries.
FRANK O. AXTELL, OF SHORT HILLS, NEl/V JERSEY, ASSIGNOR TO THE OELLULOID COMPANY, OF NEW YORK, N. Y., A CORPORATION OF NEW JERSEY.
PHOTOGRAPHIC FILM.
SPECIFICATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 623,963, dated May 2, 1899.
Application filed August 5, 1898. Serial No. 687,766. (No specimens.)
To all whom it may concern.-
Be it known that I, FRANK O. AXTELL, a
- citizen of the United States, residing at Short Hills, county of Essex, and State of New Jersey, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Photographic Films, of which improvements the following is a complete specification and description, which will enable others to make and use the same.
This invention relates to that class of photographic films which consist of a pyroxylin base or support, which base or support is coated with a sensitive photographic emulsion, the approved methods for the manufacture of which are well understood by those skilled in the art.
The adaptation of pyroxylin films as supports for photographic emulsions in photography is of comparatively recentorigin, and it may be stated in a general Way that they were first manufactured and introduced commercially about nine or ten years ago. Since that time their manufacture and use have assumed important proportions. Notwithstanding the many advantages-such as lightness, flexibility, &c.which these pyroxylin supports possess as compared with the glass plates which they replace, they possess certain disadvantages which are of such nature as to seriously interfere with their utility and value as supports for photographic emulsions. The most important of these disadvantages and that which has limited their use to a considerable extent is the fact Well known to those who have employed these sensitive pyroxylin films that the photographic emulsions with which they are coated and for which they act as supports soon lose their sensitiveness as compared with the stability of the same emulsions when c oated upon ordinary glass plates.
Pyroxylin (by which I mean the soluble variety used for the manufacture of fluid or solid compounds thereof) is of an unstable nature, and if such pyroxylin in a dry state is confined in a closed vessel for any length of time it becomes what is technically known as acid. This development of acid is due to a decomposition of the pyroxylin itself or of certain impuritiescontained therein, which I decomposition gives rise to the formation of nitrous acid or its homologues. This same decomposition of pyroxylin occurs when it is exposed to the atmosphere in a dry state; but in this case the development of acid and other decomposition products appears to be less rapid than when the pyroxylin is confined. It also occurs in pyroxylin compounds formed by dissolving soluble pyroxylin or nitrocellulose, together with cam phor or other solid solvents, in asuitablemenstruum and either spreading the solution upon the surface of glass or metal and allowing it to dry and then stripping the dry sheet from the surface or else by subjecting the mixture to mastication in hot rolls, pressing it into a cake, and cutting it into sheets or other forms. Manufacturers of compounds of pyroxylinsuch as celluloid, xylonite, &ic.have given a great deal of time and attention to the prevention of this decomposition of their product by incorporating with the material certain substances which are known technically as antacids that is, substances which will neutralize or decompose nitrous acid and the lower oxids of nitrogenand by the use of such antacid substances they have succeeded in imparting chemical stability to the product.
A long series of experiments and tests has demonstrated that when sheets or films of pyroxylin material made in the most careful manner and protected against acid decomposition by the incorporation of an antacid substance therewith are coated with sensitive photographic emulsions and the coated films or sheets are preserved for a certain length of time the sensitiveness of the emulsion on such films or sheets as compared with the sensitiveness of the same emulsion coated 011 glass suffers a considerable deterioration, and this deterioration appears to be cumulative. Other tests and experiments have shown that this deterioration is due to the presence of acids in the pyroxylin film. The first indication of the deleterious action of the pyroxylin film on the emulsion is a loss of sensitiveness, by which the emulsion is rendered slower. With the lapse of time this loss of sensitiveness is intensified. By further keeping, in addition to the loss of sensitiveness, the
emulsion upon development shows what is technically known as fog-that is, a lack of sharpness, detail, and contrast in the developed negative or positive, until finally the emulsion loses practically all sensitiveness and it is impossible to obtain an impression thereon when exposed in the camera in the usual manner.
It is well known to those skilled in the manufacture olgelatino-bromid photographic emulsions that contact with certain acids is fatal to the sensitiveness and other desirable qualities of such emulsions. A careful examination of the pyroxylin sheets and films used as supports for such emulsions failed with the employment of ordinary methods to show the presence of acids in the materials; but by the application of refined chemical methods it was demonstrated that all pyroxylin compounds without exception contained small quantities of nitrous acid in a free state, and it was further demonstrated that the deterioration of emulsions when coated upon such pyroxylin sheets or films was due to the action of these acids upon the emulsions. I have also attempted to overcome the deleterious action of the nitrous acid on the sensitive emulsion by adding antacid substances to the emulsion before coating the pyroxylin support therewith; but I found that this method did not protect the sensitive film against deterioration, because the acid liberated by the pyroxylin film was obliged to penetrate the sensitive emulsion in order to come in contact with the antacid substances c011- tained in the latter. The object of the present invention is to overcome this action, and I accomplish this by coating the sheet or film of pyroxylin material with a solution of gelatin or other suitable substance, which solution contains an antacidthat is, a substance capable of neutralizing or decomposing nitrous acid, and thus rendering it harmless. The sheet orfilm of pyroxylin material thus prepared is then coated with the sensitive emulsion.
In applying my invention I prefer to proceed as follows: A solution is made consisting of gelatin dissolved in water containing an antacid substance and a certain proportion of glycerin to impart softness to the resultant film. In the place of glycerin I may substitute other substances, such as the various soluble gums, albumen, starch, arrowroot, the. but in practice either a hard gelatin or a mixture of gelatin and albumen is to be preferred. I would state that a very good proportion of antacid substance is about two per cent. to the weight of the gelatin or other equivalent vehicle.
I have found the following formula to be effective for my purpose in making the antacid coating mixture, although, of course, I do not confine myself strictly to the ingredients and proportions therein named: hard gelatin,ten parts; water, one hundred parts; cerin, ten parts; methyl alcohol, pure, five parts; urea, 0.2 part. The sheet or film of pyroxylin material is then coated upon one orboth sides with this antacid mixture and is allowed to dry, by which means the sheet or film of pyroxylin material is coated with an attenuated film or substratum of gelatin or other equivalent substance containing an antacid. The sheet or film of pyroxylin material thus prepared is then coated with a sensitive photographic emulsion.
In applying my invention I do not confine myself to the use of gelatin or albumen, as any of the above-named substances, as well as others, may be employed according to the properties which it is desired to impart to the substratum or coating. Neither do I confine -myself to the use of any specific antacid substance. Many such antacid substances are known and used in the manufacture of pyroxylin compounds. Among these is urea or carbamide, which I have found to answer every requirement when employed in my process.
I have found that sensitive photographic emulsions when coated upon films or sheets of pyroxylin material prepared as above retain their sensitiveness and other desirable qualities for an infinitely greater length of time than similar emulsions coated upon unprepared pyroxylin materials, and it will be seen that the emulsion is protected against the deleterious action of the acid developed by decomposition of the pyroxylin through the interposition of the antacid coating orsubstratum.
I have found that the addition of glycerin to the antacid mixture is very beneficial. It possesses the property of retaining a certain amount of water in the film deposited by such mixture, thus enabling the antacid substance to react more quickly and completely with the nitrous acid than is the case when no glycerin is used, and consequently no moisture is present. It is a fact well known to chemists that the presence of water is generally necessary in order that a chemical reaction of this kind may occur quickly and completely.
I do not claim the use of pyroxylin sheets or'films per 86 as supports or carriers for photographic emulsions; neither do I claim the use of urea or carbamide as an antacid substance in pyroxylin mixtures, as I am aware that a patent has already been granted for its use for that purpose.
IVhat I do claim, and desire to secure by Letters Patent, is-
1. The process which consists in coating sheets or films of pyroxylin material with a mixture consisting of gelatin, glycerin, and a substance which neutralizes or decomposes nitrous acid, substantially as described.
2. A sheet or film of pyroxylin material coated with a mixture consisting of gelatin, glycerin and a substance which neutralizes or decomposes nitrous acid, substantially as described.
3. Asheet or film of pyroxylin material having a coating of a mixture of gelatin, glycerin, coated with a mixture consisting of gelatin, and a substance which neutralizes or decomglycerin,=and urea, substantially as described. poses nitrous acid, overlaid with a sensitive 6. Asheet or film of pyroxylin material havphotographic emulsion, substantially as deingacoating of a mixture of gelatin, glycerin,
5 scribed. and urea, overlaid with a sensitive photo- 15 4:. The process which consists in coating graphic emulsion, substantially as described. sheets or films of pyroxylin material with a FRANK C. AXTELL. mixture consisting of gelatin, glycerin, and \Vitnesses: urea, substantially as described. S. M. COOLEY, IO 5. A sheet or film of pyroxylin material 1 FREDERIO ADAMS.
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US623963A true US623963A (en) | 1899-05-02 |
Family
ID=2692567
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US623963D Expired - Lifetime US623963A (en) | Photographic film |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US623963A (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2732299A (en) * | 1952-07-22 | 1956-01-24 | Light sensitive |
-
0
- US US623963D patent/US623963A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2732299A (en) * | 1952-07-22 | 1956-01-24 | Light sensitive |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US623963A (en) | Photographic film | |
DE1216895B (en) | Process for the production of sensitized lithographic planographic printing films | |
DE2206950A1 (en) | Composition based on polyvinyl alcohol, processes for their production and their use | |
US3460683A (en) | Cellulose acetate membranes | |
US622291A (en) | Transparent pyroxylin plastic composition | |
US622292A (en) | Transparent pyroxylin composition of matter | |
DE1922536A1 (en) | Process for the production of a dry, stabilized cellulose membrane which can be wetted with water while restoring its selective diffusion properties | |
DE2404202A1 (en) | PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDING MATERIAL | |
US1116627A (en) | Cellulose compound. | |
US657535A (en) | Manufacture of celluloid. | |
DE2420521C2 (en) | Process for making photographic images and cellulose acetate film | |
US621434A (en) | Transparent pyroxylin plastic composition | |
US1370878A (en) | Cellulose-nitrate composition | |
US622290A (en) | Transparent pyroxylin plastic composition | |
US1924890A (en) | Method of preparing gelatin blanks | |
US2652343A (en) | Photographic dye solution | |
US593787A (en) | Pyroxylin compound | |
DE1815143A1 (en) | Photographic images and methods of making them | |
US1434453A (en) | op rochester | |
US613400A (en) | Pyroxylin compound | |
US614514A (en) | Pyroxylin compound | |
US702554A (en) | Photographic plate for reproducing ink impressions. | |
US1133385A (en) | Non-inflammable acetyl-cellulose composition. | |
US610953A (en) | Pyroxylin compound | |
US1431900A (en) | Base for antistatic films and compositions for making the same |